Scots Pairlament

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10.xsd" version="0.10" xml:lang="sco">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>scowiki</dbname>
    <base>https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.22</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Uiser</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Uiser collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Portal talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="first-letter">Define</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="first-letter">Define talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2300" case="first-letter">Gadget</namespace>
      <namespace key="2301" case="first-letter">Gadget talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2302" case="case-sensitive">Gadget definition</namespace>
      <namespace key="2303" case="case-sensitive">Gadget definition talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Scots Pairlament</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869221</id>
      <parentid>853782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:14:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14233" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox legislature
 | background_color   = {{Scottish Parliament/meta/color}}
 | name               = Scots Pairlament
 | native_name        = Pàrlamaid na h-Alba &lt;br&gt; Scottish Parliament
 | legislature        = [[5t Scots Pairlament]]
 | structure1         = Scottish-parliament.svg
 | coa_pic            = Scottish Parliament logo.png
 | coa_res            = 250px
 | coa_alt            = Coat o Airms o Scots Pairlament
 | house_type         = Unicameral
 | foundation         = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|05|12}}
 | leader1_type       = [[Preses o the Scots Pairlament|Preses]]
 | leader1            = [[Alison Johnstone]]
 | party1             = 
 | election1          = 13 Mey 2021
 | leader2_type       = [[First Meenister o Scotland|First Meenister]]
 | leader2            = [[Nicola Sturgeon]]
 | party2             = [[Scots National Pairty|SNP]]
 | election2          = 20 November 2014
 | leader3_type    = Opposition Pairty Leaders
 | leader3            = {{nowrap|[[Douglas Ross]], [[Scots Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative]]&lt;br&gt; [[Anas Sarwar]], [[Scots Labour Pairty|Labour]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alex Cole-Hamilton]], [[Scots Leeberal Democrats|Leeberal Democrats]]|}}
 | members            = 129
 | house1             = Scots Pairlament
 | structure1_res     = 250px
 | political_groups1  = '''[[Scots Govrenment|Govrenment]] (71)'''
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{Scottish National Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} [[Scots National Pairty|SNP]] (64)}}
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{Scottish Green Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} [[Scots Green Pairty|Green]] (7)}}
'''Opposition (57)'''
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{Scottish Conservative Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} [[Scots Conservative Pairty|Conservative]] (31)}}
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{Scottish Labour Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} [[Scots Labour Pairty|Labour]] (22)}}
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{Scottish Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} [[Scots Leeberal Democrats|Leeberal Democrats]] (4)}}
'''Presidin Officer'''
*{{Color box|{{Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} [[Presidin Officer o the Scots Pairlament|PO]] (1)
 | committees1        = {{Collapsible list |title = [[Scots Pairlament#Committees|17]] |Audit|Equal Opportunities|Europe an Freemit Relations|Finance|Procedures|Public Peteetions|Staundarts an Public Appointments|Subordinate Legislation|Economy, Energy an Tourism|Eddication, Lifelang Learnin an Cultur|Heal an Sport|Juistice|Local Govrenment an Commonties|Rural Affairs an Environment|Scots Pairlamentary Pensions Scheme|Transport, Infrastructur|Committee oan Th' Scots Govrenment's Handling o Harassment Complaints Against Former Ministers|an Climate Chynge}}
 | voting_system1     = [[Addeetional Member Seestem]]
 | last_election1     = [[Scots Pairlament election, 2021|6 Mey 2021]]
 | next_election1     = [[Next Scots Pairlament election|7 Mey 2026]] 
 | session_room       = Scottish Parliament Debating Chamber 2.jpg
 | session_res        = 250px
 | session_alt        = Debatin Chamber, Scots Pairlament Biggin
 | meeting_place      = [[Scots Pairlament Biggin]], [[Halyruid, Edinburgh|Halyruid]], Edinburgh
 | website            = [https://www.parliament.scot/index.aspx www.parliament.scot]
 | footnotes          =
}}
{{PoliticsScotland}}

The '''Scots Pairlament'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Scots|url=https://www.parliament.scot/help/79056.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711022009/https://www.parliament.scot/help/79056.aspx|archive-date=2020-07-11|access-date=25 January 2021|work=www.parliament.scot|language=sco}}&lt;/ref&gt; ('''''Scottish Parliament''''' in the Ingles; '''''Pàrlamaid na h-Alba''''' in the Gaelic) is the devolved legislatur o [[Scotland]]. The oreeginal Scots Pairlament, or '''Estatis of Scotland''', wis elidit in 1707 bi the [[Act o Union]], giein wey tae the new-foundit Pairlament o [[Great Breetain]]. The new Scots Pairlament wis establisht in 1999 unner the [[Scotland Act 1998]], an the first gaitherin wis on the 12 May, 1999. It can legislate on aw maiters binna thaim that's pitten by for the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]] in [[Wastmeenster]], an haes the pouer tae mak Scots laws an chynge the level o income tax peyed bi Scots ceetizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Your Scots Pairlament|url=https://www.parliament.scot/images/Parliament%20Publications/YSP_Scots_final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025203/http://www.parliament.scot/images/Parliament%20Publications/YSP_Scots_final.pdf|archive-date=2020-11-12|accessdate=5 September 2020|website=www.parliament.scot|publisher=Scots Pairlament|language=sco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Scots Pairlament wis estaiblisht in 1999 for tae debate maiters an mak laws for Scotland. It is made up o 129 electit bodies that’s kent as Members o the Scots Pairlament or MSPs. MSPs is electit wi a kind o proportional representation cryed the [[Addeetional Member Seestem]]. Awbody haes twa votes and awbody is representit bi aicht MSPs (ae constituency MSP an seiven regional MSPs).

== History o the Scots Pairliament ==
Afore the [[Treaty o Union 1707]] unitit the [[Kinrick o Scotland]] an the [[Kinrick o Ingland]] intae a new state cawed &quot;[[Great Breetain]]&quot;, Scotland haed an [[Independence|independent]] pairliament kent as the [[Pairlament o Scotland]]. Thare war Scots proposals in the discoorse tae stairt wi ower the Union suggestin thit a devolved Pairliament sud bide in Scotland, but this wisna acceptit bi the Inglis negotiators.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|year=1997|title=The Last Parliament of Scotland 1703–1707|language=en-gb|trans-title=The Last Pairliament o Scotland 1703–1707|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/1707.shtml#last|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fur the neist three hunder year, Scotland wis guverned direct bi the Pairlament o Great Breetain an the follaein [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|Pairliament of the Unitit Kinrick]], baith based at [[Wastmeenster]], an no hivin a Parliament of Scotland steyed an important pairt o Scots national identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devolution&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=The Devolution Debate (1997) – This Century|language=en-gb|trans-title=The Devolution Discoorse (1997) – This Yearhunner|work=|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/c20scot.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=13 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suggestions fur a 'devolved' Pairliament wis pitten forrit afore 1914, but wis pitten aff acause o the ootbrak o the [[World War I|First Warld War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Devolution&quot; /&gt; As nationalism grew in Scotland durin the late 1960s, demands fur some form o hame rule or fou [[Unthirldom|unthrildom]] wis pitten forrit, an in 1969 made the umwhile [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] guvrenment heidit bi [[Harold Wilson]] tae set up the Kilbrandon Commission tae conseeder the Breetish constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devolution&quot; /&gt; Ane o the heid objectives o the commission wis tae leuk intae weys o giein mair sel-govrenment tae Scotland, in the unitary state o the Unitit Kinrick.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devolution&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=Paul|date=2006-01-02|title=Devolution and Britishness, 1966-1999|trans-title=Devolution an Breetishness, 1966-1999|url=http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/1159|journal=Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies|language=en|volume=XIV|issue=XIV-1|pages=11–18|doi=10.4000/rfcb.1159|issn=0248-9015|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kilbrandon pat oot his report in 1973 recommendin the stairtin up o a Scots Assembly electit direct tae manage maist hame Scots affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1 January 2005|title=Papers reveal devolution warnings|language=en-gb|trans-title=Papers shaw devolution wairnishins|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4137765.stm|url-status=live|access-date=24 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durin this time, diskiverin ile in the [[North Sea]] an the &quot;[[It's Scotland's oil|It's Scotland's ile]]&quot; campaign frae the [[Scottish National Party|Scots Naitional Party]] (SNP) pitten oot suin efter rose support fur Scottish unthrildom, as weel as the SNP. The pairty threapit thit the Scotland didnae see sae muckle benefit fae ile revenues as thay sud.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devolution&quot; /&gt; Thir effects o the events pitten thegither gart [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Meenister]] Wilson commeet thit his guvrenment pit oot some form o a devolved body in 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devolution&quot; /&gt; Unner the [[Scotland Act 1978]], an electit assembly wad be set up in [[Edinburgh|Embro]] gin the public wis fur it it in a [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum|referendum hauden on the 1 Mairch 1979]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1979 referendum&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|year=1997|title=The 1979 Referendums|language=en-gb|work=|publisher=The Holyrood Inquiry|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/79referendums.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A narrae feck o 51.6% tae 48.4% voted fur a Scots Assembly, but the Act wis needin at least 40% o the hale electorate vote fur the proposal an aw. Acause the turnoot wis juist 63.6%, the vote fur it representit juist 32.9% o the population alloud tae vote, an the Assembly wisnae set up.&lt;ref name=&quot;1979 referendum&quot; /&gt;

Throu the 1980s an 1990s, demand fur a Scots Pairliament grew, pairtly acause the Untit Kinrick govrenment wis controlled bi the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Pairty]], while Scotland itsel electit gey few Conservative MPs relative tae Wastmeenster.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devolution&quot; /&gt; Efter the 1979 referendum defeat, the [[Campaign for a Scottish Assembly|Campaign fur a Scots Assembly]] wis stairtit as a [[Advocacy group|pressure group]], leadin tae the 1989 [[Scottish Constitutional Convention|Scots Constitutional Convention]] wi sindry organisations siclike as Scots kirks, [[Leet o poleetical pairties in Scotland|poleetical pairties]] an fowk representin industry takkin pairt. Pittin oot its blueprint fur devolution in 1995, the Convention gied the maist pairt o the basis fur the structur o the Pairlament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fraser|first=Peter|date=15 October 2004|title=Events Prior to 1 May 1997|trans-title=Events afore 1 Mey 1997|url=http://scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-02.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024190756/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-02.htm|archive-date=24 October 2004|access-date=17 November 2006|website=|publisher=The Holyrood Inquiry|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Devolution continued tae be pairt o the Labour platform thit wan pouer unner [[Tony Blair]] in May 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devolution&quot; /&gt; In September 1997, the Scots devolution referendum wis pitten tae the Scots electorate an siccart a feck fur the estaiblishment fur a new devolved Scots Pairlament, wi pouers tae chynge tax levels, in Embro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Past Referendums – Scotland 1997|trans-title=Umwhile Referendums – Scotland 1997|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/referendums/Scotland1997.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207062754/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/referendums/Scotland1997.cfm|archive-date=7 Dec 2006|access-date=17 Nov 2006|website=|publisher=The Electoral Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; A election wis hauden on the 6 Mey 1999, an on the 1 Julie o thon year pouer wis pitten ower frae Westminster tae the new Pairlament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Morgan|first=Bryn|date=8 Oct 1999|title=House of Commons Research Paper – Scottish Parliament Elections: 6 May 1999|trans-title=Hoose o Commons Resairch Paper – Scots Pairliament Elections: 6 Mey 1999|url=http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP99-50|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 July 2016|website=|publisher=House of Commons Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Upmak o the Scots Pairlament==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;
|-
! colspan=2 | Pairty
! Mey 2021 &lt;br&gt; election
! Nou

|-
! style=&quot;background-color: {{Scots National Pairty/meta/color}}&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;colour:black; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;
| [[Scots National Pairty]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 64 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 64 
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: {{Scots Conservative Pairty/meta/color}}&quot; |
| [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 31 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 31
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: {{Scots Labour Pairty/meta/color}}&quot; |
| [[Scots Labour Pairty]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 22 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 22
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: {{Scots Green Pairty/meta/color}}&quot; |
| [[Scots Green Pairty]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 8 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 7
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: {{Scots Leeberal Democrats/meta/color}}&quot; |
| [[Scots Leeberal Democrats]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 4 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 4
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: {{Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament/meta/color}}&quot; |
| [[Presidin Officer o the Scots Pairlament|Presidin Officer]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 0 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tot
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 129
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 129
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Govrenment feck
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| −1
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| 0
|}
Guvrenment pairties denotit wi bullets (•)

The Pairlament elects fae amang its members its [[Preses]] (''Presiding Officer'' in the [[Ingles]]) tae preside ower the gaitherins o the Pairlament. It elects the First Meenister o Scotland as weel.
{{clear left}}

==Relatit airticles==
*[[Scots Pairlament Biggin]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
* [https://www.parliament.scot/index.aspx The Scots Pairlament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828191851/https://www.parliament.scot/index.aspx |date=2020-08-28 }}
* [https://www.parliament.scot/images/Parliament%20Publications/YSP_Scots_final.pdf Your Scots Pairlament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025203/http://www.parliament.scot/images/Parliament%20Publications/YSP_Scots_final.pdf |date=2020-11-12 }}

{{Commonscat|Scottish Parliament Building}}

{{Stub/Scotland}}
{{Stub/scotpol}}

[[Category:Scots Pairlament| ]]</text>
      <sha1>6g75he9bygqhjrjft51osgibn2a5j2n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scots unthirldom</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869222</id>
      <parentid>864203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:15:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3317" xml:space="preserve">'''Scots unthirldom''' is the poleetical muivement that thinks [[Scotland]] shoud poleetical sinder itsel frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]], an become an unthirlt kintra wi ane govrenment an a sovereign pairlament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-11-15|title=Sturgeon: Brexit chaos makes independence case stronger every day|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/nov/15/sturgeon-brexit-chaos-makes-independence-case-stronger-every-day|access-date=2022-03-21|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main uphauders o this idea is the [[Scots National Pairty]], altho the'r ither muivements in Scotland that uphaud unthirldom, sic as the [[Scots Socialist Pairty]], [[Scots Green Pairty]], an ither smawer groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Massie|first=Alex|title=Never mind Brexit — Boris Johnson’s biggest battle is Scotland trying to take back control|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/never-mind-brexit-boris-johnsons-biggest-battle-is-scotland-trying-to-take-back-control-dvfhmsmbg|access-date=2022-03-21|issn=0140-0460}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lairge pairt o this muivement, maistlins athin the SNP, wants tae see a Scotland closer tae the [[European Union]], in siller-union wi ither EU kintras, in the [[Euro]] currency.

Oan 15 October 2012, the Unitit Kinrick an Scots govrenments cam tae a greement oan the legal base o the referendum whit is cried the [[Edinburgh Greement (2012)|Edinburgh Greement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-12-20|title=Text of the 'Edinburgh Agreement' {{!}} The Independent|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/text-of-the-edinburgh-agreement-8212225.html|access-date=2022-03-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2020-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101112906/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/text-of-the-edinburgh-agreement-8212225.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The SNP govrenment, wha first came tae pour in 2007 as minority govrenment, haed a referendum oan unthirldom in hairst 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-03-21|title=Scottish independence: Referendum to be held on 18 September, 2014|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-21828424|access-date=2022-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Aye campaign wis cawed &quot;Aye Scotland&quot; an the Naw campaign wis cawed &quot;Better Thegither&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 Juin 2012|title=Scottish independence: Alistair Darling warns of 'no way back'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-18572750|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Fremmit airtins==
* [http://www.scottishindependence.com/ Scottish Independence (wab steid)] {{in|en}}
* [http://www.yesscotland.net/ Aye Scotland (wab steid)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816105947/http://www.yesscotland.net/ |date=2014-08-16 }} {{in|en}}
* [http://bettertogether.net/ Better Thegither (wab steid)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901023254/http://bettertogether.net/ |date=2014-09-01 }} {{in|en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scots Unthirldom}}
[[Category:Separatism in the Unitit Kinrick]]
[[Category:Celtic naitionalism]]
[[Category:Poleetical history o Scotland]]
[[Category:Scots unthirldom| ]]
[[Category:Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick]]
[[Category:Unthirldom muivements]]

{{Stub/Scotland}}</text>
      <sha1>lbu3pkw8mnovmpb3889iz53xvppggux</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lunnon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869380</id>
      <parentid>869102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:53:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="203206" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|date=December 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name                 = Lunnon
| image_skyline        = London collage.jpg
| imagesize            = 270px
| image_caption        = Frae upper left:  [[Ceety o Lunnon]], [[Tower Bridge]] an [[Lunnon Eye]], [[Palace o Wastmeenster]]
| image_map            = London (European Parliament constituency).svg
| mapsize              = 180px
| map_caption          = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon region]] in the Unitit Kinrick
|settlement_type       =
| subdivision_type     = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name     = [[Unitit Kinrick]]
| subdivision_type1    = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name1    = [[Ingland]]
| subdivision_type2    = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]]
| subdivision_name2    = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]]
| subdivision_type3    = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonties]]
| subdivision_name3    = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Greater Lunnon]]
| subdivision_type4    = [[Destricts o England|Destricts]]
| subdivision_name4    = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Lunnon burgh|32 burghs]]
| seat_type            = Heidquairters
| seat                 = [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]]
| leader_title         = Regional authority
| leader_name          = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]
| leader_title1        = [[Regional assembly (Ingland)|Regional assembly]]
| leader_name1         = [[Lunnon Assembly]]
| leader_title2        = [[Mayor o Lunnon]]
| leader_name2         = [[Sadiq Khan]]
| leader_title3        = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]&lt;br /&gt;*Lunnon&amp;nbsp;Assembly&lt;br /&gt;*[[European Pairlament]]
| leader_name3         = [[Leet o Pairlamentary constituencies in Lunnon|74 constituencies]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lunnon Assembly constituencies|14 constituencies]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lunnon (European Parliament constituency)|Lunnon constituency]]
| established_title    = Settled bi [[Roman Empire|Romans]]
| established_date     = as [[Roman Lunnon|Londinium]], c. 43 AD
| aurie_magnitude       = 
| aurie_total_sq_mi     = 607
| population_as_of     = 
| population_footnotes =&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| total_type           = Lunnon
| population_as_o     = 2015
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=gla-pop-2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Population Growth in London, 1939–2015|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-url=https://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/historical%20population%201939-2015.pdf|archive-date=Feb 2015|website=London Datastore|publisher=Greater London Authority|accessdate=7 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 8,630,000
| population_density_km2   = 5,490
| population_blank1_title  = [[Greater Lunnon Biggit-up Area|Urban]]
| population_blank1        = 9,787,426
| population_blank2_title  = [[Lunnon metropolitan area|Metro]]
| population_blank2        = 13,879,757
| population_demonym       = Lunnoner
{{Collapsible list
| title       = Ethnic groups
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; &lt;!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)--&gt;
| list_style  = text-align:left;display:none;
|  1 = '''59.8% [[White fowk|White]]'''
|  2 = 44.9% [[White Breetish]]
|  3 = 2.2% [[Erse migration tae Great Breetain|White Erse]]
|  4 = 12.7% [[Ither White]]
|  5 = &amp;nbsp;
|  6 = '''5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]]'''
|  7 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black Caribbean &amp; White]]
|  8 = 0.8% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black African &amp; White]]
|  9 = 1.2% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed South Asian an White|Sooth Asie &amp; White]]
| 10 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither mixed]]
| 11 = &amp;nbsp;
| 12 = '''16.9% [[Breetish Asie|Sooth Asie]]'''
| 13 = 6.6% [[Breetish Indie|Indie]]
| 14 = 2.7% [[Breetish Pakistanis|Pakistani]]
| 15 = 2.7% [[Breetish Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]]
| 16 = 4.9% [[Breetish Asiae|Ither Sooth Asie]]
| 17 = &amp;nbsp;
| 18 = '''13.3% [[Black Breetish|Black]]'''
| 19 = 7% [[Black Breetish|Black African]]
| 20 = 4.2% [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Black Caribbean]]
| 21 = 2.1% [[Ither Black (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither Black]]
| 22 = &amp;nbsp;
| 23 = '''4.9% [[East Asies in the Unitit Kinrick|East Asie]] [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|or Ither]]'''
| 24 = 1.5% [[Breetish Cheenese|Chinese]]
| 25 = 3.4% [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|Ither]]
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archivedate = 19 May 2011}}
| timezone             = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset           = ±0
| timezone_DST         = [[Bretish Simmer Time|BST]]
| utc_offset_DST       = +1
| coordinates          = {{coord|51|30|26|N|0|7|39|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes  =&lt;ref name = Elevation&gt;{{Cite journal
 |url         = http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html
 |title       = London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)
 |publisher   = The Weather Underground, Inc.
 |accessdate  = 6 June 2008
 |format      = online
 |ref         = harv
 |archiveurl  = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7?url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html
 |archivedate = 2011-05-19
 |journal     = 
 |url-status  = live
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation_m          = 24
| postcode_type     = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode areas]]
| postcode          = {{postcode|E}}, {{postcode|EC}}, {{postcode|N}}, {{postcode|NW}}, {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|SW}}, {{postcode|W}}, {{postcode|WC}}, {{postcode|BR}}, {{postcode|CM}}, {{postcode|CR}}, {{postcode|DA}}, {{postcode|EN}}, {{postcode|HA}}, {{postcode|IG}}, {{postcode|KT}}, {{postcode|RM}}, {{postcode|SM}}, {{postcode|TN}}, {{postcode|TW}}, {{postcode|UB}}, {{postcode|WD}}
| aurie_code            = [[Leet o telephone exchynges in Lunnon|020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992]]
| wabsteid              = [http://www.london.gov.uk/ london.gov.uk]
}}
'''Lunnon''' ({{IPA-sco|ˈlʌnən|}}; {{lang-en|London}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/london?showCookiePolicy=true|title=London|accessdate=23 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}&lt;/ref&gt;, {{IPA-en|ˈlʌndən|}}) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o [[Ingland]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|title=The World Factbook|date=1 February 2014|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Staunin on the [[River Thames]], Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, [[History o Lunnon|its history]] that gangs back tae its foundin bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], wha named it ''[[Londinium]]''.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_001&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |date= n.d. |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080622181424/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |title= Roman London |publisher= [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archivedate= 2008-06-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon's auncient core, the [[Ceety o Lunnon]], lairgely retains its {{convert|1.12|sqmi|adj=on}} [[Middle Ages|medieval]] boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term ''Lunnon'' haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mills_140&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=140}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bulk o this [[conurbation]] forms the [[Greater Lunnon]] [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|admeenistrative area]] (coterminous wi the Lunnon [[regions o England|region]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;region&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|title=Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=4 May 2008|archive-date=2008-01-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080124102915/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;elcock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last= Elcock |first=Howard |title=Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities |url= https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco |publisher=Routledge |location= Lunnon |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-10167-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco/page/n368 368]|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;See an aa: [[Independent ceety#National capitals|Independent ceety § National capitals]].&lt;/ref&gt; govrened bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]] an the [[Lunnon Assembly]].&lt;ref name=&quot;politics_uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Bill |author2=Kavanagh, Dennis|author3=Moran, Michael|author4=Norton, Philip |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse/page/868 868] |ref=harv |location=Harlow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The Lunnon Mayor isnae tae be confused wi the [[Lord Mayor o Lunnon]] wha heids the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]], that administers the ceety o Lunnon.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lunnon is a leadin [[global ceety]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/shortcuts/2013/mar/10/london-capital-of-world-divorce-breakfast |title= London: the everything capital of the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= Adewunmi, Bim |date=10 March 2013 |location =Lunnon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |title= What's The Capital Of The World? |publisher= More Intelligent Life |accessdate= 4 July 2013 |archive-date= 2013-09-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132807/http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45ghmd/no-1-london |title= The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/gpci/index_e.html |title= Global Power City Index 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Institute for Urban Strategies&amp;nbsp;– The Mori Memorial Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-is-the-most-desirable-city-in-the-world-to-work-in-study-finds-9779868.html |title= London is 'the most desirable city in the world tae work in', study finds |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |title= London leads the UK for world-class research |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Lunnon &amp; Partners}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ane o the warld's leadin [[financial centre]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;Mastercard&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title= Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=Mastercard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Financial Centres 10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres 9 |publisher=[[Z/Yen]] |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222617/http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |title= World's Most Economically Powerful Cities |work= Forbes |location= New York |date= 15 July 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0LhcwS?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; an haes the [[Leet o ceeties by GDP|fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld]] dependin on measurement.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Rankings o ceeties by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result o differences in the definition o the boundaries an population sizes o the areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations an the method uised tae calculate throu-pit. Lunnon an [[Paris]] are o about similar size in terms o total economic throu-pit that can result in third party sources varyin as tae whit ane o thaim is defined as haein the fifth- an sixth-lairgest ceety GDP in the warld. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimatit that Lunnon had a ceety GDP o US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared tae US$764.2 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the saxt- an fift-mucklemaist in the warld. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimatit that Lunnon haed a ceety GDP measured in purchasing power parity o US$565 billion in 2008, compared tae US$564 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the fift- an saxt-mucklemaist in the warld. The McKinsey Global Institute study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 14.9 million for Lunnon compared tae 11.8 million for Paris, while the PricewaterhouseCoopers study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 8.59 million for Lunnon compared tae 9.92 million for Paris.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=forpolgdp&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |date=September–October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Global ceety GDP rankings 2008-2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |accessdate=16 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0M2ast?url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-capital-of-the-world-766661.html |location=Lunnon |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Calder |date=22 December 2007 |title=London, capital of the world}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |author= Teodorczuk, Tom |title= London is the world capital of the 21st century&amp;nbsp;... says New York |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 20 March 2007 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2009-11-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125151618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url= http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |title=London is world capital of culture says LSE expert |publisher=Lunnon School o Economics |date=11 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |title=Cultural Strategy |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210256/http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-tops-ranking-of-destination-cities-2291794.html |title= London tops ranking of destination cities |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper =The Independent |location =Lunnon |date=1 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haes the [[World's busiest ceety airport systems by passenger traffic|warld's lairgest ceety airport system]] measured bi passenger traffic.&lt;ref name=capa1&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/beijing-to-overtake-london-as-worlds-largest-aviation-hub-massive-new-airport-planned-58776 |title= Beijing tae overtake london as world's largest aviation hub |accessdate=12 June 2012 |publisher=Centre for Aviation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon2&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |date=20 August 2008 |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |title=Number of international students in London continues tae grow |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0OvJq8?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |archivedate=2011-05-19 |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]], Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] three times.&lt;ref name=IOC&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&amp;articleid=52922 |title=IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 |date=6 July 2005 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |accessdate=3 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_006&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |title= Languages spoken in the UK population |publisher= National Centre for Language |accessdate= 6 June 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0PFX8H?url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015,&lt;ref name=gla-pop-2015/&gt; the lairgest o ony [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|municipality in the European Union]],&lt;ref name=&quot;lairgest_city_eu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |title=Largest EU City. Over 7&amp;nbsp;million residents in 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qd8V9JhM?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |archivedate=2007-07-26 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |title=Focus on London&amp;nbsp;– Population and Migration &amp;#124; London DataStore |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016225915/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Greater Lunnon Urban area|Lunnon's urban area]] is the seicont [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|maist populous in the EU]], efter [[Paris]], wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbanpopulation&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=29 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Lunnon metropolitan area|ceety's metropolitan area]] is the ane o the [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] wi 13,614,409 indwallers,{{refn|According tae the [[Eurostat|European Statistical Agency]], Lunnon has the lairgest [[lairger Urban Zones|lairger Urban Zone]] that uises [[conurbation]]s an areas o heich population as its definition. A [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|ranking o population]] wiin municipal boundaries places Lunnon first. Houaniver, the [[University o Avignon]] in France claims that Paris is first an Lunnon second whan includin the hale urban areaan [[hinterland]], that is the [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|outlying ceeties as well]].|group=note}}&lt;ref name=&quot;appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu show&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&amp;lang=en |title= Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp The London Plan – Introduction – Positioning London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025007/http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp |date=2014-04-07 }}. Greater Lunnon Authority. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lunnon wis the [[warld's lairgest ceeties|warld's maist populous ceety]] frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_030&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lunnon conteens fower [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: the [[Touer o Lunnon]]; [[Kew Gardens]]; the site comprisin the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], [[Westminster Abbey]], an [[St Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's Kirk]]; an the historic dounset o [[Greenwich]] (in whilk the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] marks the [[Prime Meridian]], 0° [[langitude]], an [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]).&lt;ref name=Lunnon_005&gt;{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb|title=Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=26 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ither famous laundmerks include [[Buckingham Palace]], the [[Lunnon Ee]], [[Piccadilly Circus]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[Tower Bridge]], [[Trafalgar squerr]], an [[The Shard]]. Lunnon is home tae numerous [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|museums]], galleries, libraries, [[Sport in Lunnon|sporting events]] an ither cultural institutions, includin the [[British Museum]], [[National Gallery]], [[Tate Modern]], [[British Library]] an 40 [[West End theatre|West End]] theatres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&amp;story=E8821201275286&amp;title=West+End+Must+Innovate+to+Renovate%2C+Says+Report |title=West End Must Innovate tae Renovate, Says Report |accessdate=15 November 2010 |work=What's On Stage |date=25 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0S4x3M?url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |location=Lunnon |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.&lt;ref name=Metro150&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20641351 |title=Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;railwaygazette.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |title=Shanghai now the world's longest metro |date=4 May 2010 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |accessdate=4 May 2010 |location=Lunnon |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Tj3yO?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
===Toponymy===
[[File:London Thames Sunset panorama - Feb 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The name ''Lunnon'' mey derive frae the [[River Thames]]]]
The [[etymology o Lunnon|etymology o ''Lunnon'']] is uncertain.&lt;ref name=&quot;mills_139&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is an auncient name, foond in soorces frae the 2nt century. It is recorded c. 121 as ''[[Londinium]]'', that pynts tae [[Romano-British]] origin.&lt;ref name=&quot;mills_139&quot;/&gt; The earliest attemptit explanation, nou disregarded, is attributit tae [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] in ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mills_139&quot;/&gt; This haed it that the name originatit frae a supposed [[Lud son o Heli|Keeng Lud]], wha haed allegedly takken ower the ceety an named it ''Kaerlud''.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_009&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&amp;en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&amp;ei=5070&amp;pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Frae 1898, it wis commonly acceptit that the name wis o [[Celts|Celtic]] origin an meant ''place belangin tae a man cawed *Londinos''; this explication haes syne been rejeckit.&lt;ref name=&quot;mills_139&quot;/&gt; [[Richard Coates]] pit forrit an explication in 1998 that it is derived frae the pre-Celtic [[Auld European hydronymy|Auld European]] ''*(p)lowonida'', meanin 'burn ower wide for tae ford', an suggestit that this wis a name gien tae the pairt o the [[River Thames]] that rins throu Lunnon; frae this, the dounset gained the Celtic form o its name, ''*Lowonidonjon'';&lt;ref name=coates&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|year=1998|title=A new explanation of the name of London|journal=Transactions o the Philological Society|volume=96|issue=2|pages=203–229|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|doi=10.1111/1467-968X.00027|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0UqnAy?url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|archivedate=2011-05-19|access-date=2019-10-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; this requires quite a serious amendment houiver. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form ''Londinium'' wi the modren Welsh ''Llundain'', that should demand a form ''*(h)lōndinion'' (as opposed tae *londīnion), frae earlier ''*loundiniom''. The possibility canna be ruled oot that the Welsh name wis borrowed back in frae Inglis at a later date, an for that raison canna be uised as a basis frae that tae reconstruct the oreeginal name.

Til 1889, the name &quot;Lunnon&quot; offeecially anerly applee'd tae the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] but syne then it haes referred tae the [[Coonty o Lunnon]], an nou [[Greater Lunnon]] an aa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mills_140&quot;/&gt;

===Prehistory===

Twa recent discoveries indicate probable vera auld settlements near the Thames in the Lunnon area. In 1999, the remains o a [[Bronze Age]] bridge war foond on the foreshore north o [[Vauxhall Bridge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Denison&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Denison|first=Simon|title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall|journal=British Archaeology|date=July 1999|issue=46|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WdLQ0?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This brig aither gaed athort the Thames, or gaed tae a nou lost island in the burn. Dendrology datit the timbers tae 1500 BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Denison&quot;/&gt; In 2010 the foundations o a lairge timmer structur, datit tae 4500 BC, war foond on the Thames foreshore, sooth o Vauxhall Bridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milne&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Milne|first=Gustav|title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!|url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|work=Frog Blog|publisher=Thames Discovery Programme|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WtZpl?url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The function o the mesolithic structur is nae kent. Baith structures are on South Bank, at a naitural crossin pynt whaur the [[River Effra]] flows intae the River Thames.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milne&quot;/&gt;

===Roman Lunnon===
[[File:Map of London, 1300.svg|thumb|In 1300, the [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] wis still confined wiin the [[Lunnon Waw|Roman walls]].]]
Tho thare is evidence o scattered [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] settlements in the area, the first major dounset wis foondit bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] efter the invasion o 43&amp;nbsp;AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;roman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Roman London |last=Perring |first=Dominic |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-203-23133-3|page=1 |ref=harv }}&lt;/ref&gt; This anerly lastit til aroond 61, whan the [[Iceni]] tribe led bi [[Boudica|Queen Boudica]] stormed it, burning it tae the grund.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_010&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|title=British History Timeline&amp;nbsp;—Roman Britain|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0V1GXn?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The next, heivy planned, incarnation o Londinium prospered an superseded [[Colchester]] as the caipital o the [[Roman Britain|Roman province]] o [[Britannia]] in 100. At its hicht in the 2nt century, Roman Lunnon haed a population o aroond 60,000.

===Anglo-Saxon Lunnon (an Viking period)===
Wi the collapse o Roman rule in the early 5t century, Lunnon ceased tae be a caipital an the walled ceety o Londinium wis effectively abandoned, awtho Roman civilisation continued in the [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] area until aroond 450.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108092449/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archivedate=2009-01-08|publisher=Museum o Lunnon|title=The last days of Londinium|accessdate=31 March 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frae aroond 500, an [[Anglo-Saxon]] dounset kent as [[Anglo-Saxon Lunnon|Lundenwic]] developed in the same area, slichtly tae the wast o the auld Roman ceety.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_011&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |title= The early years of Lundenwic |publisher= The [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043903/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |archivedate= 2008-06-10 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; By aboot 680, it haed revived sufficiently tae become a major port, awtho thare is little evidence o lairge-scale production o goods. Frae the 820s the toun declined acause o repeatit [[Viking]] invasions. Thare three recordit Viking assaults on Lunnon; twa o whilk wis wun tae in 851 an 886 AD, tho thay war defeatit in the attack o 994 AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Viking Attacks&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1|title=Viking Attacks|publisher=web.cn.edu/kwheeler/|accessdate=24 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Siege of London (MS 1168).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hoose o Lancaster|Lancastrian]] siege o Lunnon in 1471 is attacked by a [[Hoose o York|Yorkist]] sally.]]

The Vikings established [[Denlaw]] ower a fair feck o the eastren an northren pairt o Ingland wi its mairch gaun frae aboot Lunnon tae [[Chester]]. It wis an area o political an geographical control imposed bi the Viking incursions that wis formally agreed tae bi the [[Dens fowk|Dens]] [[warlord]], [[Guthrum]] an wast-[[Saxon]] [[keeng]], [[Alfred the Great]] in 886 AD. Denlaw lastit in mony pairts o Ingland for centuries tae come. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' recordit that Lunnon wis &quot;refounded&quot; by [[Alfred the Great]] in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment o Lundenwic an a revival o life an tred wiin the auld Roman walls. Lunnon then grew slowly until aboot 950, efter whilk activity increased dramatically.&lt;ref name=&quot;blackwell&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vince|first= Alan|year=2001|title=London|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England |publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bi the 11t century, Lunnon wis ayont aw comparison the lairgest toun in Ingland. [[Wastmeenster Abbey]], rebiggit in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style by King [[Edward the Confessor]], wis ane o the grandest kirks in Europe. [[Winchester]] haed aforehaun been the caipital o Anglo-Saxon Ingland, but frae this time on, Lunnon becam the main forum for furren traders an the base for defence in time o war. In the view o [[Frank Stenton]]: &quot;It had the resources, an it was rapidly developing the dignity an the political self-consciousness appropriate tae a national capital.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|authorlink=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|pages=538–539|publisher= Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Blair |first= John |year=2001|title=Westminster|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wastmeenster Abbey]], as seen in this pentin (Canaletto, 1749), is a [[World Heritage Site]] an ane o Lunnon's auldest an maist important biggins]]
Follaein his victory in the [[Battle o Hastings]], [[William the Conqueror|William, Duke o Normandy]], wis crowned [[Keeng o Ingland]] in the newly finished Wastmeenster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_015&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|title=History&amp;nbsp;– 1066&amp;nbsp;– King William|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Yen4R?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; William biggit the [[Touer o Lunnon]], the first o the mony Norman castles in Ingland tae be rebuilt in stone, in the sootheastren corner o the ceety, tae intimidate the native indwallers.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_016&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|title=A History of British Architecture&amp;nbsp;— White Tower|last=Tinniswood|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Tinniswood|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZWxtH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1097, [[William II o Ingland|William II]] began the biggin o [[Wastmeenster Hall]], close bi the abbey o the same name. The hall becam the basis o a new [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_017&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|title=UK Parliament&amp;nbsp;— Parliament: The building|date=9 November 2007|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032051/http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|archivedate=2008-03-11|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_018&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|title=Palace of Westminster|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404171249/http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|archivedate=2008-04-04|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 12t century, the institutions o central government, whilk haed hitherto accompanied the ryal Inglis court as it moved aroond the kintra, grew in size an sophistication an becam increasingly fixed in ane place. In maist cases this wis Wastmeenster, awtho the ryal treasury, haein been moved frae Winchester, came tae rest in the Tower. While the [[Ceety o Wastmeenster]] developed intae a true caipital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the ceety o Lunnon, remained Ingland's lairgest ceety an principal commercial centre, an it flourished unner its ain unique admeenistration, the [[Ceety o Lunnonn Corporation|Corporation o Lunnon]]. In 1100, its population wis aroond 18,000; by 1300 it haed grown tae nearly 100,000.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_019&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schofield|first=John|last2=Vince|first2=Alan|author2-link=Alan Vince|title=Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6002-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qu7QLC7g7VgC&amp;pg=PA26&amp;lpg=PA26&amp;dq=london+population+1100+-+1300|page=26|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Disaster struck during the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14t century, when Lunnon lost nearly a third o its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |title=Black Death |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZmE6P?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=3 November 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon wis the focus o the [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_020&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|title=Richard II (1367–1400)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 October 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0aYnXz?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Air modren===
[[File:Great Fire London.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] destroyed mony pairts o the ceety in 1666.]]
[[File:London - John Norden's map of 1593.jpg|thumb|Cairt o Lunnon in 1593. Thare is anly ane bridge athort the Thames, but pairts o Southwark on the sooth bank o the river hae been developed.]]

During the [[Tudor period]] the [[Inglis Reformation|Reformation]] produced a gradual shift tae Protestantism, wi much o Lunnon passin frae kirk tae private ainership.&lt;ref name=pevsner&gt;[[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner, Nikolaus]]. ''Lunnon I: The ceeties o Lunnon an Westminster'' rev. edition, 1962. Introduction p. 48.&lt;/ref&gt; The traffic in [[woollen]] cloths shipped undyed an undressed frae Lunnon tae the nearby shores o the [[Law Kintras]] whaur it wis considered indispensable.&lt;ref&gt;J. G. Pounds (1976). &quot;An Historical Geography o Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330&quot;. p. 430. CUP Archive,&lt;/ref&gt; But the tentacles o English maritime enterprise hardly extendit beyond the seas o north-wast Europe. The commercial route tae [[Italy]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] normally lay throu [[Antwerp]] an ower the [[Alps]]; ony ships passing throu the [[Strait o Gibraltar]] tae or frae England war likely tae be Italian or [[Dubrovnik|Ragusan]]. Upon the re-openin o the [[Netherlands]] tae English shipping in Januar 1565 thare at ance ensued a strang outburst o commercial activity.&lt;ref&gt;Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants an the Revolt o the Netherlands: The End o the Antwerp Mart. Volume 2, pp. 1 an 62–63. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1849-7&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] wis foondit.&lt;ref&gt;The life an times o Sir Thomas Gresham, founner o the Royal Exchange: including notices o many o his contemporaries. wi illustrations, Volume 2, pages&amp;nbsp;80–81, John William Burgon, E. Wilson, 1839.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mercantilism]] grew an monopoly trading companies sic as the [[East Indie Company]] war established, wi tred expanding tae the [[New World]]. Lunnon becam the principal [[North Sea]] port, wi migrants arrivin frae England an abroad. The population rose frae an estimatit 50,000 in 1530 tae aboot 225,000 in 1605.&lt;ref name=pevsner/&gt;

In the 16t century, [[William Shakespeare]] an his contemporaries lived in Lunnon at a time o hostility tae the development o the [[Elizabethan theatre|theatre]]. By the end o the Tudor period in 1603, Lunnon wis still vera compact. Thare wis an assassination attempt on [[James I o England|James I]] in Westminster, throu the [[Gunpowder Plot]] on 5 November 1605.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_023&gt;{{Cite book |title=James I |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs |last=Durston |first=Christopher|year=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-415-07779-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59 59] |ref=harv }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon wis [[Bubonic plague|plagued]] by disease in the early 17t century,&lt;ref name=Lunnon_024&gt;{{cite web |url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |title=A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665 |publisher=Urban Rim |date=4 December 2009 |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gVUqcycW?url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |archivedate=2009-05-04 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; culminatin in the [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]] o 1665–1666, whilk killt up tae 100,000 bodies, or a fift o the population.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_025&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |title= Story of the plague |publisher= Channel 4 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bPVKk?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] broke oot in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the ceety an quickly swept throu the widden biggins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samuel Pepys' Diary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | last = Pepys | first = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Pepys | title = The Diary of Samuel Pepys | volume = 45: August/September 1666 | date = 2 September 1666 | origyear = 1893 | editor = [[Mynors Bright]] (decipherer) | editor2 = [[Henry B. Wheatley]] | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-520-22167-3 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bzHYi?url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | archivedate = 2011-05-19 | access-date = 2015-06-04 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rebiggin teuk ower ten year an wis supervised by [[Robert Hooke]]&lt;ref name=Lunnon_026&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |title=London After the Great Fire: Civil War and Revolution |author=Schofield, John |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=4 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ckJxq?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_027&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |title= Rebuilding after the fire |publisher= Museum o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080201204641/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |archivedate= 2008-02-01 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_028&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jX8ZAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=rebuilding+of+london&amp;dq=rebuilding+of+london|title=The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire|publisher=Thomas Fiddian|year=1940|accessdate=27 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Surveyor o Lunnon.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_029&gt;The curious life o Robert Hooke, the man who measured Lunnon by Lisa Jardine&lt;/ref&gt; In 1708 [[Christopher Wren]]'s masterpiece, [[St Paul's Cathedral]] wis completit. During the [[Georgian era]] new destricts sic as [[Mayfair]] war formed in the wast; an new brigs ower the Thames encouraged development in [[South Lunnon]]. In the east, the [[Port o Lunnon]] expanded downstream.

In 1762, [[George III o Great Britain|George III]] acquired [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]] an it wis enlairged ower the next 75 year. During the 18t century, Lunnon wis dogged by crime an the [[Bow Street Runners]] war established in 1750 as a professional police force.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/madding/thieftaker.html Thief Taker, Constable, Police]&quot;. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).&lt;/ref&gt; In tot, mair nor 200 offences war punishable by death,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8181192.stm |title=Rough justice&amp;nbsp;– Victorian style |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2009 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; includin petty theft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |title=National Affairs: Capital punishment: a fading practice |work=Time |location=New York |date=21 March 1960 |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011174652/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most childer born in the ceety died afore reakin thair third birthday.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/foundling_01.shtml |title=The Foundling Hospital |publisher=BBC History |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[coffeehouse]] became a popular place tae debate ideas, wi growin [[literacy]] an the development o the [[prentin press]] makkin news widely available; an [[Fleet Street]] became the centre o the British press.

Accordin tae Samuel Johnson:

{{quote|Ye cannae fin a man, at aw intellectual, wha is willin tae leave Lunnon. Naw, Sir, whan a man is fauchelt Lunnon, he is tired o life; for there in Lunnon aw that life can afford.|[[Samuel Johnson]], 1777&lt;ref name=Lunnon_022&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |title=When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson |ref=harv |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0fwREG |archivedate= 19 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

===Late modren an contemporary===
[[File:British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg|thumb|British volunteer recruits in Lunnon, August 1914]]
[[File:LondonBombedWWII full.jpg|thumb|A bombed-oot Lunnon street during [[the Blitz]] o the Seicont World War]]
Lunnon wis the warld's [[Leet o lairgest ceeties throughout history|lairgest ceety frae aboot 1831 tae 1925]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon's overcrowded conditions led tae [[cholera]] epidemics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |title=Hidden extras: cholera comes tae Victorian London |publisher=The Science Museum |location=Lunnon |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213064834/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; claimin 14,000 lifes in 1848, an 6,000 in 1866.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= Brown, Robert W. |url= http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |title= London in the Nineteenth Century |publisher= University o North Carolina at Pembroke |accessdate= 13 December 2011 |archive-date= 2011-12-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111230164544/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; risin [[traffic congestion]] led tae the creation o the warld's first local urban rail network. The [[Metropolitan Board o Works]] oversaw infrastructure expansion in the caipital an some surroondin counties; it wis abolished in 1889 when the [[Lunnon County cooncil]] wis creatit oot o those areas o the counties surroondin the caipital. [[German strategic bombin during World War I|Lunnon wis bombed bi the Germans during the First World War]] while during the Seicont World War [[the Blitz]] an ither bombin bi the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' killed ower 30,000 Lunnoners an destroyed lairge tracts o housing an ither biggins athort the ceety. Immediately efter the war, the [[1948 Simmer Olympics]] war held at the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], at a time when Lunnon haed barely recovered frae the war.

In 1951, the [[Festeeval o Britain]] wis held on the [[Sooth Bank]]. The [[Great Smog]] o 1952 led tae the [[Clean Air Act 1956]], that endit the &quot;[[pea soup fog]]s&quot; for whilk Lunnon haed been notorious. Frae the 1940s onwart, Lunnon became hame tae numerous [[immigrants]], lairgely frae [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]] countries lik [[Jamaica]], Indie, [[Bangladesh]] an [[Pakistan]], makkin Lunnon ane o the maist diverse ceeties in Europe.

[[File:London Thames (1930).jpg|thumb|left|A view frae Victoria Touer, in late 1920s.]]
Primarily stairtin in the mid-1960s, Lunnon becam a centre for the warldwide [[youth cultur]], exemplified bi the [[Swinging Lunnon]] subculture associatit wi the [[Keeng's Road]], [[Chelsea, Lunnon|Chelsea]] an [[Carnaby Street]]. The role o trendsetter wis revived in the [[punk rock|punk]] era. In 1965 Lunnon's political boundaries wis expandit tae tak intae accoont the growthe o the urban area an a new [[Greater Lunnon cooncil]] wis creatit. Throu [[The Troubles]] in Northren Ireland, Lunnon wis subjectit tae bombin attacks bi the [[Provisional IRA]]. Racial inequality wis hielichtit bi the [[1981 Brixton riot]].

Greater Lunnon's population declined steadily in the decades efter the Seicont World War, frae an estimatit peak o 8.6&amp;nbsp;million in 1939 tae aroond 6.8&amp;nbsp;million in the 1980s. The principal ports for Lunnon moved downstream tae [[Port o Felixstowe|Felixstowe]] an [[Port o Tilbury|Tilbury]], wi the [[Lunnon Docklands]] area becomin a focus for regeneration, includin the [[Canary Wharf]] development. This wis borne oot o Lunnon's ever-increasin role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The [[Thames Barrier]] wis completit in the 1980s tae pertect Lunnon against tidal surges frae the [[North Sea]].

The Greater Lunnon cooncil wis abolished in 1986, whilk left Lunnon as the anerly lairge metropolis in the warld wioot a central admeenistration. In 2000, Lunnon-wide govrenment wis restored, wi the creation o the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]. tae celebrate the stairt o the 21st century, the [[Millennium Dome]], [[Lunnon Eye]] an [[Millennium Bridge (Lunnon)|Millennium Bridge]] war biggit. On 6 Julie 2005 Lunnon wis awairdit the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]], makkin Lunnon the first ceety tae stage the [[Olympic Gemmes]] three times.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/4655555.stm |title= London beats Paris tae 2012 Games |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=28 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The naxt day (7 Julie 2005) Lunnon's tube network wis hit bi major bomb attacks. In Februar 2015, Greater Lunnon's population wis estimatit tae be 8.6 million, the heichest level syne 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = London's population hits 8.6m record high|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Government==
{{Politics o Lunnon}}

===Local government===
{{Main|Local government in Lunnon|History o local government in Lunnon|Leet o heads o Lunnon government}}
The admeenistration o Lunnon is formed o twa tiers—a ceety-wide, strategic tier an a local tier. ceety-wide admeenistration is coordinatit bi the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] (GLA), while local admeenistration is carried oot by 33 smawer authorities.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_032&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|title=About the Greater London Authority|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hYGdz?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GLA consists o twa electit components; the [[Mayor o Lunnon]], wha haes executive powers, an the [[Lunnon Assembly]], whilk scrutinises the mayor's decisions an can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals ilka year.
The headquarters o the GLA is [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]], [[Southwark]]; the mayor is [[Sadiq Khan]]. The mayor's [[statutory planning]] strategy is published as the [[Lunnon Plan]], whilk daed it's maist recent revision in 2011.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_plan&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|title=The London Plan|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67vG4jMg5?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|archivedate=2012-05-25|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The local authorities are the cooncils o the 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s an the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_035&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|title=Links tae other websites&amp;nbsp;— London boroughs|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055428/http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|archivedate=2007-10-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay are responsible for maist local services, sic as local planning, schuils, [[social work|social services]], local roads an refuse collection. Certaint functions, sic as [[Waste disposal authorities in Lunnon|waste management]], are providit throu jynt arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by Lunnon cooncils an the GLA amountit tae juist ower £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs an £7.4 billion for the GLA).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Policing in Greater Lunnon, except the [[City o Lunnon]], is providit bi the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police Force]], overseen bi the Mayor throu the [[Mayor's Office for Policing an Crime]] (MOPAC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |title=About MOPAC |publisher= Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |title=MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority |publisher= Metropolitan Police Authority |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceety o Lunnon haes its ain police force&amp;nbsp;– the [[City o Lunnon Police]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Policing&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |title=Policing |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173357/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |archivedate=2008-01-21 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[British Transport Police]] are responsible for police services on [[National Rail]] an [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] services.&lt;ref name=&quot;BTP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |title= Areas |publisher= British Transport Police |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hdc31?url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Lunnon Fire Brigade]] is the [[statute|statutory]] [[Fire service in the UK|fire an rescue service]] for Greater Lunnon. It is run bi the [[Lunnon Fire an Emergency Planning Authority]] an is the third lairgest fire service in the warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;LFB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |title=Who we are |publisher=Lunnon Fire Brigade |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hzveR?url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[National Health Service]] [[Emergency medical services|ambulance services]] are providit bi the [[Lunnon Ambulance Service|Lunnon Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust]], the lairgest free-at-the-pynt-o-uise emergency ambulance service in the warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |title= About us |publisher= Lunnon Ambulance Service NHS Trust |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0iCW89?url=http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Lunnon Air Ambulance]] charity operates in conjunction wi the LAS whaur required. [[Her Majesty's Coastguard]] an the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate on the [[River Thames]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Coastguard&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |title= Station list |year= 2007 |publisher= Maritime an Coastguard Agency |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0jzXE7?url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lifeboat&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |title=Thames lifeboat service launched |date=2 January 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0kXnz9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; whilk is unner the jurisdiction o the [[Port o Lunnon Authority]] frae [[Teddington Lock]] tae the sea.&lt;ref name=&quot;portLunnonauthority&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |title=Port of London Act 1968 |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005959/http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===National government===
Lunnon is the seat o the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]]. Mony govrenment departments are based close tae the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], parteecularly alang [[Whitehall]], includin the [[Prime Minister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Minister's]] residence at [[10 Downing Street]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_036&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510193022/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archivedate= 2008-05-10 |title= 10 Downing Street&amp;nbsp;— Official Website |accessdate= 26 April 2008 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The British Parliament is eften referred tae as the &quot;Mother o Parliaments&quot; (awtho this ''[[sobriquet]]'' wis first applied tae England itself by [[John Bright]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon_037&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=3 June 1998 |title=UK Politics: Talking Politics&amp;nbsp;— The 'Mother of Parliaments' |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0l5vww?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; acause it haes been the model for maist ither [[parliamentary system]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon_037&quot;/&gt; Thare are 73 Members o Parliament (MPs) frae Lunnon, who correspond tae local parliamentary [[Leet o Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Lunnon|constituencies]] in the national [[British House o Commons|Parliament]]. As o Juin 2017, 49 are frae the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], 21 are [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], an 3 are [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = General Election Results 2015|url = http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|website = Lunnon DataStore|accessdate = 2015-05-10|publisher = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]|date = 2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography o Lunnon}}

===Scope===
[[File:London, United Kingdom.JPG|thumb|Satellite view o inner Lunnon]]
[[Greater Lunnon]] is the tap-level administrative subdiveesion coverin Lunnon.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Greater Lunnon isnae a ceety in the sense that the word applies in the Unitit Kinrick, that o havin [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] grantit by the Crown.&lt;/ref&gt; The wee, ancient [[City o Lunnon]] at its core ance contained the hale dounset, but as the urban area grew the [[City o Lunnon Corporation|City Corporation]] resistit attemps tae amalgamate it wi its suburbs, causin &quot;Lunnon&quot; tae be defined in a nummer weys for different purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;chancery&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Beavan,Charles|author2=Bickersteth, Harry|title=Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court|publisher=Saunners an Benning|year=1865|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YFYDAAAAQAAJ|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Forty per cent o Greater Lunnon is covered bi the [[Lunnon postal destrict|Lunnon]] post toun, wiin whilk 'Lunnon' forms pairt o postal addresses.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_042&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stationery Office|title=The Inner London Letter Post|publisher=H.M.S.O|year=1980|isbn=978-0-10-251580-0|page=128|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=map_post&gt;{{Cite book|title=London Postcode and Administrative Boundaries|publisher=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|author=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|year=2008|edition=6|isbn=978-1-84348-592-6|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lunnon telephone [[area code]] (020) covers a lairger area, seemilar in size tae Greater Lunnon, awtho some outer destricts are omeetit an some places juist ootside are included. The Greater Lunnon boundary haes been [[Leet o Greater Lunnon boundary changes|aligned tae the M25 motorway]] in places.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_044&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|title=The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order|year=1993|publisher=Office o Public Sector Information|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0lyLLA?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Outward urban expansion is nou preventit bi the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]],&lt;ref name=Lunnon_040&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dilys|first=M Hill|title=Urban Policy and Politics in Britain|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-22745-6|page=268|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;  awtho the biggit-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resultin in a separately defined [[Greater Lunnon Urban area]]. Beyond this is the vast [[Lunnon commuter belt]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_041&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |title=London in its Regional Setting |publisher=Lunnon Assembly |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193714/http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Greater Lunnon is split for some purposes intae [[Inner Lunnon]] an [[Outer Lunnon]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_045&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |title=London Government Act 1963 |publisher=Office o Public Sector Information |accessdate=6 May 2008 |isbn=978-0-16-053895-7 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mVCtM?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceety is split bi the River Thames intae [[North Lunnon|North]] an [[South Lunnon|South]], wi an informal [[central Lunnon]] area in its interior. The coordinates o the nominal centre o Lunnon, tradeetionally considered tae be the oreeginal [[Eleanor Cross]] at [[Charing Cross]] near the junction o [[Trafalgar squerr]] an [[Whitehall]], are approximately {{Coord|51|30|26|N|00|07|39|W|type:city(7,000,000)_region:GB}}.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_039&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|title=London&amp;nbsp;— Features&amp;nbsp;— Where is the Centre of London?|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msV6aAO0?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Status===
Athin Lunnon, baith the [[City o Lunnon]] an the [[City o Westminster]] hae [[City status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] an baith the ceety o Lunnon an the remainder o Greater Lunnon is the [[Ceremonial counties o England|ceremonial counties]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_049&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|title=Lieutenancies Act 1997|publisher=OPSI|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mpHnm?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The area o [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan counties o England#Greater Lunnon|Greater Lunnon]] haes incorporatit area that war ance pairt o the [[Historic counties o England|historic counties]] o [[Middlesex]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], [[Essex]] an [[Hertfordshire]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_050&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=I. M. |title=Metropolitan Government|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|page=346|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon's status as the caipital o England, an later the Unitit Kinrick, haes never been grantit or confirmed offeecially—by [[statute]] or in written form.{{refn|According tae the ''Collins English Dictionary'' definition o 'the seat o government',&lt;ref name=Lunnon_061&gt;(1994) ''Collins English Dictionary'', Collins Education plc.&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon isnae the offeecial capital o England, as England disnae hae its ain government. Accordin tae the ''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' definition o 'the maist important toun'&lt;ref name=Lunnon_062&gt;''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'', Oxford English.&lt;/ref&gt; an mony ither authorities.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_063&gt;&quot;HC 501 0304.PDF&quot; (PDF). Parliament Publications&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note}}

Its poseetion wis formed throu [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], makkin its status as ''de facto'' caipital a pairt o the [[Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick|UK's unwritten constitution]]. The caipital o Ingland wis moved tae Lunnon frae [[Winchester]] as the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]] developed in the 12t an 13t centuries tae become the permanent location o the [[Noble court|royal court]], an sicweys the political caipital o the naition.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_060&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=John |date=June 1999 |title=British Archaeology |publisher=British Archaeology |issue=45 |issn=1357-4442 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45regs.html |accessdate=6 May 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mw1Sn?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45regs.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |journal= |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mair recently, Greater Lunnon haes been defined as a [[Regions o England|region o England]] an in this context is kent as ''Lunnon''.&lt;ref name=region/&gt;

===Topography===
[[File:London in snow 2 February 2009 387.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Lunnon|Victoria Memorial]] in the snow in 2009]]
Greater Lunnon encompasses a tot area o {{convert|1583|km2|sqmi}}, an area that haed a population o 7,172,036 in 2001 an a population density o {{convert|4542|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. The extendit area kent as the Lunnon Metropolitan Region or the Lunnon Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a tot area o {{convert|8382|km2|sqmi}} haes a population o 13,709,000 an a population density o {{convert|1510|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Modern Lunnon stauns on the [[The burn the Thames|Thames]], its primary geographical featur, a [[Navigability|navigable]] river whilk crosses the ceety frae the sooth-wast tae the east. The [[Thames Valley]] is a [[floodplain]] surroondit by gently rolling hills includin [[Parliament Hill, Lunnon|Parliament Hill]], [[Addington Hills]], an [[Primrose Hill]]. The Thames wis ance a fair bit broader, shallaer burn wi extensive [[marsh]]lands; at heich tide, its shores reakit five times thair present width.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_065&gt;{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=M9qvtYYhRtAC&amp;pg=PR11&amp;dq=thames+%22iron+age%22+london+wide+geography+shallow+marsh |title=London: A History |first=Francis|last= Sheppard | page=10 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-285369-1 |accessdate=6 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Syne the [[Victorian era]] the Thames haes been extensively [[Thames Embankment|embanked]], an mony o its Lunnon [[Tributaries o the River Thames|tributaries]] nou flow [[Subterranean rivers o Lunnon|unnerground]]. The Thames is a tidal river, an Lunnon is vulnerable tae flooding.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_066&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&amp;lang=_e|title=Flooding|publisher=UK [[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=19 June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215080725/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&amp;lang=_e|archivedate=2006-02-15|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The threat haes increased ower time acause o a slaw but continuous rise in [[Tide|heich watter]] level bi the slow 'tilting' o Britain (up in the north an doun in the sooth) caused by [[post-glacial rebound]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_067&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&amp;lang=_e|title=&quot;Sea Levels&quot;&amp;nbsp;– UK Environment Agency|publisher=[[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523225152/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&amp;lang=_e|archivedate=2008-05-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1974, a decade o work began on the construction o the [[Thames Barrier]] athort the Thames at [[Woolwich]] tae deal wi this threat. While the barrier is expectit tae function as designed til aboot 2070, concepts for its future enlairgement or redesign is awready bein discussed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=David|last=Adam|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|title=Thames Barrier gets extra time as London's main flood defence|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=31 March 2009|accessdate=7 November 2009|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0n91QT?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Climate===
[[File:Summer Love of Russell Square.jpg|thumb|Average simmertime day temperatures range atween 22°C an 28°C. Awbesit uncommon, temperatures as heich as 38°C hae been recordit]]
Lunnon haes a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb&amp;#x202f;''), seemilar tae aw o soothren Britain. Maugre its reputation as bein a rainy ceety, Lunnon receives less precipitation ({{convert|601|mm|0|abbr=on}} in a year), than [[Roum]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Toulouse]], [[Naples]] an even [[Sydney]] in Australie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|work=bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |title=Weather Information for Naples |publisher=Worldweather.org |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&amp;station=289&amp;name_station=Napoli%20CapodichinoVisualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ The Weather Network] 18 November 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517203416/http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 |date=2016-05-17 }} 18 November 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm World Weather Information Service – Toulouse] 18 November 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Temperature extremes for aw sites in the Lunnon area range frae {{convert|38.1|°C|°F|1}} at Kew during August 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1256/wea.10.04B/pdf|title=August 2003 weather|accessdate=18 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; doun tae {{convert|-16.1|°C|°F|1}} at Northolt during Januar 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|title=January 1962 weather|accessdate=18 September 2012|archive-date=2015-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235843/https://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Simmers are generally warm an whiles het, Lunnon's average Julie heich is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}. On average, Lunnon will see 31 days abuin {{convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ilka year, an 4.2 days abuin {{convert|30.0|°C|°F|1}} ilka year. Throu the [[2003 European heat wave]] thare war 14 consecutive days abuin {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} an 2 consecutive days whaur temperatures reakit {{convert|38|°C|°F|1}}, leadin tae hunners o heat relatit daiths.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=10|issue=7|date=1 July 2005|first1=H|last1=Johnson|first2=RS|last2=Kovats|first3=G|last3=McGregor|first4=J|last4=Stedman|first5=M|last5=Gibbs|first6=H|last6=Walton6|url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558}}&lt;/ref&gt; Winters are generally cuil an damp wi little temperature variation. Snowfall daes occur frae time tae time, an can cause traivel disruption whan this happens. Spring an hairst are mixed seasons an can be leesome. As a lairge ceety, Lunnon haes a considerable [[urban heat island]] effect,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|title=London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|date=October 2006|accessdate=29 April 2015|archive-date=2012-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015955/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; makkin the centre o Lunnon at times {{convert|5|C-change|0|}} warmer than the suburbs an outskirts. The effect o this can be seen ablo whan comparin Lunnon Heathrow that is locatit 15 mile wast o Lunnon wi the Lunnon Weather Centre that is locatit in the centre o Lunnon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ever warmer as temperatures rival France|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|publisher=Telegraph|date=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
|location = Lunnon Heathrow 1981-2010
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 17
|Feb record high C = 20
|Mar record high C = 24
|Apr record high C = 29
|May record high C = 33
|Jun record high C = 36
|Jul record high C = 37
|Aug record high C = 38
|Sep record high C = 35
|Oct record high C = 30
|Nov record high C = 21
|Dec record high C = 17
|year record high C = 38.1
|Jan high C = 8
|Feb high C = 8
|Mar high C = 11
|Apr high C = 14
|May high C = 18
|Jun high C = 21
|Jul high C = 24
|Aug high C = 23
|Sep high C = 20
|Oct high C = 16
|Nov high C = 11
|Dec high C = 8
|year high C = 15
|Jan low C = 2
|Feb low C = 2
|Mar low C = 4
|Apr low C = 6
|May low C = 9
|Jun low C = 12
|Jul low C = 14
|Aug low C = 14
|Sep low C = 11
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 3
|year low C = 8
|Jan record low C = -22
|Feb record low C = -10
|Mar record low C = -7
|Apr record low C = -4
|May record low C = 0
|Jun record low C = 3
|Jul record low C = 7
|Aug record low C = 7
|Sep record low C = 3
|Oct record low C = -5
|Nov record low C = -6
|Dec record low C = -12
|year record low C= -22
|Jan precipitation mm = 55.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 40.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 43.7
|May precipitation mm = 49.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 45.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 44.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 49.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 49.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 68.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 59.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 55.2
|year precipitation mm = 601.7
|Jan sun = 61.5
|Feb sun = 77.9
|Mar sun = 114.6
|Apr sun = 168.7
|May sun = 198.5
|Jun sun = 204.3
|Jul sun = 212.0
|Aug sun = 204.7
|Sep sun = 149.3
|Oct sun = 116.5
|Nov sun = 72.6
|Dec sun = 52.0
|year sun = 1632.6
|source 1= &lt;ref name=&quot;UK Met Office&quot; &gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b |title=London Heathrow Airport |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=17 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2= &lt;ref name=&quot;Britain's highest recorded temperatures for each day o the year&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |title=British Weather Extremes: Daily Maximum Temperatures |publisher=Torro |accessdate=17 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Lunnon Weather Centre UHI
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 8.5
|Feb high C = 8.9
|Mar high C = 11.7
|Apr high C = 15.7
|May high C = 18.6
|Jun high C = 22.4
|Jul high C = 23.6
|Aug high C = 23.2
|Sep high C = 20.8
|Oct high C = 16.1
|Nov high C = 11.9
|Dec high C = 8.6
|year high C = 15.8
|Jan mean C = 6.8
|Feb mean C = 6.8
|Mar mean C = 8.8
|Apr mean C = 12.0
|May mean C = 14.8
|Jun mean C = 18.3
|Jul mean C = 19.6
|Aug mean C = 19.4
|Sep mean C = 17.3
|Oct mean C = 13.5
|Nov mean C = 10.0
|Dec mean C = 7.0
|year mean C = 12.8
|Jan low C = 5.0
|Feb low C = 4.7
|Mar low C = 5.8
|Apr low C = 8.2
|May low C = 10.9
|Jun low C = 14.1
|Jul low C = 15.5
|Aug low C = 15.5
|Sep low C = 13.7
|Oct low C = 10.9
|Nov low C = 8.0
|Dec low C = 5.4
|year low C = 9.8
|source 1= &lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon Weather Centre climate data&quot; &gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&amp;PLZ=_____&amp;PLZN=_____&amp;WMO=03779&amp;CONT=ukuk&amp;R=0&amp;LEVEL=162&amp;REGION=0003&amp;LAND=UK&amp;MOD=tab&amp;ART=TMX&amp;NOREGION=1&amp;FMM=1&amp;FYY=2001&amp;LMM=12&amp;LYY=2014 |title=London Weather Centre analysis |publisher=weatheronline.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2= &lt;ref name=&quot;Climate Lunnon Weather Centre&quot; &gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |title=climate: Climate London Weather Centre |publisher=Tutiempo |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

===destricts===
{{Main|Leet o destricts o Lunnon}}

Lunnon's vast urban area is aften descrievit uisin a set o destrict names, lik [[Bloomsbury]], [[Mayfair]], [[Wembley]] an [[Whitechapel]]. Thay are aither informal designations, reflect the names o villages that hae been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units sic as parishes or [[Metropolitan boroughs o the County o Lunnon|umwhile boroughs]].

Siclike names hae remained in uise throu tradeetion, ilk o thaim referrin tae a local area wi its ain distinctive character, but wioot official boundaries. Syne 1965 Greater Lunnon haes been dividit intae 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s in addition tae the ancient ceety o Lunnon.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_071&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|title=London boroughs&amp;nbsp;— London Life, GLA|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213025156/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|archivedate=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_072&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Dogan |first1=Mattei |first2=John D. |last2=Kasarda |title=The Metropolis Era |publisher=Sage |year=1988 |page=99 |isbn=978-0-8039-2603-5 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=_GFPAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london&amp;dq=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london |ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceety o Lunnon is the main financial destrict,&lt;ref name=Lunnon_073&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |title= London as a financial centre |publisher= Mayor o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106051217/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archivedate= 2008-01-06 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Canary Wharf]] haes recently developed intae a new financial an commercial hub in the [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] tae the east.

The [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] is Lunnon's main entertainment an shoppin destrict, attracting tourists.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_075&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |title=West End still drawing crowds |work=BBC News |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=22 October 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0o6fkv?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[West (Lunnon sub region)|West Lunnon]] includes expensive residential areas whaur properties can sell for tens o millions o pounds.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_076&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |title=Super Rich |date=17 April 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=James |last=Meek |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ofbib?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The average price for properties in [[Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|Kensington an Chelsea]] is ower £2 million wi a seimilarly heich outlay in maist o [[central Lunnon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon's Properties&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3Dbf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746%26version%3D-1|archivedate=2016-12-30|title=Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough|publisher=Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190409/https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx?docid=bf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746&amp;version=-1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GuardAug14&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/08/housing-london-jump-19-per-cent-year |title= Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year |author=Rupert Jones |newspaper=The Guardian |location= Lunnon |date=8 August 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[East End o Lunnon|East End]] is the area closest tae the oreeginal [[Port o Lunnon]], kent for its heich immigrant population, as weel as for bein ane o the puirest areas in Lunnon.&lt;ref name=&quot;East End&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |date=6 July 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829024354/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=2006-08-29 |title=Tomorrow's East End |newspaper=Newsweek |author=Flynn, Emily |location=New York |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The surroondin [[North East (Lunnon sub region)|East Lunnon]] area saw a fair bit o Lunnon's early industrial development; nou, [[brownfield land|brownfield]] sites throughout the area are bein redeveloped as pairt o the [[Thames Gateway]] includin the [[Lunnon Riverside]] an [[Lower Lea Valley]], that wis developed intae the [[Olympic Park, Lunnon|Olympic Park]] for the [[Lunnon 2012 Olympic bid|2012 Olympics an Paralympics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;East End&quot; /&gt;

===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture o Lunnon|Leet o tallest biggins an structures in Lunnon}}
[[File:Aerial Tower of London.jpg|thumb|right|The Tower of London]]
Lunnon's biggins are ower diverse tae be characterised by ony parteecular [[architectural]] style, partly acause o thair varyin ages. Mony grand houses an public biggins, sic as the [[National Gallery]], are biggit frae [[Portland stone]]. Some areas o the ceety, parteecularly those juist wast o the centre, are characterised by white [[stucco]] or whitewashed biggins. Few structures in central Lunnon pre-date the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]] o 1666, thir bein a few trace [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] remains, the [[Tower o Lunnon]] an a few scattered [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] survivors in the ceety. Faur oot is, for insample, the [[Tudor period]] [[Hampton Court Palace]], England's auldest surviving Tudor palace, biggit by Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] c. 1515.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |title=Hampton Court: The Lost Palace |publisher=BBC History |date=29 March 2011 |author=Foyle, Jonathan |accessdate=16 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pDL3i?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Christopher Wren|Wren]]'s late 17t-century kirks an the financial institutions o the 18t an 19t centuries lik the [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] an the [[Bank o England]], tae the early 20t century [[Old Bailey]] an the 1960s [[Barbican Estate]] form pairt o the varied architectural heritage.
[[File:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[30 St Mary Axe]], forby kent as &quot;the Gherkin&quot;, touers ower [[St Andrew Undershaft]]]]
The disuised, but suin tae be rejuvenated, 1939 [[Battersea Power Station]] bi the burn in the sooth-wast is a local laundmerk, while some railway termini are excellent insamples o [[Victorian architecture]], maist notably [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras]] an [[Paddington railway station|Paddington]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_078&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |title=Paddington Station |publisher=Great biggins |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pwi86?url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The density o Lunnon varies, wi heich employment density in the [[Central Lunnon|central area]], heich residential densities in [[inner Lunnon]] an laicher densities in [[Outer Lunnon]].

[[The Monument]] in the ceety o Lunnon provides views o the surroondin areas while commemoratin the [[Great Fire o Lunnon]], whilk originatit fae a biggin naurhaun. [[Marble Arch]] an [[Wellington Arch]], at the north an sooth ends o [[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]] respectively, hae royal connections, as dae the [[Albert Memorial]] an [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[Kensington]]. [[Nelson's Column]] is a nationally recognised monument in [[Trafalgar squerr]], ane o the focal pynts o the ceety centre. Older biggins are mainly brick biggit, maist commonly the yellae [[Lunnon stock brick]] or a warm orange-red variety, eften decoratit wi carvings an white plaster [[moulding (decorative)|mouldings]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_077&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&amp;grid=A1&amp;xml=/property/2008/03/27/lpgreen127.xml |title=Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=12 October 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=Sarah |last=Lonsdale |date=27 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0rvzUL?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- [[File:Buckingham Palace frae gardens, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|left|thumb|[[Buckingham Palace]] is the official residence o the British monarch]] --&gt;
In the dense airts, maist o the concentration is via medium- an heich-rise biggins. Lunnon's skyscrapers lik [[30 St Mary Axe]], [[Tower 42]], the [[Broadgate Tower]] an [[One Canada squerr]] are maistly in the twa financial destricts, the [[City o Lunnon]] an [[Canary Wharf]]. High-rise development is restrictit at certaint sites if it wad obstruct pertectit views o [[St Paul's Cathedral]] an ither historic biggins. Housomeiver, thare a nummer o verra heich skyscrapers in central Lunnon ''(see [[Tall biggins in Lunnon]])'', includin the 72-storey [[Shard Lunnon Bridge]], the [[Leet o heichest biggins in the European Union|heichest biggin in the European Union]].

Other notable modern biggins include [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] in [[Southwark]] wi its distinctive oval shape,&lt;ref name=Lunnon_079&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |title=Inside London's new 'glass egg' |date=16 July 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=26 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0sZ57q?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; an the [[British Library]] in [[Somers Town, Lunnon|Somers Town]]/[[Keengs Cross, Lunnon|Kings Cross]]. What wis formerly the [[Millennium Dome]], bi the Thames tae the east o Canary Wharf, is nou an entertainment venue cried [[The O2 (Lunnon)|The O2 Arena]].

{{wide image|Horniman London skyline 2013.jpg|1000px|[[The Shard]] dominating the [[City o Lunnon]] skyline, as seen frae [[Forest Hill, Lunnon|Forest Hill]] in July 2013}}

===Natural history===
The Lunnon Natural History Society suggest that Lunnon is &quot;one o the World's Greenest ceeties&quot; wi mair nor 40 percent green space or open watter. Thay indicate that 2000 species o flowering plant hae been foond growin thare an that the [[Tideway|tidal Thames]] supports 120 species o fish.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lnhs.org.uk/index.htm|title=Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page|work=lnhs.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2007-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212143739/http://www.lnhs.org.uk/Index.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay forby state that ower 60 species o bird nest in [[central Lunnon]] an that thair members hae recordit 47 species o butterflee, 1173 moths an mair nor 270 kinds o speeder aroond Lunnon. Lunnon's [[wetland]] airts support nationally important populations o mony watter birds. Lunnon haes 38 [[Sites o Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs), twa [[National Nature Reserves]] an 76 [[Local Nature Reserves]].&lt;ref&gt;Lunnon Natural History Society.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Amphibians]] are common in the caipital, includin [[smooth newt]]s livin bi the [[Tate Modern]], an common [[frog]]s, common [[toad]]s, [[palmate newt]]s an [[great crestit newt]]s, housamiver, native reptiles lik [[slow-worm]]s, [[common lizard]]s, [[grass snake]]s an [[Vipera berus|adder]]s, are maistly anly seen in [[outer Lunnon]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/27/london-amphibian-reptile-map &quot;London's amphibians and reptile populations mapped&quot;. Laurie Tuffrey, ''The Guardian'', Friday 27 July 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Flickr - Duncan~ - Fox Trot.jpg|thumb|left|Fox on Ayres Street, [[Southwark]], [[South Lunnon]] ]]
Amang ither indwallers o Lunnon are 10,000 tods, sae that thare are nou 16 tods for every squerr mile (2.6 squerr kilometres) o Lunnon. Thir urban tods are noticeably bolder than thair kintra cousins, sharin the pavement (sidewalk) wi pedestrians an raisin cubs in people's backyards. Tods hae even sneaked intae the [[Houses o Parliament]], whaur ane wis foond asleep on a filing cabinet. Anither broke intae the grunds o [[Buckingham Palace]], reportedly killin some o Queen Elizabeth II's prized [[pink flamingo]]s. Generally, housamiver, tods an ceety folk appear tae get alang. A survey in 2001 bi the Lunnon-based [[Mammal Society]] foond that 80 percent o Lunnoners liked haein them aroond.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london_2.html &quot;10,000 Foxes Roam London&quot;. James Owen in London for ''National Geographic'' News, May 15, 2006]&lt;/ref&gt;

Other mammals foond in [[Greater Lunnon]] are [[hedgehog]]s, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, an squirrels,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|title=Mammals|work=The Royal Parks}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In wilder areas o [[Outer Lunnon]], sic as [[Epping Forest]], a wide variety o mammals are foond includin [[hare]], [[brock]], field, bank an watter [[laund-moose]], [[wid moose]], [[yellae-neck moose]], [[mowdiwarp]], [[shrew]], an [[wheasel]], in addition tae tod, squirrel an hurcheon.  A deid otter wis foond at The Highway, in [[Wapping]], aboot a mile frae the [[Tower Bridge]], that wad suggest that thay hae begun tae muive back efter bein absence a hunner year frae the ceety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/946018.londons_first_wild_otter_found/|title=London's first wild otter found|author=Peter Law|work=This Is Local Lunnon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ten o England's eighteen species o [[bat]]s hae been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius an common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's an leisler's.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|title=Mammals|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318070552/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amang the strange sights seen in Lunnon hae been a whale in the Thames,&lt;ref&gt;Liam O'Brien, (24 March 2013). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/dead-whale-found-floating-in-the-thames-estuary-will-be-examined-8547350.html &quot;Dead whale found floating in the Thames Estuary 'will be examined'&quot;]. ''The Independent on Sunday'' (Lunnon).&lt;/ref&gt; while The BBC Twa programme &quot;Natural World: Unnatural History o Lunnon&quot;, shaws pigeons uisin the [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] tae get aroond the ceety, a [[Pinniped|seal]] that taks fish frae [[fishmonger]]s athoot [[Billingsgate Fish Market]], an tods that will &quot;sit&quot; gif thay're gien sausages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|title=BBC Nature - A Question of Nature: How hidden is the UK's wild side?|work=BBC Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herds o [[red deer|red]] an [[fallow deer]] roam freely wiin hantle o [[Richmond Park|Richmond]] an [[Bushy Park]]. A cull takes place ilk November an Februar tae ensure nummers can be sustained.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deer cull begins&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/10026864.Richmond_Park_deer_cull_begins/ | title=Richmond Park deer cull begins | work=Wandsworth Guardian | date=5 November 2012 | accessdate=9 November 2012 | author=Rachel Bishop | location=Lunnon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Epping Forest is kent for its [[fallow deer]] an aa, whilk can frequently be seen in herds tae the north o the Forest. A rare population o [[melanistic]], black fallow deer is forby maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near [[Theydon Bois]]. [[Muntjac deer]], that escaped frae deer parks at the turn o the twentieth century, are foond in the wid. While Lunnoners are accustomed tae wildlife sic as birds an tods sharin the ceety, mair recently urban deer hae becomin a regular featur, an hale herds o [[fallow deer|fallow]] an [[white tailed deer]] come intae residential airts at nicht tae tak advantage o the Lunnon's green spaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/in-pictures-londons-urban-deer-9149902.html|title=In pictures: London's urban deer|work=The Evening Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thare are in Lunnon mony [[muntjak]] deer an aa, but acause thay are shy it is less common tae see them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/9761337.Photographer_snaps_Muntjac_deer_in_Mill_Hill_garden/|title=Photographer snaps Muntjac deer in Mill Hill garden|author=Emma Innes|work=Times Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Demography==
{{Main|Demographics o Lunnon}}
{{Table Lunnon tap 28 birth kintras}}&lt;!--- Ref name=Pop2001 ---&gt;
Wi increasin industrialisation, Lunnon's population grew rapidly outthrou the 19t an early 20t centuries, an it wis for some time in the late 19t an early 20t centuries the maist populous ceety in the warld. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately afore the outbreak o the Seicont World War, but haed declined tae 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. Housamiver, the population then grew by juist ower a million atween the 2001 an 2011 Censuses, tae reak 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls &quot;2011 Census. London population&quot;]. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 May 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

Houiver, Lunnon's continuous urban area extends ayont the borders o Greater Lunnon an wis home tae 9,787,426 people in 2011,&lt;ref name=&quot;urbanpopulation&quot;/&gt; while its wider [[Lunnon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] haes a population o atween 12 an 14&amp;nbsp;million dependin on the definition uised.&lt;ref name=metro_area_1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=The Principal Agglomerations o the World|work=City Population|accessdate=3 March 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archivedate=2010-07-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=metro2&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=British urban pattern: population data |accessdate=22 February 2010 |date=March 2007 |work=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |page=119 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Accordin tae [[Eurostat]], Lunnon is the [[mucklemaist ceeties an metropolitan areas in the European Union (Eurostat)|maist populous ceety an metropolitan area o the European Union]] an the seicont [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] (or third if [[Istanbul]] is included). in the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000&amp;nbsp;immigrants arrived in Lunnon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Immigration&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |title= Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |work=The Times |accessdate=8 August 2009 |location=Lunnon}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The region covers an area o {{convert|1579|km2|sqmi}}. The population density is {{convert|5177|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis World Association o the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |isbn=978-0-7306-2020-4 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  mair nor ten times that o ony ither [[NUTS:UK|British region]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_087&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195152/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archivedate= 2008-06-24 |title= Population density o London: by London borough, 2006 |publisher= UK Statistics Authority |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In terms o population, Lunnon is the 19t [[World's mucklemaist ceeties|mucklemaist ceety]] an the 18t [[Leet o metropolitan areas by population|mucklemaist metropolitan]] region in the warld. As o 2014, Lunnon haes the mucklemaist nummer o billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the warld, wi 72 residing in the ceety.&lt;ref name=Billionaires&gt;{{cite news|title='Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|accessdate=11 May 2014|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=11 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon ranks as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld, alongside Tokyo an Moscow.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_089&gt;{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |title=World's Most Expensive Cities 2004 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=16 August 2007 |date=11 June 2004 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ygZWg?url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ethnic groups===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in Lunnon}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Ethnic groups in the 2011 census &lt;ref name=2011censusdemo&gt;[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls &quot;2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales&quot;]. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 3 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
|label1 = White
|value1 = 59.8
|color1 = Red
|label2 = Asian
|value2 = 18.4
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = Black
|value3 = 13.3
|color3 = Yellow
|label4 = Mixed
|value4 = 5
|color4 = Green
|label5 = Arab
|value5 = 1.3
|color5 = Blue
|label6 = Other
|value6 = 2.1
|color6 = Purple
}}

Accordin tae the [[Office for National Statistics]], based on the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 Census]] estimates, 59.8 per cent o the 8,173,941 indwallers o Lunnon war [[White people|White]], wi 44.9 per cent [[White British]], 2.2 per cent [[Irish migration tae Great Britain|White Irish]], 0.1 per cent [[Gypsy (term)|gypsy]]/[[Irish traveller]] an 12.1 per cent classifee'd as [[Other White]].

20.9 per cent o Lunnoners are o [[British Asian|Asian]] an mixed-Asian strynd. 19.7 per cent are o full Asian strynd, wi those o mixed-Asian heritage comprisin 1.2 o the population. [[British Indien|Indiens]] accoont for 6.6 per cent o the population, followed by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistanis]] an [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] at 2.7 per cent for ilk o thaim. [[British Chinese|Chinese]] fowks accoont for 1.5 per cent o the population, wi [[British Arabs|Arabs]] comprisin 1.3 per cent. A faur 4.9 per cent are classifee'd as &quot;Other Asian&quot;.

15.6 per cent o Lunnon's population are o [[Black British|Black]] an mixed-Black strynd. 13.3 per cent are o fou Black strynd, wi thaim that's o mixed-Black heritage comprisin 2.3 per cent. [[Black British|Black Africans]] accoont for 7.0 per cent o Lunnon's population, wi 4.2 per cent as [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]] an 2.1 per cent as &quot;Other Black&quot;. 5.0 per cent are o [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|mixed race]].

athort Lunnon, [[Black British|Black]] an [[British Asian|Asian]] childer outnumber [[White British]] childer by aboot sax tae fower in state schuils.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_094&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-o-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |title=One fifth o children frae ethnic minorities |author=Paton, Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hYR0tUao?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archivedate=2009-06-15 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Altogether at the 2011 census, o Lunnon's 1,624,768 population aged 0 tae 15, 46.4 per cent war White, 19.8 per cent war Asian, 19 per cent war Black, 10.8 per cent war Mixed an 4 per cent representit anither ethnic group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= ONS |url= https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/livelinks/12297.xlsx |title=LC2109EWls - Ethnic group by age |publisher=www.nomisweb.co.uk |accessdate=26 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Januar 2005, a survey o Lunnon's ethnic an religious diversity claimed that thare war mair nor 300 leids spoken in Lunnon an mair nor 50 non-indigenous communities wi a population o mair nor 10,000.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_090&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |title= Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth |work= The Guardian |location= Lunnon |accessdate= 6 May 2008 |first= Leo |last= Benedictus |date= 21 January 2005 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0zlxGl?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; figurs frae the [[Office for National Statistics]] shaw that, {{as o|2010|alt=in 2010}}, Lunnon's furren-born population wis 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up frae 1,630,000 in 1997.

The 2011 census shawed that 36.7 per cent o [[Greater Lunnon]]'s population war born athoot the UK.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_092&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |title=Census 2001: London |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=3 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11Wpqv?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The table tae the right shows the 30 maist common countries o birth o Lunnon residents in 2011, the date o the last published [[UK Census]].&lt;ref name=Pop2011/&gt; A portion o the German-born population are as lik as tae be British nationals born tae parents servin in the [[British Armed Forces]] in Germany.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_095&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |title=Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities |last=Kyambi |first=Sarah |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=20 January 2007 |isbn=978-1-86030-284-8 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11tc6i?url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Estimates produced bi the [[Office for National Statistics]] indicate that the five mucklemaist furren-born groups bidin in Lunnon in the period Julie 2009 tae Juin 2010 war those born in [[Indie]], Poland, the Republic o Ireland, Bangladesh an [[Nigerie]].&lt;ref name=Estimates&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-o-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |title=Table 1.4: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country o birth, July 2009 tae June 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=7 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12D272?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }} figur given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Releegion===
{{Main|Releegion in Lunnon}}
{{bar box
|title=[[Releegion in Lunnon|Releegion in Lunnon (2011 census)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |title=2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=11 December 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent(%)
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|48.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreleegion|No releegion]]|violet|20.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|12.4}}
{{bar percent|Undeclared|black|8.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|5.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|Blue|1.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|1.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|1.0}}
{{bar percent|Ither|grey|0.6}}
}}

Accordin tae the [[2011 UK Census|2011 Census]], the mucklemaist releegious groupins are [[Christianity|Christians]] (48.4 per cent), follaed bi those o [[Irreleegion|no releegion]] (20.7 per cent), [[Islam|Muslims]] (12.4 per cent), nae reponse (8.5 per cent), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (5.0 per cent), [[Judaism|Jews]] (1.8 per cent), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (1.5 per cent), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.0 per cent) an ither (0.6 per cent).

Lunnon haes tradeetionally been Christian, an haes a [[Leet o kirks in Lunnon|hantle o kirks]], parteecularly in the Ceety o Lunnon. The well-kent [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in the Ceety an [[Southwark Cathedral]] sooth o the river are [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] admeenistrative centres,&lt;ref name=Lunnon_096&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&amp;pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|title=About Saint Paul's Cathedral|publisher=Dean an Chapter St Paul's|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407082352/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&amp;pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|archivedate=2008-04-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the [[Archbishop o Canterbury]], principal bishop o the [[Krik o Ingland]] an warldwide [[Anglican Communion]], haes his main residence at [[Lambeth Palace]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Lambeth]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_097&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|title=Lambeth Palace Library|publisher=Lambeth Palace Library|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12b6iD?url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Important national an royal ceremonies are shared atween [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]] an [[Westminster Abbey]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_098&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|title=Westminster Abbey|publisher=Dean an Chapter o Westminster|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12pvY3?url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Abbey is nae tae be confused wi nearby [[Westminster Cathedral]], that is the mucklemaist [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[England an Wales]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_099&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|title=West Minster Cathedral|publisher=Westminster Cathedral|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327041736/http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|archivedate=2008-03-27|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the prevalence o Anglican kirks, observance is verra laich wiin the Anglican denomination. Kirk attendance continues on a lang, slaw, steady decline, accordin tae Kirk o Ingland statistics.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_100&gt;{{Cite journal |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/info/statistics/2007provisionalattendance.pdf |title=Church o England Statistics|publisher=Church o England |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:St Paul's Cathedral, 26 August 2012 (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[St Paul's Cathedral]]]]

Lunnon is hame tae sizeable [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], an [[Jewish]] commonties an aw. Notable mosques include the [[East Lunnon Mosque]] in Touer Hamlets, [[Lunnon Central Mosque]] on the edge o [[Regent's Park]] an the [[Baitul Futuh]] Mosque o the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]. Follaein the ile boom, increasin nummers o wealthy Hindus an [[Middle-East]]ren Muslims hae based themselves aroond [[Mayfair]] an [[Knightsbridge]] in Wast Lunnon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|title=sikhchic.com - The Art and Culture o the Diaspora - Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report|work=sikhchic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2013/03/14/comment-british-sikhs-are-the-best-example-o-cultural-integ|title=Comment: British Sikhs are the best insample o cultural integration|work=politics.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_102&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming-6890813.html |author= Bill, Peter |title= The $300&amp;nbsp;billion Arabs are coming |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 29 May 2008 |accessdate= 3 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo15MyJm?url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23488244-the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming.do |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Thare muckle Muslim commonties in the eastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Touer Hamlets|Touer Hamlets]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales] Office for National Statistics&lt;/ref&gt;
lairge Hindu communities are in the north-wastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Harrow|Harrow]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Brent|Brent]]; the latter is hame tae Europe's mucklemaist [[Hindu temple]], [[Neasden Temple]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_103&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |title= Hindu London |date= 6 June 2005 |publisher= BBC Lunnon |accessdate= 3 June 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |archivedate= 2006-02-18 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon is hame tae 42 Hindu temples. Thare are Sikh communities in East an West Lunnon, parteecularly in Southall, hame tae ane o the mucklemaist Sikh populations an the mucklemaist Sikh temple ootside Indie.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_104&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |title=£17&amp;nbsp;m Sikh temple opens |date=30 March 2003 |work=BBC News |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18FMYP?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The majority o [[Breetish Jews]] live in Lunnon, wi signeeficant Jewish commonties in [[Stamford Hill]], [[Stanmore]], [[Golders Green]], [[Finchley]], [[Hampstead]], [[Hendon]] an [[Edgware]] in [[North Lunnon]]. [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] in the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] is affiliatit tae Lunnon's heestoric [[Sephardic]] Jewish commonty. It is the anly synagogue in Europe that haes held regular services continuously for ower 300 year. [[Stanmore an Canons Pairk Synagogue]] haes the mucklemaist membership o ony single Orthodox synagogue in the whole o Europe, owertakin [[Ilford]] synagogue (in Lunnon an aa) in 1998.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_106&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Stanmore |accessdate=12 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18Qcmw?url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The commonity set up the [[unnon Jewish Forum]] in 2006 in response tae the growin signeeficance o devolved Lunnon Govrenment.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_107&gt;{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Jonny |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1178443551.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=Dec+10%2C+2006&amp;author=JONNY+PAUL%2C+Jerusalem+Post+correspondent&amp;pub=Jerusalem+Post&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=05&amp;desc=Livingstone+apologizes+to+UK+Jews |title=Livingstone apologizes tae UK's Jews |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo19jSJq?url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856232 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Accent===
Thare are mony accents that are tradeetionally thocht on as Lunnon accents. The maist weel kent o the Lunnon accents lang syne acquired the [[Cockney]] label, that is haurd baith in Lunnon itself, an athort the wider [[South East England]] region mair generally.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cracking Up!&quot;. p. 178. Lulu.com&lt;/ref&gt; The accent o a 21st-century 'Lunnoner' varies widely; what is becomin mair an mair common amongst the unner-30s houiver is some fusion o Cockney wi a whole array o 'ethnic' accents, in parteecular [[Caribbean]], that form an accent labelled [[Multicultural Lunnon English]] (MLE).&lt;ref name=&quot;MCLE&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|title=Jafaican and Tikkiny drown out the East End's Cockney twang|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|work=[[The Independent]]|location=Lunnon|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=22 August 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK682mq?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ither widely heard an spoken accent is RP ([[Received Pronunciation]]) in various forms, that can aften be haurd in the media an mony o ither traditional professions an ayont this area, tho this accent isnae leemitit tae Lunnon an South East England, an can be haurd selectively atouer the hale UK amang certaint social groupins.

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy o Lunnon|Media in Lunnon}}
[[File:The City London.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[City o Lunnon]] is ane o the lairgest financial centres in the warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mastercard&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes.com&quot; /&gt;]]

Lunnon generates aboot 20 per cent o [[Economy o the Unitit Kinrick|the UK's GDP]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon's place in economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06 |publisher=City o Lunnon |accessdate=11 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; (or $446&amp;nbsp;billion in 2005); while the economy o the [[Lunnon metropolitan area]]—[[Leet o ceeties by GDP#Europe, Western|the lairgest in Europe]]—generates aboot 30 per cent o the UK's GDP (or an estimatit $669&amp;nbsp;billion in 2005).&lt;ref name=Lunnon_109&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195153/http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archivedate=2008-06-24|title=The Economic Positioning of Metropolitan Areas in North Western Europe|date=December 2002|publisher=The Institute for Urban Planning an Development o the Paris Île-de-France Region|accessdate=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon is ane o the pre-eminent financial centres o the warld an vies wi New York ceety as the maist important location for international finance.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=After the fall |work=[[The Economist]] |date=29 November 2007 |location=Lunnon |url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CAPd8?url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;economist2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |title=Financial Centres&amp;nbsp;— Magnets for money |date=13 September 2007 |work=The Economist |location=Lunnon |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CVVgP?url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lunnon's lairgest industry is finance, an its [[financial export]]s mak it a lairge contributor tae the UK's [[balance o payments]]. Aroond 325,000 fowk wis employed in financial services in Lunnon til mid-2007. Lunnon haes ower 480 owerseas banks, mair nor ony ither ceety in the warld. Ower 85 percent (3.2&amp;nbsp;million) o the employed population o greater Lunnon works in the services industries. Acause o its prominent global role, Lunnon's economy haed been affectit bi the [[Late-2000s financial crisis]]. Housamiver, by 2010 the ceety haes recovered; pit in place new regulatory powers, proceedit tae regain lost ground an re-established Lunnon's economic parity wi New York.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[City o Lunnon]] is home tae the [[Bank o England]], [[Lunnon Stock Exchange]], an [[Lloyd's o Lunnon]] insurance mercat.

Ower hauf o the UK's tap 100 listit companies (the [[FTSE 100]]) an ower 100 o Europe's 500 lairgest companies hae thair headquarters in central Lunnon. Ower 70 per cent o the FTSE 100 are athin Lunnon's metropolitan area, an 75 per cent o [[Fortune 500]] companies hae offices in Lunnon.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_113&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|title=London Stock Exchange|year=2008|publisher=Lunnon Stock Exchange plc.|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FWjWx?url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canary Wharf]] is ane o the biggest financial centres in Europe an is hame tae some o the [[Leet o tallest biggins in the Unitit Kinrick|UK's tallest biggins]].]]

Alang wi [[professional services]], media companies are [[Media in Lunnon|concentratit in Lunnon]] an the media distribution industry is Lunnon's seicont maist competitive sector.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_114&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6 |date=November 2005 |work=Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf o the Corporation o Lunnon |page=19 |accessdate=19 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[BBC]] is a significant employer, while ither broadcasters hae heidquarters aroond the ceety an aa. Mony [[Leet o newspapers in the Unitit Kinrick|naitional newspapers]] are editit in Lunnon. Lunnon is a major retail centre an in 2010 haed the heichest non-food retail sales o ony ceety in the warld, wi a tot spend o aroond £64.2&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|title=London tops world cities spending league|accessdate=29 April 2011|agency=Reuters|date=17 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FVjQo?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|archivedate=2011-05-19|first=Mark|last=Potter|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Port o Lunnon]] is the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handlin 45&amp;nbsp;million [[tonne]]s o cargo ilka year.&lt;ref name=handling/&gt;

Lunnon haes five major business destricts: the ceety, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden &amp; Islington an Lambeth &amp; Southwark. One wey tae get an idea o thair relative importance is tae leuk at relative amounts o office space: Greater Lunnon haed 27&amp;nbsp;million m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; o office space in 2001, an the ceety conteens the maist space, wi 8&amp;nbsp;million m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; o office space. Lunnon haes some o the heichest real estate prices in the warld.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | location=Lunnon | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Felix | last=Lowe | title=Highgate trumps Chelsea as priciest postcode | date=19 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | work=Forbes | title=U.K.'s Most Expensive Postcodes | date=12 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A growin nummer o technology companies are based in Lunnon notably in [[East Lunnon Tech ceety]], forby kent as Silicon Roundabout. In Aprile 2014, the ceety wis amang the first tae receive a [[geoTLD]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|title=Availability|work=mydotLunnon.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113544/http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Februar 2014 Lunnon wis ranked as the European ceety o the Future &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | location=Lunnon | work=Lunnon&amp;Partners | title=London named as European City of the Future | date=17 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the 2014/15 leet by [[FDi Magazine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | location=Lunnon | work=fDiIntelligence.com | title=European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15 | date=17 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lunnon haes the heichest property prices o ony European ceety accordin tae the Office for National Statistics an the European Office o Statistics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html|title=City Mayors: UK and European cities compared|work=citymayors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; On average the price per squerr metre in central Lunnon is €24,252 (Aprile 2014). This is higher than the property prices in ither G8 European caipital ceeties; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 an Paris €11,229.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/United-Kingdom/square-meter-prices|title=Price per Square Meter United Kingdom - British Cost per Square Meter|author=Global Property Guide|work=Global Property Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The gas an electricity distribution networks that manage an operate the touers, cables an pressure systems that deliver energy tae consumers athort the ceety are managed by [[National Grid plc]], [[SGN (company)|SGN]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gas distributors|url=https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/gas/distribution-networks/gb-gas-distribution-network|website=www.ofgem.gov.uk/|accessdate=15 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[UK Power Networks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Electricity distributor|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|website=www2.nationalgrid.com/|accessdate=15 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Lunnon}}
[[File:British Museum from NE 2 (cropped).JPG|thumb|250pg|The British Museum]]
Lunnon is a popular centre for [[Tourism in Lunnon|tourism]], ane o its prime industries, employin the equivalent o 350,000 fou-time workers in 2003,&lt;ref name=Lunnon_117&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|title=London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK|date=15 February 2005|publisher=PersonnelToday.com|accessdate=3 June 2006|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1GNS8r?url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; while annual expenditure by tourists is aroond £15&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_118&gt;&quot;{{cite web |url= http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |title= The Importance of Tourism in London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}&quot;, Visit Lunnon. Retrieved 3 June 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon attracks ower 14&amp;nbsp;million international visitors a year; that gars it Europe's maist visitit ceety.&lt;ref name=EuromonitorCityRanking&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/01/euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking1-.html|title=Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking |publisher=Euromonitor International|date=10 January 2012|accessdate=25 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon attracts 27&amp;nbsp;million overnicht-stay visitors every year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon 101&quot;&gt;&quot;{{cite web |url= http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |title= London 101: One Hundred and One Amazing Facts About London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |publisher= Visit Lunnon |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010 the ten maist-visitit attractions in Lunnon war:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |title=Top 10 London Attractions |publisher=Visit Lunnon |date=1 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Gbp7Y?url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[British Museum]]
# [[Tate Modern]]
# [[National Gallery]]
# [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]]
# [[Imperial War Museum]]
# [[Science Museum (Lunnon)|Science Museum]]
# [[Victoria an Albert Museum]]
# [[Madame Tussauds]]
# [[National Maritime Museum]]
# [[Tower o Lunnon]]

===Housing crisis===
{{Main|Affordability o housing in the Unitit Kinrick}}
Thousans o faimlies athoot hames fin thairsels stuck in emergency accommodation for at least twa year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Housing shortage leaves homeless families 'stuck' in hostels for two years |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/housing-shortage-leaves-homeless-families-stuck-in-hostels-for-two-years-9652684.html |newspaper=The Independent |location= Lunnon |date= 6 August 2014 |author= Emily Dugan |accessdate=11 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A growthe in the nummer o UK households haes led tae the homeless charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] statin: &quot;This growth is a result o people livin langer, mair fowk livin on thair lanesomes or in weeer hoosehauds, an net migration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Immigration and housing |url= http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |publisher= Shelter |page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Lunnon|Infrastructure in Lunnon}}
[[File:Black London Cab.jpg|right|thumb|A black Lunnon taxi, forbye kent as a [[hackney carriage]].]]
Transport is ane o the fower main area o policy administered bi the Mayor o Lunnon,&lt;ref name=Lunnon_121&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|title=Transport for London|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msa508h4?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; houiver the mayor's financial control disnae extend tae the langer distance rail network that enters Lunnon. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, that nou form the [[Lunnon Overground]] network, adding tae the existin responsibility for the Lunnon Unnergrund, trams an buses. The public transport network is administered by [[Transport for Lunnon]] (TfL) an is ane o the priceymaist in the warld.

The lines that formed the Lunnon Unnergrund, as weel as trams an buses, became pairt o an integratit transport system in 1933 when the [[Lunnon Passenger Transport Board]] or ''[[Lunnon Transport (brand)|Lunnon Transport]]'' wis creatit. Transport for Lunnon is nou the statutory corporation responsible for maist aspects o the transport system in Greater Lunnon, an is run by a board an a commissioner appyntit bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]].&lt;ref name=stat_tfl&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055413/http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archivedate=2007-10-19|title=How do I find out about transport in London?|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=5 June 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Aviation===
{{Main|Airports o Lunnon}}
[[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]] is the busiest airport in the UK an Europe as well as the seicont busiest in the warld for international passenger traffic. ([[Lunnon Heathrow Terminal 5|Terminal 5]]C is pictured]]

Lunnon is a major international air transport hub wi the lairgest ceety airspace in the warld.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Aicht airports uise the wird ''Lunnon'' in thair name, but maist traffic passes throu sax o thir. [[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]], in [[Lunnon Borough o Hillingdon|Hillingdon]], West Lunnon, is the [[World's busiest airport|busiest airport in the warld]] for international traffic, an is the major hub o the naition's banner carrier, [[British Airways]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_135&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairport.com/|title=BAA Heathrow: Official Website|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archive-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195656/http://www.heathrowairport.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Mairch 2008 its fift terminal wis opened.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_137&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|title=Heathrow Airport Terminal 5|publisher=TMC Ltd|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1I83JE?url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thare war plans for a third runway an a sixth terminal houiver thir war cancelled bi the [[Unitit Kinrick coalition government (2010–present)|Coalition Government]] on 12 Mey 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |title=Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=30 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1J2Xuu?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Similar traffic, wi some [[Low-cost carrier|cheap]] [[short-haul]] flights, is forbye handled at [[Gatwick Airport]], sooth o Lunnon in [[West Sussex]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_139&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|title=BAA Gatwick: Gatwick Airport|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JBGRX?url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lunnon Stanstit Airport|Stanstit Airport]], north east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a local UK hub an [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton Airport]] tae the north o Lunnon in [[Bedfordshire]], caters maistly for cheap short-haul flights.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_140&gt;{{cite book|url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|title=BAA Stansted : Stansted Airport|year=2008|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-86039-476-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JkALo?url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_141&gt;{{cite book|url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|title=London Luton Airport|publisher=Lunnon Luton Airport|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-11-510256-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1KGPZQ?url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lunnon ceety Airport]], the weeest an maist central airport, in [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]], East Lunnon, is focused on business travellers, wi a mixtur o fou service short-haul schedult flichts an considerable [[business jet]] traffic.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_142&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|title=London City Airport&amp;nbsp;— Corporate Information|publisher=Lunnon ceety Airport Ltd.|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Kyrhl?url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lunnon Southend Airport]], east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a smawer, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights.

The [[Airports Commission]] is due tae report in Summer 2015 on future expansion o airport capacity.

===Rail===

====Underground an DLR====
[[File:Baker Street tube station MMB 19 S Stock.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the warld's auldest an seicont-langest [[rapid transit]] system]]
The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]], commonly referred tae as the Tube, is the auldest&lt;ref name=&quot;Metro&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |title=London Underground: History|author=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=30 December 2012|isbn=978-0-904711-30-1 |ref=harv }}&lt;/ref&gt; an seicont langest&lt;ref name=&quot;railwaygazette.com&quot;/&gt; [[rapid transit|metro]] system in the warld. The system serves 270 [[metro station|stations]]&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Key facts |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2009 |ref=harv }}&lt;/ref&gt; an wis formed frae several private companies, includin the warld's first unnerground electric line, the [[City an South Lunnon Railway]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UrbanRail&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|title=London Underground|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|year=2001|publisher=UrbanRail.net|accessdate=24 September 2006|isbn=978-3-936573-01-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013919/http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|archivedate=2006-10-06|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It dates frae 1863.

Ower three million journeys is made ilk a day on the Underground network, ower 1&amp;nbsp;billion ilk a year.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_124&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |title=Tube breaks record for passenger numbers |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |date=27 December 2007 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJy1HWj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; An investment programme is attemptin tae reduce congestion an impruive reliability, includin £6.5&amp;nbsp;billion (€7.7&amp;nbsp;billion) spent afore the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The London 2012 legacy |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/25869.aspx|publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Docklands Light Railway]], that opened in 1987, is a seicont, mair local metro system uisin smawer an lighter tram-teep vehicles that serve [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] an [[Greenwich]].

====Suburban====
[[File:King's Cross Western Concourse.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's Cross railway station]] Western Concourse]]
Thare are 366 [[railway stations]] in the [[Lunnon fare zones|Lunnon Travelcard Zones]] on an extensive abuin-ground suburban railway network. South Lunnon, parteecularly, haes a heich concentration o railways as it haes fewer Underground lines. Maist rail lines terminate aroond the centre o Lunnon, running intae [[Lunnon station group|eighteen terminal stations]], cep for the [[Thameslink]] trains connecting [[Bedford]] in the north an [[Brighton]] in the sooth via [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton]] an [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] airports.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon_127&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDd2BCwh?url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archivedate=2010-02-01 |title=First Capital Connect |publisher=First Capital Connect |accessdate=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon haes Britain's busiest station&amp;nbsp;by nummer o passengers – [[Lunnon Waterloo station|Waterloo]], wi ower 184&amp;nbsp;million people uisin the interchange station complex (whilk includes [[Lunnon Waterloo East railway station|Waterloo East]] station) ilka year.&lt;ref name=&quot;National Rail Station Usage&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |title= Rail Station Usage |publisher= Office o Rail Regulation |accessdate= 24 October 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5QO6kHRpk?url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |archivedate= 2007-07-17 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tube exits&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |title=Tube exits |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=24 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QW719FI3?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |archivedate=2007-07-22 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{rws|Clapham Junction}} is the busiest station in Europe bi the nummer o trains passing.

Wi the need for mair rail capacity in Lunnon, [[Crossrail]] is due tae open in 2018. It will be a new railway line runnin east tae wast throu Lunnon an intae the [[Home Counties]] wi a branch tae [[Heathrow Airport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/regional-map |title=Crossrail Regional Map |publisher= Crossrail |accessdate=8 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is Europe's biggest construction project, wi a £15 billion projectit cost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |work=BBC News |title= Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |date=2 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |newspaper=The Independent on Sunday |location= Lunnon |title= Crossrail delayed tae save £1bn |date=29 August 2010 |first= Mark |last= Leftly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Inter-city an international====
[[File:St Pancras railway station MMB B9 373213.jpg|thumb|[[St Pancras railway station]] is the main terminal for heich speed [[Eurostar]] an [[HS1]] services, as well as suburban [[Thameslink]] an [[East Midlands Trains]] services.]]

Lunnon is the centre o the [[National Rail]] network, wi 70 percent o rail journeys stairtin or endin in Lunnon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Rail|url=http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|work=Lunnon First|publisher=Lunnon First|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083946/http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lik suburban rail services, regional an inter-ceety trains depart frae several termini aroon the ceety centre, linkin Lunnon wi the rest o Britain includin [[Cambridge]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[Exeter]], [[Birmingham]], [[Holyhead]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Edinburgh]] an [[Glasgow]].

Some international railway services tae [[Continental Europe]] wis operatit during the 20t century as [[boat train]]s, lik the ''[[Admiraal de Ruijter (train)|Admiraal de Ruijter]]'' tae [[Amsterdam]] an the ''[[Night Ferry]]'' tae Paris an Brussels. The openin o the [[Channel Tunnel]] in 1994 connectit Lunnon directly tae the continental rail network, allouin [[Eurostar]] services tae begin. Syne 2007, heich-speed trains link [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras International]] wi [[Lille]], [[Paris]], [[Brussels]] an European tourist destinations via the [[High Speed 1]] rail link an the [[Channel Tunnel]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_128&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |title=Eurostar |publisher=Eurostar |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJz4xiY?url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first [[Southeastern (train operating company)|heich-speed domestic]] trains stairtit in Juin 2009 linking [[Kent]] tae Lunnon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southeastern Highspeed&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |title=Highspeed |publisher=Southeastern |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJzQVXK?url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Thare plans for a [[High Speed 2|seicont heich speed line]] linkin Lunnon tae the Midlands, North West England, an Yorkshire.

====Freight====
Awtho [[rail freight]] levels are far doun compared tae thair heicht, significant quantities o cargo are forby carried intae an oot o Lunnon by rail; chiefly biggin materials an [[landfill]] waste.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freight Plan&quot;&gt;August 2007, [https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/rail-freight-strategy-aug-2007.pdf Rail Freight Strategy], [[Lunnon Rail]]&lt;/ref&gt; As a major hub o the British railway network, Lunnon's tracks forby cairy lairge amounts o freight for the ither regions, sic as [[containerisation|container freight]] frae the Channel Tunnel an [[English Channel]] ports, an [[nuclear waste]] for [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]] at [[Sellafield]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Freight Plan&quot;/&gt;

===Buses an trams===
[[File:Arriva London bus DW262 (LJ59 GUA), 18 September 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon buses|red double decker bus]] is an iconic seembol o Lunnon]]
Lunnon's [[Lunnon Buses|bus network]] is ane o the lairgest in the warld, runnin 24 oor a day, wi aboot 8,500 buses, mair nor 700 bus routes an aroond 19,500 bus stops.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buses&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=What we do – Buses|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/buses|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, the network haed mair nor 2 billion commuter trips per annum, mair nor the Underground.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buses&quot;/&gt; Aroond £850&amp;nbsp;million is taen in revenue ilk a year. Lunnon haes the lairgest wheelchair accessible network in the warld&lt;ref name=Lunnon_131&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|title=London's bus improvements get Parliamentary seal of approval|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Transport For Lunnon|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1M9NgV?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; an, frae the 3rd quarter o 2007, becam mair accessible tae hearin- an sicht- impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wis introduced. The distinctive reid [[double-decker bus]]es is a international recognised trademark o Lunnon transport alang wi [[Hackney carriage|black cabs]] an the Tube.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_132&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |title= London Black Cabs |publisher= Lunnon Black Cabs |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1MLOHV?url=http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_133&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |title= Tube |publisher= [[Transport for Lunnon]] |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJwfagc?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lunnon haes a modern tram network, kent as [[Tramlink]], centred on [[Croydon]] in [[South Lunnon]]. The network haes 39 stops an fower routes, an carried 28&amp;nbsp;million bodies in 2013.&lt;ref name=Trams&gt;{{cite web|title=What we do – Trams|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/tramlink|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syne Juin 2008 [[Transport for Lunnon]] haes completely owned Tramlink, an it plans tae spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades an capacity enhancements.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_134&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5o8t78IGj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archivedate= 2010-03-11 |date= Summer 2009 |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |title= Tramlink Factsheet |accessdate= 19 February 2010 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cable car===
Lunnon's first an anly cable car, kent as the [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Emirates Air Line]], opened in Juin 2012. Crossin the [[River Thames]], linking [[Greenwich Peninsula]] an the [[Royal Docks]] in the east o the ceety, the cable car is integratit wi Lunnon's Oyster Card ticketing system.

===Cycling===
[[File:Blue, Yellow and Red Boris Bikes 2015-05-01.jpg|thumb|[[Santander Cycles|Cycle hire]] docking station|200x200px]]
[[Cycling in Lunnon|Cycling]] is an increasingly popular wey tae get aroond Lunnon. The launch o [[Santander Cycles|a cycle hire scheme]] in Julie 2010 haes been successfu an generally weel received. The [[Lunnon Cycling Campaign]] lobbies for better provision.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon_122&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|title=London Cycling Campaign|date=20 November 2006|publisher=Rosanna Downes|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Hlskj?url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Port an river boats===
Frae bein the lairgest port in the warld, the [[Port o Lunnon]] is nou anly the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handling 45 million tonnes o cargo each year.&lt;ref name=handling&gt;{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |title=ARCHIVED CONTENT&amp;#93; Provisional Port Statistics 2009 |publisher=Department for Transport&amp;nbsp;– Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJx5cho?url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most o this actually passes throu the [[Port o Tilbury]], ootside the boundary o Greater Lunnon.

Lunnon haes frequent river boat services on the Thames kent as [[Thames Clippers]]. Thir run up tae every 20 minutes atween [[Embankment Pier]] an [[North Greenwich Pier]]. The [[Woolwich Ferry]], wi 2.5 million passengers every year,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/27762.aspx Transport for London: Woolwich Ferry, 50 years on] Retrieved 8 September 2013&lt;/ref&gt; is a frequent service linking the [[North Circular Road|North]] an [[South Circular Road|South Circular]] Roads. Other operators run baith commuter an tourist boat services in Lunnon.

===Roads===
[[File:Rush hour on the A102 - geograph.org.uk - 205323.jpg|thumb|right|The [[A102 road|A102]], near [[Greenwich]]. This wis ane o the few routes proposed in the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]] wiin [[Inner Lunnon]] tae be biggit.]]
Awtho the majority o journeys involvin central Lunnon are made bi public transport, car traivel is common in the suburbs. The [[Lunnon Inner Ring Road|inner ring road]] (aroond the ceety centre), the [[A406 road|North]] an [[A205 road|South Circular]] roads (in the suburbs), an the outer orbital [[motorway]] (the [[M25 motorway|M25]], athoot the biggit-up area) encircle the ceety an are intersectit by a nummer o busy radial routes—but verra few motorways penetrate intae [[inner Lunnon]]. A plan for a comprehensive network o motorways atouer the ceety (the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]]) wis prepared in the 1960s but wis maistly cancelt in the air 1970s. The M25 is the langest ring-road motorway in the warld at {{convert|121.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.&lt;ref&gt;Campbell, Ken (2000). &quot;Guinness World Records 2001&quot;. p. 150.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_143&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |title=Beds, Herts and Bucks Travel&amp;nbsp;— All you need tae know about the M25 |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 1988 |accessdate=20 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0nLrV?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] an [[M1 motorway|M1]] connect Lunnon tae [[Leeds]], an [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] an [[Edinburgh]].

Lunnon is notorious for its traffic congestion, wi the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the kintra. The average speed o a car in the rush oor is {{convert|10.6|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_147&gt;{{cite news |accessdate=1 September 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |title=Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |first=Hélène |last=Mulholland |date=16 March 2009 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK1Mq9U?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2003, a [[Lunnon congestion charge|congestion charge]] wis introduced tae reduce traffic volumes in the ceety centre. Wi a few exceptions, motorists are required tae pey £10 a day tae drive wiin a defined zone encompassing a fair bit o central Lunnon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon_144&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |title= Charging Zone |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 7 June 2008 |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0vSxb?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |journal=  |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon_145&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608124006/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archivedate=2008-06-08 |title=Who pays what |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Motorists wha is resident o the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced saison pass.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon_146&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |title=Residents |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK17mHL?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon government initially expectit the Congestion Charge Zone tae increase daily peak period Underground an bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic bi 10 tae 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 tae 15 per cent, an reduce queues by 20 tae 30 per cent.&lt;ref&gt;Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. &quot;Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments.&quot; Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. 15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.&lt;/ref&gt; Ower the course o several years, the average nummer o cars enterin the centre o Lunnon on a weekday wis reduced frae 195,000 tae 125,000 cars&amp;nbsp;– a 35-per-cent reduction o vehicles driven a day.&lt;ref&gt;Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. &quot;Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments.&quot; Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eddication==
{{Main|Eddication in Lunnon}}

===Tertiary eddication===
[[File:Strand102.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's College Lunnon]], established by Royal Charter haein been foondit by [[Keeng George IV]] an [[Duke o Wellington]] in 1829, is ane o the foundin colleges o the [[University o Lunnon]].]]
[[File:Wilkins Building 2, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The Wilkins biggin at [[University College Lunnon]]]]
Lunnon is a major centre o heicher eddication lair an research an its 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o heicher education institutes in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon2&quot;/&gt; In 2008/09 it haed a higher education student population o aroond 412,000 (aboot 17 per cent o the UK tot); oot o thaim, aroond 287,000 wis registered for unnergraduate degrees an 118,000 war studyin at postgraduate level.&lt;ref name=Lunnonhigher&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html?&amp;no_cache=1&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=95&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=393&amp;cHash=66a6e680d7|title=Numbers of students in London|accessdate=26 August 2010|publisher=Lunnon Higher|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK24fXt?url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008/09 thare war aroond 97,150 international students in Lunnon, aboot 25 per cent o aw international students in the UK.&lt;ref name=Lunnonhigher/&gt;

A nummer o warld-leadin education institutions are based in Lunnon. In the 2014/15 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', [[Imperial College Lunnon]] is ranked jynt 2nt in the warld (alongside [[The University o Cambridge]]), [[University College Lunnon]] (UCL) is ranked 5t, an [[Keeng's College Lunnon]] (KCL) is ranked 16t.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014|title=QS World University Rankings – Overall for 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Lunnon School o Economics]] haes been describit as the warld's leadin social science institution for baith teaching an research.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_156&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007&amp;nbsp;– Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Sunday Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=23 September 2007 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK36cad?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archivedate=2011-05-20 |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Lunnon Business School]] is considert ane o the warld's leadin business schuils an in 2015 its MBA programme wis ranked seicont best in the warld bi the ''[[Financial Times]]''.&lt;ref name = &quot;ft&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |work=Financial Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK3NXwE?url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wi 120,000 students in Lunnon,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|publisher=University o Lunnon|accessdate=1 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; the federal [[University o Lunnon]] is the lairgest contact teaching varsity in the UK.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls HESA Statistics: United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044330/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls |date=2007-09-28 }}. HESA. Retrieved 6 April 2015&lt;/ref&gt; It includes fower lairge multi-faculty varsities&amp;nbsp;– [[Keeng's College Lunnon]], [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]], [[Royal Holloway]] an [[University College Lunnon|UCL]]&amp;nbsp;– an a nummer o smawer an mair specialised institutions includin [[Birkbeck College|Birkbeck]], the [[Courtauld Institute o Art]], [[Goldsmiths, University o Lunnon|Goldsmiths]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]], the [[Institute o Education]], the [[Lunnon Business School]], the [[Lunnon School o Economics]], the [[Lunnon School o Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine]], the [[Royal Academy o Music]], the [[Central School o Speech an Drama]], the [[Royal Veterinary College]] an the [[School o Oriental an African Studies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|title=Colleges and Institutes|accessdate=23 September 2010|publisher=University o Lunnon|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4QvPy?url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members o the University o Lunnon hae thair ain [[University an college admission|admissions]] procedures, an some awaird thair ain degrees.

Thare a nummer o varsities in Lunnon that is ootwi the University o Lunnon system, includin [[Brunel University]], [[City University Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Lunnon]], [[Keengston University]], [[Lunnon Metropolitan University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o East Lunnon]], [[University o West Lunnon]] an [[University o Westminster]], (wi ower 34,000 students, the lairgest unitary varsity in Lunnon),&lt;ref name=Lunnon_157&gt;[http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf About London Met] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124143209/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf |date=2009-01-24 }} Lunnon Metropolitan University, August 2008&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lunnon South Bank University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o the Arts Lunnon]] (the lairgest varsity o airt, design, fashion, communication an the performin arts in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|title=University of the Arts London|accessdate=27 August 2010|work=The Guardian|location=Lunnon|date=1 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4mSBu?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[University o East Lunnon]], the [[University o West Lunnon]] an the [[University o Westminster]]. In addition, thare three international varsities in Lunnon&amp;nbsp;– [[Regent's College]], [[Richmond University]] an [[Schiller International University]].

[[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|The front façade o the [[Royal College o Music]]]]
Lunnon is home tae [[Unitit Hospitals|five major medical schools]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Barts an The Lunnon School o Medicine an Dentistry]] (pairt o [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]]), [[Keeng's College Lunnon School o Medicine]] (the lairgest medical schuil in Europe), [[Imperial College School o Medicine]], [[UCL Medical School]] an [[St George's, University o Lunnon]]&amp;nbsp;– an haes numerous affiliatit teaching hospitals. Forbye, it is a major centre for biomedical research, an three o the UK's five [[academic health science centre]]s is based in the ceety&amp;nbsp;– [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]], [[Keeng's Health Partners]] an [[UCL Partners]] (the lairgest sic centre in Europe).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |title=NHS hospitals tae forge £2bn research link-up with university |accessdate=6 September 2010 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |date=7 August 2008 |first=John |last=Carvel |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK5JH6x?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thare are a nummer o business schuils in Lunnon, includin the [[Lunnon School o Business an Finance]], [[Cass Business School]] (pairt o [[City University Lunnon]]), [[Hult International Business School]], [[ESCP Europe]], [[European Business School Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Business School]] an the [[Lunnon Business School]]. Lunnon is hame tae mony specialeet arts education institutions an aa, includin the [[Lunnon College o Contemporary Arts (LCCA)]], the [[Academy o Live an Recorded Arts]], the [[Lunnon Contemporary Dance Scuil]], [[Royal Academy o Dramatic Art|RADA]], the [[Royal College o Art]], the [[Royal College o Music]] an [[Trinity Laban]].

===Primary an secondary education===
The majority o primary an seicontar schuils an faur education colleges in Lunnon is controlt bi the [[Lunnon boroughs]] or otherwise state-funded; leadin ensaumples include [[City an Islington College]], [[Ealing, Hammersmith an West Lunnon College]], [[Leyton Sixth Form College]], [[Tower Hamlets College]] an [[Bethnal Green Academy]]. Thare a nummer o private schuils an colleges in Lunnon an aa, some auld an famous, lik [[City o Lunnon Scuil]], [[Harrow Scuil|Harrow]], [[St Paul's Scuil (Lunnon)|St Paul's Scuil]], [[University College Scuil]], [[Highgate Scuil]] an [[Westminster Scuil]].

==Cultur==
{{Main|Cultur o Lunnon}}

===Leisure an entertainment===
[[File:Open Happiness Piccadilly Circus Blue-Pink Hour 120917-1126-jikatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piccadilly Circus]]]]
Wiin the [[City o Westminster]], the entertainment destrict o the [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] haes its focus aroond [[Leicester squerr]], whaur Lunnon an warld film [[premieres]] are held, an [[Piccadilly Circus]], wi its giant electronic advertisements.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_160&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|title=Piccadilly Lights|publisher=Land Securities|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7QmKt?url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon's [[West End theatre|theatre]] destrict is here, as is mony cinemas, bars, clubs an restaurants, includin the ceety's [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]] destrict (in [[Soho]]), an juist tae the east is [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], an area hoosin speciality shops. The ceety is the hame o [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], whase musicals hae dominate the West End theatre syne the late 20t century.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&amp;dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical] ''The New York Times''.. refert tae Andrew Lloyd Webber as &quot;the maist commercially successful composer in history&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The Unitit Kinrick's [[Royal Ballet]], [[English National Ballet]], [[Royal Opera, Lunnon|Royal Opera]] an [[English National Opera]] are based in Lunnon an perform at the [[Royal Opera House]], the [[Lunnon Coliseum]], [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]] an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] as weel as tourin the kintra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon's Concerts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&amp;search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|title=Theatres and concert halls.|publisher=Your Lunnon|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124185332/http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&amp;search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|archivedate=2008-01-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Harrods at Night, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Harrods]] in [[Knightsbridge]]]]
[[Islington]]'s {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang Upper Street, extendin northlins frae [[Angel, Lunnon|Angel]], haes mair bars an restaurants nor ony ither street in the Unitit Kinrick.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_161&gt;{{Cite journal|title=2001: Public houses|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|accessdate=4 June 2008|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7ebGH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|archivedate=2011-05-20|journal=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Europe's busiest shoppin airt is [[Oxford Street]], a shoppin street near {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang, makin it the langest shoppin street in the Unitit Kinrick. Oxford Street is hame tae vast nummers o retailers an [[department stores]], includin the warld-famous [[Selfridges]] [[Flagship store#Retailing|flagship store]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_162&gt;{{Cite journal| url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| publisher=[[The Lunnoner]]| title=Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team| date=September 2006| accessdate=19 June 2007| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204913/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| archivedate=2007-09-30| ref=harv| journal=| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Knightsbridge]], hame tae the equally renowned [[Harrods]] [[department store]], lees tae the sooth-wast.
[[File:London, UK (August 2014) - 156.JPG|thumb|right|[[Shakespeare's Globe]] is a modren reconstruction o the Globe Theatre on the sooth bank o the River Thames]] 
Lunnon is home tae designers [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[John Galliano|Galliano]], [[Stella McCartney]], [[Manolo Blahnik]], an [[Jimmy Choo]] amang others; its renowned airt an fashion schuils mak it an international centre o fashion alang wi [[Paris]], [[Milan]], an [[New York ceety]]. Lunnon offers a great variety o cuisine as a result o its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the [[Bangladesh]]i restaurants o [[Brick Lane]] an the [[Chinese food]] restaurants o [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_163&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|title=Chinatown&amp;nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Chinatown Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK84XXn?url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thare is a variety o [[Leet o annual events in Lunnon|annual events]], beginnin wi the relatively new [[New Year's Day Parade]], fireworks display at the [[Lunnon Eye]], the warld's seicont lairgest [[street party]], the [[Notting Hill Carnival]] is held durin the late [[August Bank Holiday]] ilka year. Traditional parades include November's [[Lord Mayor's Show]], a centuries-auld event celebrating the annual appointment o a new [[Lord Mayor o the ceety o Lunnon]] wi a procession alang the streets o the ceety, an Juin's [[Trooping the Colour]], a formal military pageant performed by regiments o the [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] an [[British Army|British]] armies tae celebrate the [[Queen's Official Birthday]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_164&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620233221/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archivedate=2008-06-20|title=One Queen, Two Birthdays|publisher=Royal Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Literature, film an television===
{{Main|Lunnon in fiction|Lunnon in film|Leet o films set in Lunnon|Leet o television shows set in Lunnon|Lunnon Television Archive}}
[[File:Keats House.jpg|thumb|[[Keats House]], whaur [[John Keats|Keats]] wrote his ''[[Ode tae a Nightingale]]''. The veelage o [[Hampstead]] haes historically been a literary centre in Lunnon.]]
Lunnon haes been the setting for mony works o literature. The literary centres o Lunnon hae tradeetionally been hilly [[Hampstead]] an (syne the early 20t century) [[Bloomsbury]]. Writers closely associatit wi the ceety are the diarist [[Samuel Pepys]], notit for his eyewitness accoont o the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]], [[Charles Dickens]], whose representation o a foggy, snawy, grimy Lunnon o street sweepers an pickpockets haes been a major influence on people's vision o early [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Lunnon, an [[Virginia Woolf]], regarded as ane o the foremost [[modrenism|modrenist]] literary figurs o the 20t century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon in Literature&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|title=London in Literature,|publisher=Bryn Mawr College|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8S7iR?url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sherlock Holmes Museum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sherlock Holmes Museum]] in [[Baker Street]], bearing the nummer 221B]]
The pilgrims in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s late 14t-century ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' set oot for [[Canterbury]] frae Lunnon&amp;nbsp;– specifically, frae the [[The Tabard|Tabard]] inn, [[Southwark]]. [[William Shakespeare]] spent a lairge pairt o his life livin an working in Lunnon; his contemporary [[Ben Jonson]] wis forby based thare, an some o his work—maist notably his play ''[[The Alchemist (play)|The Alchemist]]''—wis set in the ceety.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon in Literature&quot; /&gt; ''[[A Journal o the Plague Year]]'' (1722) bi [[Daniel Defoe]] is a fictionalisation o the events o the 1665 [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon in Literature&quot; /&gt;  Later important depictions o Lunnon frae the 19t an early 20t centuries are Dickens' novels, an [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon in Literature&quot; /&gt; Modern writers pervasively influenced bi the ceety include [[Peter Ackroyd]], author o a &quot;biography&quot; o Lunnon, an [[Iain Sinclair]], wha writes in the genre o [[psychogeography]].

Lunnon haes played a significant role in the film industry, an haes major studios at [[Ealing Studios|Ealing]] an a [[special effect]]s an [[post-production]] community centred in [[Soho]]. [[Working Title Films]] haes its headquarters in Lunnon.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_165&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|title=Working Title Films|publisher=Universal Studios|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8c0bN?url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon haes been the setting for films includin ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1948), ''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'' (1951), ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|The 101 Dalmatians]]'' (1961), ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' (1964), ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), ''[[The Long Good Friday]]'' (1980), ''[[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]]'' (1999), ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003), ''[[V For Vendetta (film)|V For Vendetta]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber o Fleet Street]]'' (2008) an ''[[The King's Speech]]'' (2010). Notable actors an filmmakers frae Lunnon include; [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Jude Law]], [[Tom Hardy]], [[Keira Knightley]] an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. As o 2008, the [[British Academy Film Awards]] haes taen place at the [[Royal Opera House]]. Lunnon is a major centre for television production, wi studios includin [[BBC Television Centre]], [[The Fountain Studios]] an [[The Lunnon Studios]]. Mony television programmes hae been set in Lunnon, includin the popular television soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', broadcast bi the BBC syne 1985.

===Museums an art galleries===
[[File:Galería Nacional, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-07, DD 035.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[National Gallery|The National Gallery]]]]
Lunnon is [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|home tae mony museums]], galleries, an ither institutions, mony o thaim free o admission charges an are major [[tourist attraction]]s as weel as playin a research role. The first o thaim tae be established wis the [[British Museum]] in [[Bloomsbury]], in 1753. oreeginally containin antiquities, naitural history specimens an the national leebrar, the museum nou haes 7&amp;nbsp;million artefacts frae aroond the globe. In 1824 the [[National Gallery]] wis foondit tae hoose the British national collection o Western pentins; this nou occupies a prominent poseetion in [[Trafalgar squerr]].

In the latter hauf o the 19t century the locale o [[South Kensington]] wis developed as &quot;[[Albertopolis]]&quot;, a cultural an scientific quarter. Three major national museums are thare: the [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] (for the [[applied arts]]), the [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] an the [[Lunnon Science Museum|Science Museum]]. The [[National Portrait Gallery, Lunnon|National Portrait Gallery]] wis foondit in 1856 tae hoose depictions o figurs frae British history; its holdings nou comprise the warld's maist extensive collection o portraits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/organisation.php|title=Organisation|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=18 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The national gallery o British airt is at [[Tate Britain]], oreeginally established as an annexe o the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it wis umwhile kent, became a major centre for modern airt an aa; in 2000 this collection muived tae [[Tate Modern]], a new gallery housed in the umwhile [[Bankside Power Station]].

===Music===
[[File:Royal Albert Hall Crop, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Royal Albert Hall]] hosts concerts an muisical events]]
Lunnon is ane o the major [[Classical music|classical]] an [[popular music]] capitals o the warld an is hame tae major muisic corporations, sic as [[EMI]] an [[Warner Music Group]] as weel as countless bands, musicians an industry professionals. The ceety is home tae mony orchestras an concert halls an aa, lik the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] (principal base o the [[Lunnon Symphony Orchestra]] an the [[Lunnon Symphony Chorus]]), [[Cadogan Hall]] ([[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]) an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] ([[The Proms]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon's Concerts&quot; /&gt; Lunnon's twa main opera houses are the [[Royal Opera House]] an the [[Coliseum Theatre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon's Concerts&quot; /&gt; The UK's lairgest [[pipe organ]] is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals an major kirks. Several [[conservatoire]]s are wiin the ceety: [[Royal Academy o Music]], [[Royal College o Music]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]] an [[Trinity College o Music]].
[[File:Abbey Rd Studios.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abbey Road Studios]], 3 [[Abbey Road (street)|Abbey Road]], [[St John's Wood]], ceety o Westminster]]
Lunnon haes numerous venues for rock an pop concerts, includin lairge arenas sic as [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court]], [[Wembley Arena]] an the [[The O2 Arena (Lunnon)|O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Arena]], as weel as mony mid-sized venues, sic as [[Brixton Academy]], the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] an the [[Shepherd's Bush Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunnon's Concerts&quot; /&gt; Several [[music festivals]], includin the [[Wireless Festival]], are held in Lunnon. The ceety is hame tae the first an oreeginal [[Hard Rock Cafe]] an the [[Abbey Road Studios]] whaur [[The Beatles]] recorded mony o thair hits. In the 1960s, 1970s an 1980s, musicians an groups lik [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[David Bowie]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[The Kinks]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Small Faces]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Cat Stevens]], [[The Police]], [[The Cure]], [[Madness (baund)|Madness]], [[The Jam]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]] an [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], derived thair sound frae the streets an rhythms vibrating throu Lunnon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top40&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/04/06/garycrowley_londontop40_feature.shtml |title=London's top 40 artists |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-89820-135-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lunnon wis instrumental in the development o [[punk muisic]],&lt;ref name=Lunnon_172&gt;{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=explore|id=style/d204|pure_url=yes}} |publisher=Allmusic |title=Punk |accessdate=19 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; wi figurs sic as the [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Top40&quot;/&gt; an [[Vivienne Westwood]] aw based in the ceety. Mair recent artists tae emerge frae the Lunnon music scene include [[George Michael]], [[Kate Bush]], [[Seal (muisicker)|Seal]], [[Siouxsie an the Banshees]], [[Bush (baund)|Bush]], the [[Spice Girls]], [[Jamiroquai]], [[Blur (baund)|Blur]], [[The Prodigy]], [[Gorillaz]], [[Mumford &amp; Sons]], [[Coldplay]], [[Amy Winehouse]] an [[Adele]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Scene&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|title=History of music in London|publisher=The Lunnon Music Scene|accessdate=2 August 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9hhlR?url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walker, Tim (28 July 2008). [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/mumford--sons-the-luminaire-london-878562.html &quot;Mumford &amp; Sons, The Luminaire, London&quot;]. ''The Independent'' (Lunnon). Retrieved 13 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2011/dec/09/10-classic-club-nights |title=From the Dug Out and dreads tae DMZ and dubstep: 10 classic club nights |work=Guardian Music Blog |location =Lunnon |author=Warren, Emma |accessdate= 13 October 2012 |date=9 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunnon is a centre for urban music an aa. In parteecular, the genres [[UK garage]], [[drum an bass]], [[dubstep]] an [[grime (music)|grime]] evolved in the ceety frae the furren genres o [[hip hop]] an [[reggae]], anent local [[drum an bass]]. Black music station [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] wis set up tae support the rise o home-grown urban music baith in Lunnon an in the rest o the UK.

==Notable fowk==
{{Main|Leet o fowk frae Lunnon}}

==Recreation==

===Parks an open spaces===
{{Main|Parks an open spaces in Lunnon|Royal Parks o Lunnon}}
{{see also|Leet o Sites o Special Scientific Interest in Greater Lunnon|Leet o Local Nature Reserves in Greater Lunnon}}
{{multiple image
 | align     = left
 | direction = vertical
 | image1    = Aerial view of Hyde Park.jpg
 | width1    = 220
 | caption1  = Aerial view o [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]]
 | alt1      = Hyde Park
 | image2    = St James's Park Lake – East from the Blue Bridge - 2012-10-06.jpg
 | width2    = 220
 | caption2  = [[St. James's Park]] lake wi the Lunnon Eye in the distance
 | alt2      = Lake wi Lunnon Eye in the background
}}

The mucklest pairks in the [[Central Lunnon|central area o Lunnon]] are three o the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]], namely [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] an its neebur [[Kensington Gardens]] in the wast, an [[Regent's Park]] tae the north.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_080&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|title=Kensington Gardens|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0tndiN?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hyde Park in parteecular is popular for [[Lunnon#Sports|sports]] an whiles hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park conteens [[Lunnon Zoo]], the warld's auldest scientific zoo, an is near the tourist attraction o [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_081&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|title=Madame Tussauds&amp;nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Madame Tussauds|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0uQJ4x?url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_082&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|title=Madame Tussauds&amp;nbsp;— Tourist Information|publisher=Tourist Information UK|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0v6PMD?url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Primrose Hill]] in the northren pairt o Regent's Park at {{convert|256|ft|0}}&lt;ref name=mills&gt;Mills, A., ''Dictionary o Lunnon Place Names'', (2001)&lt;/ref&gt; is a popular spot tae view the ceety skyline.

Close tae Hyde Park are smawer Royal Parks, [[Green Park]] an [[St. James's Park]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_083&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|title=Green Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE6fuYvF?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|archivedate=2010-02-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A nummer o lairge parks lie ootside the ceety centre, includin the remainin Royal Parks o [[Greenwich Park]] tae the sooth-east&lt;ref name=Lunnon_170&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|title=Greenwich Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0w5wlZ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Bushy Park]] an [[Richmond Park]] (the lairgest) tae the sooth-wast,&lt;ref name=Lunnon_084&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|title=Bushy Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0wb1mJ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_085&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|title=Richmond Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0x5bB5?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hampton Court Park]] is a royal park an aa, but, acause it conteens a palace, it is administered bi the [[Historic Royal Palaces]], unlik the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |title=Richmond Borough Council |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2015-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826172424/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Close tae Richmond Park is [[Kew Gardens]] whilk haes the warld's lairgest collection o livin plants. In 2003, the gardens war pit on the [[Unitit Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] leet o [[Leet o World Heritage Sites o the Unitit Kinrick|World Heritage Sites]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|title= Kew, History &amp; Heritage|author= |work= |publisher= [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate= 24 January 2013|archive-date= 2008-08-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829192523/http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thare a thrang o parks administert bi Lunnon's borough cooncils, includin [[Victoria Park, Lunnon|Victoria Park]] in the [[East End]] an [[Battersea Park]] in the centre. Some mair informal, semi-naitural open spaces exist, includin the {{convert|320|ha|acre|sing=on}} [[Hampstead Heath]] o [[North Lunnon]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|title=City of London Corporation Hampstead Heath|publisher=City o Lunnon Corporation|accessdate=19 February 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xBire?url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Epping Forest]], whilk covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |title= Epping Forest You &amp; Your Dog |work= brochure |publisher= ceety o Lunnon |accessdate= 13 March 2010 |archive-date= 2011-07-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110704191340/http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the east. Baith is controlt bi the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Ramblers |url=http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |title=Corporation of London Open Spaces |publisher=Ramblers.org.uk |accessdate=12 December 2011 |archive-date=2008-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232404/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=City o Lunnon|title= Green spaces|accessdate=27 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hampstead Heath incorporates [[Kenwood House]], the umwhile [[stately home]] an a popular location in the summer months whaur classical muisical concerts is held bi the lake, attracting thousans o fowk ilka weekend tae enjoy the muisic, scenery an fireworks.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_086&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|title=Kenwood House|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xs5EE?url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, includin moontain biking, walking, horse ridin, golf, anglin, an orienteerin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|title=Epping Forest|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Walking===
[[File:Carshalton 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Carshalton]] Ponds, on the [[Wandle Trail]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Sutton]]]]
[[Walking in Lunnon|Walking is a popular recreational activity in Lunnon]]. Areas that provide for walks include [[Wimbledon Common]], [[Epping Forest]], [[Hampton Court Park]], [[Hampstead Heath]], the aicht [[Royal Parks]], canals an disuised railway tracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|title=Inner London Ramblers - Walk Ideas|author=Phil Marson|work=innerLunnonramblers.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Access tae canals an rivers haes improved recently, includin the creation o the [[Thames Path]], some {{convert|28|mi|km}} o whilk is wiin [[Greater Lunnon]], an The [[Wandle Trail]]; this rins {{convert|12|mi|km}} throu [[South Lunnon]] alang the [[River Wandle]], a [[tributaries o the River Thames|tributary o the River Thames]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/wandle-trail|title=Wandle Trail - Map|work=Sustrans}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ither [[long distance path]]s, linkin green spaces, hae been creatit an aa, includin the [[Capital Ring]], the [[Green Chain Walk]], [[Lunnon Outer Orbital Path]] (&quot;Loop&quot;), [[Jubilee Walkway]], [[Lea Valley Walk]], an the [[Diana, Princess o Wales Memorial Walk]].&lt;ref&gt;Ideas for Lunnon walks frae the Inner Lunnon Walking Group&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sports===
{{Main|Sport in Lunnon}}
{{multiple image
 | align     = right
 | direction = vertical
 | image1    = Wembley Stadium interior.jpg
 | width1    = 225
 | caption1  = [[Wembley Stadium]], hame o the [[Ingland fitba team]], has a 90,000 capacity. It is the UK's mucklemaist stadium
 | alt1      = The interior o a empy stadium as viewed frae its upper tier o seatin. The seats is a vivid red an the pick is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible throuch a openin in the ceilin abuin the pick.
 | image2    = Twickenham Stadium - May 2012.jpg
 | width2    = 225
 | caption2  = [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], hame o the [[Ingland naitional rugby union team|Ingland rugby union team]], has an 82,000 capacity, the warld's lairgest rugby union stadium
 | alt2      = A rugby union stadium packed wi fans watchin a game
 | image3 = Centre Court, 28 March 2012.jpg
 | width3 = 225
 | caption3 = [[Centre Court]] at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. First played in 1877, the Championships is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html 125 years of Wimbledon: frae birth of lawn tennis tae modren marvels] CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
 | alt3 = Centre Court, Wimbledon
 | image4 = Lord's today.jpg
 | width4 = 225
 | caption4 = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] is widely referred tae as the &quot;hame o cricket&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=22 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | alt4 = A cricket ground during a game
}}

Lunnon haes hostit the [[Summer Olympic Gemmes|Simmer Olympics]] three times: in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], an [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_173&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|title=London 1908|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9wPnn?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lunnon_174&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|title=London 1948|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKBZHIo?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It wis chosen in Julie 2005 tae host the 2012 Olympics an [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], makin it the first ceety tae host the modren Gemmes three times.&lt;ref name=IOC/&gt; The ceety wis forby the host o the [[Commonweel Gemmes|Breetish Empire Gemmes]] in [[1934 Breetish Empire Gemmes|1934]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_175&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|title=England&amp;nbsp;— Introduction|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKDfTeZ?url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017 Lunnon hostit the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships in Athletics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |title=London Defeats Doha tae host 2017 International Athletics Championships |publisher=Gamesbids.com |accessdate=13 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lunnon's [[Sport in the Unitit Kinrick#Popularity|maist popular sport]] is [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] an it haes fourteen [[The Football League|League]] fitbaa clubs, includin sax in the [[Premier League]]: [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], an [[West Ham Unitit F.C.|West Ham United]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_176&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|title=TheFA.com&amp;nbsp;— Premier League|date=17 January 2004|work=The FA.com|publisher=The Football Association|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027030131/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|archivedate=2004-10-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Mey 2012, Chelsea becam the first Lunnon club tae win the [[UEFA Champions League]].

Frae 1924, the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] wis the hame o the [[Inglish naitional fitba team]].
It hostit the [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final]], wi Ingland defeatin Wast Germany, an serd as the venue for the [[FA Cup Final]] as weel as [[rugby league]]'s [[Challenge Cup]] final.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_178&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|title=Wembley Stadium History&amp;nbsp;— Official Website|publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limited.|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403102710/http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|archivedate=2008-04-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new [[Wembley Stadium]] sers exactly the same purposes an haes a capacity o 90,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wembley Stadium Facts an figurs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | title=Wembley Stadium&amp;nbsp;— Presspack&amp;nbsp;— Facts and Figures | publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limitit | accessdate=6 June 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516051636/http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 | journal= | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Five [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]] rugby union teams is based in Lunnon, ([[Lunnon Irish]], [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]], [[Lunnon Wasps|Wasps]], [[Lunnon Welsh]] an [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]), awbesit currently anly Harlequins an Saracens play thair hame gemmes wiin Greater Lunnon.&lt;ref name=Lunnon_177&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |title=Premiership Rugby: Clubs |publisher=Premier Rugby |accessdate=5 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKEiEV8?url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lunnon Scottish F.C.|Lunnon Scottish]] play in the [[RFU Championship]] club an ither rugby union clubs in the ceety include [[Richmond F.C.]], [[Rosslyn Park F.C.]], [[Westcombe Park R.F.C.]] an [[Blackheath F.C.]]. [[Twickenham Stadium]] in sooth-wast Lunnon is the naitional [[rugby union]] stadium, an haes a capacity o 82,000 nou that the new sooth staund haes been completit.&lt;ref name=&quot;musiccap&quot;&gt;{{Cite press release |publisher=Twickenham Rugby Stadium |title=RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007 |url=http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050620/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archivedate=2008-06-25 |date=3 October 2006 |ref=harv |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While [[rugby league]] is mair popular in the north o England, thare are twa professional rugby league clubs in Lunnon&amp;nbsp;– the seicont tier [[Rugby League National Championship 1|Championship One]] team the [[Lunnon Broncos]] wha play at [[The Hive Stadium|The Hive]] in [[Edgware]] an the third tier [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] team the [[Lunnon Skolars]] frae [[Wood Green]], [[Lunnon Borough o Haringey|Haringey]]; in addition, [[Hemel Stags]] frae [[Hemel Hempstead]] north o Lunnon play in League 1 an aa.

Ane o Lunnon's best-kent annual sports competitions is the [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Tennis Championships]], held at the [[All England Lawn Tennis an Croquet Club|All England Club]] in the sooth-wastren suburb o [[Wimbledon, Lunnon|Wimbledon]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_181&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423182334/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archivedate=2008-04-23|title=Wimbledon&amp;nbsp;— official website|publisher=The aw England Tennis an Croquet Club (AELTC)|accessdate=29 April 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Played in late Juin tae early Julie, it is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld, an widely considered the maist prestigious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer|work=The New York Times | date=7 May 2008| first=Christopher| last = Clarey| quote = Federer said[:] 'I love playing wi him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html?ref=tennis|accessdate = 17 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia| editor  = Will Kaufman &amp; Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson| encyclopedia = Britain an the Americas| title = Tennis|year = 2005 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| volume=1 : Culture, Politics, an History| isbn = 1-85109-431-8| page=958 |quote = this first tennis championship, whilk later evolved intae the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the warld's maist prestigious event.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=What Is The Most Prestigious Grand Slam Tennis Tournament?|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/05/30/what-is-the-most-prestigious-grand-slam-tennis-tournament/ |work=Forbes |location= New York |date= 30 May 2012 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |author=Burke, Monte}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cricket]] in Lunnon is served by twa [[Test cricket]] grunds [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]] (hame o [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex C.C.C.]]) in [[St John's Wood]]&lt;ref name=Lunnon_179&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|title=About Lord's—the home of cricket&amp;nbsp;— official website|year=2008|publisher=MCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKGCiA3?url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[the Oval]] (home o [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey C.C.C.]]) in [[Kennington]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_180&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|title=The Brit Oval&amp;nbsp;— Official Website|year=2008|publisher=Surrey CCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKH3JOW?url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lord's haes hostit fower finals o the [[Cricket World Cup]].

Ither key events is the annual mass-participation [[Lunnon Marathon]], in whilk some 35,000 runners attemp a {{convert|26.2|mi|km}} course aroond the ceety,&lt;ref name=Lunnon_182&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |title=Flora London Marathon 2008 |publisher=Lunnon Marathon Ltd |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426224024/http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |archivedate=2008-04-26 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an the [[The Boat Race|Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race]] on the [[River Thames]] atween [[Putney]] an [[Mortlake]].&lt;ref name=Lunnon_183&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |title=The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race&amp;nbsp;— Official Website |publisher=The Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKHGidM?url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sister ceities ==

== Twin ceeties ==
{{Main|Leet o twin touns in the Unitit Kinrick#Lunnon|l1=Leet o touns an ceeties twinned wi Lunnon}}

Thare 46 ither places on sax continents namit efter Lunnon. As weel as Lunnon's twinnin, the [[Lunnon burgh]]s hae [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinnins]] wi pairts o ither ceeties the warld ower. Shawn ablo is the leet o ceeties that the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] haes twinnin arrangements wi:
{|
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], Peru
* {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany
* {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie
* {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombie
|width=&quot;80&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* {{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]], Sooth Africae
* {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysie
* {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], Kuwait
* {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie
|width=&quot;80&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[New York Ceety]], Unitit States
* {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa
* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae
* {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran
|}
The follaein ceeties hiv a freendship greement wi Lunnon:
{|
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie
* {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan
* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae
* {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie
* {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae
|width=&quot;80&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie
* {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
* {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey
* {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Los Angeles]], Unitit States
* {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Mumbai]], Indie
|width=&quot;80&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* {{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce
* {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy
* {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie
* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan
* {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie
|}

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Commonscat|Lunnon}}

[[Category:Lunnon| ]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Ingland]]
[[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century]]</text>
      <sha1>fr57e0foif3xpcasvpbe7fy795ouh5w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haggis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869339</id>
      <parentid>864214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6136" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food
| name             = Haggis
| image            = Scotland Haggis.jpg
| image_size       = 275px
| imagesize        =
| caption          = Haggis displayed for sale
| alternate_name   = 
| national_cuisine = Scotland
| creator          = 
| type             = Pudden
| served           = 
| main_ingredient  = Sheep's [[offal|hert, liver and lichts]], an painch (or sassenger casing); [[ingan]], [[aitmael]], [[shuet]], spices
| variations       = 
| calories         = 
| other            = 
}}
[[Image:Haggis uncooked.jpg|thumb|an unceukit smaa haggis]]
[[Image:Haggis cooked.jpg|thumb|a ceukit smaa haggis]]
[[Image:Haggis content.jpg|thumb|content o a haggis]]

'''Haggis''' is a tradeetional [[Scotland|Scots]] dish.  It is a wechtie pudden tradeetionally served wi chappit [[neeps]] an [[tatties]].

Altho the'r monie recipes, some uisin [[deer]] [[emmledeug]], for ordinar it's makkit wi the follaein ingredients: sheep's [[hert]], [[liver]], an [[buffs|lichts]], minced wi [[ingan]], [[aitmael]], [[shuet]], [[spice]]s, an [[edible saut|saut]], mixt wi [[bree]] an tradeetionally byled in the beast's [[painch]] for several hoors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Montagné|first=Prosper|title=Larousse Gastronomique|year=2001|page=592}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is amang the maist muckle kinds o [[sassenger]]. The'r receipts athoot maet an aa, speceifically for [[vegetarian]]s, that tastes gey seimilar tae the maet-based receipts.

In some weys, the nor-aestren [[Unitit States|US]] dish [[scrapple]] is lik haggis, but haggis differs in the follaein weys: it uises sheep emmledeug insteid o swine emmledeug an aitmael insteid o [[cornmael]] (maize); it is a sassenger raither nor a maet laif; an it is byled insteid o bein bakkit.  Acause o this, the leuk an the gust differs seegnificant.

==History an popularity==
Haggis is tradeitionally sert wi the [[Burns supper]] on [[25 Januar|25t Januar]], whan [[Scotland]]'s naitional poet, [[Robert Burns]], is commemorate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Burns Night &amp; Haggis|url=https://www.haggisuk.co.uk/burns-night|access-date=2022-03-21|website=www.haggisuk.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrate the poem ''[[Address to the Haggis|Address tae a Haggis]]'', stertin &quot;Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face, Great chieftain o' the puddin-race! Aboon them a' ye tak your place....&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Address to a Haggis by Robert Burns|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/address-haggis/|access-date=2022-03-21|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In Burns' lifetime haggis wis a popular dish for the puir, syne it made uiss o pairts o a sheep that wad ithergates hae been wastit.

Haggis is widely available in [[supermercat]]s in Scotland the hail year aboot, an the cheaper brands is for ordinar stappit intae artifeicial casins, raither nor painches, juist lik the cheaper brands o sassengers isna stappit intae ainimal thairms ony mair. Whiles it is selt in tins, an ye juist microwave it or uin-bak it. Some supermercat haggis is maistlie made frae swine's, raither nor sheep's, emmledeug. Forby, aamaist aa Scots [[fish an chips]] shops will sell thair customers a haggis supper, a smaa aesome portion o haggis doukit intae batter an deep fried wi chips; it gies a het, fillin, hie-energy mael for a cauld winter's day.

==Variants==
The'r [[fast-fuid]] shops that sells haggis burgers an aa, a patty o fried haggis on a bap. An thare vegetarian an curry variants that been makkit an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kohli |first1=Hardeep Singh |title=How to really make an impression with curry: Haggis Vindaloo |url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news/how-to-really-make-an-impression-with-curry-haggis-vindaloo-19058 |access-date=22 October 2020 |work=The New European |publisher=Archant Community Media Ltd |date=23 June 2017 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026194817/https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news/how-to-really-make-an-impression-with-curry-haggis-vindaloo-19058 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Orra facts an popular cultur==
Syne monie kintras' fuid saufty laws ootlaws some o the ingredients in haggis (for examplar, [[Unitit States]] law forbids the sale o onie ainimal's lichts for human consumption), expatriate Scots an Scots descendants&lt;!--richt?--&gt; owerseas haes been kent tae engage in haggis smugglin for tae obtein richt Scots haggis.

Haggis is a funny subject for monie fowk. Thaim that speirs at a Scotsman for wittins aboot is rarely gien a straucht anser. A common &quot;anser&quot; tae the speir &quot;Whit is a haggis?&quot; aften gaes lik this: &quot;A haggis is a smaa fower-leggit Scots Hieland craitur that haes its lims on the tae side shorter nor the tither.  This means that it is weel adaptit tae rinnin aboot the braes at a steady altitude, athoot aither gaun up or doun. Houaniver a haggis can be eith keppit bi rinnin aboot the brae conter gates.&quot; (See [[wild haggis]].) Surpreisinly the humorous myth is believed bi monie tourists; syne thay are scunnert tae hear the trowth.

Forby thon haggis is uised in a sport cryed [[haggis hurlin]], thrawin a haggis sae faur as possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-10-03|title=Lorne is haggis world record-breaker - Local Headlines - Milngavie Herald|url=http://www.milngavieherald.co.uk/news/local-headlines/lorne_is_haggis_world_record_breaker_1_1689505|access-date=2022-03-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2011-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003003301/http://www.milngavieherald.co.uk/news/local-headlines/lorne_is_haggis_world_record_breaker_1_1689505|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Warld Record for Haggis Hurlin haes been hauden bi Alan Pettigrew for mair nor 18 year. He threw a 1&amp;nbsp;lb 8 oz haggis a stoondin 180 feet 10&amp;nbsp;inch on the island o [[Inchmurrin]] on [[Loch Lomond]] in Augist [[1984]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==See an aa==
[[Portal:Scotland]]

== Fremmit airtins ==
*[[:en:s:Address to a Haggis|Robert Burns' &quot;Address tae a Haggis&quot;]]

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Scots sausages]]
[[Category:Breetish puddings]]
[[Category:Offal]]
[[Category:Scots cuisine]]
[[Category:Meat dishes]]</text>
      <sha1>4q70wj8b9czly9vcqvybis17ncz0lws</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>24 September</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869237</id>
      <parentid>841323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FMSky</username>
        <id>83941</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>same in better quality ([[Commons:Commons:GlobalReplace|GlobalReplace v0.6.5]])</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5539" xml:space="preserve">{{Days in September}}

The '''24t o September''' is the 267t day o the year (268t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 98 days bidin.

== Events ==
[[File:Mescidi nebevi.JPG|thumb|165px|right|[[622]]: [[Medina]]]]
[[File:Devils Tower CROP.jpg|thumb|165px|right|[[1906]]: Devil's Tower, [[Wyoming]]]]
[[File:Barcelona 309.JPG|thumb|165px|right|[[1957]]: [[Camp Nou]] Stadium in [[Barcelona]]]]
* [[622]] - The Prophet [[Muhammad]], founder o [[Islam]], completes his Hijra (pilgrimage) frae [[Mecca]] tae [[Medina]] in present-day [[Saudi Arabie]].
* [[1724]] - The [[Paris]] Stock Exchange opens.
* [[1834]] - Daith o [[Pedro I o Brazil]].
* [[1853]] - [[Fraunce]] taks control o [[New Caledon]].
* [[1906]] - Devil's Tower in [[Wyoming]] becomes the first Naitional Monument o the [[Unitit States]].
* [[1948]] - The car company [[Honda]] is foondit.
* [[1957]] - In [[Barcelona]], the [[Camp Nou]] Stadium, hame o [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] Fitbaa Club, opens.
* [[1968]] - [[Swaziland]] jyns the [[Unitit Naitions]].
* [[1973]] - [[Guinea-Bissau]] in Wast Africae declares unthirldom frae [[Portugal]].
* [[1993]] - Restoration o [[Cambodie]]'s monarchy.
* [[2005]] - [[Hurricane]] Rita hits the [[Texas]]-[[Louisiana]] mairch, killin 100 fowk.
* [[2008]] - [[Taro Aso]] becomes [[Prime meenister]] o [[Japan]].
* [[2013]] - [[2013 Pakistan yirdquauk]]: A [[yirdquauk]] hits [[Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]], killin 825, and creatin a temporary isle aff its coast.
* [[2015]] - A stampede at the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage in [[Saudi Arabie]] kills ower 700 fowk.
* [[2016]] - [[Jeremy Corbyn]] defeats a challenge bi [[Owen Smith]] tae his leadership o the Breetish [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]].
* [[2017]] - [[Germany|German]] Federal Election: [[Angela Merkel]]'s [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU an CSU]] remains the lairgest pairty, but its vote drops tae 33%. The [[Social Democratic Pairty o Germany|SPD]] scores anly 21%. The richt-wing [[Alternative for Germany]] enters the [[Bundestag]] for the first time.
* [[2019]] - Aw 11 juidges at the [[Supreme Coort o the Unitit Kinrick]] decide that the prorogation o pairlament bi [[Boris Johnson]] is unlawful, declarin it null an void.
* [[2019]] - The Supreme Coort o [[Spain]] rules that the remains o General [[Francisco Franco]] should be moved awa frae the Valley o the Fallen.
* [[2019]] - The [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democrats]] launch impeachment proceedins agin US Preses [[Donald Trump]] ower a phone conversation in which he is said tae hae pressured Ukrainian Preses [[Volodymyr Zelensky]] tae investigate the son o [[Joe Biden]].

== Births ==
[[File:Jim Henson (1989) headshot (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Jim Henson]]]]
[[File:Ally McCoist 1994.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Ally McCoist]]]]
* [[15]] - [[Vitellius]], Roman Emperor (d. [[69]])
* [[1501]] - [[Gerolamo Cardano]], Italian mathemateecian, pheesicist an astrologer (d. [[1576]])
* [[1717]] - [[Horace Walpole]], Inglis writer, historian an politeecian (d. [[1797]])
* [[1860]] - [[Samuel Rutherford Crockett]], [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[Novelle|novellist]] (d. [[1914]])
* [[1880]] - [[Ismet Inonu]], [[Preses]] o [[Turkey]] (d. [[1973]])
* [[1887]] - [[Victor Hope, 2nt Marquess o Lithgae]], Scots politeecian an colonial admeenistrator (d. [[1952]])
* [[1896]] - [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], American writer (d. [[1940]])
* [[1901]] - [[David Carnegie, 11t Yerl o Northesk]], Scots peer (d. [[1963]])
* [[1902]] - [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], Supreme Leader o Iran (d. [[1989]])
* [[1905]] - [[Severo Ochoa]], Spaingie scientist (d. [[1993]])
* [[1911]] - [[Konstantin Chernenko]], Soviet politeecian (d. [[1985]])
* [[1911]] - [[Jimmy Smith (fitbawer, born 1911)|Jimmy Smith]], Scots fitbawer (d. [[2005]])
* [[1930]] - [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]], American astronaut (d. [[2018]])
* [[1931]] - [[Elizabeth Blackadder]], Scots penter an prentmakker
* [[1936]] - [[Jim Henson]], American puppeteer, director an filmmaker (d. [[1990]])
* [[1941]] - [[Linda McCartney]], American photographer, muisicker an activist (d. [[1998]])
* [[1948]] - [[Phil Hartman]], Canadian actor (d. [[1998]])
* [[1954]] - [[Marco Tardelli]], Italian fitbawer
* [[1958]] - [[Murdo MacLeod]], Scots fitbawer
* [[1962]] - [[Ally McCoist]], Scots fitbawer
* [[1962]] - [[Nia Vardalos]], Canadian actress
* [[1970]] - [[Gary McSwegan]], Scots fitbawer
* [[1971]] - [[Craig Burley]], Scots fitbawer
* [[1980]] - [[Dougie Hall]], Scots rugby union player
* [[1980]] - [[John Arne Riise]], Norwegian fitbawer
* [[1988]] - [[Birgit Sarrap]], Estonie sangster
* [[1992]] - [[Jack Sock]], American tennis player

== Daiths ==
* [[1143]] - [[Pape Innocent II]]
* [[1180]] - [[Manuel I Komnenos]], Byzantine Emperor (b. [[1118]])
* [[1541]] - [[Paracelsus]], Swiss polymath (b. [[1493]])
* [[1834]] - [[Pedro I o Brazil]] (b. [[1798]])
* [[1904]] - [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]], Faroese medicinar (b. [[1860]])
* [[1920]] - [[Peter Carl Fabergé]], Roushie jeweller (b. [[1846]])
* [[1945]] - [[Hans Geiger]], German pheesicist (b. [[1882]])
* [[1983]] - [[Isobel Baillie]], Scots soprano (b. [[1895]])
* [[1991]] - [[Dr. Seuss]], American writer (b. [[1904]])
* [[2018]] - [[Jim Brogan (fitbawer)|Jim Brogan]], Scots fitbawer (b. [[1944]])

== Halidays ==
[[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|thumb|140px|right|Banner o [[Guinea-Bissau]]]]
* Naitional Day o [[New Caledon]]
* Mahidol Day ([[Thailand]])
* Independence Day ([[Guinea-Bissau]])
* Armed Forces Day ([[Peru]])

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Days o the year]]</text>
      <sha1>oycup08f4abbvgy1ogbg4wgy52ycuh9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Linnaeus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869297</id>
      <parentid>850789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:03:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3098" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Carolus Linnaeus.jpg|right|thumb|A pictur o Carolus Linnaeus]]
'''Carl Linnaeus''', kent as as '''Carl von Linné''' aifter his [[nobility|ennoblement]] an aw ({{Audio|sv-Carl_von_Linné.ogg|listen}}), an him that wrat unner the [[Laitin]] name '''Carolus Linnaeus''' ([[23 Mey]], [[1707]] – [[10 Januar]], [[1778]]), wis a [[Swaden|Swaddish]] [[botanist]] that laid the foonds for the modren scheme o [[taxonomy]]. He is conseidered ane o the faithers o modren [[ecology]] an aa (see [[Ecology (history)|History o ecology]]).

== See an aw &lt;!-- Why's ye screiven owre forbye? --&gt; ==
* [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]]. Linnaeus's son, cried Carl Linnaeus, an anither botanist forby, is aften cried sae for tae disteinguish him frae his faither.
* [[Linnean Society o Lunnon]]
* [[Linnaeus Arboretum]]
* [[Daniel Solander]]
* [[Jonas C. Dryander]]
* [[Pehr Kalm]]
* [[Carl Peter Thunberg]]
* [[Frederik Hasselquist]]
* [[Peter Artedi]]

== Fremmit airtins ==
* [http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/LTeng.html Linnaeus Botanical Gairden]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170402/http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/LTeng.html |date=2014-04-13 }}
* [http://www.systbot.uu.se/history/linnaeus.html Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223211657/http://www.systbot.uu.se/history/linnaeus.html |date=2005-12-23 }} at the Department o Systematic Botany, [[Uppsala Varsity|Varsity o Uppsala]]
* [http://www.linnean.org/html/history/linnaeus_biography.htm Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031202195306/http://www.linnean.org/html/history/linnaeus_biography.htm |date=2003-12-02 }} at The Linnean Associe o Lunnon
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html Biography] at the Varsity o Californie Museum o Paleontology

{{Commonscat|Carl von Linné}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Linnaeus, Carl}}
[[Category:1707 births]]
[[Category:1778 daiths]]
[[Category:18t-century Laitin-leid writers]]
[[Category:18t-century Swadish physeecians]]
[[Category:Arachnologists]]
[[Category:Botanical nomenclatur]]
[[Category:Botanists active in Europe]]
[[Category:Bryologists]]
[[Category:Buirials at Uppsala Cathedral]]
[[Category:Carl Linnaeus| ]]
[[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]]
[[Category:Historical defineetions o race]]
[[Category:Members o the Proushie Academy o Sciences]]
[[Category:Members o the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Älmhult Municipality]]
[[Category:Phycologists]]
[[Category:Pteridologists]]
[[Category:Swadish autobiografers]]
[[Category:Swadish biologists]]
[[Category:Swadish botanists]]
[[Category:Swadish entomologists]]
[[Category:Swadish Lutherans]]
[[Category:Swadish mammalogists]]
[[Category:Swadish mycologists]]
[[Category:Swadish nobility|Linne, Carl von]]
[[Category:Swadish ornithologists]]
[[Category:Swadish taxonomists]]
[[Category:Varsity o Harderwijk alumni]]
[[Category:Uppsala Varsity alumni]]
[[Category:Uppsala Varsity faculty]]
[[Category:Botanists wi author abbreviations]]
[[Category:Knichts o the Order o the Polar Starn]]
[[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Swadish East Indie Company]]</text>
      <sha1>jw1zizagb0dqvhdiiv5kot6ej84w1eb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>James Clerk Maxwell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869348</id>
      <parentid>861122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9082" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
|name=James Clerk Maxwell
|image=James Clerk Maxwell.png
|image caption=James Clerk Maxwell
|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1831|6|13}}
|birth_place=[[Edinburgh]]
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1879|11|5|1831|6|13}}
|death_place=[[Cambridge]]
|resting place=Parton, Kirkcudbrightshire
|resting place coordinates={{coord|55.006693|-4.039210|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|signature=James Clerk Maxwell sig.svg}}

'''James Clerk Maxwell''' ([[13 Juin]] [[1831]] – [[5 November]] 1879) wis a Scots [[pheesics|physicist]], born in [[Edinburgh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2008-04-29|title=Sonnet Software- James Clerk Maxwell Biography|url=http://www.sonnetusa.com/bio/maxwell.asp|access-date=2022-01-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2008-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201524/http://www.sonnetusa.com/bio/maxwell.asp|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maxwell developit a set o equations expressin the basic laws o eletric an magnetism&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maxwell's Equations|url=https://www.maxwells-equations.com/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.maxwells-equations.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; as weel as the [[Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution|Maxwell distribution]] in the [[kinetic theory]] o gases&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|title=Kinetic Theory -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics|url=https://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/KineticTheory.html|access-date=2022-01-21|website=scienceworld.wolfram.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[File:James Clerk Maxwell Statue Equations.jpg|center|thumb|Maxwell's Equations (on statue)]]
He wis the last member o a cadet brainch o the weel-kent Scots faimlie o Clerk o [[Penicuik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-02-10|title=The Maxwell at Glenlair Trust|url=http://www.glenlair.org.uk/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Glenlair|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis eddicatit at [[Edinburgh Academy]] than the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]], and [[Varsity o Cambridge|Cambridge]]. He taucht at [[Marischal College]], Aiberdeen and Keeng's College, London, and the Varsity o Cambridge. He wis eleckit tae the Ryal Society in 1866, but wisnae gien ony Scots awards or honours whan alive.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He dee'd on 5 November 1879, and is buirit at Parton, Kirkcudbrightshire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Maxwell is aften thocht on as the scientist o the 1800s that haed the maist influence on the physics o the 1900s, makkin contreibutions tae the basic models o naitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=James Clerk Maxwell {{!}} Biography &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Clerk-Maxwell|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[1931]], on the centennial anniversar o Maxwell's birth, [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] descrieved Maxwell's wark as the &quot;''maist profound an the maist fruitfu that physics haes experienced syne the time o [[Isaac Newton|Newton]].''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Algebraic mathematics wi elements o geometry is a featur o a hantle o Maxwell's wark. Maxwell shawed that eletric an magnetic forces is twa complementar aspecks o eletromagnetism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|title=Maxwell, James (1831-1879) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography|url=https://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Maxwell.html|access-date=2022-01-21|website=scienceworld.wolfram.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He shawed that eletric an [[magnetic field]]s traivels throu space, in the form o waves, at a steady [[speed o licht|velocity]] o 3.0 × 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; m/s. He proponed forby that [[licht]] wis a form o [[eletromagnetic radiation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Maxwell|first=James Clerk|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/685358|title=A treatise on electricity and magnetism.|date=1954|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-60636-8|edition=Unabridged 3rd ed|volume=1|location=[New York]|oclc=685358}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Maxwell|first=James Clerk|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/685358|title=A treatise on electricity and magnetism.|date=1954|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-60636-8|edition=Unabridged 3rd ed|volume=2|location=[New York]|oclc=685358}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The scienteific compound derived [[CGS]] unit meisurin [[magnetic]] [[flux]] (aften shortent til ''f''), the [[maxwell]] (Mx), is named in his honour. A reenge o muntains on [[Venus (planet)|Venus]], Maxwell Montes, is named efter him, as weel as the [[James Clerk Maxwell Telescope]], the mucklest sub-mm astronomical prospect in the warld, wi a diameter o 15 metres, whit wis 30 year auld in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=Ian|last2=Holland|first2=Wayne S.|last3=Friberg|first3=Per|title=Celebrating 30 years of science from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.170754|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=4|issue=9|pages=170754|doi=10.1098/rsos.170754|pmc=PMC5627115|pmid=28989775}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:JCMB Edinburgh.jpg|left|thumb|147x147px|JCMB building, Varsity o Edinburgh]]
A  science biggin at the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]] is named efter him, kent as the JCMB biggin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=James Clerk Maxwell Building (JCMB)|url=https://www.ph.ed.ac.uk/about/finding-us/james-clerk-maxwell-building-jcmb|access-date=2022-01-21|website=School of Physics and Astronomy|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007 a new science biggin at Edinburgh Academy wis named efter him an haed his equations carvit intae the lobby waw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Edinburgh Academy – KJ Tait Engineers|url=https://kjtait.com/portfolio/edinburgh-academy/|access-date=2022-01-21|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, a fou-size statue o him wis pitten up in George Street, [[Edinburgh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Edinburgh, George Street, James Clerk Maxwell Statue {{!}} Canmore|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/306312/edinburgh-george-street-james-clerk-maxwell-statue|access-date=2022-01-21|website=canmore.org.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:James Clerk Maxwell Statue on George Street - geograph.org.uk - 1612619.jpg|left|thumb|James Clerk Maxwell statue, George Street, Edinburgh]]

== Fremmit airtins ==
* Campbell, Lewis, &quot;''[http://www.sonnetusa.com/bio/maxwell.asp The Life of James Clerk Maxwell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201524/http://www.sonnetusa.com/bio/maxwell.asp |date=2008-04-29 }}''&quot;. 1882. [Digital Preservation]
* Maxwell, James Clerk, &quot;''A Treatise on Electricity &amp; Magnetism''&quot;. Dover Publications, New York. 1873. ISBN 0-486-60636-8 (Vol. 1) ISBN 0-486-60637-6 (Vol. 2)
* Jack, Peter Michael, &quot;''[http://www.hypercomplex.com/research/emgrav/hypcx-p20001015.html Maxwell-equations: A Brief Note]''&quot;. Physical space as a quaternion structur - I.
* [http://www.glenlair.org.uk Glenlair Today]
* [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Maxwell.html Wolfram Research's Maxwell]
* [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Maxwell.html MacTutor's Maxwell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050823063743/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Maxwell.html |date=2005-08-23 }}
* [http://www.thecore.nus.edu.sg/landow/victorian/science/maxwell1.html Victorian Web's Maxwell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102092830/http://www.thecore.nus.edu.sg/landow/victorian/science/maxwell1.html |date=2005-11-02 }}
* [http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/Maxwell/maxwell.html Maxwell and the Christian Proposition]
* [http://39.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MAXWELL_JAMES_CLERK.htm 1911 ''Britannica Maxwell'']
* [http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/ The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation] Includin a virtual tour o the museum.

{{Commonscat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maxwell, James Clerk}}
[[Category:James Clerk Maxwell| ]]
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1879 daiths]]
[[Category:19t-century Breetish mathematicians]]
[[Category:19t-century physicists]]
[[Category:19t-century Scots fowk]]
[[Category:Academics o King's College London]]
[[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Aiberdeen]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni o Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Buirials in Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Ingland]]
[[Category:Colour scientists]]
[[Category:Daiths frae painch cancer]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Edinburgh Academy]]
[[Category:Elders o the Kirk o Scotland]]
[[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]]
[[Category:Fellaes o Keeng's College Lunnon]]
[[Category:Fowk associatit wi electricity]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Optical pheesicists]]
[[Category:Scots Presbyterians]]
[[Category:Scots evangelicals]]
[[Category:Scots Engineering Haw o Fame]]
[[Category:Scots Science Haw o Fame]]
[[Category:Scots inventors]]
[[Category:Scots mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scots physicists]]
[[Category:Seicont Wranglers]]
[[Category:Breetish textbeuk writers]]
[[Category:Thermodynamicists]]
[[Category:Mathematical pheesicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical pheesicists]]
[[Category:Magneteecians]]


{{Stub/Scotland}}
{{Stub/Scieence}}

== Soorces ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>s1cyw36sqjz7pzn13it55rsp56adfpx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yird</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869253</id>
      <parentid>865960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:57:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24029" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Infobox planet
&lt;!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    This infobox has been formatted in the same way as those for other Solar System
    planets and bodies, so please do not change it without discussion on the talkpage.
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
| bgcolour  = #c0c0ff
| name      = Yird
| symbol    = [[File:Earth symbol (bold).svg|24px|🜨]]
| image     = [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|260px|border]]
| caption   = ''[[The Blue Marble]]'' photograph o Yird, taken during the [[Apollo 17]] lunar mission in 1972
| alt_names = 
| epoch         = [[J2000.0|J2000]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;epoch&quot;/&gt;
| aphelion      = {{convert|152100000|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;apsis&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| perihelion    = {{convert|147095000|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;apsis&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| semimajor     = {{convert|149598023|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=VSOP87&gt;{{cite journal |title=Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=282 |issue=2 |pages=663–683 |date=February 1994 |last1=Simon |first1=J.L. |last2=Bretagnon |first2=P. |last3=Chapront |first3=J. |last4=Chapront-Touzé |first4=M. |last5=Francou |first5=G. |last6=Laskar |first6=J. |bibcode=1994A&amp;A...282..663S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| eccentricity  = {{val|0.0167086}}&lt;ref name=&quot;VSOP87&quot;/&gt;
| period        = {{convert|365.256363004|d|years|comma=gaps|abbr=on|lk=out|disp=x|&lt;ref name=IERS&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |date=7 August 2007 |url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html |title=Useful Constants |publisher=[[International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service]] |accessdate=23 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| avg_speed     = {{convert|29.78|km/s|km/h mph|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=David R. |date=1 September 2004 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NASA |accessdate=6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| mean_anomaly  = {{val|358.617|u=°}}
| inclination   = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{val|7.155|u=°}} tae the [[Sun]]'s [[equator]]; |{{val|1.57869|u=°}}&lt;ref name=Allen294&gt;{{cite book |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |last1=Allen |first1=Clabon Walter |last2=Cox |first2=Arthur N. |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |isbn=0-387-98746-0 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA294 |page=294 |accessdate=13 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; tae [[invariable plane]]; |{{val|0.00005|u=°}} tae J2000 [[ecliptic]]}}
| asc_node      = {{val|-11.26064|u=°}}&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt; tae J2000 ecliptic
| arg_peri      = {{val|114.20783|u=°}}&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;
| satellites    =
 {{unbulleted list
  | 1 naitural satellite: the [[Muin]]
  | 5 [[quasi-satellite]]s
  | &gt;1&amp;thinsp;400 operational [[airtifeecial satellite]]s&lt;ref name=ucs&gt;{{cite web |title=UCS Satellite Database |date=11 August 2016 |work=Nuclear Weapons &amp; Global Security |publisher=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]] |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |accessdate=6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | &gt;16&amp;thinsp;000 [[space debris]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;space_debris&quot;/&gt;
 }}
| allsatellites = yes
| physical_characteristics = yes
| mean_radius   = {{convert|6371.0|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=hbcp2000&gt;{{cite book |author=Various |editor=David R. Lide |date=2000 |title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |edition=81st |publisher=CRC |isbn=0-8493-0481-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| equatorial_radius = {{convert|6378.1|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=usno&gt;{{cite web |title=Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011 |work=The Astronomical Almanac |url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826043456/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt |archivedate=26 August 2013 |accessdate=25 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WGS-84&quot;/&gt;
| polar_radius  = {{convert|6356.8|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=cazenave_ahrens1995&gt;{{cite book |first1=Anny |last1=Cazenave |authorlink=Anny Cazenave |editor=Ahrens, Thomas J |date=1995 |title=Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants |publisher=American Geophysical Union |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0-87590-851-9 |chapter-url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016024803/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf |archivedate=16 October 2006 |accessdate=3 August 2008 |chapter-format=PDF |chapter=Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| flattening    = {{val|0.0033528}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IERS2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |accessdate=29 April 2016 |author=International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group |chapter=General Definitions and Numerical Standards |chapter-url=http://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32_009.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1 |editor-first=Dennis D. |editor-last=McCarthy |editor2-first=Gérard |editor2-last=Petit |url=http://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1 |title=IERS Conventions (2003) |publisher=Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie |work=IERS Technical Note No. 32 |year=2004 |format=PDF |location=Frankfurt am Main |page=12 |isbn=3-89888-884-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1/{{val|298.257222101}} ([[ETRS89]])
| circumference =
 {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap
  | {{convert|40075.017|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;[[equator]]ial (|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WGS-84&quot;&gt;[[World Geodetic System]] (''WGS-84''). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311023739/https://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ |date=2020-03-11 }} frae [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]].&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{convert|40007.86|km|mi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;[[meridional]] (|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WGS-84-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first1=Sigurd |last1=Humerfelt |date=26 October 2010 |title=How WGS 84 defines Earth |url=http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html |accessdate=29 April 2011 |archive-date=2011-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424104419/http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;Earth's [[circumference]] is almost exactly 40,000 km because the metre was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.&lt;/ref&gt;
 }}
| surface_area  =
 {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap
  | {{convert|510072000|km2|sqmi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Pidwirny 2006_8&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pidwirny |first1=Michael |date=2 February 2006 |title=Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1) |publisher=University of British Columbia, Okanagan |url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html |accessdate=26 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cia&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |date=24 July 2008 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |title=World |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=5 August 2008 |archive-date=2010-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;surfacecover&quot;/&gt;
  | {{convert|148940000|km2|sqmi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| laund &lt;small&gt;(|; 29.2%)&lt;/small&gt;}}
  | {{convert|361132000|km2|sqmi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| watter &lt;small&gt;(|; 70.8%)&lt;/small&gt;}}
 }}
| volume        = [[Vollum o the Yird|{{val|1.08321|e=12|u=km3}}]] &lt;small&gt;({{val|2.59876|e=11|u=cu mi}})&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;
| mass          = {{val|5.97237|e=24|u=kg}} &lt;small&gt;({{val|1.31668|e=25|u=lb}})&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Luzum2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Luzum |first1=Brian |last2=Capitaine |first2=Nicole |last3=Fienga |first3=Agnès |last4=Folkner |first4=William |last5=Fukushima |first5=Toshio |last6=Hilton |first6=James |last7=Hohenkerk |first7=Catherine |last8=Krasinsky |first8=George |last9=Petit |first9=Gérard |last10=Pitjeva |first10=Elena |last11=Soffel |first11=Michael |last12=Wallace |first12=Patrick |display-authors=5 |title=The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: The report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |volume=110 |issue=4 |date=August 2011 |pages=293–304 |bibcode=2011CeMDA.110..293L |doi=10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;({{val|3.0|e=-6|ul=solar mass}})&lt;/small&gt;
| density       = {{convert|5.514|g/cm3|lb/cuin|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;
| surface_grav  = {{convert|9.807|m/s2|ft/s2|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x| &lt;small&gt;([[Gravity of Earth|{{val|1|u=''g''}}]]; |)&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf |title=The international system of units (SI) |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]], [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] Special Publication 330 |edition=2008 |page=52 |access-date=2017-05-06 |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603215953/http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| moment_of_inertia_factor = 0.3307&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams1994&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=James G. |title=Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=108 |date=1994 |page=711 |issn=0004-6256 |doi=10.1086/117108 |bibcode=1994AJ....108..711W}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| escape_velocity = {{convert|11.186|km/s|km/h mph|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| sidereal_day  = {{longitem|{{val|0.99726968|u=d}}&lt;ref name=Allen296&gt;{{cite book |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |last1=Allen |first1=Clabon Walter |last2=Cox |first2=Arthur N. |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |isbn=0-387-98746-0 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA296 |page=296 |accessdate=17 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(23h&amp;nbsp;56m&amp;nbsp;4.100s)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| rot_velocity  = {{convert|1674.4|km/h|km/s km/h mph|order=out|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor=Arthur N. Cox |title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities |url=https://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&amp;pg=PA244 |edition=4th |date=2000 |publisher=AIP Press |location=New York |isbn=0-387-98746-0 |page=244 |accessdate=17 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| axial_tilt    = {{val|23.4392811|u=°}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IERS&quot;/&gt;
| albedo        = {{ublist|class=nowrap |0.367 [[Geometric albedo|geometric]]&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt; |0.306 [[Bond albedo|Bond]]&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;}}
| atmosphere    = yes
| temperatures  = yes
| temp_name1    = [[Kelvin]]
| min_temp_1    = 184&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=asu_lowest_temp&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-lowest-temperature |title=World: Lowest Temperature |work=[[WMO]] Weather and Climate Extremes Archive |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |accessdate=6 September 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| mean_temp_1   = 288&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=kinver20091210&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8406839.stm |title=Global average temperature may hit record level in 2010 |last1=Kinver |first1=Mark |date=10 December 2009 |work=[[BBC Online]] |accessdate=22 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| max_temp_1    = 330&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=asu_highest_temp&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-temperature |title=World: Highest Temperature |work=[[WMO]] Weather and Climate Extremes Archive |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |accessdate=6 September 2020|language=en|df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| temp_name2    = Celsius
| min_temp_2    = −89.2&amp;nbsp;°C
| mean_temp_2   = 15&amp;nbsp;°C
| max_temp_2    = 56.7&amp;nbsp;°C
| temp_name3    = Fahrenheit
| min_temp_3    = −128.5&amp;nbsp;°F
| mean_temp_3   = 59&amp;nbsp;°F
| max_temp_3    = 134&amp;nbsp;°F
| surface_pressure = {{val|101.325|ul=kPa}} (at [[Sea level|MSL]])
| atmosphere_composition =
 {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap
  | 78.08% [[nitrogen]] (N{{smallsub|2}}; dry air)&lt;ref name=&quot;earth_fact_sheet&quot;/&gt;
  | 20.95% [[oxygen]] (O{{smallsub|2}})
  | 0.930% [[argon]]
  | 0.0402% [[carbon dioxide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/#mlo |author=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |website=[[Earth System Research Laboratory]] |title=Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |date=8 November 2016 |access-date=3 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | ~&amp;nbsp;1% [[watter vapor]] &lt;small&gt;([[climate]]-variable)&lt;/small&gt;
 }}
| note = no
}}
'''Yird''', itherwise kent as the '''Warld''' or the '''Globe''', is the third [[planet]] frae the [[Sun]] an the anerly object in the  universe  kent tae herbour life.  It is the densest planet in the [[Solar Seestem]] an the lairgest o the fower [[terrestrial planet]]s.

Accordin tae [[radiometric datin]] an ither soorces o evidence, Yird [[Age o the Yird|formed]] aboot 4.54 [[bya|billion years aby]].&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS1997&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=1997 |title=Age of the Earth |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |accessdate=6 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829125352/https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html |archivedate=29 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Dalrymple |first=G. Brent |title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved |journal=Special Publications, Geological Society of London |date=2001 |volume=190 |issue=1 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 |bibcode=2001GSLSP.190..205D}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Manhesa, Gérard |author2=Allègre, Claude J. |author3=Dupréa, Bernard |author4=Hamelin, Bruno |last-author-amp=yes |title=Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1980-05_47_3/page/370 |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |date=1980 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=370–382 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2 |bibcode=1980E&amp;PSL..47..370M}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gravity o Yird|Yird's gravity]] interacts wi ither objects in space, especially the Sun an the [[Muin]], Yird's anerly [[naitural satellite]]. In ane [[Yird's orbit|orbit aroond the Sun]], Yird [[Yird's rotation|rotates aboot its axis]] ower 365 times; sicweys, an Yird [[year]] is aboot 365.26 days lang.&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;sidereal_solar&quot;/&gt; Yird's axis o rotation is tilted, producin [[saison|saisonal variations]] on the planet's surface.&lt;ref name=yoder1995&gt;{{cite book |last1=Yoder |first1=Charles F. |editor=T. J. Ahrens |date=1995 |chapter=Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of Earth and the Solar System |chapter-url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/4_yoder.pdf |chapter-format=PDF |title=Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants |publisher=American Geophysical Union |location=Washington |isbn=0-87590-851-9 |page=8 |access-date=2017-05-06 |archive-date=2009-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707224616/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/4_yoder.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[gravity|gravitational interaction]] atween the Yird an Muin causes [[Tide|ocean tides]], stabilizes the Yird's orientation on its axis, an gradually slaws its rotation.&lt;ref name=aaa428_261&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Laskar |first1=J. |last2=Robutel |first2=P. |last3=Joutel |first3=F. |last4=Gastineau |first4=M. |last5=Correia |first5=A.C.M. |last6=Levrard |first6=B. |title=A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=2004 |volume=428 |issue=1 |pages=261–85 |bibcode=2004A&amp;A...428..261L |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041335}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lithosphere#Yird's lithosphere|Yird's lithosphere]] is dividit intae several rigid [[Plate tectonics|tectonic plates]] that migrate athort the surface ower periods o mony millions o years. Aboot 71% o Yird's surface is [[Watter distribution on Yird|covered wi watter]], maistly bi its [[ocean]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.noaa.gov/oceans-coasts |author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Ocean |website=NOAA.gov |accessdate=6 September 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The remeenin 29% is [[Laund#History o laund on Yird|laund]] conseestin o [[continent]]s an [[island]]s that thegither hae mony lochs, rivers an ither soorces o watter that contreibute tae the [[hydrosphere]]. The majority o Yird's [[Polar regions o Earth|polar regions]] are covered in ice, includin the [[Antarctic ice sheet]] an the sea ice o the Arctic ice pack. Yird's interior remeens active wi a solit airn inner core, a liquid ooter core that generates the [[Yird's magnetic field]], an a convectin [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] that drives plate tectonics.

Accordin tae scientists, within the first billion year o [[History o Yird|Yird's history]], life appeared in the oceans an began tae affect the [[Atmosphere o Yird|Yird's atmosphere]] an surface, leadin tae the proliferation o [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]] an [[anaerobic organism]]s. Some geological evidence indicates that life mey hae arisen as muckle as 4.1 billion year aby. Syne then, the combination o Yird's distance frae the Sun, pheesical properties, an [[Geological history o Yird|geological history]] hae allaed life tae evolve an thrive.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-20151019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |title=Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html |date=19 October 2015 |work=[[Excite]] |location=Yonkers, NY |publisher=[[Mindspark Interactive Network]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PNAS-20151014-pdf&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Boehnike |first2=Patrick |last3=Harrison |first3=T. Mark |last4=Mao |first4=Wendy L. |display-authors=3 |date=19 October 2015 |title=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112 |issn=1091-6490 |accessdate=20 October 2015 |pmid=26483481 |pmc=4664351 |volume=112 |pages=14518–21 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11214518B |archive-date=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106021508/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf |url-status=dead }} Early edition, published online before print.&lt;/ref&gt; In the history o the Yird, [[biodiversity]] haes gane throu lang periods o expansion, occasionally punctuatit bi [[extinction event|mass extinction events]]. Ower 99% o aw [[species]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Book-Biology&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor1=Kunin, W.E. |editor2=Gaston, Kevin |title=The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA110&amp;lpg=PA110&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=31 December 1996 |ISBN=978-0412633805 |accessdate=26 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; that ever leeved on Yird are [[extinct]].&lt;ref name=&quot;StearnsStearns2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Stearns |first1=Beverly Peterson |last2=Stearns |first2=S. C. |last3=Stearns |first3=Stephen C. |title=Watching, from the Edge of Extinction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&amp;pg=PA1921 |date=1 August 2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-08469-6 |page=1921 |accessdate=27 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20141108-MJN&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Novacek |first=Michael J. |title=Prehistory's Brilliant Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html |date=8 November 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=25 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Estimates o the nummer o species on Yird theday vary widely;&lt;ref name=science_241_4872_1441&gt;{{cite journal |last1=May |first1=Robert M. |title=How many species are there on earth? |journal=Science |date=1988 |volume=241 |issue=4872 |pages=1441–1449 |bibcode=1988Sci...241.1441M |doi=10.1126/science.241.4872.1441 |pmid=17790039}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MillerSpoolman2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=G. |last2=Spoolman |first2=Scott |title=Environmental Science |chapter=Biodiversity and Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA62 |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=1-133-70787-4 |page=62 |accessdate=27 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSF-2016002&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species |url=http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446 |date=2 May 2016 |work=[[National Science Foundation]] |accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; maist species hae nae been descrived.&lt;ref name=&quot;PLoS-20110823&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=C. |last2=Tittensor |first2=D.P. |last3=Adl |first3=S. |last4=Simpson |first4=A.G. |last5=Worm |first5=B. |title=How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? |date=23 August 2011 |journal=[[PLOS Biology]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |pages=e1001127}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Warld population|Ower 7.4 billion humans]] leeve on Yird an depend on its [[biosphere]] an [[meeneral]]s for thair survival. Humans hae developed diverse [[Society|societies]] an [[cultur]]s&lt;nowiki/&gt;ally, the warld haes [[Leet o sovereign states|aboot 200 sovereign states]].

== See an aw ==
*[[Geologie]]

==Notes==
{{reflist |30em |group=&quot;n&quot; |refs=
&lt;ref name=apsis&gt;aphelion = ''a'' × (1 + ''e''); perihelion = ''a'' × (1&amp;nbsp;– ''e''), whaur ''a'' is the semi-major axis an ''e'' is the eccentricity. The difference atween Yird's perihelion an aphelion is 5 million kilometres.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=epoch&gt;Aw astronomical quantities vary, baith [[Secular phenomena|secularly]] an [[Frequency|periodically]]. The quantities gien are the values at the instant [[J2000.0]] o the secular variation, ignorin aw periodic variations.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=sidereal_solar&gt;The nummer o solar days is ane less nor the nummer o [[sidereal day]]s acause the orbital motion o Yird aroond the Sun causes ane addeetional revolution o the planet aboot its axis.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=surfacecover&gt;Due tae naitural fluctuations, ambiguities surroondin [[ice shelf]]s, an mappin conventions for [[vertical datum]]s, exact values for laund an ocean coverage are nae meaninfu. Based on data frae the [[Vector Map]] an [http://www.landcover.org/ Global Landcover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326085837/http://www.landcover.org/ |date=2015-03-26 }} datasets, extreme values for coverage o lochs an streams are 0.6% an 1.0% o Yird's surface. The ice shields o [[Antarcticae]] an [[Greenland]] are coontit as land, even tho much o the rock that supports them lies ablo sea level.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=space_debris&gt;As o Julie 5, 2016, the Unitit States Strategic Command tracked a tot o 17,729 airtifeecial objects, maistly debris. See: {{cite newsletter |url=https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv20i3.pdf |title=Orbital Debris Quarterly News |volume=20 |issue=3 |page=8 |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=July 2016 |accessdate=10 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{commons|Yird}}

[[Category:Yird| ]]
[[Category:Geografie]]
[[Category:Geology]]
[[Category:Terrestrial planets]]
[[Category:Habitable zone planets]]
[[Category:Planets o the Solar Seestem]]</text>
      <sha1>tm58it3wm1drujx4tcwlttkq5tc6jrs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jenni Falconer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869350</id>
      <parentid>827081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:08:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1872" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| image       =Jenni_Falconer.jpg
| image_size  = 150px
| name        = Jenni Falconer
| caption     = Falconer at the [[2008 BAFTA Television Awards]]
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1976|02|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland
| residence   = [[Lunnon]], Ingland
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| occupation  = [[Television presenter]]
| spouse      = James Midgly (2010−praisent)
| children    = Ella Rose Midgly
| website     =
}}

'''Jenni Falconer''' (born [[12 Februar]] [[1976]] in [[Glesga]]) is a Scots [[televeesion]] presenter, weel-kent for haein presentit ''Entertainment Today'' on GMTV syne the shaw stertit in 2000.  She haes forbye presentit the ITV traivel shaw ''How to Holiday'', in monie weys takkin ower the poseetion ance hauden bi Judith Chalmers, Mary Nightingale an [[Ruth England]], aa ae-time presenters o ''Wish You Were Here...?'', the traivel programme that haed been on afore.

Jenni haes presentit monie ither telly shaws forbye, sic as ''The Big Country'' (for BBC Scotland), ''Pleasure Island'' an ''Drop the Celebrity''.

==Airtins tae ootby steids==
* {{IMDb name|0266009}}
* [http://www.gm.tv/index.cfm?articleid=447 Biographie on GMTV wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728144838/http://www.gm.tv/index.cfm?articleid=447 |date=2005-07-28 }} {{in|en}}
* [http://www.victorianpages.freeola.com/jfalconer.html Jenni Falconer photie steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050914160459/http://www.victorianpages.freeola.com/jfalconer.html |date=2005-09-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027032240/http://www.geocities.com/currentjourno2/jenni.html Anither photie steid]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Falconer, Jenni}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]]
[[Category:Scots televeesion presenters]]


{{Stub/Scotland}}
{{Stub/TV}}</text>
      <sha1>h0x5kotpinn6sv4w67h0a60e16zl4wk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nina Hossain</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869395</id>
      <parentid>851849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3066" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = 
| name             = Nina Hossain
| honorific_suffix = 
| image            = 
| image_size       = 200px
| caption          = 
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|1975|05|01|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Huddersfield]],&lt;br&gt;[[Wast Yorkshire]],&lt;br&gt;[[Unitit Kinrick]]
| death_date       = 
| death_place      = 
| death_cause      = 
| resting_place    = 
| residence        = 
| nationality      = [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]]
| other_names      = 
| ethnicity        = [[Bengali fowk|Bengali]]-[[Inglis fowk|Inglis]]
| citizenship      = 
| education        = [[Jurnalism]]
| alma_mater       = [[Varsity o Durham]],&lt;br&gt;[[:en:Journalism, Media and Communication, University of Central Lancashire|University of Central Lancashire]] 
| occupation       = [[Jurnalist]], [[presenter]], [[newscaster]]
| years_active     = 
| employer         = 
| organization     = 
| agent            = 
| known_for        = 
| credits          = ''[[ITV News]]'', ''[[London Tonight]]''
| style            = 
| influences       = 
| influenced       = 
| home_town        = 
| salary           = 
| net_worth        = 
| height           = 
| weight           = 
| television       = 
| title            = 
| term             = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| party            = 
| boards           = 
| religion         = 
| denomination     = 
| spouse           = Craig O'Hara (1996–2004)
| partner          = Stuart Thomas&lt;br&gt;(2005 – present)
| children         = 3
| parents          = Tabarek Hossain (father)&lt;br&gt;Pamela Hossain (mother)
| relatives        = Rezina Hossain (sister)
| awards           = 
| website          = 
| footnotes        = 
| box_width        = 
}}

'''Nina Rathryn Hossain''' is an [[Ingland|Inglis]] [[televeesion]] braidcaster fae Huddersfield, altho she nou bides in sooth [[Lunnon]].  She is best kent as a presenter o the wittins for ITN.  She wis at Border Telly for fower year forby, daein wark baith afore an ahint the camera.

Nina's vyce wis aften heard on ''Hard Spell'', a [[BBC]] spellin competeetion for bairns, acause o her unco abeelity tae pronoonce wirds - whiles awfu lang wirds - in a gey clear mainer.

==Airtins tae ootby steids==
* [http://www.itv.com/news/presenters_528852.html Nina Hossain at ITV wittins wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105011055/http://www.itv.com/news/presenters_528852.html |date=2006-01-05 }} - ''smaa biographie in Inglis''
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1696048/ IMDB leet for Nina Hossain] - ''in Inglis''
* [http://members.lycos.co.uk/victorianpages/nhossain.html Photie wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050518084938/http://members.lycos.co.uk/victorianpages/nhossain.html |date=2005-05-18 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091023072044/http://www.geocities.com/currentbunsuk1/nina.html Anither photie steid]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, Nina}}
[[Category:Inglis televeesion presenters]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Huddersfield]]</text>
      <sha1>kkxi2vx5zq6sni1ce81hs82e31pjtnl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>12 December</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869256</id>
      <parentid>868913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:14:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8158" xml:space="preserve">{{Days in December}}

The '''12t o December''' is the 346t day o the year (347t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 19 days bidin.

== Events ==
[[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|thumb|155px|right|[[1963]] an [[1964]]: Banner o [[Kenyae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Kenya Independence - 1963 {{!}} Today In History {{!}} 12 Dec 18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sj_UletH80|language=en|access-date=2022-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Sas-a uhuru.gif|thumb|155px|right|[[1970]]: Uhuru satellite]]
[[File:National Assembly Building with Mace, Abuja, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|155px|right|[[1991]]: Naitional Assembly Biggin in [[Abuja]]]]
* [[1787]] - [[Pennsylvanie]] becomes the 2nt state tae ratify the [[Unitit States Constitution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=list of U.S. states’ dates of admission to the union {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-U-S-states-by-date-of-admission-to-the-Union-2130026|access-date=2022-05-10|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1812]] - The French invasion o [[Roushie]] ends.
* [[1866]] - The Oaks Splosion in [[Wast Yorkshire]], [[Ingland]], kills 360 miners an rescuers.
* [[1901]] - [[Guglielmo Marconi]] receives the first transatlantic radio signal.
* [[1911]] - [[Delhi]] replaces [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] as caipital o [[Indie]].
* [[1911]] - [[George V]] is crouned Emperor o [[Indie]].
* [[1913]] - [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s pentin [[Mona Lisa]], which wis stolen frae the Louvre in [[Paris]] in [[1911]], is foond in [[Florence]], [[Italy]].
* [[1941]] - [[Warld War II]]: The [[Unitit Kinrick]] declares war on [[Bulgarie]].
* [[1958]] - [[Guinea]] jyns the [[Unitit Naitions]].
* [[1963]] - [[Kenyae]] gains unthirldom frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[1964]] - [[Jomo Kenyatta]] becomes the 1st [[Preses]] o [[Kenyae]].
* [[1970]] - [[NASA]] launches the &quot;Uhuru&quot; X-Ray satellite frae [[Kenyae]].
* [[1991]] - [[Abuja]] becomes the caipital ceety o [[Nigerie]].
* [[1991]] - [[Roushie]] declares unthirldom frae the [[Soviet Union]].
* [[1992]] - A [[yirdquauk]] off Flores Island, [[Indonesie]], kills 2,500 fowk.
* [[2000]] - [[Ethiopie]] an [[Eritrea]] end their border war.
* [[2003]] - [[Paul Martin]] becomes [[Prime meenister]] o [[Canadae]].
* [[2015]] - [[Climate]] chynge talks in [[Paris]] result in an agreement on carbon-dioxide emissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ellis|first=John D. Sutter,Joshua Berlinger,Ralph|date=2015-12-12|title=Obama: Climate agreement 'best chance we have' to save the planet|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/index.html|access-date=2022-05-10|website=CNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[2016]] - [[Bill English]] replaces [[John Key]] as [[Prime meenister]] o [[New Zealand]].
* [[2019]] - [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] is electit [[Preses]] o [[Algerie]].
* [[2019]] - [[2019 Unitit Kinrick general election]]:
**[[Boris Johnson]]'s [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]], despite losin seats in [[Scotland]], wins its biggest majority syne 1987, winnin a total o 365 seats, incluidin mony in [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]] stranghaulds in Northren an Central [[Ingland]] an pairts o [[Wales]]. Labour suffers its heaviest defeat syne [[1935]].
**The [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] wins maist o the Scots seats, increasin its total frae 35 tae 48 seats, takkin seats aff Labour, the Conservatives an [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Leeberal Democrat]] leader [[Jo Swinson]].
* [[2020]] - [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The nummer o recordit cases warldwide gets tae 70 million.
* [[2020]] - [[Bhutan]] an [[Israel]] normalise diplomatic relations.

== Births ==
[[File:Edvard Munch 1921.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Edvard Munch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Edvard Munch Paintings, Bio, Ideas|url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/munch-edvard/|access-date=2022-05-10|website=The Art Story}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Jennifer Connelly 2012.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Jennifer Connelly]]]]
* [[1574]] - [[Anne o Denmark]], Queen Consort o Scots (d. [[1619]])
* [[1731]] - [[Erasmus Darwin]], Inglis polymath (d. [[1802]])
* [[1766]] - [[Nikolay Karamzin]], Roushie writer (d. [[1826]])
* [[1821]] - [[Gustave Flaubert]], French writer (d. [[1880]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Flaubert, Gustave|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Flaubert,_Gustave|work=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|volume=Volume 10|access-date=2022-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1863]] - [[Edvard Munch]], Norse penter (d. [[1944]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* [[1866]] - [[Alfred Werner]], Swiss chemist (d. [[1919]])
* [[1915]] - [[Frank Sinatra]], American sangster an actor (d. [[1998]])
* [[1923]] - [[Bob Barker]], American enterteener
* [[1924]] - [[Ed Koch]], 105t Mayor o [[New York Ceety]] (d. [[2013]])
* [[1928]] - [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]], Kyrgyz writer (d. [[2008]])
* [[1940]] - [[Dionne Warwick]], American sangster
* [[1945]] - [[Portia Simpson-Miller]], Jamaican politeecian
* [[1946]] - [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], Brazilian racin driver&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emerson Fittipaldi{{!}} Formula 1®|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/drivers/hall-of-fame/Emerson_Fittipaldi.html|access-date=2022-05-10|website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1948]] - [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], [[Preses]] o [[Portugal]]
* [[1949]] - [[Marc Ravalomanana]], umwhile [[Preses]] o [[Madagascar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-01-26|title=Ravalomanana le PDG de la République {{!}} Jeuneafrique.com - le premier site d'information et d'actualité sur l'Afrique|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN14017ravaleuqilb0/|access-date=2022-05-10|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2012-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126014659/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN14017ravaleuqilb0/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1949]] - [[Bill Nighy]], Inglis actor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Family Detective|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1435154/Family-Detective.html|access-date=2022-05-10|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1961]] - [[Daniel O'Donnell]], Erse sangster
* [[1962]] - [[Tracy Austin]], American tennis player&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Tennis Hall of Fame|url=https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/tracy-austin|access-date=2022-05-10|website=www.tennisfame.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1970]] - [[Jennifer Connelly]], American actress
* [[1975]] - [[Mayim Bialik]], American actress
* [[1984]] - [[Daniel Agger]], Dens fitbawer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-08-20|title=Tournaments, latest news, latest video, futsal, beach soccer|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=227846/index.html|access-date=2022-05-10|website=archive.ph|archive-date=2015-08-20|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150820151219/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=227846/index.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1990]] - [[Victor Moses]], Nigerie fitbawer
{{-}}

== Daiths ==
* [[1574]] - [[Selim II]], Ottoman Sultan (b. [[1524]])
* [[1842]] - [[Robert Haldane]], Scots kirkman; b. [[1764]]
* [[1913]] - [[Menelik II]], Emperor o [[Ethiopie]] (b. [[1844]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-05-06|title=Emperor Menelik II (Sahle Miriam) (1844-1913) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/emperor-menelik-ii-sahle-miriam-1844-1913/|access-date=2022-05-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1963]] - [[Theodor Heuss]], 1st [[Preses]] o the [[Germany|Federal Republic o Germany]] (b. [[1884]])
* [[2003]] - [[Heydar Aliyev]], Preses o [[Azerbaijan]] (b. [[1923]])
* [[2008]] - [[Tassos Papadopoulos]], [[Preses]] o [[Cyprus]] (b. [[1934]])
* [[2020]] - [[John le Carré]], Inglis novelist (b. [[1931]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-14|title=John le Carré: Espionage writer dies aged 89|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55297558|access-date=2022-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[2020]] - [[Charley Pride]], American country sangster (b. [[1934]])
* [[2020]] - [[Jack Steinberger]], German-American physicist (b. [[1921]])

== Halidays ==
* Naitional Day o [[Kenyae]]
* Constitution Day ([[Roushie]])
* Kanji Day ([[Japan]])
* Neutrality Day ([[Turkmenistan]])

{{Commonscat}}

== Referances leet ==
[[Category:Days o the year]]</text>
      <sha1>p86bmmaihzwn9pv4tct4rrsvgth5stg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andrea Corr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869276</id>
      <parentid>858792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:15:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1533" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Andrea corr glastonbury.jpg|thumb|right|Andrea Corr]]
'''Andrea Jean Corr''', born [[17 Mey]] [[1974]], is a fowk-pop singer fae the [[Republic o Ireland]].  She comes fae is Dundalk, a toun naur tae the mairch wi [[Northren Ireland]].  The faimlie baund 'the Corrs' conseests o hersel, her twa sisters Caroline an Sharon, an her brither Jim.  

Andrea haes scrieved monie o the band's sangs hersel, whiles in hail an whiles in pairt.  Ane o thae sangs, ''Breathless'', gaed til the verra &lt;!-- Isna Verra supposit tae be bad no guid. Verra Bad, a read that somewhare yett canna mynd whare exact hit wis --&gt;tap o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] chairts in [[2000]].  The new album ''Home'' represents a smaa chynge fae whit haes gane afore in that twa o the sangs is in Irish Gaelic, raither nor [[Inglis leid|Inglis]].

Andrea haes been in a puckle films forbye, sic as ''The Commitments'' an ''Evita''.

==Fremmit airtins (aa in Inglis)==

* [http://www.thecorrswebsite.com/ The Corrs - offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302034453/http://www.thecorrswebsite.com/ |date=2005-03-02 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027112143/http://geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Hall/9964/ Unoffeecial Andrea Corr steid]
* [http://www.andrea-corr.org/ Anither unoffeecial steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001075812/http://www.andrea-corr.org/ |date=2005-10-01 }}
{{Commonscat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corr, Andrea}}
[[Category:Erse female sangsters]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]</text>
      <sha1>egjwj4toyfsbyyh9tcaub9aa9nzzrkd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mexico</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869385</id>
      <parentid>868607</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T00:36:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44151" xml:space="preserve">{{Aboot|the kintra in North Americae}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Unitit Mexican States
|native_name = {{unbulleted list|li_style=font-size:88%;
 |{{native name|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}}}}
|common_name = Mexico
|image_flag = Flag of Mexico.svg
|alt_flag =
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Mexico.svg
|alt_coat =
|symbol_type = Coat o airms
|national_motto = Nane&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://blogexperto.com/don_juan_zarlene/2009/06/17/el-lema-de-una-nacion/ |title=El lema de una nación |publisher=Blogexperto.com |date=2009-06-17 |accessdate=2013-07-17 |archive-date=2013-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010204738/http://blogexperto.com/don_juan_zarlene/2009/06/17/el-lema-de-una-nacion/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|national_anthem = ''[[Himno Nacional Mexicano]]''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|({{lang-en|&quot;Mexican National Anthem&quot;}})}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:Himno Nacional Mexicano instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|other_symbol_type = Naitional [[Seal (device)|seal]]:
|other_symbol = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Seal of the Government of Mexico.svg|80px|link=Seal o the Unitit Mexican States]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Seal o the Unitit Mexican States|Sello de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|Seal o the Unitit Mexican States}}
|image_map = Mexico (orthographic projection).svg
|map_width = 220px
|alt_map =
|capital = [[Mexico Ceety]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|08|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = Mexico Ceety
|languages_type = [[Naitional leid]]s
|languages = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] 
|ethnic_groups =
 {{unbulleted list
  | {{nowrap|14.85% [[Indigenous fowks o Mexico|indigenous fowks]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/LeerArchivo.aspx?ct=27495&amp;c=27303&amp;s=est&amp;f=2 |title=Población de 3 años y más en entidades federativas seleccionadas y su distribución porcentual según condición de autoadscripción étnica para cada entidad federativa, sexo y condición de habla indígena |work=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 — Cuestionario ampliado |publisher=INEGI |year=2011 |accessdate=2012-05-22 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
 }}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2010
|demonym = Mexican
|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]]&lt;br /&gt;{{raise|0.3em|[[constitutional republic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |format=PDF |location=MX |url=http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |title=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 |publisher=SCJN |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194922/http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end raise:--&gt;}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Mexico|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]
|leader_title2 = [[Senate o Mexico|Preses o the Senate]]
|leader_name2 = [[Oscar Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar]]
|leader_title3 = [[Chamber o Deputies (Mexico)|Preses o the Chamber o Deputies]]
|leader_name3 = [[Dulce María Sauri Rianco]]
|leader_title4 = [[Supreme Court o Juistice o the Naition|Supreme Court Preses]]
|leader_name4 = [[Luis María Aguilar Morales]]
|leader_title5 = [[Secretariat o the Interior (Mexico)|Secretar o the Interior]]
|leader_name5 = [[Olga Sánchez Cordero]]
|legislature = [[Congress o Mexico|Congress]]
|upper_house = [[Senate o Mexico|Senate]]
|lower_house = [[Chamber o Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber o Deputies]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Mexican War o Unthirldom|Unthirldom]]
|sovereignty_note = frae [[Spain]]
|established_event1 = Declared
|established_date1 = 16 September 1810
|established_event2 = Recognisit
|established_date2 = 27 September 1821
|area_rank = 14th
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|area =
|area_km2 = 1,972,550
|area_sq_mi = 761,606
|area_footnote =
|percent_water = 2.5
|population_estimate = 118,395,054&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Proyecciones |title=México, Proyecciones de Población |publisher=Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO) |date= |accessdate=2013-09-09 |archive-date=2013-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807091233/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Proyecciones |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2013
|population_estimate_rank = 11t
|population_density_km2 = 57
|population_density_sq_mi = 142
|population_density_rank = 142nt
|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$1.759 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf-mx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&amp;pr.y=3&amp;sy=2012&amp;ey=2012&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=273&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=Mexico |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=April 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
|GDP_PPP_rank = 11t
|GDP_PPP_year = 2012
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $15,312&lt;ref name=&quot;imf-mx&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 64t
|GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$1.177 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf-mx&quot;/&gt;}}
|GDP_nominal_rank = 14t
|GDP_nominal_year = 2012
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $10,247&lt;ref name=&quot;imf-mx&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66t
|Gini_year = 2010
|Gini_change =  &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|Gini = 47.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;wb-gini&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=2012-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rank =
|HDI_year = 2012
|HDI_change = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|HDI = 0.775 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Statistics.pdf |title= 2013 Human Development Report Statistics |work=Human Development Report 2013 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date= 14 March 2013 |accessdate= 16 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank = 61st
|currency = [[Mexican peso|Peso]]
|currency_code = MXN
|time_zone = ''See'' [[Time in Mexico]]
|utc_offset = −8 tae −6
|time_zone_DST = varies
|DST_note =
|utc_offset_DST = −7 tae −5
|antipodes =
|date_format =
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[+52]]
|iso3166code =
|cctld = [[.mx]]
}}
'''Mexico''' ({{lang-es|México}} {{IPA-es|ˈmexiko||es-mx-México.ogg}}; {{lang-nah|Mēxihco}}), offeecially the '''Unitit Mexican States''' ({{lang-es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos|links=no}}, {{Audio|Es-mx-Estados Unidos Mexicanos.ogg|listen}}),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Romo |first=Rafael |title=After nearly 200 years, Mexico may make the name official |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/22/world/americas/mexico-name-change/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 |newspaper=CNN|date=November 23, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/about-mexico |title=About Mexico |publisher=Embajada de Mexico en Estados Unidos (Mexican Embassy in the United States) |date=December 3, 2012 |accessdate=July 17, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234006/http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/about-mexico |archivedate=December 2, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;presidencia.gob.mx&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91|publisher=Presidency of Mexico|title=Official name of the country|date=March 31, 2005|accessdate=March 26, 2010|archive-date=2010-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326223041/http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;/&gt; is a [[federal republic]] in the soothrenmist portion o [[North Americae]]. It is [[Mairches o Mexico|mairchit]] tae the north bi the [[Unitit States]]; tae the sooth an wast bi the [[Paceefic Ocean]]; tae the sootheast bi [[Guatemala]], [[Belize]], an the [[Caribbean Sea]]; an tae the east bi the [[Gulf o Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, Merriam-Webster; p. 733&lt;/ref&gt; Kiverin awmaist {{Convert|2000000|km2|}},&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{CIA World Factbook link|mx|Mexico}}&lt;/ref&gt; the naition is the fift lairgest kintra in Americae bi tot aurie an the [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|13t lairgest independent state]] in the warld.&lt;!-- Metrics --&gt;

Wi an estimatit population o ower 120 million fowk,&lt;ref name=&quot;INEGI 2010 Census Statistics&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/comunicados/rpcpyv10.asp |title=INEGI 2010 Census Statistics |publisher=www.inegi.org.mx |accessdate=November 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108101543/http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/comunicados/rpcpyv10.asp |archivedate=January 8, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; the kintra is the [[Leet o kintras bi population|elevent maist populous state]] an the [[Hispanophone#Hispanosphere|maist populous Spaingie-speakin state]] in the warld, while bein the seicont maist populous naition in [[Laitin Americae]] efter [[Brazil]]. Mexico is a [[federation]] compreesin 31 [[States o Mexico|states]] an [[Mexico Ceety]], a special federal entity that is also the [[caipital ceety]] an its [[Leet o ceeties in Mexico#Lairgest ceeties|maist populous ceety]]. Ither [[Metropolitan auries o Mexico|metropolises]] in the state include [[Guadalajara]], [[Monterrey]], [[Puebla Ceety|Puebla]], [[Toluca]], an [[Tijuana]].

&lt;!-- Politics and economy and stats --&gt;
Mexico haes the [[Leet o kintras by GDP (nominal)|15t lairgest nominal GDP]] an the [[Leet o kintras by GDP (PPP)|11t lairgest]] bi [[purchasin pouer parity]]. The [[economy o Mexico|Mexican economy]] is strangly airtit tae thae o its 1994 [[North American Free Tred Greement]] (NAFTA) pairtners, espeshally the Unitit States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749.htm|title=Mexico (05/09)|date=June 25, 2012|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=July 17, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34733.pdf|title=CRS Report for Congress|date=November 4, 2008|publisher=Congressional Research Service|format=PDF|accessdate=July 17, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1994, Mexico becam the first Laitin American member o the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development]] (OECD). It is clessifee'd as an ''upper-middle income kintra'' bi the [[Warld Bank]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wb-upper-middle&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income|title=Country and Lending Groups|publisher=World Bank|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups|archivedate=March 18, 2011|accessdate=March 5, 2011|quote=Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; an a [[newly industrialised kintra]] bi several analysts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Globalization&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuHsIuez5qoC|title=Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy|author=Paweł Bożyk|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7546-4638-9|page=164|chapter=Newly Industrialized Countries}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Limits&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CweHgfPIceYC|title=The Limits of Convergence|author=Mauro F. Guillén|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-691-11633-4|page=126 (table 5.1)|chapter=Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor|author-link=Mauro F. Guillén}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AIA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|title=Geography, An Integrated Approach|author=David Waugh|publisher=Nelson Thornes|year=2000|isbn=978-0-17-444706-1|edition=3rd|pages=563, 576–579, 633, and 640|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Principles&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ojsWuqmorEC|title=Principles of Economics|author=N. Gregory Mankiw|publisher=Thomson/South-Western|year=2007|isbn=978-0-324-22472-6|edition=4th|location=Mason, Ohio}}&lt;/ref&gt; The kintr is conseedert aith a [[regional pouer]] an a [[middle pouer]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:105725&amp;datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&amp;ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&amp;usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&amp;sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA|title=Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence|author1=James Scott|author2=Matthias vom Hau|publisher=The University of Manchester|accessdate=April 11, 2012|author3=David Hulme}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/staff/nolte/publications/how_to_compare_nolte.pdf|title=How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics|publisher=British International Studies Association|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130192145/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=%2Fcontent%2Fstaff%2Fnolte%2Fpublications%2Fhow_to_compare_nolte.pdf|archivedate=November 30, 2012|accessdate=April 11, 2012|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/05.pdf|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|format=PDF|accessdate=May 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098|title=Oxford Analytica|publisher=Wayback.archive.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424211219/http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098|archivedate=April 24, 2007|accessdate=July 17, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; an is eften identifee'd as an [[Emergin Pouers|emergin global pouer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38056|title=G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power|date=June 5, 2007|publisher=ipsnews.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816044329/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38056|archivedate=August 16, 2008|accessdate=May 30, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due tae its rich [[Mexican cultur|cultur]] an [[Mexican history|history]], Mexico ranks [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Mexico|first in Americae an seivent in the warld]] for nummer o [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre&amp;nbsp;— World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=May 25, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/events/295|title=Mexico's World Heritage Sites Photographic Exhibition at UN Headquarters|publisher=whc.unesco.org|accessdate=May 30, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mexico is an ecologically [[Megadiverse kintras|''megadiverse kintra'']], rankin fowert in the warld for its [[biodiversity]]. Mexico haes mony tourists: in 2016, it wis the aicht maist-veesitit kintra in the warld, wi 35 million internaitional arrivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/mexico-ya-es-destino-turistico-en-el-mundo.html|title=México ya es 8° destino turístico en el mundo|website=www.elfinanciero.com.mx|publisher=El Financiero|accessdate=May 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mexico is a member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] (UN), the [[Warld Trade Organisation]] (WTO), the [[G8+5]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], the [[Unitin for Consensus]] group o the UN, an the [[Paceefic Alliance]] [[tred bloc]]. Bi 2050, Mexico coud potentially acome the warld's fift or seivent lairgest economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thecatalist.org/2010/03/mexico-2050-the-world%C2%B4s-fifth-largest-economy/|title=Mexico 2050: The World's Fifth Largest Economy|date=March 17, 2010|publisher=:|accessdate=July 12, 2013|archive-date=2013-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725190856/http://thecatalist.org/2010/03/mexico-2050-the-world%C2%B4s-fifth-largest-economy/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/assets/pwc-world-in-2050-report-january-2013.pdf|title=World in 2050 – The BRICs and beyond: prospects, challenges and opportunities|publisher=PwC Economics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222040853/http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/assets/pwc-world-in-2050-report-january-2013.pdf|archivedate=February 22, 2013|accessdate=July 17, 2013|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Brief history --&gt;
[[Pre-Columbian Mexico]] dates tae aboot 8000 BC an is identifee'd as ane o seiven [[Cradle o ceevilisation|cradles o ceevilisation]] an wis hame tae mony advanced [[Mesoamerica]]n ceevilisations sic as the [[Olmec]], [[Toltec]], [[Teotihuacan]], [[Zapotec ceevilisation|Zapotec]], [[Maya ceevilisation|Maya]], an [[Aztec]] afore [[First contact (anthropology)|first contact]] wi [[Europe]]ans. In 1521, the [[Spaingie Empire]] [[Spaingie conquest o the Aztec Empire|conquered an colonised]] the territory frae its poleetically pouerfu base in [[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]] (pairt o Mexico Ceety), that wis admeenistert as the [[New Spain|viceryalty o New Spain]]. Three centuries later, the territory becam a [[naition state]] follaein its recogneetion in 1821 efter the colony's [[Mexican War o Unthirldom]]. The post-unthirldom period wis tumultuous, chairacterised bi [[Economic history o Mexico#Unthirldom|economic inequality]] an mony intense poleetical chynges. The [[Mexican–American War]] (1846–1848) led te a [[Territorial evolution o Mexico|territorial cession]] o the extant northren territories tae the Unitit States. The [[Pastry War]], the [[Franco-Mexican War]], a [[Reform War|ceevil war]], [[Emperor o Mexico|twa empires]], an the [[Porfirio Díaz#The Porfiriato|Porfiriato]] occurred in the 19t century. The Porfiriato wis endit bi the stairt o the [[Mexican Revolution]] in 1910, that culminatit wi the promulgation o the [[Constitution o Mexico|1917 Constitution]] an the emergence o the kintra's current [[Politics o Mexico|poleetical seestem]] as a [[democratic republic]].
{| align=center class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;padding:0px;&quot;
|+ align=top style=&quot;background:#BFD7FF&quot; | '''Entidades federativas de México'''
|-
! Name  ificial
! abbreviated
! coat
! Capital
! Largest City
! surface (km²)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url= http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/default.aspx?tema=me |title=Selecciona una Entidad Federativa...|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723191350/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/default.aspx?tema=me |archive-date= 23 de julio de 2011 |access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2011-07-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723191350/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/default.aspx?tema=me |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! population (2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;ITER&quot;&gt;{{Cita web
 |url          = https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/
 |editor       = Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía
 |title        = Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020
 |year        = 2020
 |archive-date = 28 January 2020
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Densidad de población (hab/km²)
! Orden de creación
! Fecha de creación
! Ubicación
|-
| [[Estado de Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Aguascalientes|Ags.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Aguascalientes.svg|frameless|58x58px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Aguascalientes (Aguascalientes)|Aguascalientes]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Aguascalientes (Aguascalientes)|Aguascalientes]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;5618
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;1425607
| align=right |237.23
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|24}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;05/02/1857&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/servicios/c_civico/fechas.jsp?mes=2 |title= Calendario de Eventos Cívicos - Febrero |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100411140738/http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/servicios/c_civico/fechas.jsp?mes=2 ||access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2010-04-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100411140738/http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/servicios/c_civico/fechas.jsp?mes=2 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Aguascalientes in Mexico (zoom).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Baja California|Baja California]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Baja California|B. C.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Baja California.svg|frameless|72x72px]]
| align=center | [[Mexicali]]
| align=center | [[Tijuana]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;71446
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;3769020
| align=right |50.86
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|29}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;16/01/1952&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url= http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/portal/nuestro_estado/historia/transformacion.jsp |title= Transformación Política de Territorio Norte de la Baja California a Estado 29 |access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2018-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090116/http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/portal/nuestro_estado/historia/transformacion.jsp%20 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Baja California in Mexico.svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Baja California Sur|Baja California Sur]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Baja California Sur|B. C. S.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Baja California Sur.svg|frameless|60x60px]]
| align=center | [[La Paz (Baja California Sur)|La Paz]]
| align=center | [[La Paz (Baja California Sur)|La Paz]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;73922
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;798447
| align=right |8.62
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|30}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;08/10/1974&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url= http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=8&amp;mes=10 |title= Secretaria de Educación Pública |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810021435/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=8&amp;mes=10 |archive-date= 10 August 2010 |access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2010-08-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810021435/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=8&amp;mes=10 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Baja California Sur in Mexico.svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Campeche|Campeche]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Campeche|Camp.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Campeche.svg|frameless|76x76px]]
| align=center | [[San Francisco de Campeche]]
| align=center | [[San Francisco de Campeche]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;57924
| align=right | 928363
| align=right |14.20
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|25}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;29/04/1863&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=29&amp;mes=4 |title= Secretaria de Educación Pública |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155634/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=29&amp;mes=4 |archive-date= 26 October 2011|access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2011-10-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155634/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=29&amp;mes=4 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Campeche in Mexico.svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Chiapas|Chiapas]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Chiapas|Chis.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Chiapas.svg|frameless|64x64px]]
| align=center | [[Tuxtla Gutiérrez]]
| align=center | [[Tuxtla Gutiérrez]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;73289
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;5543828
| align=right |65.45
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|19}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;14/09/1824&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&amp;lpg=PA227&amp;ots=eyvDzsrMIz&amp;dq=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&amp;pg=PA227#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false |title=La Diputación Provincial y El Federalismo Mexicano}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Chiapas in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Chihuahua|Chihuahua]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Chihuahua|Chih.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Chihuahua.svg|frameless|57x57px]]
| align=center | [[Chihuahua (Chihuahua)|Chihuahua]]
| align=center | [[Ciudad Juárez]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;247455
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;3741869
| align=right |13.77
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|18}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;06/07/1824&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Chihuahua in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Ciudad de México]]
| align=center | [[Ciudad de México|CDMX]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|frameless|60x60px]]
| align=center | —
| align=center | [[Iztapalapa]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;1485
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;9209944
| align=right |5960.27
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|32}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;30/01/2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.agu.df.gob.mx/reforma-politica-consolidaria-proceso-historico-de-descentralizacion-de-cdmx/ |title= Conmemora la Secretaría de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de Creación del Distrito Federal|archive-date= 27 November 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Mexico (city) in Mexico (zoom).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Coahuila|Coahuila de Zaragoza]]&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;
| align=center | [[Estado de Coahuila|Coah.]]
| align=center | [[File:Escudo MX-COA.png|frameless|52x52px]]
| align=center | [[Saltillo]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Saltillo]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;151563
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;3146771
| align=right |20.16
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|16}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;07/05/1824&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt; 
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coahuila in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Colima|Colima]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Colima|Col.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Colima.svg|frameless|74x74px]]
| align=center | [[Colima (Colima)|Colima]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Colima (Colima)|Colima]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;5625
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;731391
| align=right |115.65
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|23}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;09/12/1856&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url= http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/portal/nuestro_estado/historia/efemerides/en-diciembre.jsp |title= Portal Ciudadano de Baja California|access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2018-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090136/http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/portal/nuestro_estado/historia/efemerides/en-diciembre.jsp |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://elcomentario.ucol.mx/Noticia.php?id=1260333428 |title= Universidad de Colima|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810192803/http://elcomentario.ucol.mx/Noticia.php?id=1260333428 |archive-date= 10 August 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Colima in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Durango|Durango]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Durango|Dgo.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of Arms of Durango State.svg|frameless|50x50px]]
| align=center | [[Victoria de Durango]]
| align=center | [[Victoria de Durango]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;123451
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;1832650
| align=right |13.23
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|17}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;22/05/1824&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Durango in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Guanajuato|Guanajuato]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Guanajuato|Gto.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Guanajuato.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Guanajuato (Guanajuato)|Guanajuato]]
| align=center | [[León (México)|León de los Aldama]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;30608
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;6166934
| align=right |179.25
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|2}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;20/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Guanajuato in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Guerrero|Guerrero]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Guerrero|Gro.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Guerrero.svg|frameless|50x50px]]
| align=center | [[Chilpancingo de los Bravo|Chilpancingo&lt;br&gt;de los Bravo]]
| align=center | [[Acapulco de Juárez]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;63621
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;3540685
| align=right |53.26
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|21}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;27/10/1849&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.guerrero.gob.mx/?P=readart&amp;ArtOrder=ReadArt&amp;Article=2177 |title=Erección del Estado de Guerrero|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017132224/http://guerrero.gob.mx/?P=readart&amp;ArtOrder=ReadArt&amp;Article=2177 |archive-date= 17 October 2007|access-date= 2021-08-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071017132224/http://guerrero.gob.mx/?P=readart&amp;ArtOrder=ReadArt&amp;Article=2177 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Guerrero in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Hidalgo|Hidalgo]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Hidalgo|Hgo.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Escudo del Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo.png|60px]] 
| align=center | [[Pachuca de Soto]]
| align=center | [[Pachuca de Soto]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;20813
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;3082841
| align=right |128.05
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|26}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;16/01/1869&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/index.php?historia-de-las-divisiones-territoriales-de-los-municipios-del-estado-de-hidalgo-1 |title=Congreso del Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo |archive-url= https://archive.is/20080724223240/http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/index.php?historia-de-las-divisiones-territoriales-de-los-municipios-del-estado-de-hidalgo-1|access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2018-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090136/http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/index.php?historia-de-las-divisiones-territoriales-de-los-municipios-del-estado-de-hidalgo-1 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Hidalgo in Mexico (zoom).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Jalisco|Jalisco]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Jalisco|Jal.]]
| align=center | [[File:Coat of arms of Jalisco.svg|frameless|71x71px]]
| align=center | [[Guadalajara (México)|Guadalajara]]
| align=center | [[Zapopan]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;78599
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;8348151
| align=right |93.52
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|9}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;23/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Jalisco in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de México|México]]
| align=center | [[Estado de México|Méx.]]
| align=center |
| align=center | [[Toluca de Lerdo]]
| align=center | [[Ecatepec de Morelos]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;22357
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;16992418
| align=right |678.80
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|1}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;20/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Mexico (state) in Mexico (zoom).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Michoacán|Michoacán de Ocampo]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Michoacán|Mich.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Escudo del Estado de Michoacán.svg|73x73px]]
| align=center | [[Morelia]]
| align=center | [[Morelia]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;58643
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;4748846
| align=right |74.20
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|5}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;22/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Michoacan in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Morelos|Morelos]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Morelos|Mor.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Morelos.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Cuernavaca]]
| align=center | [[Cuernavaca]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;4893
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;1971520
| align=right |363.22
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|27}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;17/04/1869&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/morelos/gobi.htm |title= Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113934/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/morelos/gobi.htm |archive-date= 18 July 2011|access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113934/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/morelos/gobi.htm |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Morelos in Mexico (zoom).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Nayarit|Nayarit]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Nayarit|Nay.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Nayarit.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Tepic]]
| align=center | [[Tepic]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;27815
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;1235456
| align=right |39.01
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|28}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;26/01/1917&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/enero-febrero.html |title= Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100218064033/http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/enero-febrero.html |access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2018-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090128/http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/enero-febrero.html |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Nayarit in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Nuevo León|Nuevo León]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Nuevo León|N. L.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Nuevo Leon.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Monterrey]]
| align=center | [[Monterrey]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;64220
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;5784442
| align=right |72.46
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|15}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;07/05/1824&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Nuevo Leon in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Oaxaca|Oaxaca]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Oaxaca|Oax.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Oaxaca.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Oaxaca de Juárez]]
| align=center | [[Oaxaca de Juárez]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;93793
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;4132148
| align=right |40.54
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|3}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;21/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Oaxaca in Mexico.svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Puebla|Puebla]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Puebla|Pue.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Puebla.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Puebla de Zaragoza]]
| align=center | [[Puebla de Zaragoza]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;34290
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;6583278
| align=right |168.56
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|4}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;21/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Puebla in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Querétaro]]
| align=center | [[Querétaro|Qro.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Queretaro.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Santiago de Querétaro]]
| align=center | [[Santiago de Querétaro]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;11684
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;2368467
| align=right |156.45
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|11}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;23/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Queretaro in Mexico (zoom).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Quintana Roo|Quintana Roo]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Quintana Roo|Q. R.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Quintana Roo.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Chetumal]]
| align=center | [[Cancún]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;42361
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;1857985
| align=right |31.29
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|31}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;08/10/1974&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.qroo.gob.mx/qroo/Estado/Historia.php|title=Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817230003/http://www.qroo.gob.mx/qroo/Estado/Historia.php |access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2018-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090140/https://www.qroo.gob.mx/qroo/Estado/Historia.php |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Quintana Roo in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]
| align=center | [[Estado de San Luis Potosí|S. L. P.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of San Luis Potosi.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[San Luis Potosí (San Luis Potosí)|San Luis Potosí]]
| align=center | [[San Luis Potosí (San Luis Potosí)|San Luis Potosí]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;60983
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;2822255
| align=right |42.40
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|6}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;22/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:San Luis Potosi in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Sinaloa|Sinaloa]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Sinaloa|Sin.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Sinaloa.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Culiacán Rosales]]
| align=center | [[Culiacán Rosales]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;57377
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;3026943
| align=right |48.24
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|20}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;14/10/1830&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1830_135/Ley_Reglas_para_la_divisi_n_del_Estado_de_Sonora_y_Sinaloa.shtml |title=500 años de México en documentos|access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2011-08-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110807004844/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1830_135/Ley_Reglas_para_la_divisi_n_del_Estado_de_Sonora_y_Sinaloa.shtml |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Sinaloa in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Sonora|Sonora]]&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;
| align=center | [[Estado de Sonora|Son.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Sonora.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Hermosillo]]
| align=center | [[Hermosillo]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;179503
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;2944840
| align=right |14.83
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|12}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;10/01/1824&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Sonora in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Tabasco|Tabasco]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Tabasco|Tab.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Tabasco (México).svg|75x75px]]
| align=center | [[Villahermosa (Tabasco)|Villahermosa]]
| align=center | [[Villahermosa (Tabasco)|Villahermosa]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;24738
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;2402598
| align=right |90.49
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|13}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;07/02/1824&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Tabasco in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Tamaulipas|Tamaulipas]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Tamaulipas|Tamps.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Tamaulipas.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Ciudad Victoria]]
| align=center | [[Reynosa]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;80175
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;3527735
| align=right |40.77
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|14}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;07/02/1824&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Tamaulipas in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Tlaxcala|Tlaxcala]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Tlaxcala|Tlax.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Tlaxcala.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl]]
| align=center | [[Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;4016
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;1342977
| align=right |291.32
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|22}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;09/12/1856&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/nov-dic.html |title= Portal Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091227003735/http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/nov-dic.html |access-date= 2021-08-25 |archive-date= 2010-04-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100408093832/http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/nov-dic.html |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Tlaxcala in Mexico (zoom).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Veracruz|Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Veracruz|Ver.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Veracruz.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Xalapa-Enríquez]]
| align=center | [[Veracruz]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;71820
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;8062579
| align=right |106.42
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|7}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;22/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Veracruz in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Yucatán|Yucatán]]&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;
| align=center | [[Estado de Yucatán|Yuc.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Yucatan.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Mérida (México)|Mérida]]
| align=center | [[Mérida (México)|Mérida]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;39612
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;2320898
| align=right |49.37
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|8}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;23/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Yucatan in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|-
| [[Estado de Zacatecas|Zacatecas]]
| align=center | [[Estado de Zacatecas|Zac.]]
| align=center | [[Archivo:Coat of arms of Zacatecas.svg|50px]]
| align=center | [[Zacatecas (Zacatecas)|Zacatecas]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Zacatecas (Zacatecas)|Zacatecas]]
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;75539
| align=right | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;1622138
| align=right |19.73
| align=center | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;{{nts|10}}
| &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;18191214&lt;/span&gt;23/12/1823&lt;ref name=&quot;La Diputación_1&quot;/&gt;
| align=center | [[Archivo:Zacatecas in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|80px]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Mexico| ]]
[[Category:Kintras in North Americae]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1821]]
[[Category:G15 naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]</text>
      <sha1>9lior5m4dkienjvpzlhit8al6y8oqfv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Afrikaans leid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869265</id>
      <parentid>842658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:43:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9315" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language
| name = Afrikaans
| pronunciation = {{IPA-af|afriˈkɑːns|}}
| states = [[Sooth Africae]], [[Namibie]]
| speakers =  {{sigfig|7.2|2}} million
| date = 2016
| ref = e19
| ethnicity=[[Afrikaners]], [[Cape Coloured]]
| speakers2 = 10.3 million [[L2 speakers]] in Sooth Africae (2002){{sfnp|Webb|2002|loc=14:78}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Germanic leids|Germanic]]
| fam3 = [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]]
| fam4 = [[Law Franconian leids|Law Franconian]]
| fam5 = [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]
| script = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Laitin script|Latin]] using [[Afrikaans alphabet]] |[[Afrikaans Braille]]}}
| sign = [[Signed Afrikaans]]&lt;ref&gt;Aarons &amp; Reynolds, &quot;South African Sign Language&quot; in Monaghan (ed.), ''Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities'' (2003).&lt;/ref&gt;
| nation = {{RSA}}
| agency = [[Die Taalkommissie]]
| minority = {{NAM}}
| iso1=af
| iso2=afr
| iso3=afr
| glotto=afri1274
|glottorefname= Afrikaans
| lingua=52-ACB-ba
| map = Afrikaans ETN15 Spread.svg
| mapcaption = Regions shadit daurk blue represent auries o concentratit Afrikaans-speakin commonties
| notice=IPA
}}
'''Afrikaans''' is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic leid]], mainly spoken in [[Sooth Africae]] and [[Namibie]]. It is a dochter leid o [[Dutch leid|Dutch]], oreeginatin in its 17t century dialects, collectively referred tae as '''[[Cape Dutch]]'''.&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;Afrikaans is a dochhter leid o Dutch; see {{harvnb|Booij|1995|p=2}}, {{harvnb|Jansen|Schreuder|Neijt|2007|p=5}}, {{harvnb|Mennen|Levelt|Gerrits|2006|p=1}}, {{harvnb|Booij|2003|p=4}}, {{harvnb|Hiskens|Auer|Kerswill|2005|p=19}}, {{harvnb|Heeringa|de Wet|2007|p=1, 3, 5}}.
&lt;br /&gt;Afrikaans wis historically cawed Cape Dutch; see {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}, {{harvnb|Conradie|2005|p=208}}, {{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=160}}, {{harvnb|Langer|Davies|2005|p=144}}, {{harvnb|Deumert|2002|p=3}}, {{harvnb|Berdichevsky|2004|p=130}}.
&lt;br /&gt;Afrikaans is rootit in seiventeent century dialects o Dutch; see {{harvnb|Holm|1989|p=338}}, {{harvnb|Geerts|Clyne|1992|p=71}}, {{harvnb|Mesthrie|1995|p=214}}, {{harvnb|Niesler|Louw|Roux|2005|p=459}}.
&lt;br /&gt;Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised leid, or a different variety o Dutch; see {{harvnb|Sebba|2007|p=116}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho Afrikaans borraed frae leids sic as [[Malay leid|Malay]], [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]], the [[Bantu leids]] or the [[Khoisan leids]], an estimatit 90 tae 95&amp;nbsp;percent o Afrikaans vocabulary is o Dutch origin.{{#tag:ref|Afrikaans borraed frae ither languages sic as Portuguese, Malay, Bantu and Khoisan languages; see {{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=160}}, {{harvnb|Niesler|Louw|Roux|2005|p=459}}.
&lt;br /&gt;90 to 95&amp;nbsp;percent of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin; see {{harvnb|Mesthrie|1995|p=214}}, {{harvnb|Mesthrie|2002|p=205}}, {{harvnb|Kamwangamalu|2004|p=203}}, {{harvnb|Berdichevsky|2004|p=131}}, {{harvnb|Brachin|Vincent|1985|p=132}}|group=&quot;n&quot;}}

Wi aboot 6 million native speakers in Sooth Africae, or 13.3&amp;nbsp;percent o the population, it is the third maist spoken mither tongue in the kintra.&lt;ref name=&quot;statssa-2001-language-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/PublicationsHTML/Report-03-02-042001/html/Report-03-02-042001_18.html?gInitialPosX=10px&amp;gInitialPosY=10px&amp;gZoomValue=100|title=Census 2001 - Home language|publisher=[[Statistics Sooth Africae]]|accessdate=2 February 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;statistics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |ref=harv |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/RSAPrimary.pdf |year=2001 |title=Census 2001: Primary tables Sooth Africae: Census 1996 an 2001 compared |work=Statistics Sooth Africae |page=19 |publisher=[[Statistics Sooth Africae]] |access-date=2010-10-15 |archive-date=2014-12-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6UxL3wQW4?url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/RSAPrimary.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It haes the widest geographical an racial distribution o aw [[Leids o Sooth Africae|offeecial leids]], an is widely spoken an unnerstood as a seicont or third leid.{{#tag:ref|It haes the widest geographical an racial distribution o aw offeecial leids; see {{harvnb|Webb|2003|p=7, 8}}, {{harvnb|Berdichevsky|2004|p=131}}. It haes bi far the lairgest geographical distribution; see {{harvnb|Alant|2004|p=45}}.&lt;br /&gt;It is widely spoken an unnerstood as a seicont or third leid; see {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}, {{harvnb|Kamwangamalu|2004|p=207}}, {{harvnb|Myers-Scotton|2006|p=389}}, {{harvnb|Simpson|2008|p=324}}, {{harvnb|Palmer|2001|p=141}},  {{harvnb|Webb|2002|p=74}}, {{harvnb|Herriman|Burnaby|1996|p=18}}, {{harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=7}}, {{harvnb|Brook Napier|2007|p=69, 71}}.&lt;br /&gt;An estimatit 40&amp;nbsp;percent hae at least a basic level o communication; see {{harvnb|Webb|2003|p=7}} {{harvnb|McLean|McCormick|1996|p=333}}.|group=&quot;n&quot;}} It is the majority leid o the wastren hauf o Sooth Africae—the provinces o the [[Northren Cape]] an [[Wastren Cape]]—an the primary leid o the [[coloured]] an [[White Sooth African|white communities]].&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;Accordin tae the [http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/RSAPrimary.pdf 2001 census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709020230/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/RSAPrimary.pdf |date=2012-07-09 }}, 79.5% o the so-cawed [[Coloured|coloured community]] uised Afrikaans as a hame leid, 59.1% o the [[White Sooth African|white population]], 1.7% o the [[Asian Sooth African|Indian population]] an 0.7% o the black population.&lt;br /&gt;For the geographical distribution o Afrikaans; see an aa [[Afrikaans speakin population in Sooth Africae]].&lt;/ref&gt; In neebourin [[Namibie]], Afrikaans is spoken in 11&amp;nbsp;percent o hoosehaulds, mainly concentratit in the caipital [[Windhoek]] an the soothren regions o [[Hardap Region|Hardap]] an [[Karas Region|Karas]].{{#tag:ref|Afrikaans is spoken in 11&amp;nbsp;percent o Namibian hoosehaulds; see {{harvnb|Namibian Population Census|2001}}. In the Hardap Region it is spoken in 44&amp;nbsp;percent o hoosehaulds, in the Karas Region bi 40&amp;nbsp;percent o househaulds, in the Khomas Region bi 24&amp;nbsp;percent o hooseholds; see [http://www.npc.gov.na/census/index.htm Census Indicators, 2001] an click through tae &quot;Regional indicators&quot;. |group=&quot;n&quot;}} Widely spoken as a seicont leid, it is a [[lingua franca]] o Namibie.{{#tag:ref|Some 85&amp;nbsp;percent o Namibians can understand Afrikaans; see {{harvnb|Bromber|Smieja|2004|p=73}}. &lt;br /&gt;There ar 152,000 native speakers o Afrikaans in Namibie; see {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}. &lt;br /&gt;Afrikaans is a lingua franca o Namibie; see {{harvnb|Deumert|2004|p=1}}, {{harvnb|Adegbija|1994|p=26}}, {{harvnb|Batibo|2005|p=79}}, {{harvnb|Donaldson|1993|p=xiii}}, {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}, {{harvnb|Baker|Prys Jones|1997|p=364}}, {{harvnb|Domínguez|López|1995|p=399}}, {{harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=8}}, {{harvnb|CIA|2010}}.|group=&quot;n&quot;}} 

While the tot nummer o speakers o Afrikaans is unkent, estimates range atween 17.5 an 23 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;speakers&quot; group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;What follaes ar estimations. Afrikaans haes 16.3 million speakers; see {{harvnb|de Swaan|2001|p=216}}. Afrikaans haes a total o 16 million speakers; see {{harvnb|Machan|2009|p=174}}. Aboot 9 million fowk speak Afrikaans as a seicont or third leid; see {{harvnb|Alant|2004|p=45}}, {{harvnb|Proost|2006|p=402}}. Afrikaans haes ower 5 million native speakers an 15 million seicont leid speakers; see {{harvnb|Réguer|2004|p=20}}. Afrikaans haes aboot 6 million native an 16 million seicont leid speakers; see {{harvnb|Domínguez|López|1995|p=340}}. In Sooth Africa, ower 23 million fowk speak Afrikaans an a third ar first-language speakers; see {{harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=7}}. L2 &quot;Black Afrikaans&quot; is spoken, wi different degrees o fluency, bi an estimatit 15 million; see {{harvnb|Stell|2008-11|p=1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Grammar ==
In the grammar o Afrikaans, thare's nae sindry atween the infinitive an praisent forms o verbs, wi the exception o the verbs 'to be' and 'to have':
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#ffdead;&quot;
! infinitive form
! present indicative form
! Dutch
! Scots
! German
|-
|wees || is || zijn (imperative: wees) || be || sein
|-
|hê || het || hebben || hae || haben
|}
An aw, verbs dinna conjugate differently depending on the subject. For ensaumple,
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#ffdead;&quot;
! Afrikaans || Dutch || Scots || German
|-
|ek is || ik ben || A am || ich bin
|-
|jy/u is || jij/u bent || you/ye are (sing.) || du bist (informal sing.)
|-
|hy/sy/dit is || hij/zij/het is || he/she/it is || er/sie/es ist
|-
|ons is || wij zijn || we are || wir sind
|-
|julle is || jullie zijn || you/ye are (plur.) || ihr seid (informal pl.)
|-
|hulle is || zij zijn || thay are || Sie (formal sing. &amp; pl.)/sie sind
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;references group=&quot;n&quot;/&gt;
{{Commonscat|Afrikaans}}

{{Germanic leids}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Analytic leids]]
[[Category:Afrikaans| ]]
[[Category:Leids o Botswana]]
[[Category:Leids o Namibie]]
[[Category:Leids o Sooth Africae]]
[[Category:Leids o Eswatini]]
[[Category:Law Franconian leids]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]]
[[Category:Verb-seicont leids]]

{{Stub/Africae}}
{{Stub/Leid}}</text>
      <sha1>9955deuajfowow9h5lprm5j1cw2r8f9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Austrailie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869284</id>
      <parentid>869166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:47:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20887" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|25|S|133|E|type:country_region:AU_scale:20000000|display=title}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Commonwalth o Australie
|common_name        = Australie
|image_flag         = Flag of Australia (converted).svg
|image_coat         = Coat of Arms of Australia.svg
|alt_coat           = &lt;!--alt text for coat of arms--&gt;
|national_anthem    = &quot;[[Advance Australia Fair]]&quot;{{lower|0.2em|{{refn|Australie's [[ryal anthem]] is &quot;[[God Save the Queen]]&quot;, played in the presence o a member o the [[Hoose o Windsor|Ryal faimily]] whan thay are in Australie. In ither contexts, the [[naitional anthem]] o Australie, &quot;[[Advance Australia Fair]]&quot;, is played.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/anthem.cfm It's an Honour – Symbols – Australian National Anthem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109134834/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/anthem.cfm |date=2007-11-09 }} and [http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/Pages/16-other-matters.aspx#163 DFAT – &quot;Australian National Anthem&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173124/http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/Pages/16-other-matters.aspx |date=23 September 2015 }}; {{cite book |title=Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia |edition=29th |origyear=2002 |year=2005 |chapter=National Symbols |chapterurl=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/40thparl/national+symbols.pdf |accessdate=7 June 2007 |archive-date=2007-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611101901/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/40thparl/national+symbols.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=&quot;anthem explanation&quot;|group=&quot;N&quot;}}&lt;!--end lower:--&gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:U.S. Navy Band, Advance Australia Fair (instrumental).ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|image_map          = Australia_with_AAT_(orthographic_projection).svg
|map_width          = 220px
|alt_map            = &lt;!--alt text for map--&gt;
|capital            = [[Canberra]]
|coordinates        = {{Coord|35|18|29|S|149|07|28|E|type:city_region:AU}}
|largest_city       = [[Sydney]]
|languages_type     = [[Naitional leid]]
|languages          = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{refn|Inglis daes nae hae ''[[de jure]]'' status.&lt;ref name=language&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm |title=Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies? |work=1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney |publisher=[[Department of Immigration and Citizenship]] |accessdate=11 January 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220020910/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm |archivedate=20 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220020910/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm |date=2008-12-20 }} &quot;English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; |name=&quot;languages&quot;|group=&quot;N&quot;}}
|demonym            = {{hlist|[[Australiens|Australien]] &lt;br /&gt;Australian &lt;br /&gt;[[Aussie]] (colloquial)&lt;ref&gt;See entry in the [[Macquarie Dictionary]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |year=2009 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=Bishopbriggs, Glasgow |isbn=978-0-00-786171-2 |page=18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end hlist:--&gt;}}
|government_type    = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]]&lt;br&gt; [[constitutional monarchy]]
|leader_title1      = [[Monarchy o Australie|Monarch]]
|leader_name1       = [[Elizabeth II]]
|leader_title2      = {{nowrap|[[Govrenor-General o Australie|Govrenor-General]]}}
|leader_name2       = [[David Hurley]]
|leader_title3      = [[Prime Meenister o Australie|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3       = [[Anthony Albanese]]
|leader_title4      = [[Chief Juistice o Australie|Chief Juistice]]
|leader_name4       = [[Susan Kiefel]]
|legislature        = [[Pairlament o Australie|Pairlament]]
|upper_house        = [[Australien Senate|Senate]]
|lower_house        = [[Australien Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]]
|sovereignty_type   = Unthirldom
|sovereignty_note   = frae the [[Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland|Unitit Kinrick]]
|established_event1 = [[Federation o Australie|Federation]], [[Constitution o Australie|Constitution]]
|established_date1  = 1 Januar 1901
|established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|Statute of Westminster Adoption Act]]
|established_date2  = {{nowrap|9 October 1942 {{small|(wi effect&lt;br /&gt;frae 3 September 1939)}}}}
|established_event3 = [[Austrailie Act 1986|Austrailie Act]]
|established_date3  = 3 Mairch 1986
|area_km2           = 7692024
|area_rank          = 6t
|percent_water      = 0.76
|population_estimate = {{data Australia|poptoday|formatnum}}&lt;ref name=&quot;popclock&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument|title=Population clock|work=Australian Bureau of Statistics website|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=1 July 2017}} The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_rank = 51st
|population_estimate_year = {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|population_census        = 23,401,892&lt;ref&gt;{{Census 2016 AUS|id=036|name=Australia|accessdate=27 June 2017|quick=on}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census_year   = 2016
|population_density_km2   = {{#expr:{{Data Australia|poptoday}} / 7692024 round 1}}
|population_density_rank  = 236t
|GDP_PPP            = {{nowrap|$1.189 trillion&lt;ref name=IMF&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&amp;pr.y=10&amp;sy=2016&amp;ey=2020&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=193&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=Australia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2016 |accessdate=1 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|GDP_PPP_year       = 2016
|GDP_PPP_rank       = 19t
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $48,806&lt;ref name=IMF/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 17t
|GDP_nominal        = {{nowrap|$1.257 trillion&lt;ref name=IMF/&gt;}}
|GDP_nominal_year   = 2016
|GDP_nominal_rank   = 13t
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $51,593&lt;ref name=IMF/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 9t
|Gini           = 33.6&lt;!--number only--&gt;
|Gini_year      = 2012
|Gini_change    = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|Gini_ref       = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OECD Economic Surveys: Norway 2012|url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-norway-2012/gini-coefficients-before-and-after-taxes-and-transfers_eco_surveys-nor-2012-graph1-en#page1|access-date=2019-06-21|archive-date=2014-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812150611/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-norway-2012/gini-coefficients-before-and-after-taxes-and-transfers_eco_surveys-nor-2012-graph1-en#page1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rank      = 19t
|HDI            = 0.939&lt;!--number only--&gt;
|HDI_year       = 2015&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
|HDI_change     = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|HDI_ref        = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank       = 2nt
|currency       = [[Austrailien dollar]]
|currency_code  = AUD
|time_zone      = [[Time in Austrailie|various]]&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot; group=&quot;N&quot;&gt;Thare are minor variations frae three basic time zones; see [[Time in Austrailie]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|utc_offset     = +8 to +10.5
|utc_offset_DST = +8 to +11.5
|time_zone_DST  = [[Time in Austrailie|various]]&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot; group=&quot;N&quot; /&gt;
|date_format    = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on      = [[Richt- an caur-fist traffeck|caur]]
|calling_code   = [[+61]]
|cctld          = [[.au]]
|area_magnitude     = 1 E12
}}
'''Australie''',&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scots-online.org/mobile/dictionary/english_scots.php&lt;/ref&gt; offeecially the '''Commonwalth o Australie''', is a kintra situatit in the [[Soothren Hemisphere]] conseestin o the mainland o the [[Austrailie (continent)|Australien continent]] (the weest in the warld), the island o [[Tasmanie]] an puckle [[list o islands o Australie|wee islands]] in the [[Indien Ocean|Indien]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]s. Neebourin kintras include [[Indonesie]], [[East Timor]] an [[Papua New Guinea]] til the north, the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]] an [[New Caledon]] til the northeast an [[New Zealand]] til the sootheast.

Fer at least 40,000 years afore European dounset in the late 18t century, Australie wis wonet bi [[Indigenous Australiens]]. Australie's eastren hauf wis claimit bi [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetain]] in 1770 an ti stairt wi settelt throu [[penal transportation]] til the colony o [[New Sooth Wales]], foondit on 26 Januar 1788. The indwallers nummer grew conseestently in thae follaein years; the continent wis explorit an an eik o five, maistly self-govrenin [[Breetish owerseas territories|Croun Colonies]] war estaiblishit in the 19t century.

On 1 Januar 1901, the sax colonies [[Federation o Australie|becam a federation]] an the Commonweel o Australie wis creatit. Syne Federation, Australie haes keepit a siccar [[liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] poleetical seestem an is a [[Commonweel kinrick]]. The nummer o indwellers is 26 million, wi aboot 60% in an aroond the mainland state caipitals o [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], [[Perth, Austrailie|Perth]] an [[Adelaide]]. The naition's caipital ceety is [[Canberra]], locatit in the [[Australien Caipital Territory]].

== Etymology ==
Namit {{IPA|[[Australian English phonology|[əˈstɹæɪljə, -liə]]]}} in [[Australien Inglis]], comes frae the [[Laitin]] ''australis'', meanin &quot;soothren&quot;. The kintra hae been cried ''Oz'' syne the early 20t century. ''[[Aussie]]'' is a name times uised ti refer ti the &quot;Australien&quot; fowk.

Leegends o an &quot;unbekent land o the sooth&quot; (''[[Terra Australis|terra australis incognita]]'') hae been aroond syne the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times an wis aft seen in medieval cairts, but thae warnae o ony bekent continent. The wird ''Australie'' wis first uissit in Inglis in 1625, in &quot;A note o Australia del Espíritu Santo, scrieved bi Master Hakluyt&quot; an published bi [[Samuel Purchas]] in ''Hakluytus Posthumus''. The Duits adjecteeval form ''Australische'' wis ussit bi [[Dutch East Indie Company]] offeecials in [[Jakarta|Batavia]] ti refer ti the newlins discovered land til the sooth in 1638. ''Australie'' wis uised in a 1693 translation o ''Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe'', a 1676 French beuk bi [[Gabriel de Foigny]], unner the eik-name Jacques Sadeur. [[Alexander Dalrymple]] uissit hit in ''An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean'' (1771), whan refferin til the hail Sooth Paceefic region. In 1793, [[George Shaw]] an [[James Edward Smith|Sir James Smith]] scrieved ''Zoology and Botany of New Holland'', an spake o &quot;the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or [[New Holland (Australie)|New Holland]]&quot;.

The name ''Australie'' wis popularised bi [[Matthew Flinders]], wham pushit for the name ti be formally uissit as early as 1804. Whan reddin his manuscript an chairts for his 1814 ''[[A Voyage to Terra Australis]]'', he wis persuaded bi his patron, [[Joseph Banks|Sir Joseph Banks]], ti uiss the name ''Terra Australis'' as hit wis the name maist kent til the fowk. Flinders did sae, but forbye includit the fuitnote: {{quote|&quot;Had I permitted myself any innovation on the original term, it would have been to convert it to Australia; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth.&quot;}} Hit wis the ae time in the beuk; but in Appendix III, [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]]'s ''[[General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis]]'', Brown maks uiss o the adjectival form ''Australien'' throu the hail airticle, en is the first kent uiss o hit. [[Lachlan Macquarie]], a [[Govrenor o New Sooth Wales]], uissit the wird in his dispatches til Ingland, an on 12 December 1817 recommendit til the Colonial Office tha it be formally adoptit. In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent shoud be kent offeecially as ''Australie''.

== History ==
{{Main|History o Australie}}
[[File:Endeavour replica in Cooktown harbour.jpg|left|thumb|alt=A three-mastit sailin ship wi its sails furled, sittin motionless on a body o watter. A beach an forestit hills are in the backgrund.|A replica o Lieutenant Cook's ship [[HMS Endeavour|HM Bark ''Endeavour'']] in [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]] Harbour]]
Indwellen o Australie is estimatit ti hae stairt atween 42,000 an 48,000 year aby, mibbe wi the migration o fowk bi [[land brig]]s an short sea-crossins frae whit is nou [[Sootheast Asie]]. Thae fowk mey hae been sib til modren Indigenous Australiens. At the time of European dounset in the late 18t century, maist Indigenous Australiens war [[hunter-gaithrer]]s, wi a complex [[oral tradeetion|oral cultur]] an spiritual values basit on unnersaundin o the land an a belief in the [[Dreamtime]]. The [[Torres Kyle Islanders]], sib til the [[Melanesie]]n fowk, war oreeginally horticulturalists an hunter-gaithrers.

The first screived European sichtin o the Australien continent an the first screived European landin on the Australien continent war bi the Dutchman [[Willem Janszoon]], wham sichtit the coast o [[Cape York Hauf-Island]] on an unkent day in early 1606; he landit on 26 Februar at the [[Pennefather River]] on the wastren shore o Cape York, near the modren toun o [[Weipa, Queensland|Weipa]]. The Dutch chairtit the hail o the wastren an northren coasts o &quot;New Holland&quot; in the 17t century. [[William Dampier]], an Inglish explorer/privateer landit on the northwast coast o Australie in 1688 an oweragain in 1699. In 1770, [[James Cook]] sailed alang an chairtit the east coast o Australie, an cried hit New Sooth Wales an claimit hit for [[Unitit Kinrick|Great Breetain]]. Hit wis Cook's wark tha prepared the wey for establishment o a new [[penal colony]]. The Breetish [[Breetish owerseas territories|Croun Colony]] o New Sooth Wales wis foondit on 26 Januar 1788, whan Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] led the [[First Fleet]] til [[Port Jackson]].&gt; This date wis ti becam Australie's naitional day, [[Australie Day]]. [[Van Diemen's Land]], kent nou as Tasmanie, wis settlt in 1803 an becam a separate colony in 1825. The Unitit Kinrick formally claimit the wastren pairt o Australie in 1828.

Ither colonies war pairtit frae New Sooth Wales: [[Sooth Australie]] in 1836, [[Victoria (Australie)|Victoria]] in 1851, an Queensland in 1859. The [[Northren Territory]] wis foondit in 1911 whan hit wis takken frae Sooth Australie. Sooth Australie wis foondit as a &quot;free province&quot;—it wis neer uissit as a penal colony. Victoria an Wastren Australie war an aa foondit &quot;free&quot;, but later alloud [[convicts in Australie|convicts]]. A campaign bi the indwellers o New Sooth Wales led ti the end o convict transportation til tha colony; the last convict ship wis in 1848.

[[File:Port Arthur Seeseite.jpg|thumb|240px|alt=A calm body o watter is in the foregrund. The shoreline is aboot 200 metres away. Tae the left, close tae the shore, are three taw [[gum tree]]s; ahint them on an incline are ruins, includin walls an watchtouers of licht-coloured stone an brick, what appear tae be the foondations o walls, an grassed auries. Tae the richt lie the ooter walls o a lairge rectangular fower-storey biggin dottit wi regularly spaced windaes. Forestit land rises gently tae a peak several kilometres back frae the shore.|[[Port Arthur, Tasmanie]] wis Australie's lairgest jyle for transportit convicts.]]

The Indigenous Australien fowk, estimatit ti be 350,000 at the time o European dounset, dwyned steeply for 150 year thare efter, maistly ti infectious illness. The &quot;[[Stealt Generations]]&quot; (the takin o Aboriginal bairns frae thair kin) cud hae contributit ti the decline in the Indigenous fowk an aa. Sic interpretations o Aboriginal history arnae supportit bi conservative commentators an sic lik. The Federal govrenment gained the pouer ti mak laws for Aborigines ahint the [[Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)|1967 referendum]]. Tradeetional awnership o land—[[native title]]—wisna recognised till 1992, whan the [[Hie Court o Australie|Hie Court]] case ''[[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)]]'' owerturned the conceit o Australie as ''[[terra nullius]]'' (&quot;land belongin til naebody&quot;) afore European occupation.

[[File:Anzac2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A balding man wearing a suit and playin a bugle, while staundin in front o a croud o ither fowk an a stane monument.|The [[Last Post]] is playit at an [[ANZAC Day]] ceremony in [[Port Melbourne, Victoria]]. Seemilar ceremonies tak place in maist suburbs an touns.]]

1 Januar 1901, [[Federation o Australie|federation o the colonies]] wis achieved efter ten year o plannin, consultation, an votin. The Commonweel o Australie wis foondit an hit becam a [[Breetish Dominions|dominion]] o the [[Breetish Empire]] in 1907. The Federal Caipital Territory (later renamed the Australian Caipital Territory) wis foondit in 1911 as the location for the future caipital o Canberra an aa. Melbourne wis the temporary seat o govrenment frae 1901 tae 1927 while Canberra wis biggit. The Northren Territory wis transferred frae the control o the Sooth Australien govrenment til the federal pairliament in 1911. In 1914, Australie jynt Breetain in fechtin Warld War I, wi help frae baith the ootgoin Leeberal Pairty an the incomin Labor Pairty. Australians teuk pairt in mony o the muckler battles focht on the [[Wastren Front (Warld War I)|Wastren Front]]. Mony Australiens see the defeat o the [[Australien an New Zealand Airmy Corps]] (ANZACs) at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] as the birth o the Australie naition—bein the first muckle military action. The [[Kokoda Track campaign]] is seen bi mony as a seemilar naition-definin event in [[Warld War II]].

Breetain's [[Statute o Westminster 1931]] endit maist o the constitutional links atween Australie an the UK. Australie [[Statute o Westminster Adoption Act 1942|adoptit hit]] in 1942. The shock o the UK's defeat in Asie in 1942 an the [[Military history o Australie during World War II#Defence of Australie|threit o Japanees invasion]] gart Australie ti turn til the Unitit States as a new fere an protector. Syne 1951, Australie haes been a formal military fere o the US, unner the [[ANZUS]] treaty. Ahint Warld War II, Australie increasit immigration frae Europe. Syne the 1970s an efter the abolition o the [[White Australie Policy]], immigration frae Asie an ither kintras wis promotit an aa. The eftercast o this wis tha Australie's demography, cultur, an sel-perception wis changit. The final constitutional ties atween Australie an the UK wis sned wi the passin o the [[Australie Act 1986]], endin ony Breetish role in the govrenment o Australie, an closin the chaunce o appealin til the [[Privy council|Privy Council]] in Lunnon. In a [[Australian republic referendum, 1999|referendum]], 55% o Australian voters an afeck in ivery Australien state didnae want a [[republic]] wi a preses appointit bi a twa-thrids vote in baith Hooses o the Australien Pairliament. Syne the election o the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam Govrenment]] in 1972, foreign policy hae stairtit ti mak stranger ties wi ilke [[Paceefic Rim]] naitions, while keepin close ties wi Australie's tradeetional feres an tradin pairtners.

== States an Territories ==
The kintra o Australie is pairtit atween sax states an twa territories, leetit ablo:

* [[Australien Caipital Territory]]
* [[New Sooth Wales]]
* [[Northren Territory]]
* [[Queensland]]
* [[Sooth Australie]]
* [[Tasmanie]]
* [[Victoria (Australie)|Victoria]]
* [[Wastren Australie]]

== Caipital ceeties ==
* [[Adelaide]]
* [[Brisbane]]
* [[Canberra]]
* [[Darwin, Northren Territory|Darwin]]
* [[Hobart]]
* [[Perth, Wastren Australie|Perth]]
* [[Melbourne]]
* [[Sydney]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Australia}}

[[Category:Australie| ]]
[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]
[[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Federal kintras]]
[[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Leeberal democracies]]
[[Category:Members o the Commonweel o Naitions]]
[[Category:Kintras in Oceanie]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1901]]</text>
      <sha1>qms9p0d59od944nkt6pfktuj2u8nlte</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Armeinie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869278</id>
      <parentid>865086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:34:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12711" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|40|N|45|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Republic o Armenie
|native_name = {{nobold|Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|''Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun''}}
|common_name = Armenie
|image_flag = Flag of Armenia.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Armenia.svg
|image_map = Armenia (orthographic projection).svg
|national_motto =
|national_anthem = &lt;br /&gt;[[Mer Hayrenik|Մեր Հայրենիք]]&lt;br /&gt;''Mer Hayrenik''&lt;br /&gt;{{smaller|&quot;Our Fatherland&quot;}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:Mer Hayrenik instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|official_languages = [[Armenie leid|Armenie]]&lt;ref name=&quot;constitution&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (with amendments) |url=http://www.concourt.am/english/constitutions/index.htm#1 |publisher=Constitutional Court of the Republic of Armenia |accessdate=14 October 2012 |date=5 July 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|national_languages = [[Armenie leid|Armenie]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]], [[Greek leid|Greek]], [[Kurdish leid|Kurdish]] an [[Roushie leid|Roushie]]
|languages_type = Spoken an written leid
|languages = {{nowrap|[[Eastren Armenie]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=George L. |last2=King |first2=Gareth |title=Compendium of the World's Languages |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-136-25846-6 |page=115 |edition=3rd |quote=...Eastern Armenian is the written and spoken language of the Republic of Armenia.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Dalby |title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb |date=1998 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-11568-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb/page/36 36] |quote=...Eastern Armenian of the Present Republic of Armenia...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
|languages_sub = yes
|languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
|languages2 = {{nowrap|[[Armenie alphabet]]{{padlsup|a}}}}
|languages2_sub = yes
|ethnic_groups_year = {{lower|0.4em|&lt;ref&gt;Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (Yerevan 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044234/http://www.hra.am/file/minorities_en.pdf The Ethnic Minorities in Armenia]. Pairt o the [[Organisation for Security an Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]].  at [[WebCite]] (16 April 2010).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Meenistry o Cultur o Armenie [mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Brief information]. As per the maist recent census in 2011. [http://mincult.am/national_minority.html]&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |98.1% [[Armenies]] |&amp;nbsp;1.2% [[Yazidis in Armenie|Yazidis]] |&amp;nbsp;0.4% [[Roushies in Armenie|Roushies]] |&amp;nbsp;0.3% ither}}
|demonym = [[Armenies|Armenie]]
|capital = [[Yerevan]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|40|11|N|44|31|E|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.am/parliament.php?id=constitution&amp;lang=eng|title=National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia – Official Web Site – parliament.am|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title1 = [[:en:President of Armenie|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[:en:Vahagn Khachaturyan|Vahagn Khachaturyan]] (Վահագն Խաչատուրյան)
|leader_title2 = [[:en:Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name2 = [[:en:Nikol Pashinyan|Nikol Pashinyan]] (Նիկոլ Փաշինյան)
|leader_title3 = [[:en:President of the National Assembly of Armenia|President of the National Assembly]]
|leader_name3 = [[:en:Allen Simonyan|Alen Simonyan]] (Ալեն Սիմոնյան)
|legislature = [[National Assembly (Armenia)|Naitional Assembly]]
|sovereignty_type = Formation an unthirldom
|established_event1 = Tradeetional date
|established_date1 = 2492 BC
|established_event2 = [[Hayasa-Azzi]]
|established_date2 = 1500–1290 BC
|established_event3 = [[Shupria|Arme-Shupria]]&lt;ref&gt;[[David Marshall Lang|Lang, David Marshall]]. ''Armenia: Cradle of Civilization''. London: Allen and Unwin, 1970, p. 114. ISBN 0-04-956007-7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Redgate, Anna Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Cornwall: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 16–19, 23, 25, 26 (map), 30–32, 38, 43 ISBN 0-631-22037-2.&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_date3 = 14t century–1190 BC
|established_event4 = [[Urartu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Redgate |first=A. E. |title=The Armenians |year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=0-631-22037-2 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3nef10a3UcC&amp;dq |edition=Reprint |quote=However, the most easily identifiable ancestors of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_date4 = 860–590 BC
|established_event5 = [[Orontid dynasty]]
|established_date5 = 6t century BC
|established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Kinrick o Armenie (antiquity)|Kinrick o Greater&lt;br /&gt;Armenie]] unitit unner&lt;br /&gt;the [[Artaxiad Dynasty]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=de Laet |editor1-first=Sigfried J. |editor2-last=Herrmann |editor2-first=Joachim |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9789231028120 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&amp;pg=PA128 128] |edition=1st |quote=The ruler of the part known as Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder of a new dynasty, managed to unite the country...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
|established_date6 = 190 BC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer02scho |date=2005 |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer02scho/page/393 393] |quote=It was named for Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded the kingdom of Armenia about 190 B.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_event7 = [[Arsacid dynasty o Armenie|Arsacid dynasty]]
|established_date7 = 52–428
|established_event8 = [[Bagratid Armenie]]
|established_date8 = 885–1045
|established_event9 = [[Armenie Kinrick o Cilicia|Kinrick o Cilicia]]
|established_date9 = 1198–1375
|established_event10 = [[First Republic o Armenie]] [[Declaration o Unthirldom o Armenir (1918)|declared]]
|established_date10 = &lt;br /&gt;28 Mey 1918
|established_event11 = Unthirldom frae [[Soviet Union]]
|established_date11 = {{nowrap|23 August 1990{{padlsup|b}}&lt;br /&gt;21 September 1991{{padlsup|c}}&lt;br /&gt;26 December 1991{{padlsup|d}}}}
| area_km2               = 29,743
| area_rank              = 138th
| area_sq_mi             = 11,484 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| percent_water          = 4.71&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-fact&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The World Fact Book – Armenia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/ |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=17 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{decreaseNeutral}} 2,963,900&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=12&amp;id=19001&amp;submit=Search |title=Statistics |access-date=July 2, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census      = {{nowrap|{{decreaseNeutral}} 3,018,854&lt;ref name=&quot;Armenia information&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |title=Statistical Service of Armenia |publisher=Armstat |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144321/http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=live  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;News.am&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Armenia Population |url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |agency=countrymeters.info |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115837/http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=live  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| population_estimate_year = Q1 2021
| population_estimate_rank = 137th
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_census_rank = 
| population_density_km2 = 101.5
| population_density_sq_mi = 262.9 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 99th
| GDP_PPP                = {{nowrap|$43.550 billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=911,&amp;s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2023&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2021
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = $14,701&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal            = {{nowrap|$13.612 billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;/&gt;}}
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 127th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,595&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 104th
| Gini                   = 29.9 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2019
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref name=WB1&gt;{{cite web |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AM |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Armenia |publisher= [[World Bank]] |access-date= 17 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181121041937/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date= 2018-11-21 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.776 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2019 &lt;!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 81st
| currency               = [[Armenian dram|Dram]]&amp;nbsp;([[Armenian dram sign|֏]])
|currency_code = AMD
|time_zone = [[Armenie Time|AMT]]
|utc_offset = +4
|patron_saint = [[Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]]
|drives_on = right
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Armenie|+374]]
|cctld = [[.am]] [[.հայ]]
|footnote_a = [[Armenie orthografie reform|Reformed orthografie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dum-Tragut |first=Jasmine |title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian |url=https://archive.org/details/armenianmodernea00dumt_878 |date=2009 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9789027238146 |page=[https://archive.org/details/armenianmodernea00dumt_878/page/n28 12] |quote=The orthography used in Armenia nowadays goes back to the Soviet orthography reform of 1922 and its revision of 1940.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|footnote_b = Declared sovereignty.
|footnote_c = Declared unthirldom via an [[Armenie unthirldom referendum, 1991|Referendum]]
|footnote_d = Unthirldom wis offeecially widely recognised efter the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union]]. The [[Constitution o Armenie|current constitution]] wis adoptit on 5 Julie 1995.
}}
'''Armenie''', offeecially the '''Republic o Armenie''' ([[Armenie leid|Armenie]]: ''Հայաստան Hayastan'', ''Հայք Hayk&lt;sup&gt;h&lt;/sup&gt;'') is a muntainous kintra in [[Eurasie]] atween the [[Black Sea]] an the [[Caspian Sea]]. It haes laund mairches wi [[Turkey]] til the wast, [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] tae the north, [[Azerbaijan]] tae the east an [[Iran]] tae the sooth. It uised tae be ane o the auld republics o the umwhile [[Soviet Union]]. the offeecial leid o armenie is the [[armenie leid]]

&lt;br&gt;&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Armenie&quot;&gt;
Yerevan-Republic Square-32-Marriott-Foreign Affairs-2019-gje.jpg|Yerevan
Geghard-Gavit-04-Kathogike-2019-gje.jpg|Geghard
Haghartsin-46-Stephanskirche-innen-2019-gje.jpg|Haghartsin
Karen Hakobyan-04-2019-gje.jpg|Musician
Zvartnots-14-2019-gje.jpg|Zvartnots
Etchmiadzin-64-Kreuzstein-2019-gje.jpg|Etchmiadzin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
* http://www.armenianhighland.com/index_light.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916104849/http://armenianhighland.com/index_light.html |date=2008-09-16 }}
* http://www.armeniapedia.org
* [http://www.armenica.org Armenica.org]

{{Commonscat|Armenia}}

[[Category:Armenie|*]]
[[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Kintras in Europe]]
[[Category:Landlocked kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1991]]
[[Category:Member states o the Commonweel o Independent States]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Armenie-speakin kintras]]


{{Stub/Armenie}}</text>
      <sha1>fh16skg08n4awj3qogjxnmk7r11bydh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869281</id>
      <parentid>865969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:42:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21242" xml:space="preserve">{{about|the caipital ceity o Greece|ither uises|Athens (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Greek Dimos
|name='''Athens'''
|name_local=Αθήνα &lt;br /&gt; Athīna
|image_map=2011 Dimos Athineon.png
|image_skyline=Athens Montage L.png
|imagesize=300
|caption_skyline=Frae upper left: the [[Acropolis o Athens|Acropolis]], the [[Hellenic Parliament]], the [[Zappeion]], the [[Acropolis Museum]], [[Monastiraki|Monastiraki Square]], Athens view towards the sea.
|city_flag=
|city_seal=
|coordinates = {{coord|37|58|N|23|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|periph=[[Attica]]
|periphunit  =[[Central Athens]]
|pop_municipality=655780
|area_municipality=38.964
|districts=7
|mayor=[[Giorgos Kaminis]]
|party=Independent
|since=29 December 2010 
|demonym=Athenian
|elevation_min=70
|elevation_max=338
|population_as_of=2011
|population_urban=3074160
|area_urban=412 
|population_metro=3737550
|area_metro=2928.717
|postal_code=10x xx, 11x xx, 120 xx
|area_code=21
|licence=Yxx, Zxx, Ixx (excluding ZAx and INx)
|website=[http://www.cityofathens.gr/ www.cityofathens.gr]
}}

'''Athens''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|θ|ɨ|n|z}};&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary
|first=John C.
|last=Wells
|publisher=Longman
|location=Harlow, England
|year=1990
|isbn=0-582-05383-8
|page=48
}} entry &quot;Athens&quot;
&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-ell|Αθήνα}}, ''Athína'', {{IPA-el|aˈθina|}}; {{lang-grc|Ἀθῆναι}}, ''Athēnai'') is the [[Caipital ceity|caipital]] an lairgest ceity o [[Greece]]. Athens dominates the [[Attica]] region an is ane o the [[:en:List o cities by time of continuous habitation|warld's auldest ceities]], wi its [[recordit history]] spannin aroond 3,400 year. [[Classical Athens]], as a landlockit location wis a pouerful [[Polis|ceity-state]] that emergit in conjunction wi the seagoin development o the port o [[Piraeus]]. A centre for the airts, learnin an [[filosofie]], hame o [[Plato]]'s [[Platonic Academy|Academy]] an [[Aristotle]]'s [[Lyceum#History|Lyceum]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=www.yppo.gr |title=Contents and Principles of the Programme of Unification of the Archaeological Sites of Athens |work=Hellenic Ministry of Culture |url=http://www.yppo.gr/4/e4000.jsp?obj_id=90&amp;lhmma_id=3817 |accessdate=200–12–31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Greece uncovers 'holy grail' of Greek archeology |author=CNN &amp; Associated Press |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9701/16/greece.lyceum/index.html |date=16 January 1997 |accessdate=28 March 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206113529/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9701/16/greece.lyceum/index.html |archivedate=2007-12-06 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; it is widely referred tae as the [[cradle o ceevilization|cradle]] o Wastren ceevilization an the birthplace o [[democracy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40773/Athens |title=Athens |quote=Ancient Greek Athenai, historic city and capital of Greece. Many of classical civilization’s intellectual and artistic ideas originated there, and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization|accessdate=31 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtml BBC History on Greek Democracy] – Accessed on 26 January 2007&lt;/ref&gt; lairgely due tae the impact o its cultural an poleetical achievements durin the 5t an 4t centuries BC in later centuries on the rest o the then kent [[Europe|European continent]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028030542/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741501460/Ancient_Greece.html Encarta Ancient Greece]from the Internet Archive– Retrieved on 28 February 2012.  31 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The day a cosmopolitan metropolis, modren Athens is central tae economic, feenancial, industrial, poleetical an cultural life in Greece. In 2008, Athens wis rankit the warld's [[Leet o ceities bi GDP|32nt richest ceity]] bi purchasin pouer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |title=City Mayors: World's richest cities by purchasing power |publisher=[[City Mayors]] |accessdate=12 May 2008 |year=2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506064245/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |archivedate=2008-05-06 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; an the 25t maist expensive&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |title=City Mayors: Cost of living – The world's most expensive cities |publisher=[[City Mayors]] |accessdate=26 December 2008 |year=2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224033730/http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |archivedate=2008-12-24 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; in a [[UBS AG|UBS]] study. The ceity is namit in honour o [[Athena]].

== History ==
Lang syne, Athens wis a feckfu ceity. It wis kent for the feck o learnin that happened thare, an wis hame tae [[Plato|Plato's]] Academy an [[Aristotle|Aristotle's]] [[Lyceum]]. It haed its ain [[Constitution]] an aw.

The [[Ottoman Turks]] teuk ower Athens in [[1458]]. The Turks made the [[Parthenon]] intae a [[Muslim]] [[mosque]].  The [[Parthenon]] wis later skaithed in [[1687]] whan gunpouder explodit ben the biggin.

Athens wis freed fae the Turks durin the Greek war o unthirldom (1821-33). It syne becam the caipital o Greece.

==Govrenment==
[[File:Prefectures of Attica athens.png|thumb|The umwhile [[Athens Prefectur]] (blue), athin the region o [[Attica]] (grey)]]

Athens became the [[Caipital ceity|caipital]] o Greece in 1834, follaein [[Nafplio]], which wis the proveesional caipital frae 1829. In addeetion, the municipality o Athens is the caipital o the Attica region. ''Athens'' can refer aither tae the municipality o Athens or tae the entire Athens [[Urban area]], which maks up the &quot;Ceity o Athens&quot; that sprawls athort the ''Attica Basin''.

===Attica Region===
The '''Athens Metropolitan Area''', sprawlin ower {{convert|2928.717|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, is locatit athin the {{convert|3808|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} [[Attica]] region. The region encompasses the maist populatit region o Greece, reachin 3,827,624 indwallers in 2011,&lt;ref name=census11/&gt; while it is housomeivver, ane o the smawest regions in the kintra.

The Attica region itsel is split intae aicht [[regional units o Greece|regional units]], oot o which the first fower form ''Greater Athens'', while the [[Piraeus (regional unit)|regional unit o Piraeus]] forms ''Greater Piraeus''. Thegither thay mak up the contiguous biggit up [[urban area]] o the Greek caipital, spanning ower {{convert|412|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=Kallikratis&gt;{{PDFlink|1=[http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf Kallikratis reform law text]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[North Athens]] (Urban area)
* [[Wast Athens]] (Urban area)
* [[Central Athens]] (Urban area)
* [[Sooth Athens]] (Urban area)
* [[Piraeus (regional unit)|Piraeus]] (Urban area)
* [[East Attica]] (Metropolitan area)
* [[Wast Attica]] (Metropolitan area)
* [[Islands (regional unit)|Islands]]

Till 2010, the first fower regional units abuin made up the abolisht [[Athens Prefectur]] (wha is referred tae as ''Greater Athens'') an aw, which wis the maist populous o the [[Prefecturs o Greece]] at the time, accoontin for 2,640,701 fowk (in 2011),&lt;ref name=census11/&gt; athin a area o {{convert|361|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=area/&gt;

===Athens Municipality===
[[File:Athens dimotiko diamerisma.PNG|thumb|The seiven destricts o Athens municipality]]

The [[municipality]] o Athens is the [[Leet o ceities in Greece|maist populous in Greece]], wi a population o 664,046 fowk (in 2011)&lt;ref name=census11/&gt; an a area o {{convert|39|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},&lt;ref name=area&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ypes.gr/topiki.htm |title=Characteristics |work=Hellenic Interior Ministry |publisher=www.ypes.gr |accessdate=6 January 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104231706/http://www.ypes.gr/topiki.htm |archivedate=2007-01-04 |url-status=live }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104231706/http://www.ypes.gr/topiki.htm |date=2007-01-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; formin the core o the Athens Urban Area athin the ''Attica Basin''. The current [[:en:List of mayors of Athens|mayor o Athens]] is [[Giorgos Kaminis]]. The municipality is dividit intae seiven municipal destricts which are mainly uised for admeenistrative purposes.

Population data for the 7 municipal destricts o Athens (2001 census):&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-themes?p_param=A1604]&lt;/ref&gt;

1st: 97,570
2nt: 110,069
3rd: 48,305
4t: 87,672
5t: 95,234
6t: 147,181
7t: 159,483

For Athenians the maist popular wey o dividin the ceity proper is throu its neebourheids sic as [[Pangrati|Pagkrati]], [[Ambelokipi, Athens|Ambelokipi]], [[Exarcheia]], [[Patissia]], [[Ilissia]], [[Petralona]], [[Koukaki]] an [[Kypseli, Athens|Kypseli]], each wi its awn distinct history an characteristics.

The Athens municipality forms the core an centre o '''Greater Athens''' an aw which consists o the Athens municipality an 34 mair municipalities, which are dividit in the fower regional units mentioned abuin.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Municipalities o Greater Athens'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|
{|style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 80%;&quot;
|-
|[[Central Athens|Central Section]]: ||1. Ceity o Athens ||2. [[Dafni-Ymittos|Dafni]] ||3. [[Ilioupoli]] ||4. [[Vyronas]] ||5. [[Kaisariani]] ||6. [[Zografou]] ||7. [[Galatsi]] ||8. '''[[Filadelfeia–Chalkidona|Filadelfeia]]'''
|}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|
{|style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 80%;&quot;
|-
|[[Wast Athens|Wast Section]]:
|-
|29. [[Egaleo]]
|-
|30. [[Agia Varvara]]
|-
|31. [[Chaidari]]
|-
|32. [[Peristeri]]
|-
|33. [[Petroupoli]]
|-
|34. [[Ilio, Greece|Ilion]]
|-
|35. [[Agioi Anargyroi]] – [[Kamatero]]
|}
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[File:Athens Municipalities g2.jpg|470px|Athens]]
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|
{|style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 80%;&quot;
|-
|[[North Athens|North Section]]:
|-
|9. [[Nea Ionia]]
|-
|10. [[Irakleio, Attica|Irakleio]]
|-
|11. [[Metamorfosi]]
|-
|12. [[Lykovrysi]] – [[Pefki]]
|-
|13. [[Kifissia]]
|-
|14. [[Penteli, Greece|Penteli]] - [[Melissia]]
|-
|15. [[Marousi|Amarousio]]
|-
|16. [[Vrilissia]]
|-
|17. [[Agia Paraskevi|Ag. Paraskevi]]
|-
|18. [[Cholargos]] – [[Papagou]]
|-
|19. [[Chalandri]]
|-
|20. [[Filothei]] – [[Psychiko]]
|}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|
{|style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 80%;&quot;
|-
|[[Sooth Athens|Sooth Section]]:||21. [[Glyfada]] ||22. [[Elliniko-Argyroupoli]] ||23. [[Alimos]] ||24. [[Agios Dimitrios]] ||25. [[Nea Smyrni]] ||26. [[Palaio Faliro|Faliro]] ||27. [[Kallithea]] ||28. [[Moschato–Tavros|Moschato]]
|}
|}

The municipalities o Greater Athens alang wi the municipalities athin Greater [[Piraeus]] ([[Piraeus (regional unit)|regional unit o Piraeus]]) form the Athens Urban Area, while the lairger metropolitan area includes several addeetional suburbs an touns surroondin the dense [[urban area]] o the Greek caipital.

== Sports ==
Athens haes several lairge sports clubs lik fitball clubs [[AEK Athens F.C.]], [[Panathinaikos F.C.]] an [[Panionios G.S.S]], basketbaa club [[Maroussi B.C.]] an handbaw club [[Sony Athinaikos Athens]].

=== Olympic Gemmes ===
* [[1896]] - The [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] teuk place in Athens.
* [[2004]] - The [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] teuk place in Athens.

== Internaitional relations ==
=== Twin touns – Sister ceities ===
Athens is [[twin touns an sister ceities|twinned]] wi:
{{MultiCol}}
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Athens, Georgie]], [[Unitit States]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/Athens,_GA::sub::Sister_Cities&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]] (1999)&lt;ref name=&quot;Barcelona&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades|publisher=© 2006–2009 [http://www.bcn.es/catala/copyright/welcome2.htm Ajuntament de Barcelona]|language=Spanish|accessdate=13 July 2009|archive-date=2012-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] (2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Beijing Sister Cities |accessdate=3 January 2007 |work=City of Beijing |publisher=www.ebeijing.gov.cn |archive-date=2010-01-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&amp;NRORIGINALURL=%2fwww%2ebeirut%2egov%2elb%2fMCMSEN%2fTwinning%2bthe%2bCities%2f&amp;NRNODEGUID=%7b18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7d&amp;NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest |title=Twinnings of the city |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=City of Beirut |publisher=www.beirut.gov.lb |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221055403/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&amp;NRORIGINALURL=%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSEN%2FTwinning+the+Cities%2F&amp;NRNODEGUID=%7B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7D&amp;NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest%23 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] (1986)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.twinningwithpalestine.net/groupsinternational.html |title=Twinning with Palestine |work=Twinning With Palestine |accessdate=26 January 2008 |archive-date=2012-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628210624/http://www.twinningwithpalestine.net/groupsinternational.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BethlehemTwinning&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=::Bethlehem Municipality:: |publisher=www.bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=10 October 2009 |archive-date=2010-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724140854/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], [[Romanie]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ase.ro/engleza/life_bucharest/history.asp |title=Academy of Economic Studies – Short History of Bucharest |accessdate=1 August 2008 |work=Bucharest University of Economics |archive-date=2007-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221121033/http://www.ase.ro/engleza/life_bucharest/history.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]] (1997)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagosistercities.com/index.php |title=Chicago Sister Cities |accessdate=3 January 2007 |work=City of Chicago |publisher=www.chicagosistercities.com |archive-date=2013-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311160401/http://www.chicagosistercities.com/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], [[Peru]] (1991)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Ciudades Hermanas |language=Spanish |work=Municipalidad del Cusco |publisher=www.municusco.gob.pe |accessdate=25 January 2008 |archive-date=2009-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803122352/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185 |publisher=Radikal |language=Turkish |date=3 November 2003 |title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş |last=Erdem |first=Selim Efe |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=Radikal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{ColBreak}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], [[Unitit States]] (1984)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/sistercities/ |title=Los Angeles Sister Cities |accessdate=3 January 2007 |work=City of Los Angeles |publisher=www.lacity.org |archive-date=2007-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104020957/http://www.lacity.org/sistercities/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3izECfXQHMPIwODQFMTAyMXFwNnFydvYwN3I6B8pFm8AQ7gaEBAdzjIPtwqDAwg8njM9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEANg5rCU!/dl2/d1/L3dJVkkvd0xNQUJrQUVrQSEhL1lCcHhKRjFOQUEhIS82XzZUQkVRN0gyMDBRNTQwMkREMENEQkszMDA1LzdfNlRCRVE3SDIwMFE1NDAyREQwQ0RCSzMwODc!?nID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&amp;cID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&amp;documentId=102289#7_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK3087 |title=Moscow International Relations |month=June |year=2007 |accessdate=31 July 2008 |work=Moscow City Government |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010203243/http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3izECfXQHMPIwODQFMTAyMXFwNnFydvYwN3I6B8pFm8AQ7gaEBAdzjIPtwqDAwg8njM9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEANg5rCU!/dl2/d1/L3dJVkkvd0xNQUJrQUVrQSEhL1lCcHhKRjFOQUEhIS82XzZUQkVRN0gyMDBRNTQwMkREMENEQkszMDA1LzdfNlRCRVE3SDIwMFE1NDAyREQwQ0RCSzMwODc!?nID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&amp;cID=6_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK30G2&amp;documentId=102289#7_6TBEQ7H200Q5402DD0CDBK3087 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Naples]], [[Italy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931 |title=Gemellaggi |language=Italian |work=Comune di Napoli |accessdate=1 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] (1988)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nicosia:Twin Cities |url=http://www.nicosia.org.cy/english/lefkosia_twins_athens.shtm |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=Nicosia Municipality |publisher=www.nicosia.org.cy |archive-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524003246/http://www.nicosia.org.cy/english/lefkosia_twins_athens.shtm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[Republic o Korea|Sooth Korea]] (2006)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government |publisher=www.seoul.go.kr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=2007-12-10 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], [[Albanie]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |archive-date=2011-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010042121/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Unitit States]] (2000)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Protocol and International Affairs: Sister-City Agreements |url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp |accessdate=25 January 2008 |work=District of Columbia |publisher=os.dc.gov |archive-date=2008-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185356/http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view%2Ca%2C1206%2Cq%2C522336.asp#sister |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{ColBreak}}

=== Pairtnerships ===
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbie]] (1966)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698 |title=International Cooperation |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Grad Beograd |publisher=www.beograd.rs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenie]] (1993)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=athina&amp;lang=eng |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities: Athens |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Yerevan Municipality |publisher=www.yerevan.am |archive-date=2009-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113231957/http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=athina&amp;lang=eng |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] (2000)
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Cali|Santiago de Cali]], [[Colombie]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{sisterlinks|voy=Athens}}
;Offeecial
* [http://www.cityofathens.gr/en/ Cityofathens.gr] – Ceity o Athens offeecial wabsteid
* [http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/main_cities/athens Athens] The offeecial wabsteid o the Greek Naitional Tourism Organisation

{{Geographic location
|Centre=Athens
|North=[[Nea Filadelfeia]], [[Nea Ionia]] an [[Galatsi]]
|Northeast=[[Psychiko]], [[Neo Psychiko]] an [[Papagou]]
|East=[[Zografou]] an [[Kaisariani]]
|Southeast=[[Vyronas]], [[Ymittos]] an [[Dafni, Attica|Dafni]]
|South= [[Nea Smyrni]]
|Southwest=[[Kallithea]]
|West=[[Egaleo|Aigaleo]] an [[Tavros]]
|Northwest=[[Peristeri]]
}}

{{Warld Beuk Caipital}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Athens| ]]&lt;!--leave the empty space as standard--&gt;
[[Category:Populatit places in Central Athens]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek ceities]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Greece]]
[[Category:Ceity-states]]
[[Category:Greek prefectural caipitals]]
[[Category:Greek regional caipitals]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in the 3rd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Tourism in Greece]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek steids in Greece]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Auncient Greece]]
[[Category:Roman steids in Greece]]


{{Stub/Europe}}
{{Stub/Ceity}}</text>
      <sha1>8tpqw0ak32jj83b9vxy404rvktdfv6b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moscow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869387</id>
      <parentid>867188</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T00:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20062" xml:space="preserve">{{Fixscots}}
{{itheruises}}
{{Infobox Roushie federal subject
|en_name=Moscow
|ru_name=Москва
|image_skyline=MSK Collage 2015.png
|image_caption='''Clockwise frae tap richt:''' [[Spasskaya Touer]] o the [[Moscow Kremlin]]; [[Moscow Internaitional Business Centre|MIBC]]; [[Reid Squerr]], [[Saunt Basil's Cathedral]]; [[Bolshoi Theatre]]; [[Moscow State Varsity]]; an [[Cathedral o Christ the Saviour]].
|image_map=Moscow in Russia (special marker).svg
|coordinates = {{coord|55|45|N|37|37|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg
|coa_caption=[[Coat o airms o Moscow]]
|image_flag=Flag of Moscow, Russia.svg
|flag_caption=[[Banner o Moscow]]
|anthem=''[[Moya Moskva|Ma Moscow]]''
|holiday=The first Seturday an Sunday o September
|holiday_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Holidays and significant dates of Moscow|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?documentId=119125|work=Moscow City Government|accessdate=29 September 2010|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823153912/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?documentId=119125|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--POLITICAL STATUS--&gt;
|political_status=Federal ceety
|political_status_link=Federal ceeties o Roushie
|federal_district=[[Central Federal Destrict|Central]]
|economic_region=[[Central economic region|Central]]
&lt;!--STATS--&gt;
|pop_2010census=11514330
|pop_2010census_rank=1st
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;
|urban_pop_2010census=100%
|rural_pop_2010census=0%
|pop_2002census=10382754&lt;!--population of the federal subject--the federal city of Moscow--&gt;
|pop_2002census_rank=1st
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2002Census&quot; /&gt;
|urban_pop_2002census=100%
|rural_pop_2002census=0%
|pop_density=9682
|pop_density_as_of=1 Januar 2010
|pop_density_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--|pop_latest=&lt;reserved for 2011 Rosstat data when they are available&gt;
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=--&gt;
|area_km2=1091
|area_km2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;RusArea2009&quot;&gt;[http://www.rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Federal Registration, Cadastre&amp;Cartograhy Service. Russia Landuse National Report 2008, p.187-188] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021939/https://rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf |date=2014-10-10 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area_km2_rank=83rd
|established_date=Afore 1147
|established_date_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |title=The History of Moscow |publisher=Occidental College |last=Comins-Richmond |first=Walter |accessdate=2006-07-03 |archive-date=2006-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517163858/http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|license_plates=77, 99, 97, 177, 199, 197
|ISO=RU-MOW
&lt;!--GOVERNMENT--&gt;
|gov_as_of=2011
|leader_title=[[Leet o heids o Moscow govrenment|Mayor]]
|leader_title_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;mayor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107|title=The Moscow City Mayor|publisher=Government of Moscow|accessdate=18 March 2010|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154527/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_name=[[Sergey Sobyanin]]
|leader_name_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;mayor&quot;/&gt;
|legislature=[[Moscow Ceety Duma|Ceety Duma]]
|legislature_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Moscow Statute|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&amp;documentId=118572|work=Moscow City Duma|publisher=Moscow City Government|accessdate=29 September 2010|date=28 June 1995|quote=The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154646/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&amp;documentId=118572|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|basic_law_type=Chairter
|basic_law_title=[[Chairter o Moscow]]
|website=http://www.mos.ru
|website_ref
|date=Mairch 2010
}}
'''Moscow''' is the [[Caipital city|caipital]], the maist populous [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|city]], an the maist populous [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]]. The city is a major poleetical, economic, cultural, releegious, financial, educational, an transportation centre o [[Roushie]] an the warld, a [[global city]]. Moscow is the maist populous city on the continent o Europe an [[leet o ceeties proper bi population|the seivent lairgest ceety proper in the warld]], a [[megaceety]]. The population o Moscow (as o 1 Januar 2010) is 10,563,038.

Moscow is situatit on the [[Moskva River]] in the [[Central Federal Destrict]] o [[European Roushie]]. In the course o its history the city haes served as the caipital o a progression o states, frae the medieval [[Grand Duchy o Moscow]] an the subsequent [[Tsardom o Roushie]] tae the [[Soviet Union]]. Moscow is the site o the [[Moscow Kremlin]], an auncient fortress that is the day the residence o the Roushie Preses an o the executive branch o the Govrenment o Roushie. The Kremlin is ane o several [[Warld Heritage Site]]s in the city. Baith chambers o the Roushie parliament (the [[State Duma]] an the [[Federation Cooncil o Roushie|Federation Cooncil]]) sit in Moscow anaa.

The ceety is served bi an extensive transit netwirk, that includes fower internaitional airports, nine railwey terminals, an the [[Moscow Metro]], seicont anerlie tae Tokyo in terms o ridership an recognised as ane o the ceety's laundmerks due tae the rich an varied airchitecture o its 182 stations.

Ower time, Moscow haes acquired a nummer o epithets, maist referrin tae its size an preeminent status athin the naition: The [[Third Rome]] ({{lang|ru|Третий Рим}}), Whitestane ({{lang|ru|Белокаменная}}), The First Throne ({{lang|ru|Первопрестольная}}), The Fowerty Fowerties ({{lang|ru|Сорок Сороков}}).

The demonym for a Moscow resident is ''Moskvitch''.

== Demografics ==
=== Population ===
{{Historical populations
|type=China
|1897|1038625
|1926|2019500
|1939|4137000
|1959|5032000
|1970|6941961
|1979|7830509
|1989|8967332&lt;!--with the entities in jurisdiction; a federal subject equivalent--&gt;
|2002|10382754&lt;!--of the federal subject--&gt;
|2010|11514330&lt;!--of the federal subject--&gt;
|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.
|}}
[[File:Population Development Moscow.png|thumb|Population o Moscow (1350–2009)]]
[[File:RedSquare (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|[[Red Square]] haes lang been ane o the ceety's maist important meetin places]]

Accordin tae the results o the [[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]], the population o Moscow wis 11,503,501;&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Плотность населения Российской Федерации по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b10_109/IssWWW.exe/Stg//%3Cextid%3E/%3Cstoragepath%3E::%7Ctabl-02-10.xls|work=Rosstat|accessdate=30 September 2010|year=2010|archive-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034845/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b10_109/IssWWW.exe/Stg//%3Cextid%3E/%3Cstoragepath%3E::%7Ctabl-02-10.xls|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; up frae 10,382,754 recordit in the [[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Census]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2002Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At the time o the offeecial 2010 Census, the ethnic makup o the ceety wis:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;
**Roushie: 9,930,410 (91.6%)
**Ukrainian: 154,104 (1.4%)
**Tatar: 149,043 (1.4%)
**Armenie: 106,466 (1%)
**Azeri: 57,123 (0.5%)
**Jews: 53,145 (0.5%)
**Belaroushie: 39,225 (0.4%)
**Georgie: 38,934 (0.4%)
**Uzbek: 35,595 (0.3%)
**Tajik: 27,280 (0.2%)
**Moldovan: 21,699 (0.2%)
**Mordvin: 17,095 (0.2%)
**Chechen: 14,524 (0.1%)
**Chuvash: 14,313 (0.1%)
**Ossetians: 11,311 (0.1%)
**Koreans: 9,783 (0.1%)
**Kazakh: 9,393 (0.1%)
**Bashkir: 6,609 (0.1%)
**Cheenese: 3,222 (0.03%)
**Vietnamese: 2,970 (0.03%)
**Ithers: 132,848 (1.2%)
*668,409 fowk wur registered frae admeenistrative databases, an coud no declare an ethnicity. It is estimatit that the proportion o ethnicities in this group is the same as that o the declared group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-27 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111852/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The offeecial population o Moscow is taken frae those hauldin &quot;permanent residency.&quot; Accordin tae Roushie's Federal Migration Service, Moscow an aw contains 1,800,000 offeecial &quot;guests&quot; who hae temporary residency on the basis o visas or ither documentation. The nummer o unoffeecial guests, those athoot proper documentation, is estimatit tae be an additional 1,000,000 fowk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |title=&quot;Российская газета&quot; о мигрантах в Москве |publisher=Rg.ru |date= |accessdate=2010-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Admeenistrative diveesions an govrenment ==
[[File:Presnya.JPG|thumb|right|View frae the [[Seiven Sisters (Moscow)|Seiven Sisters]] in Kudrinskaya Square. The mayor's heichrise office (the umwhile [[Comecon]] heidquarters) is tae the left, the Roushie govrenment biggin tae the richt]]

=== Govrenment ===
Moscow is the seat o pouer for the Roushie Federation. At the centre o the ceety, in [[Central Admeenistrative Okrug]], is the [[Moscow Kremlin]], which hooses the hame o the [[Preses o Roushie]] as well as mony o the facilities for the naitional govrenment. This includes numerous [[Airmit Forces o the Roushie Federation|military heidquarters]] an the heidquarters o the [[Moscow Military Destrict]]. Moscow, lik wi ony naitional [[Caipital ceety|caipital]], is an aw the host o aw the foreign [[Leet o diplomatic missions in Roushie|embassies]] an diplomats representin a multitude o naitions in Roushie. Moscow is designatit as ane o anerlie twa [[Federal ceeties o Roushie]] (the ither ane bein [[Saunt Petersburg]]). Amang the 83 [[federal subjects o Roushie]], Moscow represents the maist populatit ane an the smawest ane in terms o aurie. Lastly, Moscow is locatit athin the [[central economic region]], ane o [[Economic regions o Roushie|twal regions]] athin Russia wi seemilar economic goals.

=== Admeenistrative diveesions ===
[[File:Msk all districts abc eng.svg|thumb|[[Administrative divisions of Moscow|Administrative okrugs o Moscow]]:
1.&amp;nbsp;Ceety o Zelenograd
2.&amp;nbsp;Northren
3.&amp;nbsp;North-Eastren
4.&amp;nbsp;North-Westren
5.&amp;nbsp;Central
6.&amp;nbsp;Eastren
7.&amp;nbsp;Soothren
8.&amp;nbsp;Sooth-Eastern
9.&amp;nbsp;Sooth-Wastren
10.&amp;nbsp;Western]]
{{Main|Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}}

The entire ceety o Moscow is heidit bi ane [[:en:List of heads of Moscow government|mayor]] ([[Sergey Sobyanin]]). The ceety o Moscow is dividit intae 12 admeenistrative okrugs an 146 destricts.

The Roushie caipital's specific toun-plannin development began tae shaw as early as the 12t century, when the ceety wis foondit. The central pairt o Moscow grew bi consolidatin wi suburbs in line wi the medieval principles o urban development, when strang fortress waws wad gradually gird alang the circle streets o adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence waws set the trajectory o Moscow's rings, layin the grundwirk for futur toun-plannin o the Roushie caipital.

The follaein fortifications servit as the ceety's circular defence bundaries at some pynt in history: the Kremlin waws, Zemlyanoy Gorod (earthwirk toun), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, an the smaw railwey ring. The Moscow Automobile Ring Road (MKAD) haes been Moscow's bundary syne 1960. An aw in the form o a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, an the sae-cried Third Automobile Ring, which wis completit in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle plannin continues tae define Moscow's further development. Housomeivver, contemporary Moscow haes an aw engulft a nummer o territories ootside the [[MKAD]], sic as Solntsevo, Butovo, an the toun o [[Zelenograd]].

Aw admeenistrative okrugs an destricts hae thair awn [[coat o airms|coats o airms]] an flags as well as the heid offeecials.

In addition tae the destricts, thare are Territorial Units wi Special Status. Thir uisually include auries wi sma or nae permanent populations, sic as the case wi the [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre|All-Russia Exhibition Center]], the [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden]], lairge pairks, an industrial zones. In recent years, some territories hae been mergit wi different destricts. Thare are nae ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the [[Cheenatoun]]s that exist in some [[North Americae|North American]] an [[East Asie]] ceeties. Awtho destricts are no designated bi income, as wi maist ceeties, those auries that are closer tae the ceety center, [[Moscow Metro|metro]] stations or green zones are considered mair prestigious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро|url=http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/|work=Metrinfo.ru|accessdate=27 September 2010|language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moscow an aw hosts some o the govrenment bodies o [[Moscow Oblast]], awtho the ceety itsel is admeenistratively separate frae the oblast.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO&quot;&gt;Accordin tae Airticle&amp;nbsp;24 o the [[Chairter o Moscow Oblast]], the govrenment bodies o the oblast are locatit in the ceety o Moscow an throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. Housomeivver, Moscow is no offeecially namit tae be the admeenistrative center o the oblast.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Internaitional relations ==
{{dablink|See an aa: [[Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie]]}}

=== Twin touns — Sister ceeties ===
Moscow is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi the follaein ceeties:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
*{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan
*{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], Jordan
*{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan
*{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], Greece
*{{Flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], Indie
*{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], Iraq
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand
*{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Banja Luka]], Bosnie an Herzegovinae
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae
*{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], Serbie
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany
*{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Brest, Belaroushie|Brest]], Belaroushie
||
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], Belgium
*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie
*{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], Egyp
*{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Chicago]], USA
*{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], Peru
*{{flagicon|India}} [[Delhi]], Indie
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], Unitit Arab Emirates
*{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Düsseldorf]], Germany&lt;ref name=&quot;Düsseldorf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |title=Twin Towns |publisher=www.amazingdusseldorf.com |accessdate=2009-10-29 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017104519/http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]], Azerbaijan
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]], Vietnam
*{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], Cuba
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]], Vietnam
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Ingolstadt]], Germany
*{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesie
||
*{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Jelgava]], Latvie
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kharkiv]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kolomna]], Roushie
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Kraków]], Poland
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Limoges]], Fraunce
*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenie
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Lunnon]], Unitit Kinrick
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]], Philippines&lt;ref name=&quot;Manila.Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|title=Sister Cities of Manila|publisher=2008–2009 [http://www.manila.gov.ph/ City Government of Manila]|accessdate=2009-07-02|archive-date=2009-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806191943/http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Naryan-Mar]], Roushie
*{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], Cyprus
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce
*{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro
*{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic&lt;ref name=&quot;Prague Partner Cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy] |language=Czech|accessdate=2009-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Pyongyang]], North Korea
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Alanya]], Turkey
||
*{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Rasht]], Iran
*{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Reykjavík]], Iceland&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&amp;PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&amp;l=eng Moscow and Rejkjavik sister cities. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107011545/http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&amp;PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&amp;l=eng |date=2009-01-07 }}. Retrieved on 2008-03-11&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvie
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], Republic o Korea
*{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], Estonie
*{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel
*{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran
*{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albanie&lt;ref name=&quot;International relations&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=2009-06-23 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |format=PDF |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan
*{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisie&lt;ref name=&quot;Tunis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|title=Cooperation Internationale|publisher=© 2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal|language=French|accessdate=2009-07-31|archive-date=2008-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Ulan Bator]], Mongolie
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Valenciennes]], Fraunce
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]], Austrick
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland&lt;ref name=&quot;Warsaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&amp;ak_id=3284&amp;kat=11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&amp;ak_id=3284&amp;kat=11 |archivedate=2007-10-11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}
{{Cyrillic text}}

{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Subdiveesions o Roushie}}

[[Category:Moscow| ]]
[[Category:1147 establishments]]
[[Category:Federal ceeties o Roushie]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Gowden Ring o Roushie]]
[[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]]</text>
      <sha1>6zsg1hv60zqd4q377zgo3bko6qevf5l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OpenBSD</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869397</id>
      <parentid>866621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:38:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52813" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;{{Infobox OS|name=OpenBSD|source model=Open soorce|ui=Modified pdksh, X11 (FVWM)|userland=[[BSD]]|kernel type=Monolithic|supported platforms=&lt;nowiki&gt;Alpha, x86-64, ARMv7, ARMv8 (64-bit), PA-RISC, IA-32, LANDISK]], Omron LUNA-88K, Loongson, MIPS64, PowerPC, SPARC64&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/plat.html &quot;OpenBSD Supported Platforms&quot;]. OpenBSD Foundation. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;|package manager=OpenBSD package tools&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html#PkgMgmt &quot;Package Management&quot;]. OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions. Gotten 21 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;|programmed in=C, assembly, Perl, Unix shell|released={{Start date and age|df=yes|1996|10|01}}|working state=Current|logo=OpenBSD Logo - Cartoon Puffy with textual logo below.svg|family=Unix-like|developer=The OpenBSD Project|collapsible=|caption=OpenBSD 6.1 defaut desktap wi a curn utilities: top, xterm, xclock, xcalc, glxgears|screenshot=Openbsd61 desktop.png|logo alt=Puffy, the pufferfish mascot o OpenBSD posin in the offiecial logo.|logo size=200px|logo caption=''Free, Functional, and Secure''|license=BSD, ISC, ither permissive licenses&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/policy.html &quot;Copyright Policy&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''OpenBSD''' is a free [[Operatin seestem|operatin system]], that pits its emphasis on securitie. The [[Open soorce|source code is open]]. It's nae muckle different fae UNIX o the [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] varietie (Berkeley Software Distribution). It wis Theo de Raadt that stairtit OpenBSD in 1995, wi a forkin o the code fae NetBSD. De Raadt's threap is that OpenBSD is an operatin system meant for research an for giein computers better securitie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/papers/hackfest2015-pledge/mgp00002.html &quot;Pledge() - A New Mitigation Mechanism&quot;]. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

The OpenBSD project keeps, an uphauds, portable versions o a wheen o its ain subsystems as packages that ither operatin systems can tak an uise. Wi the emphasis it pits on haein guid-quality code, a lot o OpenBSD's components is uised ower agane in ither saftware projects. [[Android (operatin seestem)|Android]] uises a lot fae OpenBSD's staundart C library.&lt;ref&gt;[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&amp;sid=20140506132000 &quot;Android's C Library Has 173 Files of Unchanged OpenBSD Code&quot;]. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; LLVM uises OpenBSD's regular expression library,&lt;ref&gt;[http://releases.llvm.org/7.0.0/LICENSE.TXT &quot;LLVM Release License&quot;]. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; an Windows 10 uises OpenSSH (kent forby as OpenBSD Secure Shell) wi LibreSSL.&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/nocentino/status/996843655112613888 &quot;OpenSSH for Windows&quot;]. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

The wird &quot;open&quot; in the name OpenBSD means that its source code can be gotten fae the [[Internet]], tho the wird &quot;open&quot; in the name OpenSSH means &quot;OpenBSD&quot;. Forby, &quot;open&quot; means that OpenBSD can rin on a heest o different types o computer.&lt;ref&gt;Grimes, Roger A. (29 December 2006). [http://www.infoworld.com/article/2659465/security/new-year-s-resolution-no--1--get-openbsd.html &quot;New year's resolution No. 1: Get OpenBSD&quot;]. ''[[InfoWorld]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Bsd_distributions_usage.svg|thumb|Baur chart shawin the proportion o uisers o ilka kynd o [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] frae a 2005 BSD survey o uiss.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[http://www.bsdcertification.org/downloads/pr-20051031-usage-survey-en-en.pdf BSD Usage Survey] (PDF) (Report). The BSD Certification Group. 31 October 2005. p. 9. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Refn|Mair nor the ae walin wis alloued sin a uiser micht uise mair nor the ae BSD variant at the ae time.|group=n|name=survey_nuance}} Ilka partiecipant wis alloued tae chyse mair nor ane o the BSD kynds]]
In December 1994, Theo de Raadt wis gart resign fae the NetBSD core team. His access tae the program code wis taen awa fae him. Ither team members claimed it was aw aboot fowk on the mailin lists fawin oot wi ane anither.&lt;ref&gt;Glass, Adam (23 December 1994). [http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-users/1994/12/23/0000.html &quot;Theo De Raadt&quot;]. ''netbsd-users'' (Mailin list).&lt;/ref&gt;

In October 1995, De Raadt foondit OpenBSD, a new project fork't fae NetBSD 1.0. The first release, OpenBSD 1.2, wis in July 1996, follaed by OpenBSD 2.0 in the October o thon same year.&lt;ref&gt;De Raadt, Theo (18 October 1996). [http://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/ftp/releases/OpenBSD-2.0 &quot;The OpenBSD 2.0 release&quot;]. ''openbsd-announce'' (Mailin list).&lt;/ref&gt; Sinsyne, the project his pitten oot a release ilka six months. Thay support ilkane o thaim for ae year.

On 25 July 2007, OpenBSD developer Bob Beck annunce't the foondin o the OpenBSD Foundation in Canada. This wis a nae-profits organisation wi the ettle o bein &quot;a single pynt o contact for fowk an organisations, needin a legal entitie that thay cud deal wi whan thay wir wantin tae support OpenBSD&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&amp;sid=20070726015128 &quot;Announcing – The OpenBSD Foundation&quot;]. [[OpenBSD Journal|''OpenBSD Journal'']]. 26 Julie 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

It's haurd tae ken jist hou widely OpenBSD gets uised, seein as the developers disna gaither or publish statistics aboot this. In September 2005, the BSD Certification Group surveyed BSD uisers. Thay fand that 33% o thaim uised OpenBSD,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ahint FreeBSD wi its 77% an aheid o NetBSD wi jist 16%.{{Refn|Mair nor the ae walin wis alloued sin a uiser micht uise mair nor the ae BSD variant at the ae time.|group=n|name=survey_nuance}}

== Uisses ==
[[File:OpenBSD_5.3_Startup.png|thumb|OpenBSD stairtup in console mode]]
[[File:OpenBSD_5.3_Welcome.png|thumb|OpenBSD console login and walcome message]]

=== Netwark appliances ===
Ae thing that OpenBSD staunds oot for is its strang, sturdy netwarkin stack. It can be uised as a router&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/pf/example1.html &quot;OpenBSD PF - Building a Router&quot;]. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; or a wireless access pynt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ctors.net/2013/12/30/openbsd_wireless_access_point &quot;Building an OpenBSD wireless access point&quot;]. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; OpenBSD's better securitie, its ain inbiggit cryptographie, an its packet filter maks it a guid chyce for firewaws,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;McIntire, Tim (8 August 2006). [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-openbsd.html &quot;Take a closer look at OpenBSD&quot;]. ''[[Developerworks]]''. [[IBM]]. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; intrusion detection, VPN gateweys, an ither purposes whaur securitie is important.

A wheen o proprietarie systems is biggit on OpenBSD, amang thaim anes fae Armorlogic (Profense web application firewaw),&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.armorlogic.com/ Armorlogic ApS's hamepage].&lt;/ref&gt; Calyptix Security,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.calyptix.com/products/models/ae800/ &quot;AccessEnforcer Model AE800&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202054857/https://www.calyptix.com/products/models/ae800/ |date=2020-12-02 }}. ''Calyptix Security''. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; GeNUA&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.genua.de/en/products/high-resistance-firewall-genugate.html &quot;High Resistance Firewall genugate&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919032649/https://www.genua.de/en/products/high-resistance-firewall-genugate.html |date=2020-09-19 }}. ''GeNUA''. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; and .vantronix.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vantronix.com/ .vantronix GmbH's hamepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101215138/http://www.vantronix.com/ |date=2012-01-01 }}. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Foreign operatin systems ===
A curn versions o Microsoft's Services for UNIX, a biggin oot o the Windows operatin system tae gie functionalitie sib tae UNIX, uises a lot o OpenBSD code that comes wi the Interix interoperability suite develop't by Softway Systems Inc,&lt;ref&gt;Dohnert, Roberto J. (21 Januar 2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211164430/http://www.osnews.com/story/5751 &quot;Review of Windows Services for UNIX 3.5&quot;], OSNews, David Adams, archived frae [http://www.osnews.com/story/5751 the orieginal ane] on the 11 Februar 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reiter, Brian (26 Januar 2010). [https://brianreiter.org/2010/01/26/wontfix-select2-in-sua-5-2-ignores-timeout/ &quot;WONTFIX: select(2) in SUA 5.2 ignores timeout&quot;]. brianreiter.org.&lt;/ref&gt; that Microsoft bocht in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/sept99/softwaypr.aspx &quot;Microsoft Acquires Softway Systems To Strengthen Future Customer Interoperability Solutions&quot;], ''Microsoft News Center'', [[Microsoft]], 17 September 1999&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.milltech.com/about &quot;Milltech Consulting Inc&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918125111/https://www.milltech.com/about |date=2020-09-18 }} 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Core Force, a securitie product for Windows, is foondit on OpenBSD's firewaw.&lt;ref&gt;[http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/index.php?module=Wiki&amp;action=view&amp;type=project&amp;name=Core_Force &quot;Core Force&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128042152/http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/index.php?module=Wiki&amp;action=view&amp;type=project&amp;name=Core_Force |date=2011-11-28 }}, ''Core Labs'', gotten 18 September 2020, &quot;CORE FORCE provides inbound and outbound stateful packet filtering for TCP/IP protocols using a Windows port of OpenBSD's PF firewall, granular file system and registry access control and programs' integrity validation.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Personal computers ===
OpenBSD comes ready wi Xenocara,&lt;ref&gt;[https://xenocara.org/ &quot;About Xenocara&quot;]. ''Xenocara''. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; a implementation o the X Window System. It can be uised as a desktap operatin system for personal computers, laptaps an aw.&lt;ref&gt;Tzanidakis, Manolis (21 Apryle 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505103419/http://archive09.linux.com/articles/52930 &quot;Using OpenBSD on the desktop&quot;]. ''[[Linux.com]]''. Archived frae [http://archive09.linux.com/articles/52930 the orieginal ane] on the 5 Mey 2012. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Lucas, Michael W. (Apryle 2013). [https://www.nostarch.com/obenbsd2e ''Absolute OpenBSD: Unix for the Practical Paranoid''] (2nt ed.). San Francisco, California: [[No Starch Press]]. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-476-4|978-1-59327-476-4]].&lt;/ref&gt; As o September 2018, OpenBSD hauds aboot 8000 packages in its saftware repositorie,&lt;ref&gt;[http://openports.se/statistics.php &quot;OpenPorts.se Statistics&quot;]. ''OpenPorts.se''. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; amang thaim environments the like o GNOME, Plasma 4, an Xfce, an wab browsers the likes o [[Firefox]] and Chromium.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/59.html &quot;OpenBSD 6.0&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 18 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Servers ===
OpenBSD his a full server suite. It can be setten up tae be a mail server, wab server, FTP server, DNS server, router, firewa, NFS file server, or onie o thae things thegither.

== Securitie ==
Nae lang efter the wark stairtit on OpenBSD, De Raadt heard fae a local security saftware company named Secure Networks (ane that McAfee bocht later).&lt;ref&gt;The Age. ''[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/07/1097089476287.html &quot;Staying on the cutting edge&quot;],'' October 8 2004. ''[[The Age]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laird, Cameron; Staplin, George Peter (17 Julie 2003). [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2003/07/17/openbsd_core_team.html &quot;The Essence of OpenBSD&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022004013/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2003/07/17/openbsd_core_team.html |date=2017-10-22 }}. ''[[ONLamp]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Thay wir wirkin on a netwark security audit tool cried Ballista,{{refn|Later renamed tae Cybercop Scanner efter SNI wis bocht by [[McAfee|Network Associates]].|name=ballista|group=n}} that its aim wis tae find, an tak a len o, flaws in saftware security. This fittit weel wi De Raadt's interest in securitie, sae the twa o thaim wirkit thegither, leadin tae the launch o OpenBSD 2.3.&lt;ref&gt;De Raadt, Theo (19 December 2005). [http://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/ftp/releases/OpenBSD-2.3 &quot;2.3 release annuncement&quot;]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). &quot;Without [SNI's] support at the right time, this release probably would not have happened.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This jynt wark helpit tae bring securitie tae the fore as the focus o the OpenBSD project.&lt;ref&gt;Wayner, Peter (13 Julie 2000). &quot;18.3 Flames, Fights, and the Birth of OpenBSD&quot;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120122011859/http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/free_for_all.peter_wayner/index.html ''Free For All: How Linux and the Free Software Movement Undercut the High Tech Titans''] (1st ed.). [[HarperBusiness]]. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-06-662050-3|978-0-06-662050-3]]. Archived frae [http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/free_for_all.peter_wayner/index.html the orieginal ane] on the 22 Januar 2012. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

OpenBSD his a wheen o features that thair aim is better security, the likes o:

* Secure functions insteid o POSIX functions in the C standart librarie, the likes o &lt;code&gt;strlcat&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;code&gt;strcat&lt;/code&gt;, an &lt;code&gt;strlcpy&lt;/code&gt; for &lt;code&gt;strcpy&lt;/code&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Miller, Todd C.; De Raadt, Theo (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/usenix99/millert.html ''strlcpy and strlcat - Consistent, Safe, String Copy and Concatenation'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cheenges tae Toolchain, amang thaim a static boonds checker&lt;ref&gt;[http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.0/man1/gcc-local.1 &quot;gcc-local – local modifications to gcc&quot;]. ''OpenBSD manual pages''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Weys o memory protection, tae gaird against forbidden access, the likes o ProPolice an W^X page protection
* Strang cryptographie an randomisation&lt;ref&gt;De Raadt, Theo; Hallqvist, Niklas; Grabowski, Artur; Keromytis, Angelos D.; Provos, Niels (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/deraadt.html ''Cryptography in OpenBSD: An Overview'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Liemits on system caws an on uise o the file system, tae liemit whit a process can dui wi thaim&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tae lower the risk o a waikness, or wrang settin up, or allouin a process tae hae privilege it shudna hae, a lot o programs his been written or cheenged tae mak uise o privilege separation, privilege revocation an chrooting. Privilege separation is a wey o wirkin, first tried on OpenBSD and inspire't by the principle o &quot;lowest  privilege&quot;, whaur a program is splitten intae twa or mair pairts: ane o thaim dis the privileged operations an the ither ane, awmaist aye the feck o the code, rins wi nae privilege.&lt;ref&gt;Provos, Niels (9 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120102075206/http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/ssh/privsep.html &quot;Privilege Separated OpenSSH&quot;]. Archived frae [http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/ssh/privsep.html the orieginal ane] on the 2 Januar 2012. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Privilege revocation is gey near the same, an gars a program dui ony operations it needs til wi the privileges it stairts wi, an syne draps thaim. Chrooting means haudin an application tae ae pairt o the file system, baurin it fae areas that micht haud private or system files. Developers sinsyne his applied thon principles tae OpenBSD maks o a wheen common applications, the likes o tcpdump, file, tmux, smtpd, and syslogd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/innovations.html &quot;Innovations&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020. &quot;Privilege separation: [...] The concept is now used in many OpenBSD programs, for example [...] etc.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

OpenBSD developers played a big pairt in the makkin o OpenSSH (kent forby as OpenBSD Secure Shell). It code is haudit in the same CVS repositories as OpenBSD. OpenBSD Secure Shell is foondit on the auld, first SSH.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openssh.com/history.html &quot;Project History and Credits&quot;]. ''[[OpenSSH]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; It first appeared in OpenBSD 2.6, an nou it's by far the widest uised SSH client an server, available on a heest o operatin systems.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openssh.com/usage/ &quot;SSH usage profiling&quot;]. ''[[OpenSSH]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

The project his a policy o aye auditin source code for problems. This is wark that developer Marc Espie his said &quot;is nivver finish't ... mair a maiter o a process nor o a kent bug bein huntit.&quot; He cairied on tae gie a list o a curn typical steps thay tak ance a bug is fund, amang thaim leukin throu the hail code tree for problems that is the same or gey near the same, &quot;tryin tae wirk oot if the documents is needin cheenged&quot;, an leukin intae whether &quot;it's possible tae mak the [[compiler]] warn aboot this partiecular problem.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Biancuzzi, Federico (18 Mairch 2004). [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2004/03/18/marc_espie.html &quot;An Interview with OpenBSD's Marc Espie&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504070533/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2004/03/18/marc_espie.html |date=2018-05-04 }}. ''[[ONLamp]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Security record ===
The OpenBSD wabsite maks a claim aboot the system's security record, a claim that staunds oot richt awa. Until June 2002, it read:

{{Quote|Five year, an nae remote hole in the defaut installation!}}

In June 2002, Mark Dowd fae Internet Security Systems telt awbodie aboot a bug in the OpenSSH code, the pairt giein challenge-response authentication.&lt;ref&gt;Internet Security Systems. [http://www.iss.net/threats/advise123.html OpenSSH Remote Challenge Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120908042011/http://www.iss.net/threats/advise123.html |date=2012-09-08 }}, June 26, 2002. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; This waikness in OpenBSD's defaut installation alloued a attacker tae get intae the ruit accoont remote-like, an this wis gey serious no jist tae OpenBSD, bit forby tae the wheen o ither operatin systems that wis uisin OpenSSH by then.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141202141151/http://xforce.iss.net/xforce/xfdb/9169 A pairtial list o operatin systems that's affectit.] Archived frae [http://xforce.iss.net/xforce/xfdb/9169 the orieginal ane] on the 2 December 2014. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Oot o this, the slogan on the OpenBSD wabsite hid tae be cheenged til:

{{Quote|Ae remote hole in the defaut installation, in near-on 6 year!}}

The claim bade the wey it wis ower time, until 13th Mairch, 2007, whan Alfredo Ortega fae Core Security Technologies&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.coresecurity.com/ Core Security Technologies' hamepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013132209/https://blog.coresecurity.com/ |date=2016-10-13 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; telt awbodie aboot a remote vulnerability tied tae netwarkin.&lt;ref&gt;Core Security Technologies. [http://www.coresecurity.com/content/open-bsd-advisorie ''OpenBSD's IPv6 mbufs remote kernel buffer overflow''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328112822/http://www.coresecurity.com/content/open-bsd-advisorie |date=2014-03-28 }}. 13 Mairch 2007. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Efter this ane the quote wis cheenged til:

{{Quote|Twa remote holes in the defaut installation, in a awfu lang time!}}

This statement his been doun-cried, seein as the defaut installation disna hae monie rinnin services, an a lot o uise cases needs ither services an aw.&lt;ref&gt;Brindle, Joshua (30 Mairch 2008), [http://securityblog.org/brindle/2008/03/30/secure-doesnt-mean-anything/ &quot;Secure doesn't mean anything&quot;], ''Security Blog'', Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; As weel, seein as the ports tree hauds [[third-pairtie saftware]] that hisna been auditit, it is easie for uisers tae waiken securitie if thay instaw packages wrang or set thaim up wrang. For aw that, the project threaps that the slogan is meant tae be aboot a defaut installation, an that it is richt by that meisure.

Ane o the basic ideas ahint OpenBSD is a drive for systems tae be simple, clean, an secure fae the beginnin. Thare's nae muckle tae the defaut installation, that the project says is tae mak shuir new uisers &quot;disna need tae become securitie experts owernicht&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.openbsd.org/security.html Security&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020. &quot;Secure by Default.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This fits wi open-source an code audits bein thocht on as important elements o a securitie system.&lt;ref&gt;Wheeler, David A. (3 Mairch 2003). [http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/open-source-security.html &quot;2.4. Is Open Source Good for Security?&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501112323/http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/open-source-security.html |date=2007-05-01 }}. [http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/index.html ''Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208033155/https://dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/index.html |date=2020-12-08 }}. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alleged back door ===
On 11 December 2010, Gregory Perry, that hid aerlier been a technical consultant for the [[Federal Bureau o Investigation]] (FBI), emailed De Raadt wi a claim that the FBI hid pey'd some OpenBSD ex-developers 10 year afore tae pit &quot;backdoors&quot; intae the OpenBSD Cryptographic Framewark. De Raadt made the email public on 14 December by sendin it on tae the openbsd-tech mailin list an askit for a audit o the IPsec codebase.&lt;ref&gt;De Raadt, Theo (14 December 2010). [https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-tech&amp;m=129236621626462&amp;w=2 &quot;Allegations regarding OpenBSD IPSEC&quot;]. ''openbsd-tech'' (Mailin list). Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Holwerda, Thom (14 December 2010). [http://www.osnews.com/story/24136/_FBI_Added_Secret_Backdoors_to_OpenBSD_IPSEC_ &quot;FBI Added Secret Backdoors to OpenBSD IPSEC&quot;]. ''[[OSNews]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; De Raadt's answer wis that he hid his douts aboot the report, an he invitit aw the developers tae review the code independent-like. In the weeks that follaed, bugs wis fix't but naebodie fund onie evidence o backdoors.&lt;ref&gt;Ryan, Paul (23 December 2010). [https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2010/12/openbsd-code-audit-uncovers-bugs-but-no-evidence-of-backdoor.ars &quot;OpenBSD code audit uncovers bugs, but no evidence of backdoor&quot;]. [[Ars Technica|''Ars Technica'']]. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; De Raadt threap't &quot;A div believe that NetSec wis likelie contractit tae write backdoors lik it's been alleged. If thay wir written, A dinna believe thay wun the lenth o oor tree. Thay micht hae been deployed as thair ain product.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mathew J. Schwartz (22 December 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170711004138/http://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-and-threats/openbsd-founder-believes-fbi-built-ipsec-backdoor/d/d-id/1095055 &quot;OpenBSD Founder Believes FBI Built IPsec Backdoor&quot;]. ''InformationWeek: DARKreading''. Archived frae [http://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-and-threats/openbsd-founder-believes-fbi-built-ipsec-backdoor/d/d-id/1095055 the orieginal ane] on the 11 Julie 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Criticisms ===
In December 2017, Ilja van Sprundel, director at IOActive, gied a speik at the CCC&lt;ref&gt;Van Sprundel, Ilja (December 2017). [https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-8968-are_all_bsds_created_equally &quot;Are all BSDs created equally? — A survey of BSD kernel vulnerabilities&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; as weel as DEF CON,&lt;ref&gt;Van Sprundel, Ilja (Julie 2017). [https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2025/DEF%20CON%2025%20presentations/DEF%20CON%2025%20-%20Ilja-van-Sprundel-BSD-Kern-Vulns.pdf &quot;Are all BSDs created equally? — A survey of BSD kernel vulnerabilities&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt; wi the title &quot;Is aw BSDs creatit equal-like?&quot; A survey o BSD kernel waiknesses&quot; whaur he said that, awtho OpenBSD wis the clear winner o the BSDs as meisured by hou secure thay ar, &quot;Bugs is aye easie tae find in thae kernels, even in OpenBSD&quot;.

Twa year efter, in 2019, a speik wi the name &quot;A systematic evaluation of OpenBSD's mitigations&quot; wis gien at the CCC.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fahrplan.events.ccc.de/congress/2019/Fahrplan/events/10519.html &quot;Lecture: A systematic evaluation of OpenBSD's mitigations&quot;]. December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; It airgued that, while OpenBSD dis hae some wirthwhile mitigations, a guid monie o thaim is &quot;uiseless at best, an foondit on pure luck an superstition&quot;, airguin for a mair rational approach in thair design.&lt;ref&gt;[https://isopenbsdsecu.re/ &quot;Is OpenBSD secure?&quot;]. 29 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haurdware compatibiliie ==
The different computers an ither devices ye can uise OpenBSD on is gien in a list in the OpenBSD Supported Platforms Notes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/plat.html &quot;OpenBSD Supported Platforms&quot;]. OpenBSD Foundation. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Ither arrangements micht wirk an aw, bit they jist hinna been testit or pitten doun in the documents. Thare's a 3rd-pairtie repository o (roch) lists o computers an ither devices, pitten thegither automatic-like.&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/bsdhw/Drivers/blob/master/openbsd/openbsd-6.7.list &quot;OpenBSD 6.7: ids of supported devices&quot;]. BSD Hardware Project. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2020, a new project wis stairtit tae gaither information, automatic-like, aboot aw the testit haurdware arrangements.&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/bsdhw/Trends/tree/master/Dist/OpenBSD &quot;OpenBSD Hardware Trends&quot;]. BSD Hardware Project. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Subprojects ==
Monie open source projects stairtit as components o OpenBSD. Amang thaim wir:

* bioctl, a generic RAID management interface nae muckle different fae ifconfig
* CARP, a free (for naething) alternative tae [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]]'s patentit HSRP/VRRP redundancie protocols
* cwm, a stackin windae manager
* OpenBSD httpd,&lt;ref&gt;[https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/httpd/ &quot;src/usr.sbin/httpd/&quot;]. ''OpenBSD CVSWeb''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.freshports.org/www/obhttpd/ &quot;web/obhttpd: OpenBSD http server&quot;]. ''[[Freshports]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; a implementation o httpd
* hw.sensors, a sensors framewark uised by ower 100 drivers
* LibreSSL, a implementation o the [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]] an [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] protocols, forkit fae OpenSSL 1.0.1g&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.libressl.org/ &quot;LibreSSL&quot;]. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Some subsystems his been brocht inby as pairt o ither BSD operatin systems,&lt;ref&gt;[https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/stable/10/crypto/openssh/README?view=markup &quot;Contents of /stable/10/crypto/openssh/README&quot;]. ''svnweb.freebsd.org''. Gotten 19 September 2020. &quot;This is the port of OpenBSD's excellent OpenSSH to Linux and other Unices.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/README?rev=1.4&amp;content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup&amp;only_with_tag=MAIN &quot;src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/README – view – 1.4&quot;]. ''NetBSD CVS Repositories''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://gitweb.dragonflybsd.org/dragonfly.git/blob/HEAD:/crypto/openssh/README &quot;dragonfly.git/blob – crypto/openssh/README&quot;]. ''gitweb.dragonflybsd.org''. Gotten 19 September 2020. &quot;This is the port of OpenBSD's excellent OpenSSH to Linux and other Unices.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; an a lot  o thaim can be gotten as packages tae be uised in ither Unix-like systems.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.archlinux.org/packages/core/x86_64/openssh/ &quot;Arch Linux – openssh 7.2p2-1 (x86_64)&quot;]. ''[[Arch Linux]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://software.opensuse.org/package/openssh &quot;openssh&quot;]. ''[[OpenSUSE]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://packages.debian.org/jessie/openssh-client &quot;Debian – Details of package openssh-client in jessie&quot;]. ''[[Debian]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Linux administrator Carlos Fenollosa said, whan he gaed ower fae Linux tae OpenBSD, that the system is leal tae Unix's philosophie o haein sma an simple tools that wirks thegither weel. &quot;Some base components disna hae the same number o features, deliberate-like. Seein as 99% o the servers disna need tae be swack lik Apache, OpenBSD's httpd wull wirk fine, be mair secure, an likelie faster&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://cfenollosa.com/blog/openbsd-from-a-veteran-linux-user-perspective.html&lt;/ref&gt; He described the developer community's attitude tae components this wey: &quot;whan the community decides that some module is nae uise for oniething, they jist develop a new ane fae the beginnin. OpenBSD his its ain NTPd, SMTPd and, mair latelie, HTTPd. They wirk jist rare&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The ootcome is that, time an time agane, OpenBSD creates components an syne a wheen o thaim is uised agane in ither systems.

OpenBSD rins gey near aw o its staundart daemons inside chroot and privsep securitie structures by defaut, as pairt o haurdenin the base system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

The Calgary Internet Exchange wis foondit in 2012, in pairt sae's tae serve the needs o the OpenBSD project.&lt;ref&gt;De Raadt, Theo (18 June 2013). [http://www.yycix.ca/talks/cuug-2013-06-18/an-internet-exchange-for-Calgary.pdf &quot;An Internet Exchange for Calgary&quot;] (PDF). Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Third-pairtie components ==
Inside OpenBSD thare's a wheen o third-pairtie components, a lot o thaim wi patches meant jist for OpenBSD,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; the likes o X.Org, Clang&lt;ref&gt;[http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.2/man1/clang-local.1 &quot;clang-local – OpenBSD-specific behavior of LLVM/clang&quot;]. ''OpenBSD manual pages''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; (the defaut compiler on a wheen o architectures), GCC,Perl, NSD, Unbound, ncurses, GNU binutils, GDB, an AWK.

== Development ==
[[File:OpenBSD_hackers_at_c2k++_at_MIT.jpg|right|thumb|OpenBSD developers at c2k1 hackathon at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], June 2001]]
Development gangs on aw the time, an team management is open an organised intae tiers. Oniebodie wi the richt skills can jyne in, wi the richt tae commit wark gien on merit an wi De Raadt actin as the heid-ane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Twa official releases is made ilka year, wi the version number raised by 0.1,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Andrews, Jeremy (2 Mey 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130424125958/http://kerneltrap.org/node/6550 &quot;Interview: Theo de Raadt&quot;]. ''[[KernelTrap]]''. Archived frae [http://kerneltrap.org/node/6550 the orieginal ane] on the 24 Apryle 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; and ilkane is supportit for twal months (twa release cycles).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq5.html#Flavors &quot;OpenBSD's flavors&quot;]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Snapshot releases is pitten oot an aw, aften.

Upkeep patches for supportit releases can be pitten on manual-like or by bringin a system up-tae-date against the patch braunch o the CVS repository for that release.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq10.html#Patches &quot;Applying patches in OpenBSD&quot;]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; On the ither haund, a system administrator can decide tae upgrade fae a snapshot release an syne update the system regular-like fae the current branch o the CVS repository, sae's tae gain access tae new features afore thay'r released.

The generic OpenBSD kernel providit by defaut is recommendit as the best ane for end uisers, nae like operatin systems that recommends uisers dui the kernel customisation thaimsels.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq1.html#OtherUnixes &quot;Migrating to OpenBSD&quot;]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

Packages ootside the base system is maintained by CVS throu a ports tree, an thay'r the responsibilitie o the individual maintainers, cried &quot;porters&quot;. As weel as keepin the current braunch up tae date, porters is leukit-tae tae pit in the richt bug-fixes an upkeep fixes tae braunches o thair package for OpenBSD's supportit releases. On the hail, ports is no gien the same on-gaun auditin as the base system, for want o manpouer.

Binary packages is biggit central-like fae the ports tree for ilka architecture. This process is duin for the current version, for ilka supportit release, and for ilka snapshot. Administrators is recommendit tae uise the package mechanism insteid o biggin the package fae the ports tree, unless they need tae make thair ain cheenges tae the source code.

OpenBSD's developers meets regular-like at special events cried hackathons,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openbsd.org/hackathons.html &quot;Hackathons&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; whaur they &quot;sit doun an code&quot;, wi the ettle o daein a lot o wark.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.linux.com/news/interview-theo-de-raadt-openbsd/ &quot;Interview: Theo de Raadt of OpenBSD&quot;]. ''NewsForge''. 28 Mairch 2006. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:S2k17.gif|thumb|OpenBSD hackathon s2k17]]
In maist new releases, there's a sang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html &quot;Release Songs&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Open source an open documentation ==
OpenBSD is kent for its guid quality o documentation. It's seen as the best amang aw the BSD operating systems, tho aw o thaim pits a lot o effort intae correct documentation.&lt;ref&gt;Chisnall, David (20 Januar 2006). [http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=439601&amp;seqNum=3 &quot;BSD: The Other Free UNIX Family&quot;]. ''[[InformIT]]''. frae the orieginal ane on the 14 Mairch 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Jesse (18 November 2013). [http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20131118#feature &quot;OpenBSD 5.4: Puffy on the Desktop&quot;]. frae the orieginal ane on the 30 Apryle 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Whan OpenBSD wis first stairtit, De Raadt wantit the source code tae be open tae oniebodie tae read. At thon time, it wis uisual that a sma team o developers hid access tae a project's source code.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Cranor, Chuck D.; De Raadt, Theo (6 June 1999). ''[https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix99/cranor_f.html Opening the Source Repository with Anonymous CVS]''. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Chuck Cranor&lt;ref&gt;Cranor, Chuck D. [http://chuck.cranor.org/ &quot;Chuck Cranor's Home Page&quot;]. Gotten 20 September 2020. &quot;I also hosted and helped create the first Anonymous CVS server on the Internet (the original [http://anoncvs.openbsd.org anoncvs.openbsd.org]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [...]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; an De Raadt thocht this practice &quot;didna fit wi the open source philosophie&quot; an wis jist gettin in the road o potential contributors. Thegither, Cranor and De Raadt set up the first public, nameless CVS server. De Raadt's decision alloued uisers tae &quot;tak a mair steerin role&quot;, and set doun the project's commitment tae haein open access.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

OpenBSD disna haud closed-source binary drivers in the source tree, an thay dinna haud code that needs a non-disclosure agreement tae be signed aither.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/goals.html &quot;Project Goals&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020. &quot;Integrate good code from any source with acceptable licenses. [...], NDAs are never acceptable.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Seein as OpenBSD his its hame in Canada, US American export restrictions on cryptography disna haud. This allous the distribution tae mak full uise o modren algorithms for encryption. For example, the swap space is pairtit intae sma sections an ilka section is encryptit wi its ain key, makkin shuir that sensitive data disna leak ower intae a insecure pairt o the system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

OpenBSD randomises the different things that applications dis, makkin it haurder tae foretell whit thay'r gaun tae dae, and that wey thay'r faur haurder tae attack. For example, PIDs is creatit an associate tae processes random-like; the &lt;code&gt;bind&lt;/code&gt; system caw uises random port numbers; files is creatit wi random inode numbers; and IP datagrams his random identifiers.&lt;ref&gt;De Raadt, Theo; Hallqvist, Niklas; Grabowski, Artur; Keromytis, Angelos D.; Provos, Niels (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/full_papers/deraadt/deraadt_html/node18.html &quot;Randomness Used Inside the Kernel&quot;]. ''[https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/deraadt.html Cryptography in OpenBSD: An Overview]''. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

The OpenBSD policie on openness gaes as faur as haurdware documentation: in the slides for a presentation in December 2006, De Raadt explain't that wi-oot it &quot;developers aften gangs agley writin drivers&quot;, an pyntit oot that &quot;the [michtie, A gart it wirk] rush is haurder tae bring aboot, an some developers jist gies up.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;De Raadt, Theo (5 December 2006). [http://www.openbsd.org/papers/opencon06-docs/index.html &quot;Presentation at OpenCON&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; He gaed on tae say that binary drivers fae the vendor is nae acceptable as pairt o OpenBSD, that thay hiv &quot;nae trust o vendors' binaries rinning in oor kernel&quot; an that thare is &quot;nae wey tae fix [thaim] ... whan thay brak.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Licensin ==
OpenBSD's [[Saftware license|licence]] policie is a strict ane,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/policy.html &quot;Copyright Policy&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; wi a better likin for the ISC license an ither variants o the BSD licence. The project tries tae haud tae the spirit o the auld Berkeley Unix [[Copyricht|copierichts]],&quot; that alloued a &quot;Unix source distribution wi-oot muckle hindrance.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; The widelie uised Apache License an the GNU General Public License is seen as ower strict.&lt;ref&gt;Matzan, Jem (15 June 2005). [https://www.linux.com/news/bsd-cognoscenti-linux &quot;BSD cognoscenti on Linux&quot;]. ''NewsForge''. [[Linux.com]]. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2001, stemmin fae worries aboot Darren Reed's cheenges tae IPFilter's licence wirdin, a systematic license audit o the OpenBSD ports an the source trees wis haudit.&lt;ref&gt;Gasperson, Tina (6 June 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626101129/http://www.linux.com/feature/12774 &quot;OpenBSD and ipfilter still fighting over license disagreement&quot;]. ''[[Linux.com]]''. Archived frae [http://www.linux.com/feature/12774 the orieginal ane] on the 26 June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Code in mair nor a hunder files throu the hail system wis fund tae be: nae licensed ava; nae licensed clear-like; or in uise against the terms o thair license. Tae mak shuir that aw the licences wis abidden by, thay tried tae mak contact wi aw thaim that hid relevant copyrichts: some pieces o code wis taen oot, an a wheen o thaim wis replace't awthegither. Ither anes, the like o the multicast routin tools &lt;code&gt;mrinfo&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;map-mbone&lt;/code&gt;, wis licensed ower agane sae's that OpenBSD cud cairy on uisin thaim.&lt;ref&gt;[http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/mrinfo.c?rev=1.7&amp;content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup &quot;src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/mrinfo.c – view – 1.7&quot;]. ''cvsweb.openbsd.org''. 31 Julie 2001. Gotten 20 September 2020. &quot;New license from Xerox! This code is now FREE! Took a while and a lot of mails, but it is worth it.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/map-mbone/mapper.c?rev=1.5&amp;content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup &quot;src/usr.sbin/map-mbone/mapper.c – view – 1.5&quot;]. ''cvsweb.openbsd.org''. 31 Julie 2001. Gotten 20 September 2020. &quot;New license from Xerox! This code is now FREE! Took a while and a lot of mails, but it is worth it.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Forby, aw saftware that wis the wark o Daniel J. Bernstein wis taen oot. At thon time, Bernstein wis wantin aw cheenges tae his code tae hae his approval afore thay wir sent oot, an OpenBSD developers wis sweirt tae pit time an darg intae daein this.&lt;ref&gt;De Raadt, Theo (24 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160419110701/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2544.html &quot;Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?&quot;]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2544.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 Apryle 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bernstein, Daniel J. (27 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204203539/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2812.html &quot;Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?&quot;]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2812.html the orieginal ane] on the 4 Februar 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Espie, Marc (28 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160419080907/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2864.html &quot;Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?&quot;]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2864.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 Apryle 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Oot o worries aboot licensin, the OpenBSD team his written saftware ower agane fae the beginnin, or brocht in suitable saftware that hid been written awreadie. For example, OpenBSD developers creatit the PF packet filter efter they cudna accept restrictions that hid been pitten on IPFilter. PF wis first pairt o OpenBSD 3.0,&lt;ref&gt;Hartmeier, Daniel (10 June 2002). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix02/tech/freenix/hartmeier.html ''Design and Performance of the OpenBSD Stateful Packet Filter (pf)'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; an it's pairt o a lot o ither operatin systems nou.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.reedmedia.net/books/pf-book/ ''The OpenBSD PF Packet Filter Book: PF for NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly and OpenBSD'']. Reed Media Services. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-9790342-0-5|0-9790342-0-5]]. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; OpenBSD developers his written thair ain tools, wi the licence open tae oniebodie, tae tak the place o general licensed tools the like o CVS, diff, grep and pkg-config.&lt;ref&gt;[https://slashdot.org/story/52396 &quot;New BSD licensed CVS replacement for OpenBSD&quot;]. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://man.openbsd.org/pkg-config.1 &quot;pkg-config(1)&quot;]. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fundin ==
OpenBSD an its portable components is uised in ither products, tho De Raadt says that nae muckle o the siller fae sellin thae products wins the lenth o OpenBSD. &quot;Mainlie wir siller haes been gotten fae uisers' donations an fae uisers buyin wir CDs. It's easie tae see that wunna be muckle.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For a peiriod o twa year in the aerlie 2000s, the project wis gettin siller frae DARPA, an that &quot;pey'd the salaries o 5 fowk tae wirk ful-time, bocht aboot thertie thoosand dollars in haurdware, and pey'd for 3 hackathons&quot;, fae the POSSE project.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

In 2006, the OpenBSD project suffer't fae a want o siller.&lt;ref&gt;[http://slashdot.org/story/06/03/21/1555243/openbsd-project-in-financial-danger &quot;OpenBSD Project in Financial Danger&quot;]. ''[[Slashdot]]''. 21 Mairch 2006. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mozilla Foundation]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://slashdot.org/story/06/04/04/1820228/mozilla-foundation-donates-10k-to-openssh &quot;Mozilla Foundation Donates $10K to OpenSSH&quot;]. ''[[Slashdot]]''. 4 Apryle 2006. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; an GoDaddy&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061111090358/http://www.thehostingnews.com/article2217.html &quot;GoDaddy.com Donates $10K to Open Source Development Project&quot;]. ''The Hosting News''. 19 Apryle 2006. Archived frae [http://www.thehostingnews.com/article2217.html the orieginal ane] on the 11 November 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; is twa o the organisations that helpit OpenBSD tae haud gaun. For aw that, De Raadt wis fash't that this wis aw ae-sidit: &quot;A think donations an peyments shoud hae come first fae the saftware sellers, an syne saicont fae the corporate uisers, an third fae uisers by thaimsels. Reallie, it's been awmaist the ither wey roon awthegither, wi a ratio o awmaist 15 dollars tae ane comin fae the wee fowk. Thank ye muckle, wee fowk!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

On 14 January 2014, Bob Beck askit for siller tae pey electritie bills. Gin thay cudna find fundin for the lang term, Beck thocht the OpenBSD project wad hae tae close doun.&lt;ref&gt;Beck, Bob (14 Januar 2014). [https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&amp;m=138972987203440&amp;w=2 &quot;Request for Funding our Electricity&quot;]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; The project suin got a donation o twintie thoosand US dollars fae Mircea Popescu, him that wis the Romanian creator o the MPEx bitcoin stock exchange. The donation wis pey'd in [[Bitcoin|bitcoins]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Bright, Peter (20 Januar 2014). [https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/openbsd-rescued-from-unpowered-oblivion-by-20k-bitcoin-donation/ &quot;OpenBSD rescued from unpowered oblivion by $20K bitcoin donation&quot;]. [[Ars Technica|''Ars Technica'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; The project brocht in US$150,000 fae the appeal,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/campaign2014.html &quot;The OpenBSD Foundation 2014 Fundraising Campaign&quot;]. [[OpenBSD Foundation|''OpenBSD Foundation'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; sae's it cud pey its bills an mak siccar its short-term future.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Fae 2014 on, a curn big contributions tae the OpenBSD Foundation his come fae corporations, the likes o Microsoft,&lt;ref&gt;McAllister, Neil (8 Julie 2015). [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/07/08/microsoft_donates_to_openbsd_foundation/ &quot;Microsoft rains cash on OpenBSD Foundation, becomes top 2015 donor&quot;]. ''The Register''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Facebook an Google as weel as the Core Infrastructure Initiative.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/contributors.html &quot;Contributors&quot;]. [[OpenBSD Foundation|''OpenBSD Foundation'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Durin the 2016 and 2017 fundraisin campaigns, it wis Smartisan, a Chinese firm, that gied the maist siller tae the project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/contributors.html &quot;OpenBSD Donors&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&amp;sid=20170817195416 &quot;Smartisan Makes Another Iridium Donation to the OpenBSD Foundation&quot;]. ''Undeadly''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Distribution ==
Oniebodie can get haud o OpenBSD, an in a wheen o weys: the source can be taen anonymous-like fae CVS,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/anoncvs.html &quot;Anonymous CVS&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; an binary releases an development snapshots can be dounloadit by FTP, HTTP, and rsync.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html &quot;Mirrors&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; CD-ROM sets, up tae version 6.0, can be order't online for a smaw fee, thegither wi a curn stickers an a copie o the release's theme sang. Thir things, wi thair airtwark an ither bonuses, his been ane o the project's (no monie) sources o siller. It peys for haurdware, Internet service, an ither costs.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111219075939/http://openbsd.org/orders.html &quot;Orders&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Archived frae [http://www.openbsd.org/orders.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 December 2011. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Stairtin fae version 6.1, CD-ROM sets is no gien oot onie mair.

OpenBSD comes wi its ain package management system sae's that programs that is no pairt o its base operatin system can be instawed an managed easie-like.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html &quot;Packages and Ports&quot;]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;  Packages is binarie files that is extractit, managed an taen oot wi the package tools. On OpenBSD, the source o packages is the ports system, a gaitherin thegither o Makefiles an ither infrastructure needit tae create packages. In OpenBSD, the ports an base operatin system is developed an released thegither for ilka version. This means that the ports or packages released wi, for example, 4.6 is no suitable for uisin wi 4.5, an the same the ither wey roond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Sangs and airtwark ===

[[File:Puffyanim.gif|right|thumb|3D-rendered, animatit OpenBSD mascot ''Puffy'']]
Tae stairt wi, OpenBSD uised a version (wi a halo) o the BSD daemon mascot drawn by Erick Green, him that wis askit by De Raadt tae draw the logo for the 2.3 and 2.4 versions o OpenBSD. Green planned tae draw a full daemon, heid an body an aw, bit jist the heid wis ready in time for OpenBSD 2.3. The body wi the graip an tail wis ready for OpenBSD 2.4.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/shirts/openbsd.html &quot;OpenBSD&quot;]. ''mckusick.com''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Openbsd23cover.gif|thumb|OpenBSD 2.3 cover]]
The follaein releases uised ither things, the likes o a police daemon fae Ty Semaka.&lt;ref&gt;De Raadt, Theo (19 Mey 1999). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092721/http://www.monkey.org/openbsd/archive/announce/9905/msg00002.html |date=2014-02-02 }}. ''openbsd-announce'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://www.monkey.org/openbsd/archive/announce/9905/msg00002.html the orieginal ane] on the 14 Mairch 2014. &quot;OpenBSD 2.5 introduces the new Cop daemon image done by cartoonist Ty Semeka.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; In the hinner end, thay settle't on a pufferfish cried Puffy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.openbsd.org/27.html &quot;OpenBSD 2.7&quot;]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Fae then on, Puffy his been on OpenBSD promotional material an feature't in release sangs an airtwark.

The promotional material o aerlie OpenBSD releases didna hae jist ae theme or design rinnin throu it, bit later the CD-ROMs, release sangs, posters an tee-shirts for ilka release his been produce't wi jist ae style and theme, whilies wi inpit fae Ty Semaka fae the Plaid Tongued Devils.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Thir things his come tae be pairt o OpenBSD's advocacie, wi ilka release pittin ower a moral or political pynt important tae the project, aften by wey o a parodie.&lt;ref&gt;Matzan, Jem (1 December 2006). [http://www.softwareinreview.com/bsd/openbsd_4.0_review.html &quot;OpenBSD 4.0 review&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210225707/http://www.softwareinreview.com/bsd/openbsd_4.0_review.html |date=2020-12-10 }}. ''Software in Review''. Gotten 20 September 2020. &quot;Each OpenBSD release has a graphical theme and a song that goes with it. The theme reflects a major concern that the OpenBSD programmers are addressing or bringing to light.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Thare's been themes the likes o ''Puffy the Barbarian'' in OpenBSD 3.3. Pairt o it wis an 80s [[Rock muisic|rock sang]] an parodie o [[Conan the Barbarian]] hintin at open documentation,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; ''The Wizard of OS'' in OpenBSD 3.7, tied tae the project's wark on wireless drivers, an ''Hackers of the Lost RAID'', a parodie o Indiana Jones hintin at the new RAID tools in OpenBSD 3.8.

== Beuks ==

Thare's been a wheen o beuks aboot OpenBSD that wis published, includin:

* ''[http://www.devguide.net/index.php?q=node/19 The OpenBSD Command-Line Companion, 1st ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815214350/http://www.devguide.net/index.php?q=node%2F19 |date=2019-08-15 }}'' by Jacek Artymiak. ISBN 83-916651-8-6.
* ''[http://www.devguide.net/books/openbsdfw-02-ed/ Building Firewalls with OpenBSD and PF: Second Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114123635/http://www.devguide.net/books/openbsdfw-02-ed/ |date=2006-01-14 }}'' by Jacek Artymiak. ISBN 83-916651-1-9.
* ''[http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/mfreeopenbsd/ Mastering FreeBSD and OpenBSD Security]'' by Yanek Korff, Paco Hope and Bruce Potter. ISBN 0-596-00626-8.
* ''Absolute OpenBSD, Unix for the Practical Paranoid'' by Michael W. Lucas. ISBN 1-886411-99-9.
* ''[http://www.aw-bc.com/catalog/academic/product/0,1144,0321193660,00.html Secure Architectures with OpenBSD]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' by Brandon Palmer and Jose Nazario. ISBN 0-321-19366-0.
* ''[http://www.reedmedia.net/books/pf-book/ The OpenBSD PF Packet Filter Book: PF for NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly and OpenBSD]'' published by Reed Media Services. ISBN 0-9790342-0-5.
* ''[http://www.wiley.com/legacy/compbooks/catalog/35366-3.htm Building Linux and OpenBSD Firewalls]'' by Wes Sonnenreich and Tom Yates. ISBN 0-471-35366-3.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{commonscat|OpenBSD}}
* [http://www.openbsd.org/ OpenBSD's homepage]
* [http://www.openssh.com/ OpenSSH's homepage]
* [http://www.openntpd.org/ OpenNTPD's homepage]
* [http://www.openbgpd.org/ OpenBGPD's homepage]
* [http://www.opencvs.org/ OpenCVS's homepage]
* [http://www.undeadly.org/ OpenBSD journal]
* [http://ports.openbsd.nu/ Unofficial OpenBSD ports tracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001170331/http://ports.openbsd.nu/ |date=2006-10-01 }}
* [http://mdoc.su/ Short manual page URLs]
* [http://ports.su/ OpenBSD ports and packages search]
* [http://BXR.SU/OpenBSD/ Super User's BSD Cross Reference (OpenGrok), OpenBSD] — source code search

[[Category:Computers]]
[[Category:BSD]]</text>
      <sha1>3bjgaaleb7v287vrkf95cec57va0y6v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dick Gaughan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869315</id>
      <parentid>867270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:20:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3929" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie|name=Dick Gaughan|birth_name=Richard Peter Gaughan|birth_date=17 Mey 1948|birth_place=Glesgae|known for=fowk sangs an protest sangs|occupation=muisician, sanger, sangwriter|image=File:Dick_Gaughan_1.jpg}}
'''Richard Peter &quot;Dick&quot; Gaughan''' (b. [[17 Mey]] [[1948]]) is a [[Scotland|Scots]] [[muisic]]ian, [[sanger]], an [[sangwriter]]. He is kent fir fowk an social protest sangs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Musicians to stage benefit concert for Scots singer forced to halt live gigs.|url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/musicians-stage-benefit-concert-scots-singer-forced-halt-live-gigs-865802|access-date=2022-01-20|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He wis born in [[Glesgae]]'s [[Rattonraw Maternity Hospital]]; his mither hailed frae hailed frae Bohenie, [[Lochaber]] an his faither bade in [[Leith]], whaur Gaughan wis also biding as a bairn wi his graunparents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-02-17|title=Biography - Dick Gaughan's Website|url=http://www.dickgaughan.co.uk/biography/index.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2017-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217205404/http://www.dickgaughan.co.uk/biography/index.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; His style is tacht an passionate an witty, his lyrics challengin, an his playin fast an strang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vallely|first=Fintan|title=Dick Gaughan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/dick-gaughan-1.96708|access-date=2022-05-10|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gilchrist|first=Jim|date=21 June 2013|title=Gig review: Dick Gaughan, Glasgow|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/gig-review-dick-gaughan-glasgow-1570600|url-status=live|access-date=2022-05-10|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discography ==
*''No More Forever'' (1972)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Angel|date=2019-03-09|title=Artist Profiles: Dick Gaughan {{!}} World Music Central|url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2019/03/09/artist-profiles-dick-gaughan/|access-date=2022-05-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''The Boys of the Lough'' (1973) ([[Boys of the Lough]])
*''Kist O'Gold'' (1976) ''Five Hand Reel'' (1976) ([[Five Hand Reel]])
[[File:Dick &amp; Barry 092615s.jpg|none|thumb|Gaughan and Barry Lyons, Toronto 2015]]
*''Coppers and Brass'' (1977)
*''For A' That'' (1977) (Five Hand Reel)
*''Songs of Ewan MacColl'' (1978) (with Dave Burland and [[Tony Capstick]])
*''Gaughan'' (1978)
*''Earl o' Moray'' (1978) (Five Hand Reel]
*''Handful of Earth'' (1981)
*''A Different Kind of Love Song'' (1983)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Four - BBC Four Sessions, Dick Gaughan: A Different Kind of Love Song|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074rv5|access-date=2022-05-10|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Parallel Lines'' (1982) (with [[Andy Irvine (musician)|Andy Irvine]])
*''Fanfare for Tomorrow'' (1985) (with [[Ken Hyder]])
*''Live in Edinburgh'' (1985)
*''True and Bold'' (1986)
*''Call It Freedom'' (1988)
*''Clan Alba'' (1995) (with Clan Alba
*''Sail On'' (1996)
*''Redwood Cathedral'' (1998)
*''Outlaws And Dreamers'' (2001)
*''Prentice Piece'' (2002)
*''Lucky for Some'' (2006)

== Soorces ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Fremmit airtins ==
*[http://www.dickgaughan.co.uk/main.html Dick Gaughan's offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609065503/http://www.dickgaughan.co.uk/main.html |date=2007-06-09 }}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaughan, Dick}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Scots male sangsters]]
[[Category:Scots sangwriters]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scots guitarists]]
[[Category:Male guitarists]]
[[Category:Scots fowk sangsters]]
[[Category:Scots muisicikers bi genre|Fowk muisickers]]
[[Category:Acoustic guitarists]]
[[Category:The Boys of the Lough members]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae Glesga]]


{{Stub/Scotland}}
{{Stub/Muisic}}</text>
      <sha1>a43lcbm2pdr1hzoseo3vpg05o7xwk4f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mecca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869384</id>
      <parentid>866021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T00:30:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7925" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                   = Mecca
|official_name          = 
|native_name            = {{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}}&lt;br /&gt;''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|Makkah al-Mukarramah}}''
|other_name             = Bakkah
|other_name             = Bakkah
|image_skyline          = Makkah Montage.jpg
|imagesize              = 300px
|image_caption          = Clockwise frae tap left: [[Minaret]]s, the [[Kaaba]], Mecca skyline, [[Abraj Al Bait]], an [[Mina, Saudi Arabie|Mina]]
|nickname               = ''Umm al-Qurā'' ({{lang|ar|أم القرى}}, &quot;Mother of All Settlements&quot;)
|image_seal             = 
|motto                  = 
|pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
|map_caption            = Location o Mecca
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] [[Saudi Arabie]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Regions o Saudi Arabie|Region]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Makkah Region]]
|leader_title           = Mayor
|leader_name            = Osama al-Bar
|leader_title1          = Provincial Govrenor
|leader_name1           = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]]
|leader_title2          =
|founder                = [[Prophets in Islam|Prophet]] [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismā'īl]], son o [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] (Islamic tradeetion)|area_magnitude         =
|unit_pref              = Metric
|area_total_km2         = 760
|area_metro_km2         = 1200
|area_urban_km2         = 850
|elevation_m            = 277
|area_footnotes         = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/ Mecca Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805195108/http://www1.holymakkah.gov.sa/ |date=2013-08-05 }}. Holymakkah.gov.sa. Retrieved 3 Februar 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_note        = 
|population_as_of       = 2010
|population_total       = 1675368
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_footnotes   = &lt;ref name=syb&gt;{{cite web|title=Population |url=http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/yb47/Pages/MixChapter2.htm |work=Statistical Yearbook 47 (2011) |publisher=Central Department Of Statistics &amp; Information |accessdate=15 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201022443/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/yb47/Pages/MixChapter2.htm |archivedate=1 December 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|timezone               = [[Arabie Staundart Time|AST]]
|utc_offset             = +3
|timezone_DST           = [[Arabie Staundart Time|AST]]
|utc_offset_DST         = +3
|coordinates            = {{coord|21|25|N|39|49|E|region:SA|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type       = Postal Code
|area_code              = (+966) 12
|website                = {{URL|http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa}}
}}
'''Mecca''' ({{IPA|/ˈmɛkə/}}), forby spelt '''Makkah''' (occasionally [[Bakkah|'''''B''akkah''']]) ({{IPA|/ˈmakə/}}; [[Arabic leid|Arabic]]:مكة ''Makkah'' an in fou: [[Arabic leid|Arabic]]:'''مكّة المكرمة''' transliteratit '''''Makkah Al Mukarramah''''' {{IPA-ar|mækːæt ælmukarːamæ|}}) is a ceety in [[Saudi Arabie]], an the haliest meetin site in [[Islam]], closely follaed bi [[Medina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;peters 206&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete |last=Peters |first=Francis E.|year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location= |isbn=0-691-02619-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hoyle, Ben. &quot;[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/architecture_and_design/article5254471.ece British architects to change the face of Mecca],&quot; ''[[The Times]]''. November 29, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fattah, Hassan M.[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City], ''[[New York Times]]''. January 20, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

Islamic tradeetion attributes the beginnin o Mecca tae [[Ishmael]]'s descendants. In the 7t century, the [[Prophets o Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] proclaimed Islam in the ceety whilk wis bi then an important tred center. Efter 966, Mecca wis led bi local [[sharif]]s. Whan the owerins o the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the aurie foondert in 1916, the local rulers establisht the [[Hashemite]] [[Kinrick o Hejaz]].&lt;ref name = encarta&gt;[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html Mecca]at [[Microsoft]] [[Encarta]]. ( 2009-11-01.&lt;/ref&gt;  The Hejaz kinrick, includin Mecca, wis absorbit bi the [[Hoose o Saud|Saudis]] in 1925. In its modren period, Mecca haes seen tremendous waxin in size an infrastructure.

The modren day ceety is the caipital o Saudi Arabie's [[Makkah Province]], in the historic [[Hejaz]] region. Wi a population o 1.7 million (2008), the ceety is locatit 73&amp;nbsp;km (45&amp;nbsp;mi) inland frae Jeddah in a narra glen at a hicht o 277&amp;nbsp;m (909&amp;nbsp;ft) abuin sea level.

Ivery year, millions o Muslims perform the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage tae Mecca walkin seiven times aroond the [[Kaaba]] an mair nor 13 million fowk veisit Mecca annually.&lt;ref&gt;A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]], dated Jun 24th 2010, Cairo.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etymology an uisage ==
''Mecca'' is the oreeginal Inglis [[transliteration]] o the Arabic an is still maist commonly uised in Inglish dictionaries,&lt;ref name=oed-mecca&gt;[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/mecca?view=uk Oxford English Dictionary] (retrieved on 2009-09-24) indicates Mecca is the proper English language form and demonstrates the generic use of Mecca as in eg &quot;a Mecca for holidaymakers&quot;; there is no entry for Makkah as of 2009-09-24.&lt;/ref&gt;  bi internaitional organisations in thair Inglis leid literature&lt;ref&gt;For example the [[United Nations]] [http://search.un.org/search?ie=utf8&amp;site=un_org&amp;output=xml_no_dtd&amp;client=UN_Website_English&amp;num=10&amp;lr=lang_en&amp;proxystylesheet=UN_Website_en&amp;oe=utf8&amp;q=mecca&amp;Submit=Go website], the US State Department [http://search.state.gov/search?site=stategov|oig|fpc|bmena|usawc|mepi|travel|stategov_exchanges|careers|foia|aiep|pepfar|cspo|crs|pmdtc|adop|stategov_lang&amp;client=stategov_frontend&amp;output=xml_no_dtd&amp;proxystylesheet=stategov_frontend&amp;entqr=3&amp;lr=lang_en&amp;oe=utf8&amp;ie=utf8&amp;sort=date%3AD%3AS%3Ad1&amp;getfields=*&amp;q=mecca&amp;search-button.x=0&amp;search-button.y=0&amp;search-button=Search website]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (e.g. &quot;[http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/101756.pdf The Islamic juristic school known as Salafiyyah]&quot; and the British FCO [https://archive.is/20121228215750/www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=Speech&amp;id=16347575 website (example only as search can not be linked)]; all retrieved 2009-09-24.&lt;/ref&gt; an in academic writin.&lt;ref&gt;Wehr, Hans: &quot;Arabic-English Dictionary&quot;, fourth edition (compact version), page 85.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Penrice, John: &quot;A Dictionary and Glossary of the Koran&quot;, page 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* {{Wikivoyage|Mecca}}
* [http://www.qul.org.au/islamic-occasions/hajj-the-pilgrimage/1178-hajj-in-3d Mecca in 3D] See POI o Mecca in 360 Pano Pics
* [http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/ Holy Mecca Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805195108/http://www1.holymakkah.gov.sa/ |date=2013-08-05 }} Offeecial wabsteid {{ar icon}}
* [http://www.saudinf.com/main/a83.htm Saudi Information Resource – Holy Mecca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821222527/http://www.saudinf.com/main/a83.htm |date=2006-08-21 }}
* [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative o a Pilgrimage tae Al Madinah an Meccah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201031904/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html |date=2008-12-01 }}, bi [[Richard Burton]]

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Mecca| ]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Makkah Province]]


{{Stub/SaudiArabie}}
{{Stub/Ceity}}</text>
      <sha1>8qi36967kntb6shdkj2xhyyie0loll3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bhutan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869289</id>
      <parentid>865237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10792" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kinrick o Bhutan
| native_name = {{resize|150%|འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་}}
| common_name = Bhutan
| image_flag = Flag of Bhutan.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Bhutan.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| image_map = Bhutan (orthographic projection).svg
| alt_map = | map_caption = 
| national_anthem = ''[[Druk tsendhen|Druk Tsendhen]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|''The Thunder Dragon Kinrick''}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| capital = [[Thimphu]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|28.0|N|89|38.5|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = caipital
| official_languages = [[Dzongkha]]
|official_religion = [[Drukpa Kagyu]] (Buddhist)
| demonym = Bhutanese
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Leet o rulers o Bhutan|Keeng]]
| leader_name1 = [[{{#property:P35}}]]
| leader_title2 = [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Bhutan|Prime Meenister]]
| leader_name2 = [[{{#property:P6}}]]
| legislature = [[Pairlament o Bhutan|Pairlament]]
| upper_house = [[Naitional Cooncil (Bhutan)|Naitional Cooncil]]
| lower_house = [[Naitional Assembly (Bhutan)|Naitional Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Bhutan|Formation]]
| sovereignty_note = Early 17t century
| established_event1 = [[Hoose o Wangchuck|Wangchuk Dynasty]]
| established_date1 = 17 December 1907
| established_event2 = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
| established_date2 = 2007
| area_rank = 135th
| area_magnitude = 1 E10
| area_km2 = 38,394
| area_sq_mi = 14,824 &lt;!--38,394 km2--&gt;
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=FYP9&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/5yp09_main.pdf |title=9th Five Year Plan (2002–2007) |publisher=Royal Government of Bhutan |year=2002 |accessdate=22 August 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320060614/http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/5yp09_main.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=official&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/aboutbhutan.php|title=National Portal of Bhutan|publisher=Department of Information Technology, Bhutan|accessdate=22 August 2011|archive-date=2012-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423102833/http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/aboutbhutan.php|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| percent_water = 1.1
| population_estimate = 742,737&lt;ref name=clock&gt;{{cite web |url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Bhutan |title=Bhutan Population clock |year=2012 |publisher=Countrymeters.info |accessdate=22 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_rank = 165t
| population_estimate_year = 2012
| population_census = 634,982&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/meetings/wshops/Thailand_15Oct07/docs/Countries_presentations/Bhutan_Results.ppt |title=Population and Housing Census of Bhutan — 2005 |format=PPT |publisher=[[UN]] |year=2005 |accessdate=5 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year = 2005&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 18.0 &lt;!--691141 / 38394--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 46.6 &lt;!--691141 / 14824--&gt;&lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 196t
| GDP_PPP = $4.287 billion&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&amp;ey=2012&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=514&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=56&amp;pr.y=0 |title=Bhutan |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank = 
| GDP_PPP_year = 2011
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6,112&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 
| GDP_nominal = $1.488 billion&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_rank = 
| GDP_nominal_year = 2011
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,121&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 
| Gini_year = 2012
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini = 38.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_ref =&lt;ref name=&quot;wb-gini&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank = 
| HDI = 0.538
| HDI_change = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf |format=PDF |title=Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G |publisher=[[United Nations]] |year=2009 |accessdate=5 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122115116/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf |archivedate=2009-11-22 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 140t
| HDI_year = 2013 &lt;!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers and not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_category = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#fc0;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;medium&lt;/span&gt;
| currency = [[Bhutanese ngultrum]]&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;
| currency_code = BTN
| time_zone = [[Bhutan Time|BTT]]
| utc_offset = +6
| time_zone_DST = nae observed
| utc_offset_DST = +6
| drives_on = left
| cctld = [[.bt]]
| calling_code = [[+975]]
| footnote_a = The population o Bhutan haed been estimatit based on the reportit figur o aboot 1 million in the 1970s when the kintra haed jyned the Unitit Naitions an precise statistics wur lackin.&lt;big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/073f330f9a61c6b0c1256aca004f2ea8?OpenDocument |title=Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Bhutan |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (UNHCHR) |date=5 June 2001 |accessdate=23 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/big&gt; Thus, uisin the annual increase rate o 2–3%, the maist population estimates wur aroond 2 million in the year 2000. A naitional census wis carried oot in 2005 an it turned oot that the population wis 672,425. Consequently, Unitit Naitions Population Diveesion reduced its estimatation o the kintra's population in the 2006 reveesion&lt;big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpp |title=World Population Prospects |publisher=[[United Nations]] |year=2008 |accessdate=4 December 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107202528/http://esa.un.org/unpp |archivedate=2010-01-07 |deadurl=no |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216015214/http://esa.un.org/unpp |date=2007-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/big&gt; for the whole period frae 1950 tae 2050.
|footnote_b = The [[Indian rupee]] is an aa legal tender.
}}
'''Bhutan''', offeecally the '''Kinrick o Bhutan''' (pronoonced {{IPA-en|buːˈtɑːn||En-us-Bhutan.ogg}}; [[Dzongkha]]: {{lang|dz|འབྲུག་ཡུལ་}}; [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: '' 'drug yul''; [[Tibetan pinyin]]: ''{{unicode|Zhugyü}}''), is a sma [[landlocked]] kintra in [[Sooth Asie]], locatit at the eastren end o the [[Himalayas]] an bordered tae the sooth, east an wast bi the [[Indie|Republic o Indie]] an tae the north bi the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]. Bhutan is separatit frae the nearbi state o [[Nepal]] tae the wast bi the Indian state o [[Sikkim]], an frae [[Bangladesh]] tae the sooth bi [[Wast Bengal]].

Till the early 17t century, Bhutan existit as a patchwirk o minor warrin [[fiefdom]]s, when the aurie wis unified bi the [[Tibet]]an [[lama]] an military leader [[Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]] who fled releegious persecution in Tibet an cultivatit a separate Bhutanese identity. In the early 20t century, Bhutan came unner the influence o the [[Breetish Empire]], an then upon Indian independence, that o Indie. In 2006, ''[[Business Week]]'' magazine ratit Bhutan the happiest kintra in Asie an the aicht-happiest in the warld based on a global survey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/10/happiest_countries/index_01.htm |title=The World's Happiest Countries |publisher=Images.businessweek.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-23 |archive-date=2009-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426174928/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/10/happiest_countries/index_01.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The caipital ceety o Bhutan is [[Thimphu]]. Its offeecial leid is [[Dzongkha]].

== Name ==
&quot;Bhutan&quot; is a kachari wird, as at ane time Bhutan wis in the aurie o Tibet. &quot;A place o Bod&quot; in Tibetan, Di-Bod meant a place o frozen water, it later became  DiBodo-Tibodo-Tibet. Likewise, Bodo hathan-Bhuthan-Bhutan is a possible oreegin o the name:  frae Bod, a name o place an Hathan-a kynd o place, in this way Bod Hathan-Bhuthan-Bhutan. In anither theory o [[Sanskritisation]], ''Bhoṭa-anta'' (भोट-अन्त) means &quot;At the end o [[Tibet]]&quot;, as Bhutan is immediately tae Tibet's sooth.

Historically Bhutan wis kent bi mony names, such as ''Lho Mon'' (soothren land o daurkness), ''Lho Tsendenjong'' (soothren land o the ''Tsenden'' [[cypress]]), ''Lhomen Khazhi'' (soothren land o fower approaches) an  ''Lho Men Jong'' (soothren land o [[medicinal herb]]s).

== Destricts ==
{{Main|Destricts o Bhutan}}
Bhutan is dividit intae fower ''dzongdey'' (admeenistrative zones). Each dzongdey is further dividit intae ''[[dzongkhag]]'' (destricts). There are twintie dzongkhag in Bhutan. Large dzongkhags are further dividit intae subdistricts kent as ''[[dungkhag]]''. At the basic level, groups o veelages form a constituency cried ''[[gewog]]'' (blocks) an are admeenistered bi a ''gup'', who is electit bi the fowk.
[[File:Regions of bhutan labeled-roman script.svg|thumb|500px|left|Dzongkhags (destricts) o Bhutan]]
&lt;table&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt; [[Bumthang Destrict|Bumthang]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Chukha Destrict|Chukha]] (auld spellin: ''Chhukha'')
&lt;li&gt; [[Dagana Destrict|Dagana]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Gasa Destrict|Gasa]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Haa Destrict|Haa]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Lhuntse Destrict|Lhuntse]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Mongar Destrict|Mongar]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Paro Destrict|Paro]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Pemagatshel Destrict|Pemagatshel]] (''Pemagatsel'')
&lt;li&gt; [[Punakha Destrict|Punakha]]
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;11&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt; [[Samdrup Jongkhar Destrict|Samdrup Jongkhar]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Samtse Destrict|Samtse]] (''Samchi'')
&lt;li&gt; [[Sarpang Destrict|Sarpang]] (auld spellin: ''Sarbhang'')
&lt;li&gt; [[Thimphu Destrict|Thimphu]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Trashigang Destrict|Trashigang]] (''Tashigang'')
&lt;li&gt; [[Trashiyangtse Destrict|Trashiyangtse]]
&lt;li&gt; [[Trongsa Destrict|Trongsa]] (''Tongsa'')
&lt;li&gt; [[Tsirang Destrict|Tsirang]] (''Chirang'')
&lt;li&gt; [[Wangdue Phodrang Destrict|Wangdue Phodrang]] (''Wangdi Phodrang'')
&lt;li&gt; [[Zhemgang Destrict|Zhemgang]] (''Shemgang'')
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.bhutan.gov.bt Offeecial site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230224419/http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/ |date=2005-12-30 }}
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Bhutan| ]]
[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]
[[Category:Landlocked kintras]]
[[Category:Least Developed Kintras]]
[[Category:Sooth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation member states]]
[[Category:Sooth Asie kintras]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
      <sha1>2jajhqsnw8n47tz61wn4zfom6wli7xh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geordie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869331</id>
      <parentid>865135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:37:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12309" xml:space="preserve">The [[byleid]] o Newcastle is kent as '''Geordie''', an haes a lairge amoont o [[vocabulary]] an distinctive wird [[pronunciation]]s no uised in ither pairts o Ingland.  The Geordie byleid haes muckle o its oreegins in the leid spoken bi [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]], that war employed bi the Auncient Breetish fowk tae fecht [[Pechts|Pechtish]] invaders, follaein the Romans leavin Breetain in the 4t century.  This leid wis the forebeir o [[Inglis|Modren Inglis]]; but while the byleids o ither Inglis regions haes been muckle chynged bi the influences o ither furrin leids—[[Laitin leid|Norman]] an [[Norman leid|Norman–French]] in parteecular —the Geordie byleid hauds tae mony chairactereestics o the auld leid.

===Vocabular===
{{wikt|category:Geordie}}
Geordie haes a lairge amoont o [[vocabular]] no heard ithergates in Ingland, tho some is shared wi (or seemilar tae) [[Scots]]. Wirds still in ordinar uiss the day includes:

(Aw translates are gien in Inglis for tae compear them)

*''[[wikt:alreet|alreet]]'' ({{IPA|/'a:lri:t/}} a variation on [[wikt:alright|alright]]
*''[[wikt:cannit|cannit]]'' 'can nae'
*''[[wikt:canny|canny]]'' for &quot;pleasant&quot; or tae mean 'very'. A body coud therefore be 'canny canny'.
*''[[wikt:geet|geet]]'' for &quot;very&quot;, *''[[wikt:muckle|muckle]]''  an aw (uised mair in Northumberland)
*''[[wikt:hyem|hyem]]'' for &quot;home&quot;
*''[[wikt:deeky|deeky]]'' for &quot;look at&quot;
*''[[wikt:kets|kets]]'' for &quot;sweets/treats&quot;
*''[[wikt:knaa|knaa]]'' for &quot;to know/know&quot;
*''[[wikt:divint|divint]]'' for &quot;don't&quot;/
*''[[wikt:bairn|bairn]]/[[wikt:grandbairn|grandbairn]]'' for &quot;child/grandchild&quot;
*''[[wikt:hacky|hacky]]'' for &quot;dirty&quot;
*''[[wikt:gan|gan]]'' for &quot;to go/go&quot;
*''[[wikt:hoy|hoy]]'' for &quot;to throw&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorphy dialog&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  | title = Dorphy dialog
  | url = http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm
  | accessdate = 2007-11-04
  | archive-date = 2003-04-13
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm
  | url-status = bot: unknown
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[wikt:toon|toon]]'' for &quot;Town&quot;
*''[[wikt:nettie|nettie|bog]]'' for &quot;toilet&quot;
*''[[wikt:naa|naa]]'' for &quot;no&quot;
*''[[wikt:ayee|ayee|yerr]]'' for &quot;yes&quot;
*''[[wikt:neb|neb]]'' for &quot;nose&quot; (nebby=nosey)
*''[[wikt:banter|banter]]'' for &quot;chat/gossip&quot;
*''[[wikt:clart|clart]]'' for &quot;mud&quot; as in &quot;there's clarts on yar boots&quot;
*''[[wikt:hadaway|hadaway]]'' for &quot;get away&quot;
*''[[wikt:hinny|hinny]]'' a term o endearment - &quot;Honey&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorphy dialog&quot;/&gt;
*''[[wikt:haad|haad]]'' for &quot;hold/ ie keep a hadd/ keep a hold/ had yer gob/ keep quiet/ that polite little notice in the parks aboot keepin' yor dog on a lead ye cud hev Keep A-Hadden Yor Dog&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorphy dialog&quot;/&gt;
*''[[wikt:divvie|divvie]]'' for &quot;stupid person&quot;
*''[[wikt:tab|tab]]'' for &quot;cigarette&quot;
*''[[wikt:chor|chor]]'' &quot;to steal&quot;
*''[[wikt:chiv|chiv]]'' for &quot;knife&quot;
*''[[wikt:wor|wor]]'' for &quot;our&quot;, uised mainly in the context o [[wikt:wor kid|wor kid]], meanin 'friend', yer siblin or literally 'our kid'. Uised mainly tae mean a faimily member.
*''[[wikt:nowt|nowt]]'' for &quot;nothing&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorphy dialog&quot;/&gt;

''[[wikt:howay|Howay]]'' or ''[[wikt:haway|Haway]]'' is braidly comparable tae the invocation &quot;Come on!&quot; or the [[French leid|French]] &quot;Allez!&quot; (&quot;Go on!&quot;), &quot;Howay&quot; an &quot;Haway&quot; bein the geordie an 'mackem' derivatives o the same wird, respectively. Ensaumples o common uise include ''Howay man!'' or ''Haway man!'', meanin &quot;come on&quot; or &quot;hurry up&quot;, ''Howay the lads!'' or ''Haway the lads!'' as a term o encouragement for a sports team for ensaumple, or ''Ho'way!?'' (wi stress on the seecont seellable) expressin incredulity or disbelief.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorphy dialog&quot;/&gt; The literal opposite o this wird is &quot;Haddaway&quot; (gang awa), that isnae as popular as Howay, but haes foond frequent uise in the phrase &quot;Haddaway an' shite&quot; (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 Haddaway an' shite; ’Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.’&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
  | last =Colls
  | first =Robert
  | author-link =
  | last2 =Lancaster
  | first2 =Bill
  | author2-link =  
  | last3 =Bryne
  | first3 =David
  | author3-link =
  | last4 =Carr
  | first4 =Barry
  | author4-link =
  | last5 =Hadaway
  | first5 =Tom
  | author5-link =
  | last6 =Knox
  | first6 =Elaine
  | author6-link =
  | last7 =Plater
  | first7 =Alan
  | author7-link =
  | last8 =Taylor
  | first8 =Harvey
  | author8-link =
  | last9 =Williamson
  | first9 =
  | author9-link =
  | last10 =Younger
  | first10 =Paul
  | author10-link =
  | title =Geordies 
  | quote = Hadaway an’ shite; ’Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.’ 
  | place=
  | page = 90
  | publisher = Northumbria University Press
  | year =2005
  | location =
  | volume =
  | edition =
  | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Geordies-Roots-Regionalism-Robert-Colls/dp/1904794122/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1196421632&amp;sr=8-1
  | isbn =1904794122}}&lt;/ref&gt;).

''Divvie'' or ''divvy'' seems tae come frae the Co-op dividend,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
  | last =
  | first =
  | author-link =
    | title = IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems)
    | quote = An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ...
  | place=
  | publisher = BSI Standards
  | year =2003
  | location =
  | page = 10
  | volume =
  | edition =
  | url =
  | isbn =0580414264}}&lt;/ref&gt; or frae the twa Davy lamps (the mair dangerous explosive Scotch Davy&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
 |last         = Henderson
 |first        = Clarks
 |author-link  = 
 |title        = NEIMME: Lamps - No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP.
 |quote        = CONSTRUCTION.
Gauzes. Cylindrical, 2 ins diameter.
41/2&quot; high with conical top, a double gauze 1 ins. in depth at the
peak. 
24 mesh iron.
Light. Candle.
 |url          = http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html
 |accessdate   = 2007-12-02
 |archive-date = 2008-11-20
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122607/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk./lamps/Davy.html
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; uised in 1850, commission disapproved o its uise in 1886. (inventor isnae kent, an nicknamed Scotch Davy probably gien bi miners efter the Davy lamp wis makkit aiblins bi north aest miners that uised the Stephenson Lamp&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
  | last = Smiles
  | first = Samuel 
  | authorlink =
  | title = The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer
  | quote = As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor.
  | publisher =
  | year =1859
  | location =
  | page =[https://archive.org/details/storyoflifeofgeo00smiluoft/page/120 120]
  | url =https://archive.org/details/storyoflifeofgeo00smiluoft
  | isbn = }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
 |last         = Henderson
 |first        = Clarks
 |author-link  = 
 |title        = NEIMME: Lamps - No. 16. STEPHENSON (GEORDIE) LAMP.
 |date         = 
 |url          = http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html
 |accessdate   = 2007-12-02
 |archive-date = 2008-11-20
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120145729/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;), an the later better designed Davy designed bi [[Humphrey Davy]] cried the Divvy an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
  | last = Henderson
  | first = Clarks
  | author-link = 
  | title = NEIMME: Lamps - No. 1 - DAVY LAMP.
  | date = 
  | url = http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html
  | accessdate = 2007-12-02
  | archive-date = 2008-11-20
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122607/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk./lamps/Davy.html
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;) As in a north aest miner sayin ‘Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.' It seems the wird divvie then translated tae daft lad/lass. Aiblins comin frae the fact ye’d be seen as foolish tae gang doun a mine wi a Scotch Divvy whan there are safer lamps oot, like the Geordie, or the Davy.

The geordie wird ''[[wikt:netty|netty]]'', meanin a toilet&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
  | last =Graham
  | first =Frank   
  | author-link =
  | title = The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide
  | place=
  | publisher = Butler Publishing; New Ed edition 
  | date =November 1986
  | location =
  | volume =
  | edition =
  | url =http://www.amazon.co.uk/Geordie-Netty-Short-History-Guide/dp/0946928088/ref=sr_1_1/026-5166506-7385210?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1194978041&amp;sr=8-1
  | isbn = 0946928088 }}&lt;/ref&gt; or bathroom mebbe cam frae the [[Italian]] wird ''gabinetto'', tho many [[Etymologists]] ween hit is frae the [[Auld Inglis]] wird ''neid''&lt;ref&gt;Griffiths, Bill (2005-12-01). A Dictionary of North East Dialect. Northumbria University Press, p. 122. ISBN 1904794165. &quot;Netty outside toilet, Ex.JG Annfield Plain 1930s. “nessy or netty”Newbiggin-in-Teesdale C20/mid; “outside netties” Dobson Tyne 1972; ‘lavatory’ Graham Geordie 1979. EDD distribution to 1900: N’d. NE 2001: in circulation. ?C18 nessy from necessary; ? Ital. cabinette; Raine MS locates a possible early ex. “Robert Hovyngham sall make… at the other end of hys house knyttyng” York 1419, in which case root could be OE nid ‘necessity’. Plus “to go to the Necessary” (public toilet) Errington p.67 Newcastle re 1800s: “lav” Northumbrian III C20/2 re Crawcrook; “oot back” G’head 2001 Q; “larty – toilet, a children’s word, the school larties’” MM S.Shields C20/2 lavatory&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; or the [[Inglis|Modren Inglis]] ''needy''&lt;ref name=Neddy23&gt;{{cite book | last = Trotter Brockett | first = John | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = A glossary of north country words, in use. From an original manuscript, with additions. | quote = NEDDY, NETTY, a certain place that will not bear a written explanation; but which is depleted to the very life in a tail-piece in the first edition of Bewick’s Land Birds, p. 285. In the second edition a bar is placed against the offending part of this broad display of native humour. Etymon needy, a place of need or necessity. | publisher = Oxford University | date = 1829 | location = | pages = 214 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books/pdf/A_glossary_of_north_country_words__in_us.pdf?id=m-8IAAAAQAAJ&amp;output=pdf&amp;sig=ACfU3U246jcCHcRmESGyTIkP9603yOaDZg | doi = | id = | isbn = }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

A poem, cried ‘YAM’ narrated bi author Douglas Kew, demonstrates the uissage o a lot o Geordie wirds&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video
 |people     = 
 |date=2007-07-29
 |title      = YAM narrated by author Douglas Kew
 |url        = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kKTaOCJROc
 |format     = 
 |medium     = 
 |publisher  = 
 |location   = 
 |accessdate = 2008-01-02
 |time       = 
 |quote      = CAN YOU BELIEVE THIS IS ENGLISH!? 
&quot;YAM&quot; Pitmatic poem from a Trimdon Lad. From the book &quot;A TRAVELER'S TALE&quot; by Douglas Kew.; DouglasKew TRIMDON Poet YAM pitmatic Geordie  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
  | last = Kew
  | first = Douglas
  | authorlink =
  | title = A Traveller's Tale
  | publisher = Trafford Publishing
  | date = 2001-02-07
  | location =
  | pages =
  | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Travellers-Tale-Douglas-Kew/dp/1552125521/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1198626070&amp;sr=8-1
  | isbn =1552125521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See Forby==
* [[Mackem]] (spoken in [[Sunlun]] an athort [[Wearside]])
* [[Northumbrie dialect|Northumbrian]] (spak in [[Northumberland]], seemilar tae Geordie)
* [[Pitmatic]] (spak in mony [[Durham]] an [[Northumberland]] minin commonities).
* [[Potteries byleid|Potteries]] (spoken in [[Stoke On Trent]])
* [[Scouse]] (spak in [[Merseyside]])
* [[Yorkshire byleid an accent|Yorkshire]] an [[Lancashire byleid an accent|Lancashire]] byleid baith vary athort the coonties, an merge wi ilka ither in the mairch auries.

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Cultur in Tyne an Wear]]
[[Category:Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]]
[[Category:Inglis leid in Ingland]]
[[Category:Breetish regional nicknames]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Tyne an Wear]]
[[Category:North East Ingland]]
[[Category:Ceety colloquials]]</text>
      <sha1>ewnhc58wwn3pazd2kj5ohfstgw6mzma</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Latino Moderne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869369</id>
      <parentid>827902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2133" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
The &quot;Latino Moderne&quot; is a [[constructit language|language constructit]] bi [[David Stark]] in 1996. It is basit in the [[Interlingua o IALA]], borraein the vocabulary wi few modification, but spreadin a great the grammar, incorporatin things lik the [[declension]] o the [[verb]]s conformand til the person, the [[grammatical gender]] (masculine an feminine) an the accordance in nummer an gender amang nouns an adjectives. Sae, Stark's Latino Moderne is essentially the Interlingua o IALA wi a mair intricate grammar.

The samelike callin designs in Europe ither dialect o [[Interlingua]], simplifit, aspirin tae an immediate comprehension wi nae earlier study for the 900 millions o locutors o the diverse New-[[Laitin leid|Laitin]] langages.

== Commonty ==
Neither commonty o active speakers o David Stark's Latino Moderne is kent at present.
Wi regaird tae the ither, it gratifies tae be unnerstuid an disna desire that a wheen o fowk learns it (anly its professional users).

== Sample ==
:Patre nostre, qui es in le celos,
:sanctificate sia ti nomine!
:Que veni ti regno!
:Sia tu volo facite, como in le celo, assi sur la terra!
:Nostre pan necessari da nobis hodie,
:E pardona nobis le debitas nostres, como anque pardonamus le debitores nostres.
:E ne induce nes inar le tentation, ma libera nes ab le maligno,
:Proque le regno e le potentia e le gloria son ties por tote le epochas. Amen.

An in the saicont Latino Moderne:
:Nostre Patre qui es in le cielos,
:Que tu nome sia sanctificate !
:Que tu reino veni !
:Que tu voluntat sia facte sure terra como in cielo !
:Dona nois este jorno nostre pan quotidian,
:E perdona nois nostre ofensas como nos perdona a nostre ofensores.
:E non induce nois in tentation, ma libera nois del mal,
:Porque son de te le reino, le pocentia e le gloria pro le sieclos de sieclos. Amen.

== External links ==
* The steid o the makker wi the definition o the leid: https://web.archive.org/web/20091018191322/http://geocities.com/Athens/3150/latinomodernecontents.html
* And the ither [http://interland.skyrock.com Latino Moderne]

[[Category:Airtifeecial leids]]


{{Stub/Leid}}</text>
      <sha1>g0oobajaxnv0cisr3mdhr4b6lvidqjw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Peru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869402</id>
      <parentid>862991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:03:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16439" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|10|S|76|W|display=title}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Republic o Peru
|common_name = Peru
|native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%;
 |{{native name|es|República del Perú}}
 |{{native name|qu|Piruw Republika}}
 |{{native name|ay|Piruw Suyu}}
}}
|image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
|image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
|other_symbol = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px|link=Great Seal of the State]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat o airms o Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|Great Seal o the State}}
|other_symbol_type = Naitional [[Seal (device)|seal]]:
|national_motto = &quot;Firme y feliz por la unión&quot; &lt;small&gt;(Spaingie)&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Firm and Happy for the Union&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Naitional Anthem o Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|''Naitional Anthem o Peru''}}&lt;br /&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}
|image_map = Peru (orthographic projection).svg
|capital = [[Lima]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = [[Lima]]
|languages = 
{{unbulleted list
  | [[Peruvian Spaingie|Spaingie]] 
  | [[Quechuan leids|Quechua]]
  | [[Aymara leid|Aymara]] 
}}
|languages_type = [[Offeecial leid]]s&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
|ethnic_groups =
{{unbulleted list
 | 45% [[Indigenous fowks in Peru|Amerindian]]
 | 37% [[Mestizo]]
 | 15% [[Peruvians o European strynd|White]] 
 | 3% others&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|title=Ethnic groups of Perú|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate=30 October 2013|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508223524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2013
|demonym = Peruvian
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link= |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |dead-url=yes |journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=United States |publisher=University of California, San Diego |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=31 August 2017 |postscript=. |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |date=2008-08-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf |journal=French Politics |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |issn=1476-3427 |oclc=6895745903 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |doi-access=free |access-date=31 August 2017 |quote=Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent). |postscript=. |ref=harv }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title1 = [[:en:List of Presidents of Peru|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[:en:Pedro Castillo|Pedro Castillo]]
|leader_title2 = [[:en:Vice President of Peru|Vice Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[:en:Dina Boluarte|Dina Boluarte]]
|leader_title3 = [[:en:Prime Menister of Peru|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[:es:Aníbal Torres|Aníbal Torres]]
|leader_title4              = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|President o Congress]]
| leader_name4               = [[:en:Maricarmen Alva|Maricarmen Alva]]
|legislature = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Unthirldom]] {{nobold|frae the [[History o Spain (1814-1873)|Kinrick o Spain]]}}
|established_event1 = [[Peruvian War o Unthirldom|Declared]]
|established_date1 = 28 Julie 1821
|established_event2 = [[Battle o Ayacucho|Consolidated]]
|established_date2 = 9 December 1824
|established_event3 = Recognised
|established_date3 = 14 August 1879
|area_km2 = 1,285,216
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|area_rank = 19t
|area_sq_mi = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|percent_water = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
|population_estimate =  34,294,231&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|title=Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población Total, por Años Calendario y Edades Simples, 1950–2050|trans-title=Peru: Estimates and Projections of Total Population, by Calendar Years and Simple Ages, 1950–2050|publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Informatics|date=September 2009|language=es|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918125613/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census      = 31,237,385
| population_estimate_year = 2021
| population_estimate_rank = 44th
| population_census_year = 2017
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 198th
| GDP_PPP                = {{decrease}} $385.719&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=293&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title=Peru|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117125604/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=293&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{decrease}} $11,516&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 103rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{decrease}} $195.761&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 49th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $5,845&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86th
| Gini                   = 41.5 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2019
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507153612/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.777 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2019 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79th
| currency               = [[Peruvian sol|Sol]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −5
| date_format            = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]])
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[+51]]
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |94.51% [[Religion in Peru#Christianity|Christianity]]|—76.03% [[Catholic Church in Peru|Catholicism]]|—18.48% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]|5.09% [[Irreligion in Latin America|No religion]]|0.40% Other}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=c| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
| today                  = 
}}

'''Peru''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}}; {{lang-es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA-es|peˈɾu|}}; {{lang-qu|Piruw}} {{IPA-qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010 }} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-ay|Piruw}} {{IPA-all|pɪɾʊw|}}), officially the '''Republic of Peru''' ({{Audio-es|República del Perú|ES-pe - República del Perú.ogg}}),&lt;!-- {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu|}} --&gt; is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by [[Ecuador]] and [[Colombia]], in the east by [[Brazil]], in the southeast by [[Bolivia]], in the south by [[Chile]], and in the south and west by the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Peru is a [[megadiverse country]] with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the [[Andes mountains]] extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical [[Amazon Basin]] rainforest in the east with the [[Amazon river]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru has a [[Demographics of Peru|population]] of 34 million, and its capital and largest city is [[Lima]]. At 1.28&amp;nbsp;million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (0.5&amp;nbsp;million mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), Peru is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|19th largest country in the world]], and the [[List of South American countries by area|third largest in South America]].

[[Pre-Columbian Peru|Peruvian territory]] was home to several [[Ancient Peru|ancient cultures]]. Ranging from the [[Norte Chico civilization]] starting in 3500 BCE, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five [[cradles of civilization]], to the [[Inca Empire]], the largest state in the [[pre-Columbian]] Americas, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE.

The [[Spanish Empire]] conquered the region in the 16th century and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|established a viceroyalty]] that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in [[Lima]]. Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the [[National University of San Marcos]] in Lima in 1551. Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the foreign military campaigns of [[José de San Martín]] and [[Simón Bolívar]], and the decisive [[battle of Ayacucho]], Peru [[Peruvian War of Independence|completed its independence in 1824]]. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered of political instability until a period of relative [[Guano Era|economic and political stability]] begun due to the explotaiton of guano. Later, the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1884) with Chile brought Peru to a state of crisis from wich the olygarchy seize power through the [[Civilista Party]].  In the 20th century, the country endured coups, social unrest, and [[Internal conflict in Peru|internal conflicts]], as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. In the 1990s, the country implemented a [[neoliberalism|neoliberal economic model]] which is still in use to this day.  As the [[2000s commodities boom]] took place, Peru experienced a period of constant economic growth and a decrease in [[poverty]].

The [[sovereign state]] of Peru is a [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic divided into [[Administrative divisions of Peru|25 regions]]. Peru has a high level of [[Human development index|human development]]&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot; /&gt; with an upper middle income level&lt;ref name=&quot;WBdata&quot; /&gt; ranking 82nd on the [[Human Development Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Economic and Financial Surveys, World Economic Outlook October 2015 |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |website=www.imf.org |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113211842/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the region's most prosperous economies with an average growth rate of 5.9%&lt;ref name=&quot;WBoverview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |title=Peru Overview |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505064825/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and it has one of the world's fastest industrial growth rates at an average of 9.6%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |title=Peru |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010810/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing; along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and 
|currency = [[Peruvian sol|Sol]]
|currency_code = PEN
|time_zone = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
|utc_offset = −5
|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]])
|drives_on = right
|calling_code = [[+51]]
|cctld = [[.pe]]
|footnote_a = [[Quechua leid|Quechua]], [[Aymara leid|Aymara]] an [[Leids o Peru|ither indigenous leids]] are co-offeecial in the auries whaur thay predominate.
}}
[[File:Peru - Regions and departments (labeled).svg|250px|right|thumb| Peru]]
[[File:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise.jpg|250px|right|thumb| [[Machu Picchu]] ]]
'''Peru''' is a kintra in wastren [[Sooth Americae]]. It is bordered on the north bi [[Ecuador]] an [[Colombie]], on the east bi [[Brazil]], on the sootheast bi [[Bolivie]], on the sooth bi [[Chile]], an on the wast bi the [[Paceefic Ocean]]. Peru is ane o the maist megadiverse kintras.

[[Lima]] is the caipital ceety o the kintra.

The Preses o Peru is [[Francisco Sagasti]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Peru| ]]
[[Category:Andean Commonty o Naitions]]
[[Category:Kintras borderin the Paceefic Ocean]]
[[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]]
[[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]]
[[Category:Leeberal democracies]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1821]]


{{Stub/SoothAm}}</text>
      <sha1>l255zfvwfdlb03o2ekktmy86u0qj1vj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uruguay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869240</id>
      <parentid>865036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:08:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8434" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Oriental Republic o Uruguay
|native_name = {{unbulleted list|li_style=font-size:88%;|{{native name|es|República Oriental del Uruguay}}}}
|common_name = Uruguay
|image_flag = Flag of Uruguay.svg
|alt_flag =
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Uruguay.svg
|image_map = Uruguay (orthographic projection).svg
|map_width = 220px
|alt_map =|map_caption =
|national_motto = {{native phrase|es|&quot;Libertad o Muerte&quot;|italics=off|nolink=on}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|&quot;Freedom or Daith&quot;}}
|national_anthem = ''[[Naitional anthem o Uruguay|Himno Nacional de Uruguay]]''&lt;br&gt;{{small|''Naitional Anthem o Uruguay''}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:HimnoNacionalUruguay.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|capital = [[Montevideo]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|34|53|S|56|10|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]
|national_languages =|regional_languages =
|languages_type =|languages =
|ethnic_groups ={{unbulleted list|86% [[White Laitin American|White]]|4% [[Mestizo]]|9% [[Afro-Uruguayan|Black an Mulatto]]|&lt;1% [[Amerindian]]}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2006&lt;ref name=enha_asc&gt;{{cite web|title=Extended National Household Survey, 2006: Ancestry |language=Spanish |format=PDF |publisher=National Institute of Statistics |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/enha2006/flash/Flash%20Ascendencia.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|demonym = [[Uruguayan fowk|Uruguayan]]
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Uruguay|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[Luis Lacalle Pou]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o Uruguay|Vice Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[Beatriz Argimón]]
|legislature = [[General Assembly o Uruguay|General Assembly]]
|upper_house = [[Senate o Uruguay|Chamber o Senators]]
|lower_house = [[Chamber o Deputies o Uruguay|Chamber o Deputies]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Unthirldom]] {{nobold|frae the [[Empire o Brazil|Brazil]]}}
|established_event1 = Declaration
|established_date1 = 25 August 1825
|established_event2 = [[1828 Treaty o Montevideo|Recognition]]
|established_date2 = 28 August 1828
|established_event3 = Constitution
|established_date3 = 18 Julie 1830
|area_rank = 91st
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 = 176,215
|area_sq_mi = 68,037
|area_footnote =
|percent_water = 1.5
|population_estimate = 3,318,535&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot; /&gt;
|population_estimate_rank = 133rd
|population_estimate_year = 2011
|population_census = 3,286,314&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/analisispais.pdf Resultados del Censo de Población 2011: población, crecimiento y estructura por sexo y edad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209083630/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/analisispais.pdf |date=2014-02-09 }} ine.gub.uy&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density_km2 = 18.65
|population_density_sq_mi = 48.3
|population_density_rank = 196t
|GDP_PPP = $56.338 billion&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&amp;ey=2017&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=67&amp;pr1.y=10&amp;c=298&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title=Uruguay|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=4 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_year = 2013
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $16,607&lt;ref name=imf2 /&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $55.412 billion&lt;ref name=imf2 /&gt;
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year = 2013
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $16,334&lt;ref name=imf2 /&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|Gini_year = 2010
|Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|Gini = 45.3 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;wb-gini&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/countries/UY?display=graph|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=14 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rank =
|HDI_year = 2013
|HDI_change = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|HDI = 0.792 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=14 March 2013|accessdate=14 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank = 51st
|currency = [[Uruguayan peso]]
|currency_code = UYU
|time_zone = [[America/Montevideo|UYT]]
|utc_offset = −3
|time_zone_DST = [[Daylicht savin time in Uruguay|UYST]]
|utc_offset_DST = −2
|DST_note =
|antipodes =
|date_format =
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[+598]]
|iso3166code =
|cctld = [[.uy]]
}}

'''Uruguay''', offeecially the '''Oriental Republic o Uruguay''', is a kintra locatit in the sootheastren pairt o [[Sooth Americae]]. It is hame tae some 3.5 million fowk, 1.4 million o whilk live in the caipital [[Montevideo]] an its metropolitan aurie. An estimatit 88% o the population ar o European strynd.

Uruguay's anerlie land mairch is wi [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Brazil]], tae the north. Wastlins lees the [[Uruguay River]], tae the soothwast lees the estuar o [[Río de la Plata]], wi [[Argentinae]] anerlie a short commute athort the banks o aither o thir bodies o watter, while sootheastlins lees the soothren pairt o the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Uruguay, wi an aurie o approximately 176 thoosand km2, is the seicont smawest naition o Sooth Americae in aurie efter [[Suriname]].

[[Colonia del Sacramento]], ane o Uruguay's auldest European dounsets, wis foondit bi the Portuguese in 1680. Montevideo wis foondit bi the Spaingie in the air 18t century as a militar stranghauld. Uruguay wan its unthirldom in 1811–1828 followin a three-wey struggle amang Spain, Argentinae an Brazil. It is a constitutional democracy, whaur the preses fulfills the roles o baith heid o state an heid o govrenment.

Uruguay is ane o the maist economically developed kintras in Sooth Americae, wi a hie GDP per capita an the 50t hichtest quality o life in the warld. The economy is mainly based on agriculture (makin up 10% o GDP an the maist substantial export) an the state sector. Accordin tae [[Transparency Internaitional]], Uruguay is ratit as the least corrupt kintra in [[Latin Americae]] (alang wi [[Chile]]), wi its poleetical an labour condeetions bein amang the freest on the continent.

In 2007, it became the first Latin American kintra tae legalize same-sex an different-sex [[ceevil union]]s at a naitional level.

==Etymologie==&lt;!--linked--&gt;
''La República Oriental del Uruguay'' oreeginally meant ''the republic east o the [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]] [River]'', but is nou uusually translatit intae Inglis as the ''Oriental Republic o Uruguay''.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html|title=Uruguay|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|author=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=5 January 2010|authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date=2007-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211631/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620116/Uruguay|title=Uruguay|accessdate=2 September 2008|year=2008|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt; The govrenment o Uruguay normally uisses simply ''Uruguay''.

The etymologie o the Uruguay River, comin frae the [[Guaraní leid]], is uncertain, but the offeecial meanin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.turismo.gub.uy/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=216&amp;Itemid=195&amp;lang=en|title=Ministerio de Turismo y Deporte del Uruguay (Spanish, English and Portuguese)|publisher=Turismo.gub.uy|accessdate=26 June 2010|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721193412/http://www.turismo.gub.uy/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=216&amp;Itemid=195&amp;lang=en|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; is &quot;river o the paintit birds&quot;.

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://portal.gub.uy/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809113827/http://portal.gub.uy/ |date=2011-08-09 }}

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Uruguay| ]]
[[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]]
[[Category:Leeberal democracies]]
[[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]]
[[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1825]]
[[Category:Member states o Mercosur]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]</text>
      <sha1>2inixbz29wiqs1r1757pi3fjsnfdapi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saunt Petersburg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869219</id>
      <parentid>859990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:10:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40856" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|Leningrad}}
{{About|the ceety in Roushie|the ceety in Florida, USA|St. Petersburg, Florida|other uses}}

{{Infobox Roushie federal subject
|en_name=Saunt Petersburg
|ru_name=Санкт-Петербург
|image_skyline=Spb collage.JPG
|image_caption=Clockwise frae top left: [[Saunt Isaac's Cathedral]] rises ower the ceety, [[Peter an Paul Fortress]] on [[Zayachy Island]], [[Palace Square]] wi the [[Alexander Column]], [[Petergof]], [[Nevsky Prospekt]], an the [[Winter Palace]]
|image_map=Saint Petersburg in Russia (detail, special marker).png
|coordinates = {{coord|59|57|N|30|19|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg (2003).svg
|coa_caption
|image_flag=Flag of Saint Petersburg Russia.svg
|flag_caption=[[Flag o Saunt Petersburg|Flag]]
|anthem
|anthem_ref
|holiday=27 Mey
|holiday_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Holiday&quot;&gt;{{Cite Russian law
 |ru_entity=Законодательное Собрание Санкт-Петербурга
 |ru_type=Закон
 |ru_number=555-75
 |ru_date=26 октября 2005 г.
 |ru_title=О праздниках и памятных датах в Санкт-Петербурге
 |ru_amendment_type=Закона
 |ru_amendment_number=541-112
 |ru_amendment_date=6 ноября 2008 г
 |en_entity=Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg
 |en_type=Law
 |en_number=555-75
 |en_date=October 26, 2005
 |en_title=On Holidays and Memorial Dates in Saint Petersburg
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--POLITICAL STATUS--&gt;
|political_status=Federal ceety
|political_status_link=Federal ceeties o Roushie
|federal_district=[[Northwastren Federal Destrict|Northwastren]]
|economic_region=[[Northwastren economic region|Northwastren]]
&lt;!--STATS--&gt;
|pop_2010census=4879566
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;
|pop_2010census_rank=4t
|urban_pop_2010census=100%
|rural_pop_2010census=0%
|pop_density
|pop_density_as_of
|pop_density_ref
&lt;!--|pop_latest=&lt;reserved for the 2011 estimate when it's made available by the Rosstat&gt;
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=--&gt;
|area_km2=1439
|area_km2_rank=82nt
|area_km2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Area_FS&quot;&gt;Official website of St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg. [http://gov.spb.ru/day Петербург в цифрах] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501074945/http://gov.spb.ru/day |date=2012-05-01 }} (''St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg in Figures'') {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_date=27 Mey 1703
|established_date_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Dates&quot;&gt;Official website of St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg. [http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg in Figures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219033509/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures |date=2009-02-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|license_plates=78, 98, 178
|ISO=RU-SPE
&lt;!--GOVERNMENT--&gt;
|gov_as_of=May 2009
|leader_title=[[Govrenor o Saunt Petersburg|Govrenor]]
|leader_title_ref
|leader_name=[[Georgy Poltavchenko]] (actin)
|leader_name_ref
|legislature=[[Legislative Assembly o Saunt Petersburg|Legislative Assembly]]
|legislature_ref
|website=
|website_ref
|date=March 2010
}}
'''Saunt Petersburg''' ({{lang-ru|{{audio|Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg|Са́нкт-Петербу́рг}}|Sankt-Peterburg|ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk}}) is a [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] an a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] (a [[federal ceeties o Roushie|federal ceety]]) o [[Roushie]] locatit on the [[Neva River]] at the heid o the [[Guwf o Finland]] on the [[Easter Seas]]. The ceety's ither names wis '''Petrograd'''  ({{lang-ru|Петроград|p=pʲɪtrɐˈgrat}}, 1914–1924) an '''Leningrad''' ({{lang-ru|Ленинград|p=lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat}}, 1924–1991). It is aften cawed juist ''Petersburg'' ({{lang-ru|Петербург}}) an is informally kent as '''Piter''' ({{lang-ru|Питер|p=ˈpitʲɪr}}).

Foondit bi [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]] on 27 Mey 1703, it wis the caipital o the [[Roushie Empire]] for mair nor twa hunder years (1713–1728, 1732–1918). Saunt Petersburg ceased bein the caipital in 1918 efter the [[Roushie Revolution o 1917]]. It is Roushie's seicont lairgest ceety efter [[Moscow]] wi 4.6&amp;nbsp;million indwallers, an fowert in [[Europe]] efter [[Istanbul]], [[Lunnon]] an Moscow. Saunt Petersburg is a major European cultural centre, an an important Roushie [[ports o the Easter Seas|port on the Easter Seas]].

Saunt Petersburg is aften describit as the maist Wastren ceety o Roushie. Amang ceeties o the warld wi ower ane million fowk, Saunt Petersburg is the northmaist. The [[Heestoric Centre o Saunt Petersburg an Related Groups o Monuments]] constitute a [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid]]. Saunt Petersburg is an aa hame tae [[Hermitage Museum|The Hermitage]], the lairgest [[airt museum]] in the warld. Roushie's poleetical an cultural centre for 200 year, the ceety is whiles referred tae in Roushie as the ''Northren Caipital''. Ower its history it haes been referencit as &quot;the [[Venice]] o the north&quot; an the &quot;Northren [[Palmira]]&quot; an aw. A lairge nummer o [[Leet o diplomatic missions in Roushie|foreign consulates]], [[Multinaitional corporation|internaitional corporations]], banks an ither businesses are locatit in Saunt Petersburg.

== Demografics ==
{{Main|Demografics o Saunt Petersburg}}

Saunt Petersburg is the seicont lairgest ceety in Roushie. Per the [[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]], the federal subject's population is 4,879,566, or 3.4% o the tot population o Roushie;&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}&lt;/ref&gt; up frae 4,661,219 (3.21%) recordit in the [[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Census]],&lt;ref name=&quot;2002Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}&lt;/ref&gt; an doun frae 5,023,506 recordit in the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1989Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 Census recordit the ethnic composition as follaes:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt; [[Roushies|Roushie]] 92.5%, [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] 1.5%, [[Belaroushies]] 0.9%, [[Jew]]ish 0.6%, [[Tatars|Tatar]] 0.7%, [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] 0.5%, [[Armenies|Armenie]] 0.5%, [[Azeris in Roushie|Azeri]] 0.4%, [[Tajiks|Tajik]] 0.3%, [[Georgie fowk|Georgie]] 0.2%, [[Moldovans|Moldovan]] 0.2%, [[Finns]] 0.1%. Additionally, 652,827 fowk wur registered frae admeenistrative databases, an coud no declare an ethnicity. It is estimatit that the proportion o ethnicities in this group is the same as that o the declared group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-27 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107001951/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 20t century saw hectic ups an douns in population. Frae 2.4&amp;nbsp;million in 1916 it haed droppit tae less nor 740,000 bi 1920 durin the [[Roushie Revolution]] an [[Roushie Ceevil War]]. The minorities o Germans, Poles, Finns, Estonies an Latvies wur amaist completely [[population transfer in the Soviet Union|transferred]] frae Leningrad durin the 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;martin&quot;&gt;Martin, Terry (1998). [http://www.jstor.org/view/00222801/di000017/00p0286a/0 The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing]. ''[[The Journal of Modern History]]'' 70.4, 813–861.{{Dead link|date=February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frae 1941 tae the end o 1943, population droppit frae 3&amp;nbsp;million tae less nor 600,000, as fowk dee'd in battles, starvit tae daith durin the [[Siege o Leningrad]], or wur evacuatit. Efter the siege, some o the evacuees returned, but maist influx wis due tae migration frae ither pairts o the Soviet Union. The ceety absorbit aboot 3&amp;nbsp;million fowk in the 1950s an grew tae ower 5&amp;nbsp;million in the 1980s. Frae 1991 tae 2006 the ceety's population decreased tae the 4.6&amp;nbsp;million, while the suburban population increased due tae privatization o land an massive muive tae suburbs. Based on the 2010 census results the current population is ower 4.8 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;Demoscape0163&quot;&gt;Чистякова Н. [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0163/tema01.php Третье сокращение численности населения... и последнее?] ''Демоскоп Weekly'' 163&amp;nbsp;– 164, August 1–15, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Russian source: &quot;Encyclopedia of Saint Petersburg&quot; Чистяков А. Ю. [http://www.encspb.ru/ru/article.php?kod=2804035787 Население (обзорная статья)]. ''Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга''&lt;/ref&gt; The [[birth rate]] remains lawer than the [[Mortality rate|daith rate]]; fowk ower 65 constitute mair nor twinty percent o the population; an the median age is aboot 40 year.&lt;ref&gt;Russian statistics [http://gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/otrasl/trud/demogr/pokazately Основные показатели социально-демографической ситуации в Санкт-Петербурге] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010155112/http://gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/otrasl/trud/demogr/pokazately |date=2006-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fowk in urban Saunt Petersburg live maistly in apairtments. Atween 1918 an the 1990s, the Soviets [[Naitionalisation|naitionalisit]] hoosin an forcit residents tae share communal apairtments (''[[kommunal apartment|kommunalkas]]''). Wi 68% livin in shared flats in the 1930s, Leningrad wis the ceety in the USSR wi the lairgest nummer o ''kommunalkas''. Resettlin residents o ''kommunalkas'' is nou on the wey oot, albeit shared apairtments are still no uncommon. As new burghs wur biggit on the ootskirts in the 1950s–1980s, ower hauf a million law income faimilies eventually receivit free apairtments, an aboot an additional hunder thoosan condos wur purchased. While economic an social activity is concentratit in the [[Central Saunt Petersburg|historic ceety centre]], the richest pairt o Saunt Petersburg, maist fowk live in [[Metropolitan aurie|commuter auries]]. For the first hauf o 2007, the birth rate wis 9.1 per 1000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0301/barom04.php |title=В первом полугодии продолжалось умеренное повышение числа рождений |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date= |accessdate=January 6, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Govrenment ==
{{See|Govrenment in Saunt Petersburg}}
[[File:Sankt-Petěrburg, výhled z Katedrály sv. Izáka cropped.jpg|thumb|right|The Mariinsky Palace, seat o the ceety assembly]]
[[File:Sankt Petersburg-Regierungssitz Smolny.jpg|thumb|left|[[Smolny Institute]], the seat o the govrenor]]

Saunt Petersburg is a [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject of Roushie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm |title=The Constitution of the Russian federation |publisher=Constitution.ru |date= |accessdate=October 22, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The poleetical life o Saunt Petersburg is regulatit bi the [[Municipal corporation|ceety chairter]] adoptit bi the ceety legislatur in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gov.spb.ru/law?d&amp;nd=8308279&amp;prevDoc=8308279&amp;spack=000listid%3D010000000100%26listpos%3D0%26lsz%3D1%26nd%3D9111570%26nh%3D0%26 |title=Russian source: Charter of Saint Petersburg City |publisher=Gov.spb.ru |date= |accessdate=October 22, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The superior executive body is the [[Saunt Petersburg Ceety Admeenistration]], led bi the [[leet o heids o Saunt Petersburg govrenment|govrenor]] (mayor afore 1996). Saunt Petersburg haes a single-chamber legislatur, the [[Legislative Assembly o Saunt Petersburg|Saunt Petersburg Legislative Assembly]].

Accordin tae the federal law passed in 2004, heids o federal subjects, includin the govrenor o Saint Petersburg, are nominatit bi the [[Preses o Roushie]] an approvit bi local legislaturs. If the legislatur disappruives the nominee, it is dissolvit.

Saunt Petersburg ceety is currently dividit intae [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Saunt Petersburg|aichteen districts]]. Saunt Petersburg is an aw the admeenistrative centre o [[Leningrad Oblast]], an o the [[Northwastren Federal Destrict]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.szfo.ru/ |title=Official website of the Northwestern Federal District (Russian) |publisher=Szfo.ru |date=June 25, 2009 |accessdate=October 22, 2009 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216171819/http://www.szfo.ru/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Constitutional Court o the Roushie Federation|Constitutional Court o Roushie]] muivit tae Saunt Petersburg frae [[Moscow]] in Mey 2008.

Saunt Petersburg an Leningrad Oblast, bein twa different federal subjects, share a nummer o local depairtments o federal executive agencies an courts, sic as court o arbitration, polis, [[Federal Security Service (Roushie)|FSB]], postal service, drog enforcement admeenistration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, an ither federal services.

==Twin touns an sister ceeties==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie}}

Leet o sister ceeties tae Saunt Petersburg, juist lik it appears on the offeecial portal o the Ceety Govrenment, leetin baith sister ceeties an pairtnership tees:&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=March 23, 2008 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Nan CIS/Baltic states sister ceeties o Saunt Petersburg (frae offeecial govrenment leet)
|-
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aarhus]], Denmark &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1989)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Adana]], Turkey &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Faisalabad]], Pakistan
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Antwerp]], Belgium &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1958)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], Spain &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1984)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona's Sister cities|publisher=2008 Ajuntament de Barcelona (City council's webpage)|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2012-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], Palestine &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2003)''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BethlehemTwinning&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=::Bethlehem Municipality:: |publisher=bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=October 10, 2009 |archive-date=2014-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713234635/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], Fraunce &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1991)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Cape Toun]], Sooth Africae &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2001)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Chengdu]], Cheenae &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1998)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Daegu]], Sooth Korea &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.daegu.go.kr/AboutDaegu/sister.asp |title=Coloful Daegu |accessdate=December 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Dresden]], Germany &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1961)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|title=Dresden Twin cities|publisher=2008 Landeshauptstadt Dresden (City of Dresden: www.Dresden.de)|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2008-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016001550/http://www.dresden.de/en/02/11/c_03.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], Spain&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://serviredprofesional.com/pageID_8034482.html |title=Tenerife |access-date=2012-09-27 |archive-date=2010-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525044911/http://www.serviredprofesional.com/pageID_8034482.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Edinburgh]], Unitit Kinrick &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1995)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=December 21, 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archive-date=2008-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdańsk]], Poland &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1961)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gdańsk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html|title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'|publisher=2009 [http://www.gdansk.pl/ Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku]|language=Polish &amp; English|accessdate=July 11, 2009|archive-date=2013-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Graz]], Austrick &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2001)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10099866/606819|title=Stadt Graz: Sister Cities|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2010-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012143342/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10099866/606819|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |title=Twin Towns – Graz Online – English Version |publisher=graz.at |accessdate=January 5, 2010 |archive-date=2010-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131044827/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gothenburg|Göteborg]], Swaden &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1962)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hamburg]], Germany &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1957)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], Cuba &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2000)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Helsinki]], Finland &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1993)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]], Vietnam &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1977)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Isfahan]], Iran &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1999)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1990)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=November 2, 2008|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=November 3, 2003|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe|accessdate=November 2, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kotka]], Finland &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Le Havre]], Fraunce &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1965)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TwinTowns&quot;&gt;''{{cite web|url = http://www.lehavre.eu/#Twin_towns|title=Le Havre Website – Twin Towns|accessdate=November 30, 2008|publisher=[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|14px]] {{fontcolor|Green|(in [[Inglis leid|{{fontcolor|Green|English}}]])}} 2006–2008 Ovidio Limited. }}''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|United States}} Los Angeles, Unitit States &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1990)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/sistercities/html/08.htm |title=Los Angeles City Council: Sister cities of Los Angeles |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719222418/http://www.lacity.org/sistercities/html/08.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], Fraunce &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1993)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon''|publisher=2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=October 21, 2008|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Manchester]], Unitit Kinrick &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1956)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&amp;documentID=2632&amp;pageNumber=3|title=Friendship Agreements|publisher=[[Manchester City Council]]|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611021612/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&amp;documentID=2632&amp;pageNumber=3|archivedate=2008-06-11|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611021612/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&amp;documentID=2632&amp;pageNumber=3 |date=2008-06-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Australia}} Melbourne, Australie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1989)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&amp;pg=2979 |title=International relations: Saint Petersburg |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926111720/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&amp;pg=2979 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Melbourne&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&amp;pg=2979|title=City of Melbourne&amp;nbsp;— International relations&amp;nbsp;— Sister cities|publisher=City of Melbourne|accessdate=July 7, 2009|archive-date=2008-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926111720/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&amp;pg=2979|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Mikkeli]], Finland &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1996)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]], Italy &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1961)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=December 5, 2008|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Montevideo]], Uruguay &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1998)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], Indiae &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1963)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/|title=Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]]|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2017-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028225646/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Nice]], Fraunce &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]], Japan &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1961)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city.osaka.jp/english/more_about_osaka/osaka_world/index.html |title=Osaka and the World, the official website of the Osaka city |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222222132/http://www.city.osaka.jp/english/more_about_osaka/osaka_world/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1991)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&amp;document_type_id=5&amp;document_id=16468&amp;portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Paris Partners: 'Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération' |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122093109/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Paris International relations : special partners |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Piraeus]], Greece &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1965)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Plovdiv]], Bulgarie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2001)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.plovdiv.bg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=261&amp;Itemid=279 ~Plovdiv Sister cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102060041/http://www.plovdiv.bg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=261&amp;Itemid=279 |date=2011-11-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1992)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prague Partner Cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy] |language=Czech|accessdate=July 2, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], Canadae &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1986)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1966)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]], Greece &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=thessaloniki&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/English/twinning-cities.htm |title=Twinning Cities |work=City of Thessaloniki |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2009-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331054219/http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/English/twinning-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Santiago de Cuba|Santiago]], Cuba&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1959)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], Sweaden &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1992)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Tampere]], Finland &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1993)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Turku]], Finland &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1953)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{pl icon}} {{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&amp;ak_id=3284&amp;kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=May 4, 2005 |accessdate=August 29, 2008 |archive-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&amp;ak_id=3284&amp;kat=11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1968)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=zagreb_sister_cities&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Zagreb Sister Cities|accessdate=December 1, 2008|archive-date=2007-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042510/http://www.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[St. Petersburg, Florida|Saint Petersburg]], Unitit States
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Sister ceeties in the [[Commonweel o Unthirlt States]] an Baltic states:
|-
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1996)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1998)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1999)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yerevan Sister Cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&amp;page_id=194|title=Yerevan Municipality – Sister Cities|publisher=2005–2009 [http://yerevan.am/?lang=3 www.yerevan.am]|accessdate=June 22, 2009|archive-date=2011-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075135/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=194&amp;lang=3|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuanie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vilniushostels.eu/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1&amp;Itemid=2 |title=Guide to Vilnuis |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2010-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012051203/http://www.vilniushostels.eu/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1&amp;Itemid=2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1997)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Sevastopol]], Ukraine &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2000)''&lt;ref name=&quot;saint_petersburg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Daugavpils]], Latvie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gorod.lv/o_gorode About Daugavpils]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

Ither sisterhuids no on the govrenment leet:
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Sister ceeties o Saunt Petersburg (no includit on offeecial govrenment leet)
|-
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Aqaba]], Jordan  &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2003)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://translate.google.com/translate?sourceid=navclient&amp;hl=en&amp;u=http%3a%2f%2fwww.kvs.spb.ru%2f%3fp%3ddelovie_missii_sankt-peterburga_za_rubezhom245 |title=Chairman of the Committee for External Relations of St. Petersburg |publisher=Translate.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Maryland|State o Maryland]], Unitit States&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia |title=Online Directory: Russian Federation, Eurasia |publisher=Sister Cities International |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908065704/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]], Unitit States &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1992)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lansingsc.org/pages/stpetersburg.cfm |title=Sister cities:Saint Petersburg, Russia |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019194319/http://www.lansingsc.org/pages/stpetersburg.cfm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]], Slovenie. &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2001)''&lt;ref&gt;[http://66.102.1.100/translate_c?hl=en&amp;u=http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx%3Fid%3D31&amp;usg=ALkJrhjCmkRIYTaYAKF74A0No9ha3RWs-w Maribor sister cities]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], United States&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usasc.org/misc-docs/SA_Conf_Tour%20package.pdf |title=US Africa Sister Cities Conference |publisher=U.S. Africa sister cities foundation, inc. |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527220449/http://www.usasc.org/misc-docs/SA_Conf_Tour%20package.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Osh]], Kyrgyzstan &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2004)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Chungcheongbuk-do]], Sooth Korea &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Mar del Plata]], Argentinae &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], Mexico &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], Italy &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2001)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sister cities international&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.glosk.com/LH/Republic_of_Lithuania/-3599695/pages/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities/4519_en.htm |title=Sister cities international |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2008-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527183801/http://www.glosk.com/LH/Republic_of_Lithuania/-3599695/pages/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities/4519_en.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Venice]], Italy &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2006)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sister cities international&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Busan]], Sooth Korea &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Sousse]], Tunisie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ |title=Sister partners of Oslo |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2009-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102135652/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/international_cooperation/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hai Phong]], Vietnam &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1966)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Rishon_LeZion |title=Rishon LeZion |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023214523/http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Rishon_LeZion |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Košice]], Slovakie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 1995)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Košice&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=gov_s_c-00.html|publisher=2007–2009 [http://www.kosice.sk/ City of Košice] Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr. SNP 48/A, 040 11 Košice|title=Partnership towns of the City of Košice|language=Slovak|accessdate=July 12, 2009|archive-date=2009-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817034218/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=gov_s_c-00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Haifa]], Israel &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mignews.com/news/politic/world/210508_03000_59894.html |title=Haifa agreement with partner |language={{ru icon}} |publisher=Mignews.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-20 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019031332/http://www.mignews.com/news/politic/world/210508_03000_59894.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Khartoum]], Sudan &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], Ukraine &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2006)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrainians.ca/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=279&amp;Itemid=2 |title=The city of Lviv, and its sister cities |accessdate=December 1, 2008 |archive-date=2013-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915111322/http://www.ukrainians.ca/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=279&amp;Itemid=2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Ulan Bator]], Mongolie &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Debrecen]], Hungary &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vengria.ru/main.php?folderID=911&amp;articleID=4075&amp;ctag=articlelist&amp;iid=1 |title=Hungary-Russia sister cities |publisher=Vengria.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-07-20 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120919181911/http://www.vengria.ru/main.php?folderID=911&amp;articleID=4075&amp;ctag=articlelist&amp;iid=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cebu Ceety]], Philippines &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2008)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Namp'o]], North Korea &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref name=&quot;translate.google.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil &lt;small&gt;''(syne 2002)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Porto Alegre&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.portoalegre.rs.gov.br/captare/default.php?p_secao=36 |title=Porto Alegre's International Sister Cities Program |publisher=Porto Alegre, RS |accessdate =August 22, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commons|Saint Petersburg}}
* {{Cite web | title = Официальный портал администрации Санкт-Петербурга | trans_title = The Official Portal of the Saint Petersburg City Authority | publisher = ''The Saint Petersburg City Authority'': 191060, St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg, [[Smolny Institute|Smolny]] &amp;#91;&lt;small&gt;Администрация Санкт-Петербурга 191060, СПб., Смольный&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#93; | url = http://eng.gov.spb.ru/ | year = 2001–2011 | accessdate = 2011-02-09 | language = ru | archive-date = 2006-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061231222926/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite web| title = Saint Petersburg — open city |author= Committee for Investment and Strategic Projects|publisher= The Government of St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg |postscript=&amp;nbsp;&amp;#91;&lt;small&gt;Analytical materials and white papers upon economy, business and social environment, comfort and doing business in St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#93;| url = http://st-petersburg.ru/en/|year= 2010| accessdate = 2011-02-09 | language = en}}
* {{Cite web| title = Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg |publisher= The [[Dmitry Likhachov|Likhachov]] Foundation|postscript=&amp;nbsp;&amp;#91;&lt;small&gt;3500 entries, 9200 personalities, 3500 addresses, 2000 pictures and 40 geographical maps, 3800 bibliographical references from the original &quot;Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg&quot; (SPb., Rosspen, 2004)&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#93;| url = http://www.encspb.ru/en/|location=St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg |year= 2004| accessdate = 2011-02-09 | language = en}}
* {{Cite news | title = Destination: St Petersburg |work = [[Helsinki Times]] | author = Marina Sidyakina | date = 2008-04-10 | url = http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=545:destination-st-petersburg&amp;catid=155:travel&amp;Itemid=185/ | accessdate = 2011-02-09}}
* {{Wikivoyage|Saint Petersburg (Russia)}}
* {{In Our Time|St Petersburg|b00jts6k|St_Petersburg}}
* {{Cite web| title = Saint Petersburg, 1900: a photographic travelogue of the capital of Imperial Russia |author= Bob Atchinson|postscript=&amp;nbsp;&amp;#91;&lt;small&gt;50 photographs of St.&amp;nbsp;Petersburg from «[[Travel literature|Travelogues]]» of [[Burton Holmes]] (Vol.&amp;nbsp;8, 1914) and other sources&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#93;| url = http://www.alexanderpalace.org/petersburg1900/|year= 2010| accessdate = 2011-02-09 | language = en}}
* [http://free-writer.ru/pages/st.petersburg.html Life o Saunt Petersburg in photos]
{{Commonscat|Saint Petersburg}}

{{Subdiveesions o Roushie}}
{{Hero Ceeties}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Saunt Petersburg| ]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Roushie]]
[[Category:Federal ceeties o Roushie]]
[[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Roushie]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1703]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Roushie]]</text>
      <sha1>a1au5e9hzufbqkbgwevo669cy4izicx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dreams of Sanity</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869317</id>
      <parentid>850984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3307" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt; 
| Name            = Dreams of Sanity
| background      = group_or_band
| origin          = [[Innsbruck]], [[Austrick]]
| genre           = [[Gothic metal]], [[progressive metal]]
| years_active    = {{start date|1991}}–2002
| label           = Hall of Sermon
| associated_acts = [[On Thorns I Lay]], [[Elis (band)|Elis]], [[Eyes of Eden]], [[Siegfried (baund)|Siegfried]], [[Chryst|Korovakill]], [[Alas (baund)|Alas]]
| website         = 
| current_members = Michael Knoflach&lt;br /&gt;Christian K. Marx&lt;br /&gt;Andreas Wildauer&lt;br /&gt;[[Sandra Schleret]]&lt;br /&gt;Patrick Schrittwieser&lt;br /&gt;Florian Steiner
| past_members    = [[Dreams of Sanity#Former members|See below]]
}}

'''Dreams of Sanity''' wis a [[gothic metal]] baund frae [[Austrick]]. Foondit in 1991, thay released three full-lenth albums, afore disbandin in 2002. Mony o thair sangs are aboot [[Buddha]]. Thair maist famous sang, &quot;Window to the Sky,&quot; deals wi the laneliness an despair o enlichtenment, an is based on legends o [[Siddartha Gautama]]'s experiences in isolation beneath the [[Bodhi Tree]].

==Heestory==
Efter shapin in 1991, Dreams of Sanity released twa demos in 1994 an 1996. Thay toured Europe late in 1996&lt;ref&gt;Garry Sharpe-Young, [http://www.musicmight.com/linkto/artist/{D264D853-3A36-4F38-A2FD-D022C06 Dreams of Sanity biography]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[MusicMight]]&lt;/ref&gt; afore releasin thair proper debut in 1997, which wis inspired bi [[The Divine Comedy]] o [[Dante Alighieri]].&lt;ref&gt;Eduardo Rivadavia, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dreams-of-sanity-p406835 Dreams of Sanity] at [[Allmusic]]&lt;/ref&gt; Twa further full-lenths wur issued bi the baund, the first based upon ''[[Phantom o the Opera]]'' an the seicont explorin the concept o life as a gemme.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.progarchives.com/artist.asp?id=2747 Biography] at ProgArchives.net&lt;/ref&gt; The group went throu a series o lineup chynges aroond the recordin o the third album.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tartareandesire.com/bands/Dreams_Of_Sanity/535/ Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211095647/http://www.tartareandesire.com/bands/Dreams_Of_Sanity/535/ |date=2012-02-11 }}, Tartareandesire.com&lt;/ref&gt; Follaein this thay wur droppit bi thair label [[Hall of Sermon]]; the group breuk up in 2002.

== Members ==
* [[Sandra Schleret]] - Sangster
* [[Christian Marx]] - Guitar
* [[Andreas Wildauer]] - Guitar
* [[Michael Knoflach]] - Bass
* [[Frederic Heil]] - Keyboards
* [[Harald Obexer]] - Drums
* [[Martina Hornbacher]] - Sangster
* [[Stephan Manges]] - Keyboards
* [[Romed Astner]] - Drums
* [[Hannes Richter]] - Drums
* Florian Razesberger - keybuirds
* Gudrun Gfrerer - vocals

== Discography ==
* Demo (1994)
* ''A God damned City'' (demo compilation CD, 1995)
* ''Ein Liebeslied'' (demo, 1996)
* ''[[Komödia]]'' ([[Hall of Sermon]], 1997)
* ''[[Masquerade (Dreams of Sanity album)|Masquerade]]'' (Hall of Sermon, 1999)
* ''[[The Game (Dreams of Sanity album)|The Game]]'' (Hall of Sermon, 2000)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Muisical groups established in 1991]]
[[Category:Muisical groups disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:Austrick hivy metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Austrick symphonic metal muisical groups]]</text>
      <sha1>2nz8ahlzg8pdpnb0d8l2geibbz35fme</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sepang Internaitional Circuit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869223</id>
      <parentid>852245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5734" xml:space="preserve">{{Motorsport venue
|Name          = Sepang International Circuit&lt;br&gt;Litar Antarabangsa Sepang
|Time          = [[UTC+08:00]]
|Location      = [[Sepang]], [[Selangor]], [[Malaysie]]
|Coordinates   = {{Coord|2|45|38|N|101|44|15|E|type:landmark_region:MY|display=it}}
|Image         = [[File:Sepang International Circuit logo.png|210px]] [[File:Sepang.svg|250px]]
|FIAGrade      = 1
|Broke_ground  = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1997|11|1}}
|Opened        = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1999|3|7}}
|Architect     = [[Hermann Tilke]]
|Events        = '''[[Formula Ane]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Malaysian Grand Prix]] (1999–2017)&lt;br&gt;'''[[Grand Prix motorcycle racin|FIM MotoGP]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian Grand Prix]] (1999–present)&lt;br&gt;[[Malaysia Merdeka Endurance Race]]
|Capacity      = 100,000
|Layout1       = Main Circuit (1999–present)
|Length_km     = 5.543
|Length_mi     = 3.445
|Turns         = 15
|Record_time   = 1:34.080
|Record_driver  = {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]]
|Record_team   = [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
|Record_year   = [[2017 Malaysian Grand Prix|2017]]
}}
{{Infobox company
| name            = Sepang International Circuit Sdn Bhd
| logo            = 
| type            = [[Govrenment-linked company]]
| native_name     = 
| foundation      = {{Start date and age|1997}}
| location        = Jalan Pekeliling, 64000 KLIA, Selangor, Malaysie
| key_people      = Mohamed Azman Yahya, Chairman&lt;br&gt;Ahmad Razlan Ahmad Razali, Chief Executive Officer
| parent          = [[:en:Minister of Finance Incorporated (Malaysia)|Meenister o Finance Incorporated]]
| website         = {{URL|http://www.sepangcircuit.com/}}
}}

The '''Sepang Internaitional Circuit (SIC)''' is a racin circuit in [[Sepang]], [[Selangor]], [[Malaysie]]. It is the venue usied for the [[Formula Ane]] [[Malaysian Grand Prix]], [[A1 Grand Prix]] as well as the [[MotoGP|Malaysian Motorcycle Grand Prix]]. It is an aa uised as a venue for mony ither major [[motorsport]] events.

==Heestory==
The circuit wis designed bi [[Germany|German]] designer [[Hermann Tilke]], who wad subsequently design the new facilities in [[Shanghai Internaitional Circuit|Shanghai]], [[Bahrain Internaitional Circuit|Bahrain]] an [[Istanbul Racin Circuit|Turkey]].

==Layoot==
The main circuit, normally raced in a clockwise direction, is 5.54 [[kilometre]]s lang, an is notit for its sweepin corners an wide straights.&lt;ref name=Forumula1.net&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.forumula1.net/2008/f1/race-tracks/malaysia-sepang-international-circuit-preview |title=Sepang International Circuit Preview |accessdate=2008-03-20 |publisher=www.forumula1.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; The layoot is quite unusual, wi a very lang back straucht separatit frae the pit straucht bi juist ane very tight [[Hairpin turn|hairpin]].

Ither configurations o the Sepang circuit can an aa be uised. The north circuit is an aa raced in a clockwise direction. It is basically the first hauf o the main circuit. The course turns back towards the pit straucht efter turn 6 an is 2.71 kilometres lang in tot.

The sooth circuit is the ither hauf o the racecourse. The back straucht o the main circuit becomes the pit straucht when the sooth circuit is in uise, an joins ontae turn 8 o the main circuit tae form a [[hairpin turn]]. An aa run clockwise, this circuit is 2.61&amp;nbsp;km in lenth.

Sepang Internaitional Circuit an aa features [[kart racin]] an [[motocross]] facilities.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Sepang International Circuit}}
* [http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/malaysia_788/circuit_diagram.html Offeecial information aboot Sepang at the Formula 1 site]
* [http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/3/7506.html A lap o Sepang wi Honda’s Alexander Wurz]
* [http://www.trackpedia.com/wiki/Sepang_International_Circuit Trackpedia guide tae driving Sepang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104232556/http://www.trackpedia.com/wiki/Sepang_International_Circuit |date=2011-01-04 }}
* [http://www.malaysiangp.com.my Sepang F1 International Circuit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004080430/http://malaysiangp.com.my/ |date=2006-10-04 }}
* [http://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Sepang_International_Circuit Sepang F1 International Circuit Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182636/http://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Sepang_International_Circuit |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.sportsvenue-technology.com/projects/sepang_mrc/ Sport Facilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202161219/http://www.sportsvenue-technology.com/projects/sepang_mrc/ |date=2008-02-02 }}
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=2.760229,101.737261&amp;spn=0.039740,0.063000&amp;t=k&amp;hl=en Google Maps location]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091024065307/http://geocities.com/ciroalbertopabon/Circuitos_eng.htm Ciro Pabón's Racetracks] 3D views an virtual laps o aw F1 circuits, includin this ane, via Google Yird
* [http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/f1-information/going-to-a-race/sepang-international-circuit/ Spectator testimonial on the Sepang International Circuit at F1Fanatic]
* [http://www.a1gp.com/Circuit/CircuitInfo.aspx?circuitId=11&amp;amp;seasonId=4 A1GP info of Sepang International Circuit]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/circuit_guide/4244253.stm BBC's circuit guide]
* [http://watch.tsn.ca/auto-racing/clip39307#clip39307 TSN Track Walkthrough]
* [http://www.afos.com/calendar.php?cid=41 Track info from the Asian Festival of Speed web site]

[[Category:Motorsport venues in Malaysie]]
[[Category:Formula Ane circuits]]
[[Category:Malaysian Grand Prix]]
[[Category:Grand Prix motorcycle racin circuits]]
[[Category:A1 Grand Prix venues]]
[[Category:Biggins an structurs in Selangor]]</text>
      <sha1>c1rr1lcps1ht7g16c63rxcl48vdd3or</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ford Mainline</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869324</id>
      <parentid>825839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:15:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3277" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:FordMainlineSide.jpg|thumb|right|1952 Ford Mainline 4 door sedan]]
The '''Ford Mainline''' is an [[automobile]] which wis produced bi the [[Ford Motor Company]] in the [[Unitit States]] in the models years 1952 tae 1956.&lt;ref&gt;John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th Edition, pages 389-397&lt;/ref&gt; It wis introduced as the base trim level o the [[1952 Ford]] range belaw the [[Ford Customline|Customline]] an [[Ford Crestline|Crestline]] models.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Gunnell 1975, page 390&quot;&gt;John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th Edition, page 390&lt;/ref&gt; The Mainline retained its poseetion in the redesigned [[1955 Ford]] range &lt;ref&gt;John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th Edition, page 393&lt;/ref&gt; but wis dropped for the [[1957 Ford|1957 model year]] when the [[Ford Custom]] became the new base model.&lt;ref&gt;John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th Edition, page 397&lt;/ref&gt;

The Mainline wis offered in 2 door [[Sedan (caur)|sedan]], 4 door sedan, 2 door [[coupe]] an 2 door [[station wagon]] body styles.&lt;ref&gt;John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th Edition, pages 390-395&lt;/ref&gt; The station wagon wis marketit as the Mainline Ranch Wagon &lt;ref name=&quot;John Gunnell 1975, page 390&quot;/&gt; till it lost its Mainline tag for the 1955 model year when aw Ford wagons wur moved tae thair awn series.&lt;ref&gt;John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th Edition, page 394&lt;/ref&gt; Mainlines wur available wi baith [[Straight-sax ingine|inline sax cylinder]] an [[V8]] ingines.&lt;ref&gt;John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th Edition, pages 390-397&lt;/ref&gt;
{{-}}
==Australian Ford Mainline Utility==
[[Image:Ford Mainline Utility.jpg|thumb|right|Australian Ford Mainline Utility]]
In [[Australie]] the Mainline name wis applee'd tae a locally developed 2 door [[coupé utility]] version o the Ford Customline sedan frae 1952.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091016041917/http://www.shannons.com.au/auctions/lot/?id=GGCK868UO81210DW 1957 Ford Mainline Utility at shannons.com.au] As archived at www.webcitation.org on 18 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt; The Mainline utilized an imported Ford V8 [[convertible]] chassis &lt;ref name=&quot;Norm Darwin 1986, page 127&quot;&gt;Norm Darwin, The History of Ford in Australia, 1986, page 127&lt;/ref&gt; wi an additional cross member for additional load carrying strength.&lt;ref&gt;Norm Darwin, The History of Ford in Australia, 1986, page 136&lt;/ref&gt; It sauld alongside the Australian biggit Customline sedan, wi baith gien yearly updates until production ceased in 1959.&lt;ref&gt;Norm Darwin, The History of Ford in Australia, 1986, pages 126-137&lt;/ref&gt; The Mainline Utility wis powered bi an Australian produced version o the [[Ford Flathead engine|Ford side valve V8]] engine &lt;ref name=&quot;Norm Darwin 1986, page 127&quot;/&gt; until the introduction o the [[Ford Y-block engine|OHV V8]] in the redesigned 1955 series.&lt;ref&gt;Norm Darwin, The History of Ford in Australia, 1986, page 131&lt;/ref&gt;
{{-}}

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Ford postwar template}}
{{Ford}}
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Ford vehicles|Mainline]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Cars o Australie]]</text>
      <sha1>aeohdk1gw3q94yqmmv7ki6oarc87ten</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clan Ross</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869305</id>
      <parentid>824778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:36:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4095" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Clan
|clan name      = Clan Ross
|image badge    = Clan member crest badge - Clan Ross.svg
|chiefs crest   = 
|chiefs motto   = ''Spem Successus Alit'' (Success Nourishes Hope)
|chiefs slogan  =
|war cry        =
|region         = [[Scots Hielands|Hieland]]
|district       = [[Ross]]
|gaelic names   = ''Clann Ros (Rois)''
|image arms     = Arms of the Earl of Ross.svg 
|plant badge    = [[Juniper]], or [[bearberry]] 
|animal         =
|pipe music     = The Earl of Ross's March
|chiefs name    = David Ross o Ross an Balnagown
|chiefs title   = The Chief o Clan Ross
|chiefs gaelic title= 
|seat           = 
|historic seat  = [[Balnagown Castle]]
|septs          = Anderson, Andison, Andrew/s, [[Clan Corbett|Corbett]], Crow/e, Croy, Deas, Denoon, Denune, Dingwall, Duthie, Fair, Fear/n, Gair, Gear, [[Clan Gillanders|Gillanders]], Hagart, Haggart, MacAndrew/s, MacCullie, [[MacCulloch]], MacLulich, MacLulloch, MacNab, [[MacTaggart]]/[[McTaggart]], MacTear, MacTier, MacTire, MacTyre, Mitchell, [[Taggart (surname)|Taggart]], Tarrel, Tullo, Tulloch, Tyre, Vass, Wass, Waters, McEntagert (Ireland), McEnteggart (Ireland), McEntaggert (Ireland)
|branches       =
|Allied clans   = [[Clan Munro]]&lt;br&gt;[[Clan Gillanders]]&lt;br&gt;[[Clan Mackay]] (18t century)
|Rival clans    = [[Clan Mackenzie]]&lt;br&gt;[[Clan Mackay]] (15t century)
&lt;!-- the following information is for clans without a current chief --&gt;
|last chiefs name=
|date of death of last chief=
|commander      = 
}}

'''Clan Ross''' is a Hieland [[Scots clan]]. The oreeginal chiefs o the clan wur the oreeginal [[Earl o Ross|Earls o Ross]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnstonRoss&quot;&gt;The Clan Ross by Donald by Donald MacKinnon. W &amp; A.K Johnston's Clan Histories.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chiefs==
*The current chief o Clan Ross is Baron David Campbell Ross, o Ross an Balnagowan.
==Clan Profile==
[[Image:Jun chin close.jpg|thumb|The Juniper]]
*Gaelic:  ''Clann Rois''.
*Oreegin o Name: Ross-shire.
*Motto: ''Spem Successus Alit'' (Success Nourishes Hope).
*Plant Badge: ''[[Juniper]]''. 
*Pipe Muisic: ''The Earl of Ross's March''.
==Tartans==
Clan Ross haes three tartans:
* Ross Dress tartan (modren &amp; auncient)
* Ross Huntin tartan (modren &amp; auncient)
* Ross Huntin Weathered tartan

==Castle==

The historic seat o the chief o Clan Ross is at [[Balnagown Castle]]. The correct spellin is actually '''Balnagown''',&lt;ref&gt;See the estate's [http://www.balnagown.co.uk/castle_restoration.htm web-site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526035942/http://balnagown.co.uk/castle_restoration.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; or alternatively ''Balnagowen''.

Ither castles that hae been held bi the Clan Ross include [[Portencross Castle]] an [[Sanquhar Castle]]
==Surnames associatit wi Clan Ross==
{|
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* Anderson
* Andison
* Andrew/s
* [[Clan Corbett|Corbet/t]]
* Crow/e
* Croy
* Deas
* Denoon
* Denune
* Dingwall ( or Dengel the day )
* Duthie
* Fair
* Fear/n
* Gair
|width=&quot;80&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* Gear
* [[Clan Gillanders|Gillanders]]
* Hagart
* Haggart
* MacAndrew/s
* MacCullie
* [[MacCulloch]]
* MacLulich
* MacLulloch
* MacNab
* [[MacTaggart]]/[[McTaggart]]
* MacTear
* MacTier
|width=&quot;80&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* MacTire
* MacTyre
* Mitchell
* [[Taggart (surname)|Taggart]]
* Tarrel
* Tullo
* Tulloch
* Tyre
* Vass
* Wass
* Waters
* McEntagert (Ireland)
* McEnteggart (Ireland)
* McEntaggert (Ireland)
|}

==See an aa==
*[[Scots clan]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.clan-ross.org Clan Ross of the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129020933/http://www.clan-ross.org/ |date=2019-01-29 }}
*[http://www.greatclanross.org Clan Ross Association of Canada, Inc.]
*[http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/imagelibrary/list.asp?field=albums&amp;album=Clan%20Ross&amp;crit=21 Clan Ross images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514173205/http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/imagelibrary/list.asp?field=albums&amp;album=Clan%20Ross&amp;crit=21 |date=2011-05-14 }} frae the [http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/ Tain Through Time museum]

{{Scots clans}}
[[Category:Scots clans|Ross]]
{{Stub/Clans}}</text>
      <sha1>r2hv8oupgstk71496caswd1c6xr2h3z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agnosticism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869266</id>
      <parentid>822949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2364" xml:space="preserve">'''Agnosticism''' is the view that the [[truth value]] o certaint claims—especially claims aboot the existence or non-existence o ony [[deity]], but an' a' ither releegious an [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] claims—is unkent or unkenable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://skepdic.com/agnosticism.html|title=agnosticism|last=Carroll|first=Robert|date=2009-02-22|work=The Skeptic's Dictionary|publisher=skepdic.com|accessdate=2009-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agnosticism can be defined in various ways, an is whiles uised tae indicate doubt or a [[Skepticism|skeptical]] approach tae questions. In some senses, agnosticism is a stance aboot the similarities or differences atween [[belief]] an [[knawledge]], rather than aboot ony specific claim or belief.

[[Thomas Henry Huxley]], an Inglis biologist, coined the wird ''agnostic'' in 1869. Housomeivver, earlier thinkers an written works hae promotit agnostic pynts o view. Thay include [[Protagoras]], a 5t-century [[Before Common Era|BCE]] Greek philosopher,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/protagor.htm |title=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Protagoras (c. 490 - c. 420 BCE) |accessdate=2008-10-06 |quote=While the pious might wish to look to the gods to provide absolute moral guidance in the relativistic universe of the Sophistic Enlightenment, that certainty also was cast into doubt by philosophic and sophistic thinkers, who pointed out the absurdity and immorality of the conventional epic accounts of the gods. Protagoras' prose treatise about the gods began 'Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life.' }}&lt;/ref&gt; an the [[Nasadiya Sukta]] [[creation meeth]] in the [[Rig Veda]], an auncient Hindu releegious text.&lt;ref name=&quot;patri&quot;&gt;Patri, Umesh and Prativa Devi. &quot;[http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a22.htm Progress of Atheism in India: A Historical Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925145643/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a22.htm |date=2013-09-25 }}&quot;. Atheist Centre 1940-1990 Golden Jubilee. Vijayawada, February 1990. Retrieved 2007-04-02.&lt;/ref&gt; Syne Huxley coined the term, mony ither thinkers hae written extensively aboot agnosticism.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Agnosticism| ]]</text>
      <sha1>ohuotj7rexzmxa853vzn72vxcpdrvyi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citroën FAF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869304</id>
      <parentid>824739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:33:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1901" xml:space="preserve">The '''Citroën FAF''' is a sma open-top [[automobile]] produced bi the [[Fraunce|French]] manufacturer [[Citroën]] frae 1973 till 1979, biggit an sauld in various [[developin kintras|developin]] an [[Third Warld]] kintras.

Lik the seemilar [[Citroën Méhari]], the FAF derived frae the [[Citroën 2CV|2CV]]. FAF stood for the French ''Facile à Fabriquer'' an ''Facile à Financer'' (Easy tae Manufacture, Easy tae Finance). The body wis made o easy tae produce, fauldit elements an the caur leukt effectively lik a metallic version o the [[Citroën Méhari|Méhari]].

The primary target mercat for the FAF wis Africae. As its name suggests, it wis meant tae allou &quot;easy&quot; production, maistly in developin kintras. The idea follaed the widespread production o seemilar 2CV-based vehicles in a lairge nummer o kintras, includin [[Iran]] ([[Baby-Brousse]], Jyane-Mehari), [[Vietnam]] (Dalat), [[Greece]] ([[Namco (automobiles)|Namco]] Pony), [[Chile]] ([[Yagan]]), [[Belgium]] (VanClee), [[Spain]], [[Portugal]] an ithers (it is aften erroneously reportit that some o thir vehicles wur based on the FAF). Housomeivver, the concept o a &quot;seicont-class&quot; caur that wis connectit wi the FAF seems tae hae affectit its manufacture an sales that remained law, in contrast tae the success enjoyed bi some o its predecessors.

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.citroenet.org.uk/foreign/faf/faf01.html FAF Facile à Fabriquer, Facile à Financer]
*[http://citcity.citroen1.info/2CV/mehari-etc.htm#faf CitCity: FAF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418152116/http://citcity.citroen1.info/2CV/mehari-etc.htm#faf |date=2006-04-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091020160827/http://geocities.com/Paris/9896/meha-etc.htm Mehari-based vehicles]

{{Citroën}}

{{Commonscat|Citroën vehicles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Citroen Faf}}
[[Category:Citroën vehicles|FAF]]
[[Category:Vehicles wi boxer ingines]]</text>
      <sha1>rtop9nmjwazu57gi1e1mttzs75jqt42</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Miami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869386</id>
      <parentid>857108</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T00:37:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13690" xml:space="preserve">{{Aboot|the ceety in Florida}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Miami
| official_name           = City of Miami
| settlement_type         = [[:en:List of communities in Miami-Dade County, Florida|Ceety]]
| image_skyline           = Miami collage 20110330.jpg
| image_size              = 300px
| image_alt               = A collage of images of Miami.
| image_caption           = Frae top, left tae richt: Skyline o [[Downtown Miami|Downtown]], [[Freedom Tower (Miami)|Freedom Tower]], [[Villa Vizcaya]], [[Miami Tower]], [[Virginia Key|Virginia Key Beach]], [[Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts]], [[AmericanAirlines Arena]], [[Port of Miami]], skyline o Dountoun at nicht
| image_flag              = Flag of Miami, Florida.svg
| image_seal              = Escudo de Miami.svg
| nickname                = &quot;Magic City&quot;, &quot;The Gateway to the Americas&quot;, &quot;Capital of Latin America&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;time.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979733,00.html | work=Time | title=Miami: the Capital of Latin America | date=December 2, 1993 | access-date=2013-03-13 | archive-date=2013-08-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813065922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979733,00.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbcmagazine.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.cnbcmagazine.com/story/shore-bet/1346/1/ SHORE BET – CNBC Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108195519/http://www.cnbcmagazine.com/story/shore-bet/1346/1/ |date=2013-01-08 }}. Cnbcmagazine.com. Retrieved on 2012-10-08.&lt;/ref&gt;
| image_map               = Miami-Dade County Florida Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Miami Highlighted.svg
| map_caption             = Location in [[Miami-Dade Coonty]] an the state o Florida
| pushpin_map             = USA
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in the Unitit States
| pushpin_label           = Miami
| coordinates             = {{coord|25|47|16|N|80|13|27|W|region:US-FL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = [[Unitit States]]
| subdivision_type1       = State
| subdivision_name1       = [[Florida]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Leet o coonties in Florida|Coonty]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Miami-Dade Coonty|Miami-Dade]]
| established_title       = Settled
| established_date        = 1825
| established_title2      = Incorporatit
| established_date2       = 28 Julie 1896
| named_for               = [[Mayaimi]]
| government_type         = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Mayor–commissioner plan]]
| leader_party            = [[Independent (politeecian)|I]]
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = [[Tomás Regalado (American politeecian)|Tomás Regalado]]
| leader_title1           = Ceety manager
| leader_name1            = Johnny Martinez
| unit_pref               = US
| area_total_sq_mi        = 55.27
| area_land_sq_mi         = 35.68
| area_water_sq_mi        = 19.59
| area_urban_sq_mi        = 1116.1
| area_metro_sq_mi        = 6137
| elevation_ft            = 6
| population_footnotes    =&lt;ref name=censuspop&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&amp;prodType=table|title=American Factfinder, Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010  |publisher=[[US Census Bureau]] |accessdate=October 21, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;American Community Survey&quot;&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=40000US56602&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&amp;-context=adp&amp;-ds_name=&amp;-tree_id=3308&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=false&amp;-format= American Community Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200211183716/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=40000US56602&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&amp;-context=adp&amp;-ds_name=&amp;-tree_id=3308&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=false&amp;-format= |date=2020-02-11 }} Miami Urbanized Area (2008 estimate)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2009.html |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas |access-date=2012-10-18 |archive-date=2011-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000702/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2009.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-01.csv &quot;2009 City Estimates&quot;], US Census Bureau. (CSV format) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829192247/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-01.csv |date=2011-08-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 408568 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|42nt]])
| population_as_of        = 2010
| population_density_sq_mi= 12139.5
| population_urban        = 5502379 ([[Leet o Unitit States urban auries|4t]])
| population_demonym      = Miamian
| timezone1               = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset1             = −5
| timezone1_DST           = [[Eastren Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = −4
| postal_code_type        = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]]
| postal_code             = 33010–33299
| area_code               = [[Aurie code 305|305]], [[Aurie code 786|786]]
| website                 = [http://www.miamigov.com/home/ miamigov.com/home]
| footnotes               =
}}
'''Miami''' ({{pron-en|maɪˈæmi}} or {{IPA-en|maɪˈæmə|}}) is a major city locatit on the [[Atlantic]] coast in sootheastren [[Florida]] an the [[coonty seat]] o [[Miami-Dade Coonty, Florida|Miami-Dade Coonty]], the maist populous coonty in Florida, an the [[Leet o the maist populous coonties in the Unitit States|aicht-maist populous coonty in the Unitit States]], wi a population o 2,500,625.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.miamiherald.com/news/miami-dade/story/1378375.html MiamiHerald.com]&lt;/ref&gt; The 42nt lairgest city in the Unitit States, wi a population o 433,136, it is the principal, central, an maist populous city o the [[Miami metropolitan aurie]], the [[Sootheastren Unitit States#Largest metropolitan auries|maist populous metropolis in the Southeastren Unitit States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url = http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2009/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv | title = http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2009/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv | format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2009 Population Estimates | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] | date = 2009-07-01 | accessdate = 2010-04-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Accordin tae Unitit Naitions estimates, the Miami Urbanized Area wis the fift maist populous [[Urbanized area#United States|urbanized area]] in the U.S. in 2000 wi a population o 4,919,036, but in 2008 that nummer increased tae 5,232,342, makin it the fowert-lairgest urbanized area in the [[Unitit States]], ahint [[New York Ceety]], [[Los Angeles]], an [[Chicago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;American Community Survey&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua2k.txt List of Urbanized Areas]&amp;nbsp;– accessed July 16, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; The metropolitan aurie population is 5,547,051 (1 Julie 2009 estimate).

Miami is a major centre an a leader in finance, commerce, cultur, media, entertainment, the airts, an internaitional tred.&lt;ref name=GAWC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2008 |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]] |accessdate=March 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html |title=Inventory of World Cities |publisher=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network |accessdate=2007-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, Miami ranked seivent in the Unitit States in terms o finance, commerce, cultur, entertainment, fashion, eddication, an ither sectors. It ranked thirtie-third amang global ceeties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/373401 |title=The Global Cities Index 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-08 |archive-date=2012-02-02 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/659S16ErP?url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/373401 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, Miami wis ranked as &quot;Americae's Cleanest City&quot; accordin tae [[Forbes Magazine]] for its year-roond guid air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinkin watter, clean streets an ceety-wide recyclin programs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Riper&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/business/2008/03/17/miami-seattle-orlando-biz-logistics-cx_tvr_0317cleanest.html |title=America's cleanest cities |last=Van Riper |first=Tom |date=March 17, 2008 |publisher=[[Forbes Magazine]] |accessdate=2008-02-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529143525/http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/17/miami-seattle-orlando-biz-logistics-cx_tvr_0317cleanest.html |archivedate=2010-05-29 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, [[UBS AG|UBS]] study o 73 warld cities, Miami wis ranked as the richest city in the Unitit States an the warld's fift-richest city, in terms o [[purchasin pouer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;City Mayors&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |title=City Mayors: World's richest cities by purchasing power |publisher=[[City Mayors]] |accessdate=2009-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Downtown Miami]] an [[Sooth Florida]] are hame tae the lairgest concentration o internaitional banks in the Unitit States, an is hame tae mony lairge companies baith naitionally an internaitionally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nestseekers.com/Neighborhood/3059/Brickell/Sales |title=Nest Seekers International |access-date=2010-11-20 |archive-date=2009-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701071938/http://www.nestseekers.com/Neighborhood/3059/Brickell/Sales |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.madduxco.com/brickell.htm |title=Brickell – Downtown Miami, Florida |access-date=2010-11-20 |archive-date=2016-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113152721/http://www.madduxco.com/brickell.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For well mair nor twa decades, the [[Port o Miami]], kent as the &quot;Cruise Caipital o the Warld&quot; is the nummer ane cruise passenger port in the warld accommodatin some o the lairgest cruise ships in the warld, an operations an is the busiest in baith passenger traffeck an cruise lines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.miamidade.gov/portofmiami/ |title=Miami-Dade.gov Port of Miami |access-date=2010-11-20 |archive-date=2012-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918071541/http://www.miamidade.gov/portofmiami/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Port of Miami&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://gomiami.about.com/od/cruisingportofmiami/a/cruiselines.htm |title=Cruise lines departing from the Port of Miami |access-date=2010-11-20 |archive-date=2015-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628233320/http://gomiami.about.com/od/cruisingportofmiami/a/cruiselines.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sister ceeties ==
{{See an aa|Leet o sister ceeties in Florida}}

* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], Jordan (syne 1995)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/english/relations/r12.asp|title=Amman’s Relations with Other Cities|access-date=2011-09-19|archive-date=2008-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226121545/http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/english/relations/r12.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], Turkey
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombie (syne 1971)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/MIC/pages/SisterCities/default.asp |title=Mayor's International Council Sister Cities Program |publisher=City of Miami |accessdate=July 13, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526222509/http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/MIC/pages/SisterCities/default.asp |archivedate=2007-05-26 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae (syne 1979)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Cochabamba]], Bolivie&lt;ref name=&quot;sisterorg&quot; /&gt;
*{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], Cuba (syne 1926)
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kagoshima]], Japan (syne 1990)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Lima]], Peru (syne 1977)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Managua]], Nicaragua (syne 1991)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.managua.gob.ni/index.php?s=1153|title=Office of the Mayor of Managua, Nicaragua (In Spanish) |accessdate=November 7, 2009 |publisher=Office of the Mayor of Managua }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Murcia]], Spain&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Palermo]], Italy (syne 2001)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti (syne 1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Qingdao]], Fowkrepublic o Cheenae&lt;!--It must say PRC in full!--&gt; (syne 2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Brazil (syne 2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago]], Chile (syne 1986)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic (syne 1987)&lt;ref name=&quot;sister&quot; /&gt;
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Varna]], Bulgarie&lt;ref name=&quot;sisterorg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/USA/FL |title=Online Directory: Florida, USA |accessdate=July 25, 2008 |publisher=Sister Cities International }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Commonscat|Miami, Florida}}

[[Category:Miami| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Miami-Dade Coonty, Florida]]
[[Category:Coonty seats in Florida]]
[[Category:Bermuda Triangle]]
[[Category:Port ceeties in Florida]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Florida]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1896]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Atlantic coast]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Florida]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Miami metropolitan aurie]]


{{Stub/USA}}</text>
      <sha1>lqiuwxjgkyah8e5w19k79nutpvg3ujz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New Triumph Pairty</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869394</id>
      <parentid>857717</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:15:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6110" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Flag of New Triumph Party.svg|200px|thumb|Logo.]]
'''Partido del Nuevo Triunfo''' (New Triumph Pairty) wis a minor [[far richt]] [[Neo-Nazi]] group in [[Argentinae]] banned on 17 Mairch 2009 bi rulin o the [[Argentine Supreme Court o Juistice]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2009/03/17/um/m-01879057.htm La Corte Suprema le negó la personería jurídica a un partido nazi. Clarín, 17 March 2009]{{·}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Origins==
The pairty wis formed bi [[Alejandro Biondini]] in 1990 as the ''Partido Nacionalista de los Trabajadores'' (Naitionalist Pairty o the Wirkers), initially as a breakaway frae the [[Justicialist Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;'Kalki y las camisas negras'&quot;&gt;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/subnotas/56374-18757-2005-09-12.html 'Kalki y las camisas negras']&lt;/ref&gt; The pairty leader anticipatit economic crisis in the kintra which he felt woud set up the basis for a takeower bi revolutionary nationalism.&lt;ref&gt;D. Gatti, [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/42/213.html 'Cybernetic Neo-Nazis']&lt;/ref&gt; Biondini is a veteran o the internaitional neo-nazi scene, haein established a group cawed ''Alerta Nacional'' in 1984, which he describit as 'a smaw pairt o the great warldwide socialist movement'. This group haes attemptit tae big links atween the kintra's various extreme richt groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://jinuj.net/articulos_ver.php?id=225 |title='&quot;Neo&quot; Nazismo en América Latina' |access-date=2010-12-01 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085852/http://jinuj.net/articulos_ver.php?id=225 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Development==
The pairty wis re-launched as the New Triumph Pairty in November 1997, identifyin itself as 'the poleetical, militant an electoral expression o Argentine naitional socialism'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Argentina&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/argentina/argentina.htm |title=Argentina |access-date=2010-12-01 |archive-date=2007-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112142705/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/argentina/argentina.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; At a time when uise o the [[internet]] bi fringe poleetical groups wis leemitit but growin in popularity the New Triumph Pairty's online publication ''Libertad de Opinión'' broke new grund in Argentinae bi providin a regular forum for Argentine neo-Nazism an [[anti-Semitism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Argentina&quot;/&gt; [[Ricardo Brinzoni]] wis briefly associatit wi the group as his lawyer Juan Enrique Torres Bande wis a member.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ar.geocities.com/veaylea2000/verbitsky/01-04-29nuevotriunfo.htm |title='Nuevo Triunfo de Brinzoni' |access-date=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2009-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019052846/http://ar.geocities.com/veaylea2000/verbitsky/01-04-29nuevotriunfo.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The party haes consistently attemptit tae gain legal recognition but haes been rejectit.&lt;ref name=&quot;'Kalki y las camisas negras'&quot;/&gt; Nonetheless in the [[Argentine legislative election, 2005]] twa members o the pairty, Biondini's wife an son, featurt as candidates for ''Acción Ciudadana'', a group heidit bi Jorge Colotto, the general commissioner o the [[Policía Federal Argentina]].&lt;ref&gt;Carnota, Fernando (1995), El Palacio de la Corrupción, Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. ISBN 950-07-1047-1&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ideology==
The pairty supports Neo-Nazism an seeks tae uise Argentinae as the new Nazi base. It haes been claimed that Biondini believes that [[Adolf Hitler]] haed identified Argentinae as the future o [[Nazism]]. He haes claimed that in the final days in the ''[[Führerbunker]]'' Hitler pointit tae Argentinae on a cairt an statit that 'frae thare the new leader will come'.&lt;ref name=&quot;'Kalki y las camisas negras'&quot;/&gt;

The party haes an aa been vocal in its criticism o the major poleetical pairties an leaders, denouncin [[Fernando de la Rúa]] as a puppet o the [[Zionist Occupation Government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;'Kalki y las camisas negras'&quot;/&gt; As pairt o this rhetoric it an aa emphasises its grundin in [[Christianity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pnt.libreopinion.com/programa.htm |title=Programme of Government |access-date=2010-12-01 |archive-date=2007-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201004220/http://pnt.libreopinion.com/programa.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Platform==
The ideas o the pairty hae been summed up bi them in declaration o policies which states five aims for the Argentine fowk. These are leetit as:

* The reaffirmation o the values o Argentinae, based on God an kintra wi a firm stance taken against aw who woud seek tae damage these values.
* Dignity for the Argentine wirker, throu the establishment o a [[Corporatism|corporatist]] parliament.
* Defence o naitional [[sovereignty]] at aw costs, wi a seestematic programme o reairmament in order tae recover the [[Fawkland Islands]] an [[Patagonie]].
* The establishment o a purely Argentine economic seestem which woud eliminate [[usury]] an unite classes unner corporatism.
* A muckle stricter legal code, includin punishments for those it feels hae benefittit frae Argentinae's struggles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pnt.libreopinion.com/proclama.htm |title=Proclama al Pueblo Argentino |access-date=2010-12-01 |archive-date=2007-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112114527/http://pnt.libreopinion.com/proclama.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pnt.libreopinion.com/ Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201014732/http://pnt.libreopinion.com/ |date=2005-12-01 }}
* [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ar%7Dnaz.html Flags of the PNT]
* [http://www.accionchilena.cl/Internacional/reportaje_a_alejandro_biondini.htm Interview with Biondini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125071535/http://www.accionchilena.cl/Internacional/reportaje_a_alejandro_biondini.htm |date=2007-11-25 }}

[[Category:Neo-Nazi poleetical pairties]]
[[Category:Poleetical pairties established in 1990]]
[[Category:Defunct poleetical pairties in Argentinae]]</text>
      <sha1>hqquhtz1ov4uf39m5zdem6wobo3i6xj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fiji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869321</id>
      <parentid>865126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:09:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11251" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Republic o Fiji
|native_name = 
{{unbulleted list |li_style=font-size:88%;
 | {{native name|fj|Matanitu Tugalala o Viti}}
 | {{nobold|रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी}}{{nbsp|2}}{{small|{{nobold|([[Fiji Hindi]])}}}}
 | ''Ripablik ăph Phījī''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|{{nobold|([[transliteration]])}}}}
}}
|common_name = Fiji
|image_flag = Flag of Fiji.svg
|image_coat = Coat of Arms Fiji.svg
|image_map = FJI orthographic NaturalEarth.svg
|national_motto = {{native phrase|fj|&quot;Rerevaka na Kalou ka Doka na Tui&quot;|italics=off|nolink=yes}}&lt;br/&gt;{{small|&quot;Fear God an honour the Queen&quot;}}
|national_anthem = ''[[God Bless Fiji]]''{{small|}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:Fiji National Anthem.ogg|God Bless Fiji]]&lt;/center&gt;
|languages_type = [[Offeecial leid]]s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj00000_.html |title=Section 4 of Fiji Constitution |publisher=www.servat.unibe.ch|accessdate=3 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|languages = {{unbulleted list|[[Inglis leid|Inglis]]|[[Fijian leid|Fijian]]|[[Fiji Hindi]]}}
|demonym = Fijian
|capital = [[Suva]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|18|10|S|178|27|E|type:city}}
|largest_city = [[Suva]]
|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Pairliamentary seestem|Pairliamentary republic]] run bi&lt;br/&gt;[[Militar junta|militar-appyntit govrenment]]}}
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Fiji|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[Epeli Nailatikau]]
|leader_title2 = &lt;small&gt;[[Prime Meenister o Fiji|Acting Prime Meenister]]&lt;/small&gt;
|leader_name2 = &lt;small&gt;[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;/small&gt;
|legislature = [[Pairliament o Fiji Islands|Pairliament]]
|upper_house = [[Senate (Fiji)|Senate]]
|lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Fiji)|Hoose o Representatives]]
|area_rank = 155t
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|area_km2 = 18,274
|area_sq_mi = 7,056 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|percent_water = negligible
|population_estimate = 858,038&lt;ref name=unpop&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf |title=Annual official estimate |version=2008 revision |format=PDF |publisher=United Nations |year=2012 |accessdate=31 May 2013 |journal= |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113144319/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_rank = 161st
|population_estimate_year = 2012
|population_density_km2 = 46.4
|population_density_sq_mi = 120.3 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|population_density_rank = 148t
|GDP_PPP = $4.250 billion&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=26&amp;pr.y=14&amp;sy=2009&amp;ey=2012&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=819&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=Fiji |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=18 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_year = 2012
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,728&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 
|GDP_nominal = $3.671 billion&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year = 2012
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,083&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|sovereignty_type = Unthirldom
|established_event1 = frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]
|established_date1 = 10 October 1970
|established_event2 = Republic
|established_date2 = 7 October 1987
|Gini_year = 2009
|Gini_change =  &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|Gini = 42.8 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;wb-gini&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rank = 
|HDI_year = 2013
|HDI_change = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|HDI = 0.702 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/FJI.html |title=Human Development Index – Fiji |year=2013 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=31 May 2013 |archive-date=2013-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128081412/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/FJI.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank = 96th
|currency = [[Fijian dollar]]
|currency_code = FJD
|country_code = 679
|time_zone = FJT
|utc_offset = +12
|time_zone_DST = FJST&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/library/abbreviations/timezones/pacific/fjst.html |title=FJST &amp;#8211; Fiji Summer Time |publisher=www.timeanddate.com |accessdate=24 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|utc_offset_DST = +13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-advances-clocks-nov-29.html|title=Fiji Reignites Daylight Saving Time on November 29 |publisher=timeanddate.com |date=10 November 2009 |accessdate=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|drives_on = left
|calling_code = [[+679]]
|cctld = [[.fj]]
}}
'''Fiji''' {{IPA-en|ˈfiːdʒiː||en-us-Fiji.ogg}} ({{lang-fj|Viti}}; {{lang-hif|फ़िजी}}), offeecially the '''Republic o Fiji''' ({{lang-fj|Matanitu ko Viti}}; {{lang-hif|फ़िजी गणरा&lt;ref name=&quot;Measles On Long Island&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wn.com/Measles_On_Long_Island/|title=Measles On Long Island|publisher=wn.com|year=2010|accessdate=2010-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; fiji dvip samooh ganarajya}}), is an [[island naition]] in [[Melanesie]] in the Sooth [[Pacific Ocean]] aboot 2000&amp;nbsp;km northeast o [[New Zealand]]'s [[North Island]]. Its mair immediate neighbours are [[Vanuatu]] tae the wast, [[Fraunce]]'s [[New Caledon]] tae the soothwast, New Zealand's [[Kermadec]] tae the sootheast, [[Tonga]] tae the east, the [[Samoa]]s an Fraunce's [[Wallis an Futuna]] tae the northeast an [[Tuvalu]] tae the north.  Fiji haes haed indwallers syne the seicont millennium B.C. In the 17t an 18t centuries, the Dutch an the Breetish explored Fiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiji: History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107509.html|title=Fiji: History|publisher=infoplease.com|year=2005 |accessdate=2010-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiji wis a Breetish colony up till 1970; Breetish occupation lastit amaist a century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tourism Fiji : A Social, Political and Environmental Case Study&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ertr.tamu.edu/attachments/178_a-5-3-3.pdf |title=Tourism Fiji : A Social, Political and Environmental Case Study |publisher=tamu.edu |year=2007 |accessdate=2010-09-15 |archive-date=2010-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712203721/http://ertr.tamu.edu/attachments/178_a-5-3-3.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Acause o the abundance o forest, mineral, an fish resoorces, Fiji is ane o the maist developed economies in the Pacific island realm. The day, the main soorces o foreign exchynge are its tourist industry an succar exports.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook: Fiji: Economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html |title=CIA World Factbook: Fiji: Economy |publisher=cia.gov |date=2010-08-19 |accessdate=2010-09-15 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065054/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html%20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The kintra's currency is the [[Fijian dollar]].

The majority o Fiji's islands wur formed throu volcanic activity stairtit aroond 150 million years ago. The day, some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands o Vanua Levu an Taveun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiji: Geography&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fijidiscovery.com/geography.php |title=Fiji Geography|publisher=fijidiscovery.com |year=2005 |accessdate=2010-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiji comprises an [[archipelago]] o mair nor 332 [[island]]s, o which 110 are permanently inhabitit, an mair nor 500 [[islet]]s, amountin tae a tot land aurie o ca. 18,300&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The twa major islands, [[Viti Levu]] an [[Vanua Levu]], accoont for 87% o the population o amaist 850,000. The umwhile contains [[Suva]], the caipital an lairgest ceety. Maist o Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, aither in Suva or in smawer urban centers. Viti Levu's interior is spairsely inhabitit due tae its terrain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiji: People&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1834.htm#profile |title=Fiji: People|publisher=state.gov|date=2010-06-28 |accessdate=2010-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiji haes a local govrenment seestem whaur ceety an toun councils faw unner the general supervision o the Meenistry o Local Govrenment an Urban Development.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiji: Our Government&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=646&amp;Itemid=197|title=Fiji: Our Government|publisher=fiji.gov.fj|date=2009-11-09|accessdate=2010-09-15|archive-date=2010-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619115655/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=646&amp;Itemid=197|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Preses Ratu Epeli Nailatikau became Fiji's preses, efter a hie court ruled that the military leadership wis unlawfully appointit efter a 2006 coup.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiji's president takes over power&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7993295.stm/|title=Fiji's president takes over power|publisher=bbc.co.uk|date=2009-04-10|accessdate=2010-09-15|archive-date=2009-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413063643/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7993295.stm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durin [[Warld War II]], the [[Unitit Kinrick]] alloued for mony thoosans o Fijians tae volunteer tae aid in Allies' efforts via thair attachment tae the [[New Zealand]] an [[Australie|Australian]] airmy units. [[Fiji Military Forces|The Republic o Fiji Military Forces (RFMF)]], comprising o land an naval units defend an pertect Fiji.

== Etymology ==
Fiji's main island is kent as Viti Levu an it is frae this that the name &quot;Fiji&quot; is derived, tho the common Inglis pronunciation is based on that o thair island neighbours in Tonga. Its emergence wis best describit as follaes:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Fijians first impressed themsels on European consciousness through the writins o the members o the expeditions o [[James Cook|Cook]] who met them in Tonga. They wur described as formidable warriors an ferocious cannibals, builders o the finest vessels in the Pacific, but no great sailors. They inspired awe amangst the Tongans, an aw their Manufactures, especially bark cloth an clubs, wur heichlie esteemed an muckle in demand. They cawed their home Viti, but the Tongans called it Fisi, an it wis bi this foreign pronunciation, Fiji, first promulgatit bi Captain James Cook, that these islands are nou kent.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fiji.gov.fj/uploads/FijiToday2005-06.pdf PDF article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403140105/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/uploads/FijiToday2005-06.pdf |date=2007-04-03 }} frae [http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/history_culture.shtml Fiji Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529231204/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/history_culture.shtml |date=2007-05-29 }} on Line, section on Europeans in Fiji.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|18|S|179|E|region:FJ_type:country_source:dewiki|display=title}}

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Fiji| ]]
[[Category:Kintras in Oceanie]]
[[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Hindustani-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Island kintras]]
[[Category:Melanesie]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1970]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cazxbg2mq5j2rfkd9bnzzpu50ttf17i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xi'an</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869250</id>
      <parentid>865056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:51:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10569" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                   = {{raise|0.2em|Xi'an}}
|official_name          = &lt;!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' --&gt;
|native_name            = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|西安市}}}}}}
|other_name             = 
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = [[Sub-provincial ceety]]
|motto                  =
|image_skyline          = Xi'an montage.png
|imagesize              =
|image_caption          = Frae tap: [[Ceety waw o Xi'an]], Xingqinggong Park, [[Drum Touer o Xi'an]], [[Great Mosque o Xi'an]], Sootheast ceety corner, [[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]], Nan'erhuan Road
|image_map          =Location of Xi'an Prefecture within Shaanxi (China).png
|mapsize                =
|map_caption        =Location o Xi'an Ceety jurisdiction in Shaanxi
|image_map1          =
|map_caption1        =
|pushpin_map            = China
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Cheenae
|pushpin_mapsize        =
|subdivision_type = Kintra
|subdivision_name = Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
|subdivision_type1   = [[Province (China)|Province]]
|subdivision_name1   = [[Shaanxi]]
|leader_title           = [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae|CPC Xi'an]]
|leader_name            = Wei Minzhou ({{lang|zh-hans|魏民洲}})
|leader_title1          = Mayor
|leader_name1           = Dong Jun ({{lang|zh-hans|董军}})
|area_magnitude     = 1 E9
|area_total_km2           = 9983
|area_forest_km2          = 5390.82
|area_total_sq_mi 13.9
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_lAND_sq_kkm        =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_forest_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           = 826
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           = 3830
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        = [[Yangling]]
|area_blank1_km2          = 94
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
|population_urban         = 6501200
|population_density_urban_km2   = auto
|population_as_of   = 2010 census
|population_metro   = 7168005
|population_note    =
|population_total   = 8467837
|population_density_km2 = auto
|elevation_m          = 405
|timezone           = [[Cheenae Staundart Time|CST]]
|utc_offset         = +8
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       = Postal code
|postal_code            = '''710'''000 - '''710'''090'''
|area_code              = +86/29
|blank_name             = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
|blank_info             = (2013)
|blank1_name            =  - Total
|blank1_info            = [[US Dollar|$]] [[Leet o Cheenae admeenistrative diveesions bi GDP|81.4billion]]
|blank2_name            =  - Per capita
|blank2_info            = $[[Leet o ceeties in the Fowkepublic o Cheenae bi GDP per capita|9,220.59]]
|blank3_name            = [[Licence plates o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|License plate]] prefixes
|blank3_info            = {{lang|zh-cn|陕}}A
|blank4_name            = Ceety flouer
|blank4_info            = [[Pomegranate]] flouer
|blank5_name            = Ceety tree
|blank5_info            = [[Pagoda tree]]
|website            = http://www.xa.gov.cn/
|coordinates            = {{coord|34|16|N|108|54|E|region:CN-61|display=inline,title}}
|footnotes          =
}}
'''Xi'an''' ({{zh|c=西安|p=Xī'ān}})&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;It is an aa cawed &quot;Sianfu&quot; bi mony Wastren authors in the early 20t century. For example, the Catholic Archdiocese o Xian uised tae be cawed the [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsian.html Vicariate Apostolic of Sianfu]. Adolf S. Waley, [http://www.archive.org/stream/remakingofchina00walerich/remakingofchina00walerich_djvu.txt ''The Re-making of China''], New York: EP Dutton and Company, 1914.&lt;/ref&gt; is the caipital o the [[Shaanxi]] province, an a [[sub-provincial ceety in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]. As ane o the auldest ceeties in Cheenae, wi mair nor 3,100 years o history, the ceety wis kent as '''[[Chang'an]]''' afore the [[Ming Dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/542532/Xian|title=Xi'an|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2008-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xi'an is ane o the [[Historical caipitals o Cheenae|Fower Great Ancient Caipitals o Cheenae]], haein held that position unner several o the maist important [[dynasties in Cheenese history]],&lt;ref name=&quot;encarta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572407/Xi%E2%80%99an.html|title=Xi'an|work=[[Encarta]]. 1993-2008|date=2008-09-03|access-date=2022-04-08|archive-date=2008-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228105855/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572407/Xi%E2%80%99an.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; includin [[Zhou Dynasty|Zhou]], [[Qin Dynasty|Qin]], [[Han Dynasty|Han]], [[Sui Dynasty|Sui]], an [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;encarta&quot;/&gt;  Xi'an is the eastren terminus o the [[Silk Road]] an hame tae the [[Terracotta Airmy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot;/&gt;

Syne the 1990s, as pairt o the [[Cheenae Wastren Development|economic revival o interior Cheenae]] especially for the central an northwast regions, the ceety o Xi'an haes re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial an eddicational centre o the central-northwast region, wi facilities for [[research an development]], [[naitional security]] an [[Cheenese space programme|Cheenae's space sploration programme]].

==Historical names o Xi'an==
The twa [[Cheenese characters]] &quot;西安&quot; in the name Xi'an literally mean &quot;Wastren Peace&quot;, whilst the pronunciation in the local Xi'anese dialect is amaist the same as the Staundart Mandarin pronunciation based on [[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]]. Throughout history the ceety's name haes aften chynged. At the time o the [[Zhou Dynasty]], frae aroond 1046 BC it was cried &quot;Fenghao&quot; (沣镐/沣鎬) then renamed [[Chang'an]] (长安/長安), meanin &quot;Perpetual Peace&quot;, durin the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BC - 220 AD). It chynged in 581 AD tae Daxing (大兴/大興) durin the [[Sui Dynasty]] then again became Chang'an frae 618 durin the [[Tang Dynasty]]. Durin the [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1270-1368), the ceety wis first gien the name Fengyuan (奉元), followed by Anxi (安西) then Jingzhao (京兆). It finally became Xi'an in the year 1369 at the time o the Ming Dynasty. This name remained till 1928, then in 1930 it wis renamed Xijing (西京). The ceety's name ance again revertit tae its Ming-era designation of Xi'an in 1943.

Xi'an is abbreviatit in Cheenese tae either [[Hao]] (镐/鎬) or [[Tang]] (唐). The umwhile abbreviation is derived frae the Zhou Dynasty name [[Haojing]] (镐京/鎬京), whilst the latter comes frae the name o the Tang Dynasty.

==Internaitional relations==

===Twin touns—Sister ceeties===
Xi'an's [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceeties]] are:
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
*{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Japan. (1974)
*{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], Japan. (1974)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kyoto twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/sogo/page/0000083407.html|title=Sister Cities of Kyoto City|accessdate=2014-01-21|publisher=City of Kyoto|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121151906/http://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/sogo/page/0000083407.html|archivedate=2014-01-21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{Flagicon|UK}} [[Edinburgh]], Unitit Kinrick. (1985)&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=21 December 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archivedate=2008-03-28 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-03-12 |archive-date=2008-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh twinning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3|title=Twin and Partner Cities|publisher=City of Edinburgh Council|accessdate=16 January 2009|archive-date=2012-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{Flagicon|France}} [[Pau, Fraunce|Pau]], Fraunce. (1986)
*{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kansas Ceety, Missouri|Kansas Ceety]], United States. (1989)
*{{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Isfahan]], Iran. (1989)
*{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Dortmund]], Germany. (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;RuhrTwins2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District|publisher=© 2009 [http://www.twins2010.com/index.php?id=home&amp;L=1 Twins2010.com]|accessdate=2009-10-28|archive-date=2009-11-28|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]], Pakistan. (1992)
||
*{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Funabashi, Chiba|Funabashi]], Japan. (1994)
*{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gyeongju]], Republic o Korea. (1994)
*{{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Iaşi]], Romanie. (1994)
*{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Dnipro]], Ukraine. (1995)
*{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey. (1996)
*{{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[Kathmandu]], Nepal. (1996)
*{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brasília]], Brazil. (1997)
||
*{{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], Canadae. (2001)
*{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Córdoba, Argentinae|Córdoba]], Argentinae. (2006)
*{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Pompei]], Italy. (2007)
*{{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], Greece
*{{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Kalamata]], Greece (2009)
*{{Flagicon|UK}} [[Birmingham]], Unitit Kinrick.
*{{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], Peru.
|}

===Consulates===
*{{Flagicon|South Korea}} Gaoxin Internaitional, Keji Road, September 2007
*{{Flagicon|Thailand}} Yulang Internaitional, Jiefang Road, 2006

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Populatit places alang the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Sub-provincial ceeties in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]
[[Category:Xi'an|*]]
[[Category:11t-century BC establishments]]
[[Category:202 BC establishments]]
[[Category:Provincial caipitals in Cheenae]]


{{Stub/Cheenae}}</text>
      <sha1>r57nuraqvcvv3jweep2mts2q9a1i7au</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iranian Revolution</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869344</id>
      <parentid>826876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7337" xml:space="preserve">The '''Iranian Revolution''' (kent as the '''Islamic Revolution''' or '''1979 Revolution''' an aw;&lt;ref name = &quot;Chamber&quot;&gt;[http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php  Islamic Revolution], Iran Chamber.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Encarta&quot;&gt;[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html  Islamic Revolution of Iran], MS Encarta. 2009-10-31.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html  The Islamic Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227000031/http://internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html |date=2009-02-27 }}, Internews.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iranian.com/revolution.html  Islamic Revolution].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Jubilee&quot;&gt;[http://www.jubileecampaign.org/home/jubilee/iran_profile.pdf  Iran Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060806025221/http://www.jubileecampaign.org/home/jubilee/iran_profile.pdf |date=2006-08-06 }}, PDF.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution'' (Hardcover), ISBN 0-275-97858-3, by Fereydoun Hoveyda, brother of [[Amir Abbas Hoveyda]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Persian leid|Persian]]: انقلاب اسلامی, Enghelābe Eslāmi or انقلاب بیست و دو بهمن) refers tae events involvin the owerthrow o [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran's monarchy]] (Pahlavi dynasty) unner [[Shah]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] an its replacement wi an [[Islamic republic]] unner [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the leader o the [[revolution]].

[[Demonstration (fowk)|Demonstrations]] against the Shah began in Januar 1968.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch29ir.html  The Islamic Revolution]&lt;/ref&gt;  Atween August an December 1978 [[strike action|strike]]s an demonstrations paralyzed the kintra. The Shah left Iran for exile in mid-Januar 1979, an in the resultin pouer vacuum twa weeks later Ayatollah Khomeini returned tae [[Tehran]] tae a greetin bi several million Iranians.&lt;ref name = &quot;Britannica Khomeini&quot;&gt;[http://www.britanniaca.com/eb/article-9045329  Ruhollah Khomeini], Encyclopedia Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt; The ryal regime collapsed shortly efter on 11 Februar when [[guerrilla]]s an rebel troops owerwhelmed troops loyal tae the Shah in airmed street fechtin. Iran votit bi naitional [[Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, Mairch 1979|referendum]] tae become an Islamic Republic on Aprile 1, 1979,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-202892 Iran Islamic Republic], Encyclopedia Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt; an tae approve a new [[constitution o Islamic Republic o Iran|theocratic constitution]] wherebi Khomeini became [[Supreme Leader o Iran|Supreme Leader]] o the kintra, in December 1979.

The revolution wis unusual for the surprise it creatit throughoot the warld:&lt;ref&gt;Amuzegar, ''The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution,'' (1991), p.4, 9-12&lt;/ref&gt; it lacked mony o the customary causes o revolution (defeat at war, a [[financial crisis]], [[peasant rebellion]], or disgruntled military);&lt;ref&gt;Arjomand, ''Turban'' (1988), p. 191.&lt;/ref&gt; produced profoond chynge at great speed;&lt;ref&gt;Amuzegar, Jahangir, ''The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution,'' SUNY Press, p.10&lt;/ref&gt; wis massively popular;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurzman, 2004 p.121&quot;&gt;Kurzman, ''The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran'', (2004), p.121&lt;/ref&gt; owerthrew a regime hivily protectit bi a lavishly financed airmy an security services;&lt;ref&gt;Harney, ''Priest'' (1998), p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abrahamian ''Iran'' (1982), p. 496.&lt;/ref&gt; an replaced a modernisin [[monarchy]] wi a [[theocracy]] based on [[Guardianship o the Islamic Jurists]] (or ''velayat-e faqih''). Its ootcome — an Islamic Republic &quot;unner the guidance o an 80-year-auld exiled releegious scholar frae [[Qom]]&quot; — wis, as ane scholar put it, &quot;clearly an occurrence that haed tae be explained.&quot;&lt;ref name = &quot;Benard 1984 18&quot;&gt;Benard, ''&quot;The Government of God&quot;'' (1984), p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{Dablink|See an aa: [[Backgrund an causes o the Iranian Revolution]]}}

The revolution wis [[populism|populist]], [[naitionalism|naitionalist]] an later [[Shia Islam|Shi'a Islamic]].  It wis in pairt a conservative backlash against the [[Wastrenization|Wastrenizin]] an secularizin efforts o the [[Wastren warld|Wastren]]-backed Shah,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Del Giudice|first=Marguerite|year=2008|month=August|title=Persia: Ancient Soul of Iran|journal= National Geographic|accessdate=2009-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; an a liberal backlash tae [[Social juistice|social injuistice]] an ither shortcomins o the [[ancien régime]].&lt;ref&gt;Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', (1982), 534-5&lt;/ref&gt;
The Shah wis perceived bi mony as behaulden tae — if no a puppet o — a non-[[Muslim]] [[Wastren warld|Wastren]] pouer (the [[Unitit States]])&lt;ref&gt;Brumberg, ''Reinventing Khomeini'' (2001).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Shirley 1997 207&quot;&gt;Shirley, ''Know Thine Enemy'' (1997), p. 207.&lt;/ref&gt; whose cultur wis impactin that o Iran.

The Shah's regime wis seen as oppressive, brutal,&lt;ref name = &quot;Harney 1998&quot;&gt;Harney, ''The Priest'' (1998), pp. 37, 47, 67, 128, 155, 167.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iran&quot;&gt;''Iran Between Two Revolutions'' by Ervand Abrahamian, p.437&lt;/ref&gt; corrupt, an extravagant;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harney 1998&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mackay, ''Iranians'' (1998), pp. 236, 260.&lt;/ref&gt; it an aa suffered frae basic functional failures — an ower-ambitious economic program that brocht economic bottlenecks, shortages an inflation.&lt;ref&gt;Graham, ''Iran'' (1980), pp. 19, 96.&lt;/ref&gt; Security forces were unable to deal with protest and demonstrations;&lt;ref&gt;Graham, ''Iran'' (1980) p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt; Iran wis an owerly centralized ryal pouer structure.&lt;ref&gt;Arjomand, ''Turban'' (1998), pp. 189–90.&lt;/ref&gt; The extraordinarily lairge size o the anti-shah movement meant that there &quot;wur literally ower mony protesters tae arrest&quot;, an that the security forces wur owerwhelmed.&lt;ref&gt;Kurzman, Charles, ''The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran'', Harvard University Press, 2004, p.111&lt;/ref&gt;

That the revolution replaced monarchy an Shah Pahlavi wi Islamism an Khomeini rather than anither leader an ideology is creditit in pairt tae the spread o the Shia version o the [[Islamic revival]] that opposed [[Wastrenization]], saw [[Ayatollah]] Khomeini as follaein in the fuitsteps o the beloved [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] Imam [[Husayn ibn Ali]], an the Shah in those o Husayn's foe, the hatit tyrant [[Yazid I]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Taheri 1985 238&quot;&gt;Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'' (1985), p. 238.&lt;/ref&gt;
Alsae thocht responsible wis the unnerestimation of Khomeini's Islamist movement bi baith the Shah's regime — who considered them a minor threat compared tae the [[Guerrilla groups o Iran|Marxist]]s an [[Fowkmujahedin o Iran|Islamic socialist]]s&lt;ref&gt;Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p. 178.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Hoveyda 2003 22&quot;&gt;Hoveyda ''Shah'' (2003) p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Abrahamian 1982 533-4&quot;&gt;Abrahamian, ''Iran'' (1982), pp. 533–4.&lt;/ref&gt; — an bi the anti-Shah [[secularist]]s — who thocht the Khomeinists coud be sidelined.&lt;ref&gt;Schirazi, ''The Constitution of Iran'' (1997), pp. 293–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Iranian Revolution}}

[[Category:20t-century revolutions]]
[[Category:1979 in Iran]]
[[Category:History o Iran|Revolution]]
[[Category:Iranian Revolution| ]]
[[Category:Islamic history]]
[[Category:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
[[Category:History o civil richts in Iran]]
[[Category:Protests]]</text>
      <sha1>0da9ytdfyq87adm9g3wcn1eapwcd5jn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Donetsk Oblast</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869316</id>
      <parentid>850972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:26:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12903" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Ukrainian oblast
| name                  = Donetsk Oblast
| Ukrainian_name        = Донецька область
| TransliteratedName    = Donets’ka oblast’
| image_flag            = Flag_of_Donetsk_Oblast.svg
| image_shield          = Coat of Arms of Donetsk Oblast 1999.svg
| nickname              = {{lang|uk|Донеччина (''Donechchyna'')}}
| image_map             = Map of Ukraine political simple Oblast Donezk.png
| coordinates           = {{coord|48.14|37.74|type:adm1st_region:UA|display=inline,title}}
| established_date          = 3 Juin 1938
| official_lang         = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian Language|Russian]] (regional)&lt;ref name=RUS_UA&gt;{{cite news|title=Русский язык стал региональным в Севастополе, Донецкой и Запорожской обл.|url=http://top.rbc.ru/society/16/08/2012/664886.shtml|accessdate=16 August 2012|newspaper=RosBusinessConsulting|date=16 August 2012|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120747/https://www.rbc.ru/society/16/08/2012/5703fb6b9a7947ac81a6acb1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| admin_center    = [[Donetsk]] 
| governor              = Andriy Schyschatskyi&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118768 Chornobyl cleanup workers stop protests in Donetsk], [[Kyiv Post]] (12 December 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
| governor_party        = [[Party of Regions|PR]]&lt;ref&gt;{{uk icon}} [http://news.liga.net/ua/news/politics/544117-yanukovich-priznachiv-novogo-gubernatora-donetsko-oblast.htm Янукович призначив нового губернатора Донецької області], Информационно-аналитический центр &quot;ЛІГА&quot; (12 July 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
| chairman              = Andriy Fedoruk&lt;ref name=Fedoruk&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/110070/ Donetsk Regional Council elects new chairman], [[Kyiv Post]] (4 August 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; 
| chairman_party        = PR&lt;ref name=Fedoruk/&gt;
| council_seats         = 150
| raions                = 18
| city_raions           = 28
| cities                = 52
| CMTs                  = 131
| villages              = 1124
| area_rank             = 11t
| area_total_km2        = 26517
| population_as_of      = 2006
| population_rank       = 1st
| population            = 4622900
| Density               = 174,34
| salary_as_of          = 2006
| salary_rank           = 2nt
| salary                = 1161
| postal_code           = 83000-87999
| PostalCodePrefix      = [[Leet o postal codes#U-Z]]
| iso_code              = [[ISO 3166-2:UA|UA-14]]
| FIPS_code             = [[Leet o FIPS region codes (S-U)#UP: Ukraine|UP05]]
| area_code             = [[Aurie code#Ukraine|+380-62]]
| LicencePlateNumber    = АН, АТ, ЯН, ЕВ, ЕА, ЕК, ЕМ, ЕС
| website               = [http://www.donoda.gov.ua www.donoda.gov.ua]&lt;br /&gt;[http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=03.06.2007&amp;rf7571=6942 www.rada.gov.ua]
| footnotes             = 
}}

'''Donetsk Oblast''' ({{lang-uk|Донецька область}}, ''Donets’ka oblast’''; an aa referred tae as '''Donechchyna''' — {{lang-uk|Донеччина}} ''Donechchyna''; {{lang-ru|Донецкая область}}, ''Donetskaya oblast'') is an [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|oblast]] (province) o eastren [[Ukraine]].  Its [[caipital ceety|admeenistrative centre]] is [[Donetsk]]. Historically, the province is an important pairt o the [[Donets Basin|Donbas]] region. Till November, 1961, it bore the name ''Stalino Oblast'' in honour o [[Joseph Stalin]].

Important ceeties athin the oblast include:
[[Sloviansk]], [[Horlivka]], [[Kramatorsk]], [[Makiivka]], [[Mariupol]], [[Yenakiieve]].

==Geografie==

Donetsk Oblast is locatit in sootheastren Ukraine. The aurie o the oblast (26,900&amp;nbsp;km²), comprises aboot 4.4% o the tot aurie o the kintra. The oblast borders the [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]] an [[Zaporizhia Oblast]]s on the soothwast, the [[Luhansk Oblast]] on the northeast, the [[Rostov Oblast]] in Roushie on the east, an wi the [[Sea o Azov]] on the sooth.

Its langitude frae north tae sooth is 270&amp;nbsp;km, frae east tae wast – 190&amp;nbsp;km. The extreme pynts o the oblast's borders are: ''Bilosarayska Kosa'' ([[Spit (landform)|spit]]) on the sooth, Shevchenko o Velykonovosilkivskyi Raion on the wast, ''Verkhnyi Kut'' o Shakhtarskyi Raion on the east, an ''Lozove'' o [[Krasnolymanskyi Raion]] on the north.

The state historic-airchitectural preserve near the ceety o [[Sviatohirsk]] wi the [[Sviatohirsk Lavra]] wis nominatit for the [[Sieven Wonders o Ukraine]].

[[File:Donetsk oblast detail map.png|thumb|200px|Detailed cairt o Donetsk Oblast]]

==Administrative divisions==

The oblast is subdividit intae 18 [[raions]] (''admeenistrative destricts''). It consists o 28 municipalities, [[Leet o ceeties in Ukraine bi subdiveesion#Donetsk Oblast|52 ceeties]], [[Leet o urban-type settlements in Ukraine bi subdiveesion#Kiev Oblast|131 touns]], an mair nor 1,124 veelages.

The follaein data incorporates the nummer o each type o admeenistrative diveesions o Donetsk Oblast:
&lt;!-- Some of the data here was calculated with the figures available, please fix if you find more correct numbers. --&gt;
* Admeenistrative Center – 1 ([[Donetsk]])
* [[Raions]] — 18;
* Ceety raions — 28;
* Settlements — 1,283, includin:
** Veelages — 1,124;
** Ceeties/Touns — 159, includin:
*** [[Urban-type settlement]] — 131;
*** Ceeties — 52, includin:
**** Ceeties o oblast' subordinance — 28;
**** Ceeties o raion subordinance — 24;
* [[Selsovet]]s — ''N/A''.

The local admeenistration o the oblast' is controlled bi the Donetsk Oblast Rada. The govrenor o the oblast' is the Heid o Donetsk Oblast admeenistration, appointit bi the [[Preses o Ukraine]].

=== Raions ===
{|
|-
|
* [[Amvrosiivskyi Raion|Amvrosiivskyi]]
* [[Artemivskyi Raion|Artemivskyi]]
* [[Dobropilskyi Raion|Dobropilskyi]]
* [[Kostyantynivskyi Raion|Kostyantynivskyi]]
* [[Krasnoarmiiskyi Raion|Krasnoarmiiskyi]]
* [[Krasnolymanskyi Raion|Krasnolymanskyi]]
* [[Marynskyi Raion|Marynskyi]]
* [[Novoazovskyi Raion|Novoazovskyi]]
* [[Oleksandrivskyi Raion|Oleksandrivskyi]]
|
* [[Pershotravnevyi Raion|Pershotravnevyi]]
* [[Shakhtarskyi Raion|Shakhtarskyi]]
* [[Slovyanskyi Raion|Slovyanskyi]]
* [[Starobeshivskyi Raion|Starobeshivskyi]]
* [[Telmanivskyi Raion|Telmanivskyi]]
* [[Velikonovosilkivskyi Raion|Velikonovosilkivskyi]]
* [[Volnovaskyi Raion|Volnovaskyi]]
* [[Volodarskyi Raion (Donetsk Oblast)|Volodarskyi]]
* [[Yasynuvatskyi Raion|Yasynuvatskyi]]
|}

==Demographics==

The population o Donetsk Oblast is 4.7 million (2004), which constitutes 10% o the owerall Ukrainian population, makin it the maist populous an maist densely populatit region in the kintra. Its lairge population is due tae the presence o several big industrial ceeties an numerous veelages agglomeratit aroond them (see [[urbanization]]).

Durin the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]], poleetical supporters o [[Viktor Yanukovych]] threatened tae demand [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] for Donetsk an neighbourin oblasts if the election o thair candidate wis no recognised. Housomeivver, nae offeecial muives wur iver made.

As o the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Naitional Census, 2001]], the ethnic groups athin the Donetsk Oblast are: [[Ukrainians]] — 2,744,100 (56.9%), [[Roushies]] — 1,844,400 (38.2%), [[Greeks]] – 77,500 (1.61%), [[Belaroushies]] — 44,500 (0.92%), [[Crimean Tatars]] — 19,200 (0.4%), [[Armenians]] — 15,700 (0.33%), an [[Jews]] – 8,800 (0.18%).&lt;ref name=&quot;ukrcensus&quot;&gt;[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_don/ Ukrcensus.gov.ua — Donetsk region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604192242/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_don/ |date=2009-06-04 }} URL accessed on January 13, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

The leids spoken athin the oblast' are: [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] — 74.9%, [[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]] — 24.1%, an [[Armenie leid|Armenie]] — 0.13%.&lt;ref name=&quot;ukrcensus&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Donbass economic.jpg|thumb|200px|Cairt o the economic activity in the [[Donbass]], includin the Donetsk Oblast.]]

==Economy==
===Industry===

The Donetsk Oblast covers mair nor ane hauf coal, fieenished steel, [[Coke (fuel)|coke]], cast iron an steel production in Ukraine. Ferrous metallurgy, fuel industry an pouer industry are in demand in the structur o industry production. Thare are aboot 882 industry enterprises that are on independent balance, an 2,095 sma industry enterprises in the oblast.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU&quot;&gt;[http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=124489&amp;cat_id=32596 Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine — Donetsk Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083729/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=124489&amp;cat_id=32596 |date=2017-10-19 }} URL accessed on January 13, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

The oblast' haes a developed transport infrastructur which includes the Donetsk railwey (covers 40% o naitional transportation), the Mariupol Port, the Donetsk Internaitional Airport, passenger airports in [[Mariupol]] an [[Kramatorsk]], an dense road seestems. In the Donetsk Oblast twa [[special economic zones]] hae been creatit, ''Donetsk'' an ''Azov'', which hae a privileged tax regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU&quot;/&gt;

===Agricultur===

In 1999, the gross grain yield in the oblast wis aboot 999.1 thoosan tons, succar beets – 27.1 thoosan tons, sunflouer seeds – 309.4 thoosan tons, an potatoes – 380.2 thoosan tons.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU&quot;/&gt; An aa, 134.2 thoosan tons o meat, 494.3 thoosan tons o milk an 646.4 million eggs hae been produced. At the beginnin o 1999 thare hae been 2108 ferms athin the oblast.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU&quot;/&gt;

==Ecologie==

The Donetsk Oblast's climate is maistly continental, which is characterised bi het simmers an relatively cauld winters wi chyngeable snaw surfaces. East an sootheast strang winds, heich temperaturs an hivy rain shouers are teepical in the simmer. The average annual rainfallw is 524&amp;nbsp;mm.

[[File:Khomutovska Steppe.JPG|thumb|250px|A widden brig leads tae the entrance tae the [[Novoazovskyi Raion#Environment|Khomutovska Steppe]] natur preserve in Donetsk Oblast.]]

The basic minerals foond here are: [[coal]] (reserves – 25 billion tons), [[rock salt]], lime carbonate, [[potassium]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[asbestos]], an [[graphite]]. The aurie is an aa rich in fertile black earth.

Important resoorces for recreation athin the aurie are: the mild climate, the [[Sea o Azov]] coast, curative mud, soorces o minerals, an radon an table watter. Due tae these numerous recreation resoorces, mony resort hotels an camps are locatit here. Thare are aboot 26 heal centres an pensions, 52 rest hames an boardin hooses, an rest camps for childer in the oblast.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU&quot;/&gt;

The curative auries in the oblast include the Slovyansk salt lakes an mineral watter soorces. The oblast an aa contains mony pairk zones, some o which are o great naitional value. Thay include the Khomutivsky steppe an the Azov sea coast. Oweraw, the Donetsk Oblast contains abouot 70 objects o natur an pairk fund includin branches o the Ukrainian steppe pairk, 6 state reserves, 10 memorials o natur, landscapes, an 6 pairk tracts.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU&quot;/&gt;

==See an aw==
* [[Subdivisions o Ukraine]]
* [[Donets Basin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=124489&amp;cat_id=32596 Information Card of the Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083729/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=124489&amp;cat_id=32596 |date=2017-10-19 }} — Offeecial steid o the Cabinet o Meenisters o Ukraine

==Freemit airtins==
{{sisterlinks|Donetsk Oblast}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.citylife.donetsk.ua www.citylife.donetsk.ua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307083452/http://www.citylife.donetsk.ua/ |date=2013-03-07 }} — Offeecial Donetsk ceety guide – {{en icon}}
* [http://www.donoda.gov.ua/m1/uk/ donoda.gov.ua]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201110537/http://www.donoda.gov.ua/main/ua/ |date=2012-12-01 }} — Offeecial steid o Donetsk Oblast Admeenistration {{en icon}}{{uk icon}}{{Ru icon}}
* [http://www.catalogue.biz.ua/eng/guides/guide_index/1/6/ catalogue.biz.ua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220151418/http://www.catalogue.biz.ua/eng/guides/guide_index/1/6/ |date=2009-02-20 }} — Post codes directory o Donetsk Oblast {{en icon}}{{uk icon}}{{Ru icon}}
* [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px]] [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Donetsk_Oblast '''Wikimedia Commons'''] — Media on Donetsk Oblast
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Donetsk Oblast}}
{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine}}

[[Category:Donetsk Oblast| ]]
[[Category:Oblasts o Ukraine]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1938]]</text>
      <sha1>aue0yiw06of9i92607fhnyfk9322tzw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bangalore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869287</id>
      <parentid>865093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:59:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11115" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Bangalore
| native_name             =
| native_name_lang        =
| other_name              = Bengaluru
| settlement_type         = [[Metropolitan Ceety]]
| image_skyline           = BangaloreMontage.png
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = Clockwise frae top: [[UB City]], [[Infosys]], Glass hoose at [[Lal Bagh]], [[Vidhana Soudha]], [[Shiva]] statue, [[Bagmane Tech Park]]
| nickname                = 
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = 
| pushpin_map             = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position  = left
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|12|58|N|77|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Indie}}
| subdivision_type1       = State
| subdivision_name1       = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2       = Region
| subdivision_name2       = [[Bayaluseeme|Bayaluseemē]]
| subdivision_type3       = Destrict
| subdivision_name3       = [[Bangalore Urban destrict|Bangalore Urban]]
| established_title       = Established
| established_date        = 1537
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| government_type         = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Mayor–Cooncil]]
| governing_body          = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]
| leader_title1           = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Mayor]]
| leader_name1            = D Venkatesh Murthy
| leader_title2           = Commissioner
| leader_name2            = Rajneesh Goel&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commissioner - BBMP|url=http://bbmp.gov.in/web/guest/commissioner|work=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|accessdate=5 October 2012|archive-date=2013-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115093057/http://bbmp.gov.in/web/guest/commissioner|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/Bangalore_heatisland/studyarea.htm|author=Ramachandra T. V.; Uttam Kumar|title=Greater Bangalore: Emerging Urban Heat Island|publisher=GIS Development|date=Jan 2010|accessdate=25 January 2012|archive-date=2012-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723064105/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/Bangalore_heatisland/studyarea.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank               = 
| area_total_km2          = 741.0
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 920
| population_total        = 8,474,970
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_rank         = [[Leet o maist muckle ceeties in Indie|3rd]]
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_metro        = 8,499,399
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=2011UA&gt;{{cite web
  | title      = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above
  | url        = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf
  | work       = Censusindia
  | publisher  = The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India
  | accessdate = 17 October 2011
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1       = [[Leet o million-plus agglomerations in Indie|5t]]
| population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan aurie|Metropolitan]]
| population_blank2       = 8,728,906 ([[Leet o maist populous metropolitan auries in Indie|5t]])
| population_demonym      = Bangalorean
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=2011city&gt;{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| blank1_name             = Ethnicity
| blank1_info             = [[Kannada fowk|Kannada]]s, [[Tamil fowk|Tamil]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;modernisationp16&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Modernisation and ethnicity: locating the Telugu community in Bangalore|pages=16|author=D. V. Kumar|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2006|id=ISBN 8183241077, ISBN 9788183241076}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| blank_name             = {{nowrap|
[[Languages o Indie|Spoken leids]]}}
| blank_info             = [[Kannada leid|Kannada]], [[Tamil leid|Tamil]], [[Malayalam leid|Malayalam]] [[Telugu leid|Telugu]], [[Konkani leid|Konkani]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1               = [[Indie Staundart Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code             = 560 xxx
| area_code               = [[Telephone numbers in Indie|91-(0)80-XXXX XXXX]]
| registration_plate      = KA 01-05, KA 41, KA 50, KA 51, KA 53
| blank1_name_sec2        = [[Climate o Indie|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2        = [[Climatic regions o Indie|BW]] &lt;small&gt;([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])&lt;/small&gt;
| website                 = {{URL|www.bbmp.gov.in/}}
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Bangalore''' {{IPA-en|ˈbæŋɡəlɔər, bæŋɡəˈlɔər}}, offeecially&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first = Vicky | last = Nanjappa | title = Bangalore is officially Bengaluru | date = 2007-07-22 | publisher = rediff.com | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/22bang.htm | work = rediffnews | accessdate = 2011-07-21 | quote = &quot;... the name was always Bengaluru, but the British came and changed it&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Bengaluru''' ({{indic|lang=kn|indic=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು|trans=Bengaḷūru}} {{IPA-kn|ˈbeŋɡəɭuːru||Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg}}) is the caipital o the [[Indie]] [[States an territories o Indie|state]] o [[Karnataka]]. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden Ceety an wis ance cried a pensioner's paradise.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070113/saturday/main1.htm |title=Bangalore – It is life in rush hour |publisher=The Tribune - Tribuneindia.com |date=2007-01-13 |accessdate=2011-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Locatit on the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the sooth-eastren pairt o Karnataka, Bangalore is Indie's [[Leet o maist populous ceeties in Indie|third maist populous ceety]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=80&amp;geo=-104&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=aohdq&amp;msz=1500&amp;pt=c&amp;va=&amp;srt=pnan|title=India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|publisher=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65KF2ukSE?url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=|archivedate=2012-02-09|access-date=2011-10-06|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Leet o maist populous metropolitan auries in Indie|fift-maist populous urban agglomeration]]. In 2009, Bangalore wis inductit in the leet o [[global ceety|global ceeties]] an ranked as a &quot;[[Beta World City]]&quot; alangside ceeties sic as [[Dallas]], [[Miami]], [[Boston]], [[Kuwait Ceety]], [[Lima]], [[Brasilia]] an [[Munich]] in the studies performed bi the [[Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network]] in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html |title=GAWC World Cities Ranking List |publisher=Diserio.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-05 |archive-date=2010-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222031432/http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The day as a lairge ceety an growin metropolis, Bangalore is hame tae mony o the maist well-recognised colleges an research intitutions in Indie.  Numerous public sector [[hivy industry|hivy industries]], software companies, [[aerospace]], [[telecommunications]], an [[defense industry|defence organisations]] are locatit in the ceety. Bangalore is kent as gairden ceety acause o its bonnie gardens. Bangalore is forby kent as the ''[[Silicon Valley o Indie]]'' acause o its poseetion as the naition's leadin IT exporter.&lt;ref name=swshare1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iadvisory.com.sg/upload/ups_08july09.html |title=Bangalore: Growth Opportunities in the Silicon Valley of India |accessdate=2009-08-20 |publisher=Internationalisation Advisory |archive-date=2009-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712072543/http://www.iadvisory.com.sg/upload/ups_08july09.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=swshare2&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nasscom.org/upload/AT_Kearney/Executive_Summary.pdf |title=Location Roadmap for IT-BPO Growth |accessdate=2009-08-20 |publisher=[[NASSCOM]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=swshare3&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/Karnataka_IT_exports_up_by_52-nid-27902.html |title=Karnataka IT exports up by 52% |accessdate=2009-08-20 |publisher=SiliconIndia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A demographically diverse ceety, Bangalore is a major economic an cultural hub an the seicont fastest growin major metropolis in Indie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm|work=Rediff News|date=2008-02-06|title=India's 10 fastest growing cities|accessdate=2009-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sister ceeties==
Bangalore is currently twinned wi three sister ceeties:&lt;ref name=&quot;minsk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sovrep.gov.by/index_eng.php/.489.2528...1.0.0.html|work=Website of the [[Naitional Assembly o Belaroushie]]|title=The official visit of the Republic of Belarus parliamentary delegation to the Republic of India is over|accessdate=2008-03-10|archive-date=2009-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105123331/http://www.sovrep.gov.by/index_eng.php/.489.2528...1.0.0.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=frisco&gt;[http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/11/stories/2007051119130500.htm Bangalore, San Francisco are sister cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830060109/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/11/stories/2007051119130500.htm |date=2011-08-30 }}. The Hindu. 11 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cleveland&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003005509/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Asia/India/index Online Directory: India, Asia]. Sister Cities International.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%; background:#FFFFEF; float:left;&quot;
|-
! Ceety
! Region
! Kintra
|-
| [[Minsk]]
| [[File:Flag of Minsk Voblast.svg|24px]] [[Minsk Region]]
| {{flagicon|Belarus}}
|-
| [[San Francisco]]
| {{flag|Californie}}
| {{flagicon|United States}} 
|-
| [[Cleveland]]
| {{flag|Ohio}}
| {{flagicon|United States}}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.bbmp.gov.in/ Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike – (Municipal govrenment)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225072009/http://www.bbmp.gov.in/ |date=2010-02-25 }}
*[http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Offeecial Wabsteid o Bangalore Development Authority]
*{{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Bangalore/}}
*{{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}

[[Category:Bangalore| ]]
[[Category:Bangalore railwey diveesion]]
[[Category:Ceeties an touns in in Bangalore Urban destrict]]
[[Category:Diveesions o Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Heich-technology business destricts]]
[[Category:Indie caipital ceeties]]
[[Category:Sooth Wastren Railway Zone]]
[[Category:Metropolitan ceeties in Indie]]

&lt;!--Interwikis--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rsqciwrtv5iuo52hruw8cam8hd9x9qd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cadiz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869295</id>
      <parentid>865254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:50:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8513" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Cadiz
| settlement_type         = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]]
| native_name             = ''Cádiz'' {{es}}
| official_name           = &lt;!-- if different from name --&gt;
| image_skyline           = Cadiz06.jpg
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           = Cadiz at sunset
| image_flag              = Bandera de Cádiz.svg
| image_shield            = Escudo_de_Cádiz_(oval).svg
| nickname                =
| motto                   =
| image_map               = Spain Cadiz Municipality of Cadiz.png
| map_caption             = Municipal location in the Province o Cádiz
| pushpin_map             = Spain Andalusia
| pushpin_label_position  = left
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Andalusia
| pushpin_map1            = Spain 
| pushpin_label_position1 =
| pushpin_map_caption1    = Location in Spain
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Spain}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Andalusie}}
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Province o Cádiz|Cadiz]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Comarcas o Spain|Coonty]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Bay o Cadiz (comarca)|Bay o Cadiz]]
| subdivision_type4       = [[Judicial destrict]]
| subdivision_name4       = Cadiz
| subdivision_type5       = [[Commonwalth]]
| subdivision_name5       = [[Mancomunidad de Municipios Bahía de Cádiz|Municipios de la Bahía de Cádiz]]
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    =
| coordinates             = {{coord|36|32|N|6|17|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| elevation_m             = 11
| elevation_min_m         =
| elevation_max_m         =
| area_footnotes          =
| area_total_km2          = 13.30
| established_title       = Foondit
| established_date        = [[Phoenicie]]s; [[12t century BC|1104 BC]]&lt;!-- REF name=&quot;edad1&quot;  --&gt;&lt;!-- REF name=&quot;pgou&quot;: {{cita web| autor=Oficina Municipal del ''Plan General de Ordenación Urbana'' (PGOU), compuesta por personal de la Oficina de Planeamiento y Gestión Urbanística reforzada con personal del Área de Urbanismo.|título=Memoria del Plan General de Ordenación Urbana.|url=http://www.cadiz.es/media/docs/pgou/pgou/2-memoria/Memoria.pdf|cita=Extraido de la web del ayuntamiento y del siguiente [http://www.cadiz.es/Category/Urbanismo/Aprobacion_Inicial_del_PGOU/3500200 apartado].}} --&gt;
| government_type         = [[Mayor-cooncil govrenment|Mayor-cooncil]]
| governing_body          = Ayuntamiento de Cádiz
| leader_title            = [[Alcalde|Mayor]]
| leader_name             = Teófila Martínez
| leader_party            = [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|PP]]
| population_as_of       = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes   = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total       = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_demonyms     = Gaditano (m), Gaditana (f)&lt;!-- REF name=&quot;rae-cádiz&quot;: Entrada de [http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&amp;TIPO_BUS=3&amp;LEMA=gaditano '''gaditano'''] en el Diccionario de la Lengua Española – Vigésimo segunda edición. --&gt;
| population_note         =
| population_density_km2  = auto
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Patron Saunts]]
| blank_info_sec1         = Saunt Servando &amp; Saunt Germán&lt;br&gt;[[Oor Lady o the Rosary]]
| timezone                = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset              = +1
| timezone_DST            = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST          = +2
| postal_code_type        = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]]
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|Dialin code]]
| area_code               = 
| website                 = http://www.cadiz.es
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Cadiz''' ({{lang-es|Cádiz}}, {{IPA-es|ˈkaðiθ|IPA}}, &lt;small&gt;locally:&lt;/small&gt; {{IPA-es|ˈkaðis||Cádiz-acento.ogg}} &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; {{IPA-es|ˈka.i|}}) is a ceety an port in soothwastren [[Spain]]. It is the caipital o the [[Province o Cádiz|homonymous province]], ane o aicht which mak up the [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|autonomous commonty]] o [[Andalusie]].

Cadiz, the auldest continuously-inhabitit ceety in the Iberie Peninsulae an possibly aw soothwastren Europe,&lt;ref name = &quot;edad1&quot;&gt;''Espinosa, Pedro'' (2007). '''EL PAIS'''. [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Hallado/Cadiz/muro/3000/anos/elpepucul/20070930elpepicul_7/Tes Hallado en Cádiz un muro de 3.000 años]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/europes-oldest-city-is-found-394505.html |title='Europe's oldest city' is found - Europe, World - The Independent |first=Elizabeth |last=Nash |work=[[The Independent]] |date={{err|{{DATE MISSING}}}} |publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media|INM]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |accessdate=19 May 2011 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190210/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/europes-oldest-city-is-found-394505.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; haes been a [[Naval Structur o the Spaingie Navy in the New Millennium|principal hame port o the Spaingie Navy]] syne the accession o the [[Hoose o Bourbon|Spaingie Bourbons]] in the 18t century. The ceety is a member o the [[Maist Auncient European Touns Netwirk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Independent&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Members&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |title=diktyo |first= |last=MAETN |work=classic-web.archive.org |year=1999 [last update] |accessdate=19 May 2011 |archive-date=2005-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022022345/http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is an aa the steid o the [[University o Cadiz]].

==Internaitional relations==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Spain}}

===Twin touns — sister ceeties===
Cadiz is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]]  wi:
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Brest, Fraunce|Brest]],  [[Fraunce]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Les jumelages de Brest&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mairie-brest.fr/brest/jumelages.htm |title=Les jumelages de Brest |publisher=Mairie-brest.fr |date= |accessdate=2009-07-07 |archive-date=2009-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715041221/http://www.mairie-brest.fr/brest/jumelages.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|Argentina}}  [[Buenos Aires]],  [[Argentinae]]
*{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], [[Cuba]]
*{{flagicon|UK}}  [[Medway]],  [[Unitit Kinrick]]
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]
*{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]]
*{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}}  [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]],  [[Brazil]]
*{{flagicon|Western Sahara}} [[Dakhla, Wastren Sahara|Dakhla]], [[Wastren Sahara]]
*{{flagicon|USA}}  [[Indio, Californie|Indio]], [[USA]]
*{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Byblos]], [[Lebanon]]
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]: [[A Coruña]], [[Ceuta]], [[Huelva]], [[Móstoles]], [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], [[Torrevieja]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia]]: [[Cartagena de Indias]], [[La Dorada, Caldas|La Dorada]], [[Santa Fe de Antioquia]], [[Guaduas]], [[Honda, Tolima|Honda]], [[Ambalema]], [[Mariquita, Tolima|San Sebastián de Mariquita]] &amp; [[Bogotá]]
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]: [[Mexico Ceety]], [[Puebla]], [[San Pedro Cholula]], &amp; [[Veracruz]]

===Ither relations===
* [[:en:Most Ancient European Towns Network|Most Ancient European Towns Network]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons|Cádiz}}
*[http://www.cadiz.es/ Offeecial Ceety o Cádiz Hamepage]

{{Municipalities in Cádiz}}
{{Caipitals o Provinces in Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cadiz}}
[[Category:Cadiz| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities o the Province o Cádiz]]
[[Category:Costa de la Luz]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Spain]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Spain]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Order o Constitutional Merit]]
[[Category:Auncient ceeties]]
[[Category:Phoenicie colonies in Spain]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek steids in Spain]]
[[Category:Roman steids in Spain]]
[[Category:Auncient mints]]
[[Category:Naturalis Historia Book 3: Europe Part 1]]
[[Category:Naturalis Historia Encyclopedia]]
[[Category:Populatit places in the Province o Cádiz]]
&lt;!-- The below are interlanguage links --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ruz1n2w6v5dwt8dhg504das6kp1y37r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Argos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869277</id>
      <parentid>865085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:32:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13196" xml:space="preserve">{{About|the ceety in Greece|the catalog retailer in the Unitit Kinrick an Ireland|Argos (retailer)|ither uises|Argos (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Greek Dimos
 |name = Argos
 |name_local = Άργος
 |image_map = Dimos Argous.png
 |image_skyline = Grækenlands ældste teater i Argos(10.07.05).JPG
 |caption_skyline = View o Argos, seen frae the auncient theatre.
 |city_flag =
 |city_seal = 
|map_caption = Location athin the regional unit
|periph = [[Peloponnese (region)|Peloponnese]]
|periphunit         = [[Argolis]]
|municipality = [[Argos-Mykines]]
 |pop_community = 24700 
 |population_as_of =2001
 |area = 
 |pop_municunit = 29228
 |area_municunit = 138.138
 |elevation = 42
 |elevation_min = 
 |elevatino_max = 
 |coordinates = {{coord|37|37|N|22|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 |postal_code = 21200
 |area_code = 2751
 |licence = AP
 |mayor = Vasilios Mpoures
 |since = 
 |party = 
 |website = [http://www.argos.gr www.argos.gr]
}}

'''Argos''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: '''Ἄργος''', ''Árgos,'' {{IPA-el|ˈarɣos|}}) is a ceety an a umwhile municipality in [[Argolis]], [[Peloponnese (region)|Peloponnese]], [[Greece]]. Syne the 2011 local govrenment reform it is pairt o the municipality [[Argos-Mykines]], o which it is a municipal unit.&lt;ref name=Kallikratis&gt;[http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf Kallikratis law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712222028/http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf |date=2017-07-12 }} Greece Ministry of Interior {{el icon}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is 11 kilometres frae [[Nafplion]], which wis its historic harbour. A dounset o great antiquity, Argos haes been continuously inhabitit for the past 7,000 years,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolender2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bolender|first=Douglas J.|title=Eventful Archaeologies: New Approaches to Social Transformation in the Archaeological Record|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TSLeX0GRNqwC&amp;pg=PA129&amp;dq=Argos+%2B+Albanian&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=fBUfTbjvDI2v8QOT1sHpBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=8&amp;ved=0CEgQ6AEwBzge#v=onepage&amp;q=The%20Venetians%20repopulated%20the%20town%20and%20region%20with%20Albanian%20colonists&amp;f=false|accessdate=1 January 2011|date=2010-09-17|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9781438434230|pages=129–}}&lt;/ref&gt; makin it ane o the auldest ceeties in Greece an Europe. The ceety is a member o the [[:en:Most Ancient European Towns Network|Most Ancient European Towns Network]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Members&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |title=diktyo |first= |last=MAETN |work=classic-web.archive.org |year=1999 [last update] |accessdate=19 May 2011 |archive-date=2005-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022022345/http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
At a strategic location on the fertile plain o Argolis, Argos wis a major stranghauld durin the Mycenaean era. In [[classical antiquity|classical times]] Argos wis a pouerful rival o [[Sparta]] for dominance ower the Peloponnese, but wis eventually shunned bi ither Greek ceety-states efter remainin neutral durin the [[Greco-Persie Wars]]. Numerous auncient monuments can be foond in the ceety the day, the maist famous o which is the renouned [[Heraion o Argos]], tho agricultur (pairticularly citrus production) is the mainstay o the local economy.

== Name ==
The region o Argos is kent as the '''[[Argolis]]''', Argolid, or Argeia. The indwallers o Argos wur kent as {{polytonic|Ἀργεῖοι}} (&lt; '''{{polytonic|*Ἀργεῖϝοι}}''') or ''Argīvī'' in [[Laitin]], rendered ''Argives'' in Inglis.

The name micht be o pre-Greek (&quot;[[Pelasgian]]&quot;) derivation; the name o its [[acropolis]], [[Larissa (Argolis)|Larissa]], certainly is. [[Aitiology]] derives it frae a meethological foonder, [[Argus|Argos]] son o [[Zeus]] an [[Niobe]] (see an aa [[Danaus]]).  If the name is Indo-European, it mey be relatit tae the adjective αργóς (''argós'') 'shimmerin' or 'quick') frae [[Proto-Indo-European leid|PIE]] '''{{PIE|*h₂erǵ-}}''', hyne an aa ἄργυρος (''árguros'') 'siller' wi a meanin &quot;shinin brichtly&quot; or seemilar.

== History ==
=== Auncient ===
[[File:Heraion of Argos 01.jpg|thumb|left|The Heraion o Argos.]]
A [[Neolithic]] dounset wis locatit near the central sanctuary o Argois, remuivit 45 stadia (8&amp;nbsp;km; 5 mile) frae Argos, closer tae [[Mycenae]]. The temple wis dedicatit tae &quot;Argivian [[Hera]]&quot;. The main festival o that temple wis the [[Hekatombaia]], ane o the major festivals o Argos itsel. [[Walter Burkert]] (''[[Homo necans]]'', p.&amp;nbsp;185) connectit the festival tae the meeth o the slayin o [[Argus Panoptes]] bi [[Hermes]] (&quot;shimmerin&quot; or &quot;quick&quot;), an anerlie seicontarily associatit wi meethological Argus (or the toponym).

Argos wis a major stranghauld o [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] times, an alang wi the neighbourin acropolis o [[Mycenae]] an [[Tiryns]] became a vera early dounset acause o its commanding poseetions in the midst o the fertile plain o Argolis.

Durin [[Homer]]ic times it belanged tae a follaer o [[Agamemnon]] an gae its name tae the surroondin destrict; the ''Argolid'' which the Romans ken as ''Argeia''.

Argos experienced its greatest period o expansion an pouer unner the energetic [[7t century BC]] ruler King [[Pheidon]]. Unner Pheidon Argos regained sway ower the ceeties o the [[Argolid]] an challenged [[Sparta]]’s dominance o the Peloponnese. The importance o Argos wis eclipsed bi Sparta efter the 6t century BC.

Because of its refusal tae fecht or send supplies in the [[Greco-Persie Wars]], Argos wis shunned bi maist ither ceety-states. Argos remained neutral or the ineffective ally o [[Athens]] durin the 5t century BC struggles atween Sparta an Athens.

=== Medieval ===
[[File:Larissa2.jpg|thumb|The castle on Larissa Hill.]]

Durin the 12t century, a castle wis built on Larissa Hill - the steid o the auncient Acropolis - cried ''Kastro Larissa''. Argos wis captured bi the Crusaders, an belanged tae the lairdship o [[Argos an Nauplie]]. In 1388 it wis sauld tae the [[Republic o Venice]], but wis taken bi the despot o Mystra [[Theodore I Palaiologos, Laird o Morea|Theodore I Palaiologos]] afore the Venetians coud tak control o the ceety ; he sauld it onywey tae them in 1394. In 1397 the ceety wis plundered bi the [[Ottoman Empire]] which carried aff hintle o the population,&lt;ref&gt;Contingent countryside: settlement, economy, and land use in the southern Argolid since 1700  Authors Susan Buck Sutton, Keith W. Adams, Argolid Exploration Project  Editors Susan Buck Sutton, Keith W. Adams  Contributor Keith W. Adams  Edition	illustrated  Publisher	Stanford University Press, 2000  ISBN 0804733155, 9780804733151 page 28&lt;/ref&gt; sellin them as slaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;link&quot;&gt;Eventful Archaeologies: New Approaches to Social Transformation in the Archaeological Record  The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series  Author Douglas J. Bolender  Editor Douglas J. Bolender  Publisher SUNY Press, 2010  ISBN 1-4384-3423-5, 9781438434230 page 129 [http://books.google.com/books?id=TSLeX0GRNqwC&amp;lpg=PA129&amp;dq=%22In%201397%20Argos%20was%20captured%20by%20Turkish%20raiders%2C%20and%20its%20population%20carried%20off%20to%20slavery.%20The%20Venetians%20repopulated%20the%20town%20and%20region%20with%20Albanian%20colonists%22&amp;pg=PA129#v=onepage&amp;q=%22In%201397%20Argos%20was%20captured%20by%20Turkish%20raiders,%20and%20its%20population%20carried%20off%20to%20slavery.%20The%20Venetians%20repopulated%20the%20town%20and%20region%20with%20Albanian%20colonists%22&amp;f=false link]&lt;/ref&gt; The Venetians repopulatit the toun an region wi Albanie settlers,&lt;ref name=&quot;link&quot;/&gt; granting them long-term agrarian tax exemptions.&lt;ref&gt;Contingent countryside: settlement, economy, and land use in the southern Argolid since 1700  Authors Susan Buck Sutton, Keith W. Adams, Argolid Exploration Project  Editors Susan Buck Sutton, Keith W. Adams  Contributor Keith W. Adams  Edition illustrated  Publisher	Stanford University Press, 2000  ISBN 0804733155, 9780804733151 page 28&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Modren ===
[[File:Demarxeioargou.jpg|thumb|The Ceety Haw.]]
[[File:Argos railway station.jpg|thumb|The railway station.]]
At the beginnin o the [[Greek War o Unthirldom]] in 1821, when mony petty local republics wur formed in different pairts o the kintra, the &quot;Consulate o Argos&quot; wis proclaimed on 26 Mey 1821, unner the Senate o the [[Peloponnese]]. It haed a single heid o state, Stamatellos Antonopoulos, styled [[Consul]], atween 28 Mairch 1821 an 26 Mey 1821.

Later, Argos acceptit the authority o the unifeed Proveesional Govrenment at the [[First Naitional Assembly at Epidaurus]], an eventually became pairt o the [[Kinrick o Greece]].
The ceety o Argos is the seat o the province o the same name, ane o the three subdivisions o the [[Argolis]] prefectur. Accordin tae the 2001 Greek census, the ceety haes a population o 27,550. It is the lairgest ceety in the prefectur, ane o the few prefecturs in Greece whaur the lairgest ceety in population is lairger than the prefectural caipital.

Considerable remains o the ceety survive an are a popular tourist attraction.  Agricultur, houiver, is the primary economic activity in the aurie, wi citrus fruits the predominant crop. Olives are an aa popular here.

Argos haes a railwey station on the Kalamata - Tripoli - Corinth line o the [[Hellenic Railways Organisation]], an a junior soccer team. The [[Airchaeological Museum o Argos]] hooses auncient airtifacts recovered no anerlie frae the principal airchaeological steids o the ceety, includin the theater an [[agora]] but an aa frae [[Lerna]]. [http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104m/e211dm03.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407052917/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104m/e211dm03.html |date=2007-04-07 }}

== In Greek meethology ==

The [[meethological keeng]]s o Argos are (in order): [[Inachus]], [[Phoroneus]], [[Argus (keeng o Argos)|Argus]], [[Triopas]], [[Agenor, son o Triopas|Agenor]], [[Iasus]], [[Crotopus]], [[Pelasgus]] (aka [[Gelanor]]), [[Danaus]], [[Lynceus]], [[Abas (son o Lynceus)|Abas]], [[Proetus]], [[Acrisius]], [[Perseus]], [[Megapénthês]], [[Argeus]], an [[Anaxagoras (meethology)|Anaxagoras]].
An alternative version (suppleed bi Tatiānus&lt;ref&gt;James Cowles Prichard : ''An Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology''. 1819. p. 85&lt;/ref&gt;) o the oreeginal 17 consecutive kings o Argōs includes [[Apis (Greek meethology)|Apis]], Argios, Kriasos, an [[Phorbas]] atween Argus an Triopas, expleenin the apparent unrelation o Triopas tae Argus.

Efter the oreeginal 17 kings o Argos, thare wur three kings rulin Argos at the same time (see [[Anaxagoras (meethology)|Anaxagoras]]), ane descendit frae [[Bias (mythology)|Bias]], ane frae [[Melampus]], an ane frae [[Anaxagoras (mythology)|Anaxagoras]]. Melampus wis succeedit bi his son [[Mantius]], then [[Oicles]], an [[Amphiaraus]], an his hoose o Melampus lastit doun tae the brithers [[Alcmaeon]] an [[Amphilochus]].

[[Anaxagoras (meethology)|Anaxagoras]] wis succeedit bi his son [[Alector]], an then [[Iphis (disambiguation)|Iphis]]. Iphis left his kinrick tae his nephew [[Sthenelus]], the son o his brither [[Capaneus]].

[[Bias (meethology)|Bias]] wis succeedit bi his son [[Talaus]], an then bi his son [[Adrastus]] who, wi Amphiaraus, commandit the disastrous [[Seiven Against Thebes]]. [[Adrastus]] bequethed the kinrick tae his son, [[Aegialeus]], who wis subsequently killed in the war o the [[Epigoni]]. [[Diomedes]], grandson o Adrastus throu his son-in-law Tydeus an dochter [[Deipyle]], replaced Aegialeus an wis King o Argos durin the Trojan war. This hoose lasted langer than thae o [[Anaxagoras (meethology)|Anaxagoras]] an [[Melampus]], an eventually the kinrick wis reunitit unner its last member, Cyanippus, son o Aegialeus, suin efter the exile o Diomedes.

== Internaitional relations ==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Greece}}
=== Twin touns — sister ceeties ===
Argos is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Abbeville]], [[Fraunce]]
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ardea, Lazio|Ardea]], [[Italy]]

=== Ither relations ===
* [[:en:Most Ancient European Towns Network|Most Ancient European Towns Network]]

== See an aw ==
*[[Keengs o Argos]]
*[[Communities o Argolis]]
*[[Communities o Argos]]
*[[Argos (dog)]] Mythology: Dog o Odysseus

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.argos.gr Offeecial steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101943/http://www.argos.gr/ |date=2018-12-04 }}
* [http://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/argos/introduction/argos.intro1.htm The Theatre at Argos, The Ancient Theatre Archive, Theatre specifications and virtual reality tour of theatre]

[[Category:Argos| ]]
[[Category:Tourism in Greece]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Auncient Greece]]
[[Category:Sanctuars in Greece]]
[[Category:Bronze Age pailaces in Greece]]
[[Category:Castles in Greece]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek airchaeological steids in Greece]]
[[Category:Mycenaean airchaeological steids in Argolis]]
[[Category:Byzantine airchaeological steids in Greece]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek ceeties]]</text>
      <sha1>c8x593rxllxuxfikwxfzgknydmvmsdw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869409</id>
      <parentid>860651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:40:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4307" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox French region
|Name           = Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
|Native_name    = 
|reg_logo       = 
|logo_size      = 
|map            = Provence-Alpes-Côte d-Azur in France.svg
|flag           = Flag of Provence-Alpes-Cote dAzur.svg
|flag_link      = Flag of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
|capital        = Marseille
|area           = 31400
|area_source    = 
|population     = 4951388 
|pop_ref        = 
|pop_date       = 2010-01-01
|pop_rank       = 4th
|GDP            = 
|GDP_year       = 
|GDP_percent    = 
|Website        = [http://www.regionpaca.fr/ regionpaca.fr]
|leader_title   = 
|leader         = Michel Vauzelle
|leader_party   = [[Socialist Pairty (Fraunce)|PS]]
|ruling_party1  = 
|ruling_party2  = 
|departments    = 6
|dept1          = [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]]
|dept2          = [[Hautes-Alpes]]
|dept3          = [[Alpes-Maritimes]]
|dept4          = [[Bouches-du-Rhône]]
|dept5          = [[Var (depairtment)|Var]]
|dept6          = [[Vaucluse]]
|NUTS           = FR8
|iso region     = 
}}

'''Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur''' ({{IPA-fr|pʁɔ.vɑ̃s alp kot da.zyʁ}}; {{lang-oci|Provença-Aups-Còsta d'Azur / Prouvènço-Aup-Costo d'Azur}}) or '''PACA''' is ane o the 27 [[Regions o Fraunce|regions]] o [[Fraunce]].

It is made up o:
* the umwhile French [[Provinces o Fraunce|province]] o [[Provence]]
* the umwhile [[pape|papal]] territory o [[Avignon]], kent as [[Comtat Venaissin]]
* the umwhile [[Kinrick o Sardinie|Sardinian-Piedmontese]] coonty o [[Nice]], that's coastline is kent in Inglis as the [[French Riviera]], an in French as the ''Côte d'Azur''
* the sootheastren pairt o the umwhile French province o [[Dauphiné]], in the French [[Alps]].

It haes sax [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtments]] in sooth-eastren Fraunce, bundit tae the east bi the [[Italy|Italian]] border, tae the sooth bi the [[Mediterranean Sea]] an bi the [[principality]] o [[Monaco]], tae the north bi [[Rhône-Alpes]], an tae the wast bi [[Languedoc-Roussillon]], wi the [[Rhône River|Rhône]] river markin its wastmaist border.  The sax depairtments is:
* [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]]
* [[Hautes-Alpes]]
* [[Alpes-Maritimes]]
* [[Bouches-du-Rhône]]
* [[Var (depairtment)|Var]]
* [[Vaucluse]]

The region logo displays the coat o airms creatit in the 1990s that combines the coats o airms o the auld provinces makkin up Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.

Economically the airt is the third maist importantest in Fraunce juist ahint [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] an [[Rhône-Alpes]]. Its GDP in 2006 wis € 130,178 million ($US 163,600 million) an per caipita GDP wis € 27,095 ($US 34,051).

== Major communities ==
The lairgest ceeties in the airt is [[Marseille]], [[Nice]], [[Toulon]], an [[Aix-en-Provence]], ilka ane wi mair nor 100,000 fowk bidin in thaim in the [[INSEE|1999 census]]. The richest pairt o the Region is Nice's metropolitan aurie.
[[File:Marseille hafen.jpg|thumb|200 px|[[Marseille]], the lairgest ceety in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.]]  
* [[Aix-en-Provence]]
* [[Antibes]] (includes [[Juan-les-Pins]])
* [[Arles]]
* [[Aubagne]]
* [[Avignon]]
* [[Cannes]]
* [[Draguignan]]
* [[Fréjus]]
* [[Grasse]]
* [[Hyères]]
* [[La Seyne-sur-Mer]]
* [[Le Cannet]]
* [[Mandelieu-la-Napoule]]
* [[Marseille]]
* [[Mougins]]
* [[Martigues]]
* [[Nice]]
* [[Toulon]]
* [[Villeneuve-Loubet]]
== Freemit airtins ==
&lt;!-- please keep this link: Dmoz page holds a Wikipedia back link --&gt;
* {{ODP|Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Provence-Alpes-Cote_d%27Azur/|Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur}}
* [http://www.regionpaca.fr/ Conseil régional Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207072147/http://www.regionpaca.fr/ |date=2012-02-07 }} Offeecial wabsteid
* [http://www.notreprovence.fr/ NotreProvence.fr] Discover the Provence on NotreProvence.fr (fr)
* [http://www.francesouth.com/map/provence.htm/ FranceSouth.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011055328/http://www.francesouth.com/map/provence.htm |date=2011-10-11 }} Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Guide

{{Regions o Fraunce}}

{{coord|44|00|N|6|00|E|region:FR_type:adm1st|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Provence-Alpes-Cote D'azur}}
[[Category:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur| ]]
[[Category:Regions o Fraunce]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions o the European Union]]</text>
      <sha1>l18658hkd34nq495cslmnun2iebjnep</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vitebsk Region</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869242</id>
      <parentid>822341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4647" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Vitsebsk Voblast in Belarus.svg|thumb|right]]

'''Vitsebsk Voblast''' or ({{lang-be|Ві́цебская во́бласць}}; ''Vitsebskaya Voblast''; {{lang-ru|Ви́тебская о́бласть}}; ''Vitebskaya Oblast'') is a [[province]] ([[voblast]]) o [[Belaroushie]] wi its [[Caipital ceety|admeenistrative center]] being [[Vitebsk|Vitebsk (Viciebsk)]]. 
As o a 2009 estimate, the voblast haes a population o 1,230,800.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100918190349/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/publications/bul_vitebsk.rar Offeecial data o the Naitional Statistical Committee o the Republic o Belaroushie as o 14-Oct-2009]&lt;/ref&gt; It an aw haes the lawest population density in Belaroushie at 30.6 p/km².

Important ceeties athin the region include: [[Vitebsk]], [[Orsha]], an [[Navapolatsk]].

== Geography ==
[[File:Vitebsk-obl-numbered.png|thumb|left|250px|Map o the admeenistrative subdiveesions o the Vitsebsk Region.]]
The Vitsebsk Voblast covers an aurie o 40,100&amp;nbsp;km², which is aboot 19.4 % o the naitional total. It is bordered on the north an east bi the [[Roushie]] [[Oblasts o Roushie|oblasts]] o [[Pskov Oblast|Pskov]] an [[Smolensk Oblast|Smolensk]], on the sooth bi [[Minsk Region|Minsk]] an [[Mahilyow Region]]s, on the soothwast bi Minsk an [[Hrodna Region]]s, an on the wast an northwast bi [[Vilnius Coonty]] an [[Utena Coonty]] o [[Lithuanie]] an [[Daugavpils municipality]] o an [[Latvie]].

In 2000 Belaroushie scientists Alexey Solomonov an Valery Anoshko published a report in which they statit that the geographic centre o Europe wis locatit near lake Sho ({{lang-be|Шо}}) in Vitsebsk Voblast. [http://belarus-magazine.by/en.php?subaction=showfull&amp;id=1178358210&amp;archive=1183809402&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=4&amp;do=archives]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007033015/http://belarus-magazine.by/en.php?subaction=showfull&amp;id=1178358210&amp;archive=1183809402&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=4&amp;do=archives |date=2007-10-07 }}

== Economy ==
The Vitebsk Voblast haes a number o important transport connections wi Roushie, [[Ukraine]], the [[Baltic states|Baltic]] kintras, an [[Poland]]. Haein strang economic tees wi the neighborin Baltic kintras an Roushie, the voblast trees tae maintain a free trade aurie aroond its admeenistrative center, Vitsebsk, nou attractin foreign investments.

== Admeenistrative subdiveesions ==
The Vitsebsk Region is subdividit intae 21 [[raion]]s, 5 ceeties o oblast subordinance, 19 additional ceeties, 249 [[selsovet]]s, an 26 [[urban-type settlement]]s.

* [[Vitebsk|Vitsebsk]] ({{lang-be|Ві́цебск}}; {{lang-ru|Ви́тебск}}) - 342,400
* [[Orsha]] ({{lang-be|О́рша}}; {{lang-ru|О́рша}}) - 125,300
* [[Navapolatsk]] ({{lang-be|Наваполацк}}; {{lang-ru|Новополоцк}}) - 101,300
* [[Polatsk]] ({{lang-be| По́лацк}}; {{lang-ru|По́лоцк}}) - 82,800
* [[Pastavy]] ({{lang-be|Паставы}}) - 20,500
* [[Hlybokaye]] ({{lang-be|Глыбокае}})- 19,600
* [[Lepel]] ({{lang-be|Ле́пель}}; {{lang-ru|Ле́пель}}) - 18,800
* [[Navalukoml]] - 14,900
* [[Haradok]] ({{lang-be|Гарадок}}; {{lang-ru|Городок}}) - 14,000
* [[Baran, Belaroushie|Baran]] - 12,300
* [[Tałačyn|Talachyn]] ({{lang-be|Талачын}}) - 10,500
* [[Brasłaŭ|Braslaw]] ({{lang-be|Браслаў}}; {{lang-ru|Браслав}}) - 10,100
* [[Čašniki|Chashniki]] ({{lang-be|Чашнікі}}) - 9,800
* [[Dubroŭna]] ({{lang-be|Дуброўна}}) - 9,100
* [[Myory]] ({{lang-be|Мёры}}) - 9,000
* [[Syanno, Belaroushie|Syanno]] ({{lang-be|Сянно}})- 8,400
* [[Beshankovichy]] ({{lang-be|Бешанко́вічы}}) - 8,200
* [[Verkhnyadzvinsk]] {{lang-be|Верхнядзвінск}}) - 7,300
* [[Dokshytsy]] ({{lang-be|Докшыцы}})- 7,000
* [[Disna]] - 2,400

== Demographics ==

Vitebsk currently haes the lawest birth rate an the seicont heichest daith rate in aw o Belaroushie. As o 2008, the birth rate wis 9.7 per 1000, while the daith rate wis 15.5 per 1000. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090918013106/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/news/news85.php]

== See an aw ==
* [[Subdiveesions o Belaroushie]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commonscat|Vitsebsk}}
* {{en icon}}/{{ru icon}} [http://www.regadmin.vitebsk.by/index-e.html Vitebsk Regional Executive Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430201458/http://www.regadmin.vitebsk.by/index-e.html |date=2007-04-30 }}
{{Vitsebsk Region}}
{{First-level admeenistrative diveesions o Belaroushie}}
{{coord missing|Belarus}}

&lt;!--Categories--&gt;

[[Category:Vitebsk Region| ]]
[[Category:Regions o Belaroushie]]</text>
      <sha1>761awvrvmuonav5ptjhdltw82q0cxv2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leet o ceeties an touns in Belaroushie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869373</id>
      <parentid>864120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37395" xml:space="preserve">{{TOC richt}}
The follaein is the '''leet o ceeties an touns in Belaroushie'''. 

At the beginnin o 2010, 112 settlements haed the status o a ceety/toun. Amang them:&lt;ref&gt;Административно-территориальное деление Республики Беларусь на 1 января 2010 года // Статистический ежегодник Республики Беларусь 2010 / Зинковский В.И. и др.. — Мн.: Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь, 2009. — С. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 touns o oblast subordinance;
* 99 touns o raion subordinance;
* [[Minsk]] — the caipital o the kintra.

== The leet ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Rank
! {{abbr|Belarusian|Names in offeecial orthography an in Łacinka are introduced in roond brackets}}&lt;br&gt;([http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Byelorussian.pdf BGN/PCGN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219023255/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Byelorussian.pdf |date=2007-12-19 }})
! Russian&lt;br&gt;([http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Russian.pdf BGN/PCGN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619102640/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Russian.pdf |date=2012-06-19 }})
! {{abbr|Status|Oblast — the toun o oblast subordinance, raion — the toun o raion subordinance}}
! {{abbr|Obtaining|The date o obtainin the status implees the date o obtainin the status in BSSR. As the diveesion o the touns wis introduced on September, 27 1938, this date is viewed as a stairtin date.}}
! {{abbr|Foundation|The date, when the toun wis foond or first mentioned}}
! Population&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2010)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Popul2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/population/2010/sbornik_population_2010.rar |title=Численность населения по Республике Беларусь, областям и г. Минску (тысяч человек) на 1 января 2010 года |access-date=2010-09-18 |archive-date=2010-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918054456/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/population/2010/sbornik_population_2010.rar |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|colspan=8 style=&quot;background-color:silver;text-align:center;&quot;|'''[[Minsk Region]]'''
|-
|align=center|1
|[[Minsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мінск'', ''Minsk'')
|[[Minsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Минск'')
|Capital
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Minsk, being the capital of BSSR, became a city of republican subordinance on [http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_14.05.1946_Минск May, 14 1946]. It means that it has become a separate administrative unit on the level with a region (oblast). It has been included into the table for convenience.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=right|1067
|align=right|{{Nts|1834200}}
|-
|align=center|2
|[[Barysaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Барысаў'', ''Barysaŭ'')
|[[Barysaw|Borisov]]&lt;br&gt;(''Борисов'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1102
|align=right|{{Nts|147100}}
|-
|align=center|3
|[[Salihorsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Салігорск'', ''Salihorsk'')
|[[Soligorsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Солигорск'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_07.03.1963_Жодино_Солигорск March, 7 1963]
|align=right|1959
|align=right|{{Nts|102300}}
|-
|align=center|4
|[[Maladzyechna]]&lt;br&gt;(''Маладзечна'', ''Maładečna'')
|[[Molodechno]]&lt;br&gt;(''Молодечно'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_20.09.1944 September, 20 1944]
|align=right|1388
|align=right|{{Nts|94200}}
|-
|align=center|5
|[[Zhodzina]]&lt;br&gt;(''Жодзіна'', ''Žodzina'')
|[[Zhodino]]&lt;br&gt;(''Жодино'')
|Oblast
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_07.03.1963_Жодино_Солигорск March, 7 1963]
|align=right|1643
|align=right|{{Nts|61800}}
|-
|align=center|6
|[[Slutsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Слуцк'', ''Słuck'')
|[[Slutsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Слуцк'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1116
|align=right|{{Nts|61400}}
|-
|align=center|7
|[[Vilyeyka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Вілейка'', ''Vialejka'')
|[[Vileyka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Вилейка'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1460
|align=right|{{Nts|26800}}
|-
|align=center|8
|[[Dzyarzhynsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дзяржынск'', ''Dziaržynsk'')
|[[Dzerzhinsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дзержинск'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|XI century
|align=right|{{Nts|25200}}
|-
|align=center|9
|[[Mar’’ina Horka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мар'іна Горка'', ''Marjina Horka'')
|[[Mar’ina Gorka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Марьина Горка'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_22.07.1955_Марьина_Горка July, 22 1955]
|align=right|XVI century
|align=right|{{Nts|21400}}
|-
|align=center|10
|[[Stowbtsy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Стоўбцы'', ''Stoŭpcy'')
|[[Stolbtsy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Столбцы'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1511
|align=right|{{Nts|15400}}
|-
|align=center|11
|[[Smalyavichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Смалявічы'', ''Smalavičy'')
|[[Smolevichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Смолевичи'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_07.03.1968_Березино_Любань_Смолевичи March, 7 1968]
|align=right|1448
|align=right|{{Nts|15100}}
|-
|align=center|12
|[[Zaslawye]]&lt;br&gt;(''Заслаўе'', ''Zasłaŭje'')
|[[Zaslavl’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Заславль'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1835.htm August, 14 1985] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612015916/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1835.htm |date=2019-06-12 }}
|align=right|985
|align=right|{{Nts|14200}}
|-
|align=center|13
|[[Nyasvizh]]&lt;br&gt;(''Нясвіж'', ''Niaśviž'')
|[[Nesvizh]]&lt;br&gt;(''Несвиж'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1223
|align=right|{{Nts|14100}}
|-
|align=center|14
|[[Fanipal’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Фаніпаль'', ''Fanipal'')
|[[Fanipol’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Фаниполь'')
|Raion
|[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C29900345 March, 10 1999]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|align=right|1856
|align=right|{{Nts|12700}}
|-
|align=center|15
|[[Byerazino]]&lt;br&gt;(''Беразіно'', ''Biarezań'')
|[[Berezino]]&lt;br&gt;(''Березино'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_07.03.1968_Березино_Любань_Смолевичи March, 7 1968]
|align=right|1501
|align=right|{{Nts|12000}}
|-
|align=center|16
|[[Lyuban’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Любань'', ''Lubań'')
|[[Lyuban’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Любань'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_07.03.1968_Березино_Любань_Смолевичи Mairch, 7 1968]
|align=right|1566
|align=right|{{Nts|11300}}
|-
|align=center|17
|[[Staryya Darohi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Старыя Дарогі'', ''Staryja Darohi'')
|[[Staryye Dorogi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Старые Дороги'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1524
|align=right|{{Nts|11000}}
|-
|align=center|18
|[[Klyetsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Клецк'', ''Klecak'')
|[[Kletsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Клецк'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР Januar, 15 1940]
|align=right|1127
|align=right|{{Nts|10800}}
|-
|align=center|19
|[[Lahoysk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Лагойск'', ''Łahojsk'')
|[[Logoysk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Логойск'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time16/berk5371.htm Mey, 28 1998]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225056/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time16/berk5371.htm |date=2012-03-30 }}
|align=right|1078
|align=right|{{Nts|10800}}
|-
|align=center|20
|[[Valozhyn]]&lt;br&gt;(''Валожын'', ''Vałožyn'')
|[[Volozhin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Воложин'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|XIV century
|align=right|{{Nts|10600}}
|-
|align=center|21
|[[Chervyen’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чэрвень'', ''Červień'')
|[[Cherven’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Червень'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1387
|align=right|{{Nts|10100}}
|-
|align=center|22
|[[Kapyl’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Капыль'', ''Kapyl'')
|[[Kopyl’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Копыль'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1854.htm April, 29 1984] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611161353/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1854.htm |date=2019-06-11 }}
|align=right|1274
|align=right|{{Nts|9900}}
|-
|align=center|23
|[[Uzda]]&lt;br&gt;(''Узда'', ''Uzda'')
|[[Uzda]]&lt;br&gt;(''Узда'')
|Raion
|[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C29900345 March, 10 1999]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|align=right|1450
|align=right|{{Nts|9700}}
|-
|align=center|24
|[[Krupki]]&lt;br&gt;(''Крупкі'', ''Krupki'')
|[[Krupki]]&lt;br&gt;(''Крупки'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1408.htm May, 7 1991]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225127/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1408.htm |date=2012-03-30 }}
|align=right|1575
|align=right|{{Nts|8600}}
|-
|align=center|25
|[[Myadzyel]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мядзел'', ''Miadzieł'')
|[[Myadel’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мядель'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time15/berk4478.htm November, 18 1998]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225132/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time15/berk4478.htm |date=2012-03-30 }}
|align=right|1324
|align=right|{{Nts|7000}}
|-
|colspan=8 style=&quot;background-color:silver;text-align:center;&quot;|'''[[Vitebsk Region|Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk) Region]]'''
|-
|align=center|1
|[[Vitsyebsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Віцебск'', ''Viciebsk'')
|[[Vitebsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Витебск'')
|Oblast
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|974
|align=right|{{Nts|348800}}
|-
|align=center|2
|[[Orsha]]&lt;br&gt;(''Орша'', ''Orša'')
|[[Orsha]]&lt;br&gt;(''Орша'')
|Oblast
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1067
|align=right|{{Nts|117200}}
|-
|align=center|3
|[[Navapolatsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Наваполацк'', ''Navapołacak'')
|[[Novopolotsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Новополоцк'')
|Oblast
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_14.12.1963_Новополоцк December, 14 1963]
|align=right|1958
|align=right|{{Nts|98200}}
|-
|align=center|4
|[[Polatsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Полацк'', ''Połack'')
|[[Polotsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Полоцк'')
|Oblast
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|862
|align=right|{{Nts|82800}}
|-
|align=center|5
|[[Pastavy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Паставы'', ''Pastavy'')
|[[Postavy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Поставы'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1409
|align=right|{{Nts|19800}}
|-
|align=center|6
|[[Hlybokaye]]&lt;br&gt;(''Глыбокае'', ''Hłybokaje'')
|[[Hlybokaye|Glubokoye]]&lt;br&gt;(''Глубокое'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1514
|align=right|{{Nts|18200}}
|-
|align=center|7
|[[Lyepyel’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Лепель'', ''Lepiel'')
|[[Lepel’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Лепель'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1439
|align=right|{{Nts|17400}}
|-
|align=center|8
|[[Novalukoml’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Новалукомль'', ''Novałukomal'')
|[[Novolukoml’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Новолукомль'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_31.07.1970_Новолукомль July, 31 1970]
|align=right|1964
|align=right|{{Nts|13800}}
|-
|align=center|9
|[[Haradok]]&lt;br&gt;(''Гарадок'', ''Haradok'')
|[[Haradok|Gorodok]]&lt;br&gt;(''Городок'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|XIII century
|align=right|{{Nts|12900}}
|-
|align=center|10
|[[Baran’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Барань'', ''Barań'')
|[[Baran’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Барань'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_17.05.1972_Барань Mey, 17 1972]
|align=right|1598
|align=right|{{Nts|11600}}
|-
|align=center|11
|[[Talachyn]]&lt;br&gt;(''Талачын'', ''Tałačyn'')
|[[Tolochin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Толочин'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_22.07.1955_Толочин Julie, 22 1955]
|align=right|1433
|align=right|{{Nts|10200}}
|-
|align=center|12
|[[Braslaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Браслаў'', ''Brasłaŭ'')
|[[Braslaw|Braslav]]&lt;br&gt;(''Браслав'')
|Raion
|1940&lt;ref&gt;[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/77510 Браслав] // Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.П.Шишков. — Москва: НИ «Большая Российская энциклопедия», 1998. — 640 с. — ISBN 5-85270-262-5&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=right|1065
|align=right|{{Nts|9500}}
|-
|align=center|13
|[[Chashniki]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чашнікі'', ''Čašniki'')
|[[Chashniki]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чашники'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_31.08.1962_Чашники August, 31 1962]
|align=right|1504
|align=right|{{Nts|9200}}
|-
|align=center|14
|[[Miyory]]&lt;br&gt;(''Міёры'', ''Miory'')
|[[Miory]]&lt;br&gt;(''Миоры'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time3/lavz2043.htm January, 7 1972] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610110252/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time3/lavz2043.htm |date=2019-06-10 }}
|align=right|1514
|align=right|{{Nts|8100}}
|-
|align=center|15
|[[Dubrowna]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дуброўна'', ''Dubroŭna'')
|[[Dubrovno]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дубровно'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1773
|align=right|{{Nts|8000}}
|-
|align=center|16
|[[Syanno]]&lt;br&gt;(''Сянно'', ''Sianno'')
|[[Senno]]&lt;br&gt;(''Сенно'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1442
|align=right|{{Nts|8000}}
|-
|align=center|17
|[[Vyerhnyadzvinsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Верхнядзвінск'', ''Vierchniadzvinsk'')
|[[Verkhnedvinsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Верхнедвинск'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1386
|align=right|{{Nts|7300}}
|-
|align=center|18
|[[Dokshytsy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Докшыцы'', ''Dokšycy'')
|[[Dokshitsy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Докшицы'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР Januar, 15 1940]
|align=right|1407
|align=right|{{Nts|6600}}
|-
|align=center|19
|[[Dzisna]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дзісна'', ''Dzisna'')
|[[Disna]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дисна'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР Januar, 15 1940]
|align=right|1461
|align=right|{{Nts|2000}}
|-
|colspan=8 style=&quot;background-color:silver;text-align:center;&quot;|'''[[Mogilev Region|Mahilyow (Mogilev) Region]]'''
|-
|align=center|1
|[[Mahilyow]]&lt;br&gt;(''Магілёў'', ''Mahiloŭ'')
|[[Mogilev]]&lt;br&gt;(''Могилёв'')
|Oblast
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1267
|align=right|{{Nts|354000}}
|-
|align=center|2
|[[Babruysk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Бабруйск'', ''Babrujsk'')
|[[Bobruysk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Бобруйск'')
|Oblast
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1387
|align=right|{{Nts|215100}}
|-
|align=center|3
|[[Horki]]&lt;br&gt;(''Горкі'', ''Horki'')
|[[Horki|Gorki]]&lt;br&gt;(''Горки'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1544
|align=right|{{Nts|32600}}
|-
|align=center|4
|[[Asipovichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Асіповічы'', ''Asipovičy'')
|[[Osipovichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Осиповичи'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1872
|align=right|{{Nts|32400}}
|-
|align=center|5
|[[Krychaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Крычаў'', ''Kryčaŭ'')
|[[Krichev]]&lt;br&gt;(''Кричев'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1136
|align=right|{{Nts|27100}}
|-
|align=center|6
|[[Bykhaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Быхаў'', ''Bychaŭ'')
|[[Bykhov]]&lt;br&gt;(''Быхов'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1430
|align=right|{{Nts|17000}}
|-
|align=center|7
|[[Klimavichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Клімавічы'', ''Klimavičy'')
|[[Klimovichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Климовичи'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1581
|align=right|{{Nts|17000}}
|-
|align=center|8
|[[Shklow]]&lt;br&gt;(''Шклоў'', ''Škłoŭ'')
|[[Shklov]]&lt;br&gt;(''Шклов'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1535
|align=right|{{Nts|16400}}
|-
|align=center|9
|[[Kastsyukovichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Касьцюковічы'', ''Kaściukovičy'')
|[[Kostyukovichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Костюковичи'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|XVI century
|align=right|{{Nts|15900}}
|-
|align=center|10
|[[Mstsislaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мсціслаў'', ''Amścisłaŭ'')
|[[Mstislavl’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мстиславль'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1135
|align=right|{{Nts|10700}}
|-
|align=center|11
|[[Chavusy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чавусы'', ''Čavusy'')
|[[Chausy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чаусы'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|XVI century
|align=right|{{Nts|10600}}
|-
|align=center|12
|[[Kirawsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Кіраўск'', ''Kiraŭsk'')
|[[Kirawsk|Kirovsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Кировск'')
|Raion
|[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C20100832 June, 4 2001]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|align=right|XIX century
|align=right|{{Nts|8800}}
|-
|align=center|13
|[[Cherykaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чэрыкаў'', ''Čerykaŭ'')
|[[Cherikov]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чериков'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1604
|align=right|{{Nts|8200}}
|-
|align=center|14
|[[Slawharad]]&lt;br&gt;(''Слаўгарад'', ''Słaŭharad'')
|[[Slavgorod]]&lt;br&gt;(''Славгород'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_23.05.1945_Пропойск_Славгород May, 23 1945]
|align=right|1136
|align=right|{{Nts|7900}}
|-
|align=center|15
|[[Klichaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Клічаў'', ''Kličaŭ'')
|[[Klichev]]&lt;br&gt;(''Кличев'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time11/berk0831.htm September, 11 2000]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225401/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time11/berk0831.htm |date=2012-03-30 }}
|align=right|1592
|align=right|{{Nts|7500}}
|-
|colspan=8 style=&quot;background-color:silver;text-align:center;&quot;|'''[[Gomel Region|Homyel’ (Gomel) Region]]'''
|-
|align=center|1
|[[Homyel’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Гомель'', ''Homiel'')
|[[Gomel]]&lt;br&gt;(''Гомель'')
|Oblast
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1142
|align=right|{{Nts|484300}}
|-
|align=center|2
|[[Mazyr]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мазыр'', ''Mazyr'')
|[[Mozyr]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мозыр'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1155
|align=right|{{Nts|108800}}
|-
|align=center|3
|[[Zhlobin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Жлобін'', ''Žłobin'')
|[[Zhlobin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Жлобин'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1492
|align=right|{{Nts|75700}}
|-
|align=center|4
|[[Svyetlahorsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Светлагорск'', ''Śvietłahorsk'')
|[[Svyetlahorsk|Svetlogorsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Светлогорск'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_29.06.1961_О_преобразовании_городского_посёлка_Шатилки_..._и_переименовании_Паричского_района_Гомельской_области June, 29 1961]
|align=right|1560
|align=right|{{Nts|69900}}
|-
|align=center|5
|[[Rechytsa]]&lt;br&gt;(''Рэчыца'', ''Rečyca'')
|[[Rechitsa]]&lt;br&gt;(''Речица'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1213
|align=right|{{Nts|64600}}
|-
|align=center|6
|[[Kalinkavichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Калінкавічы'', ''Kalinkavičy'')
|[[Kalinkovichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Калинковичи'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1560
|align=right|{{Nts|38400}}
|-
|align=center|7
|[[Rahachow]]&lt;br&gt;(''Рагачоў'', ''Rahačoŭ'')
|[[Rogachëv]]&lt;br&gt;(''Рогачёв'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1560
|align=right|{{Nts|38400}}
|-
|align=center|8
|[[Dobrush]]&lt;br&gt;(''Добруш'', ''Dobruš'')
|[[Dobrush]]&lt;br&gt;(''Добруш'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1335
|align=right|{{Nts|18300}}
|-
|align=center|9
|[[Zhytkavichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Жыткавічы'', ''Žytkavičy'')
|[[Zhinkovichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Житковичи'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_19.11.1971_Житковичи_Василевичи November, 19 1971]
|align=right|1500
|align=right|{{Nts|15900}}
|-
|align=center|10
|[[Khoyniki]]&lt;br&gt;(''Хойнікі'', ''Chojniki'')
|[[Khoyniki]]&lt;br&gt;(''Хойники'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_10.11.1967_Хойники November, 10 1967]
|align=right|1512
|align=right|{{Nts|13800}}
|-
|align=center|11
|[[Pyetrykaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Петрыкаў'', ''Pietrykaŭ'')
|[[Petrikov]]&lt;br&gt;(''Петриков'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1523
|align=right|{{Nts|10500}}
|-
|align=center|12
|[[Yel’sk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ельск'', ''Jelsk'')
|[[Yel’sk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ельск'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_05.07.1971_Ельск July, 5 1971]
|align=right|XVI century
|align=right|{{Nts|9700}}
|-
|align=center|13
|[[Buda-Kashalyova]]&lt;br&gt;(''Буда-Кашалёва'', ''Buda-Kašalova'')
|[[Buda-Koshelëvo]]&lt;br&gt;(''Буда-Кошелёво'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_31.12.1971_Буда-Кошелёво December, 31 1971]
|align=right|1824
|align=right|{{Nts|9000}}
|-
|align=center|14
|[[Narowlya]]&lt;br&gt;(''Нароўля'', ''Naroŭla'')
|[[Narovlya]]&lt;br&gt;(''Наровля'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_03.11.1971_Наровля_Чечерск November, 3 1971]
|align=right|1406
|align=right|{{Nts|8100}}
|-
|align=center|15
|[[Vyetka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ветка'', ''Vietka'')
|[[Vetka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ветка'')
|Raion
|September, 27 1938&lt;ref name=&quot;Decree27Sep1938&quot;/&gt;
|align=right|1685
|align=right|{{Nts|8000}}
|-
|align=center|16
|[[Chachersk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чачэрск'', ''Čačersk'')
|[[Chechersk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Чечерск'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_03.11.1971_Наровля_Чечерск November, 3 1971]
|align=right|1159
|align=right|{{Nts|8000}}
|-
|align=center|17
|[[Vasilyevichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Васілевічы'', ''Vasilevičy'')
|[[Vasilevichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Василевичи'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_19.11.1971_Житковичи_Василевичи November, 19 1971]
|align=right|XVI century
|align=right|{{Nts|3900}}
|-
|align=center|18
|[[Turaw]]&lt;br&gt;(''Тураў'', ''Turaŭ'')
|[[Turov]]&lt;br&gt;(''Туров'')
|Raion
|[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C20400939 August, 3 2004]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|align=right|980
|align=right|{{Nts|2900}}
|-
|colspan=8 style=&quot;background-color:silver;text-align:center;&quot;|'''[[Brest Region]]'''
|-
|align=center|1
|[[Brest, Belaroushie|Brest]]&lt;br&gt;(''Брэст'', ''Brest'')
|[[Brest, Belaroushie|Brest]]&lt;br&gt;(''Брест'')
|Oblast
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1019
|align=right|{{Nts|310800}}
|-
|align=center|2
|[[Baranavichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Баранавічы'', ''Baranavičy'')
|[[Baranovichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Барановичи'')
|Oblast
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1871
|align=right|{{Nts|168200}}
|-
|align=center|3
|[[Pinsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Пінск'', ''Pinsk'')
|[[Pinsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Пинск'')
|Oblast
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1097
|align=right|{{Nts|130600}}
|-
|align=center|4
|[[Kobryn]]&lt;br&gt;(''Кобрын'', ''Kobryń'')
|[[Kobrin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Кобрин'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1287
|align=right|{{Nts|51200}}
|-
|align=center|5
|[[Byaroza]]&lt;br&gt;(''Бяроза'', ''Biaroza'')
|[[Berëza]]&lt;br&gt;(''Берёза'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1477
|align=right|{{Nts|29400}}
|-
|align=center|6
|[[Luninyets]]&lt;br&gt;(''Лунінец'', ''Łuniniec'')
|[[Luninets]]&lt;br&gt;(''Лунинец'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1449
|align=right|{{Nts|23600}}
|-
|align=center|7
|[[Ivatsevichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Івацэвічы'', ''Ivacevičy'')
|[[Ivatsevichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ивацевичи'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_28.05.1966_Ивацевичи May, 28 1966]
|align=right|1654
|align=right|{{Nts|23000}}
|-
|align=center|8
|[[Pruzhany]]&lt;br&gt;(''Пружаны'', ''Pružany'')
|[[Pruzhany]]&lt;br&gt;(''Пружаны'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР Januar, 15 1940]
|align=right|1487
|align=right|{{Nts|19000}}
|-
|align=center|9
|[[Ivanava]]&lt;br&gt;(''Іванава'', ''Ivanava'')
|[[Ivanovo]]&lt;br&gt;(''Иваново'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_11.03.1971_Иваново Mairch, 11 1971]
|align=right|1423
|align=right|{{Nts|16100}}
|-
|align=center|10
|[[Drahichyn]]&lt;br&gt;(''Драгічын'', '''')
|[[Drogichin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дрогичин'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_10.11.1967_Дрогичин November, 10 1967]
|align=right|1452
|align=right|{{Nts|14600}}
|-
|align=center|11
|[[Hantsavichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ганцавічы'', ''Hancavičy'')
|[[Gantsevichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ганцевичи'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time3/lavz2019.htm December, 6 1973] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608193132/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time3/lavz2019.htm |date=2019-06-08 }}
|align=right|1898
|align=right|{{Nts|13900}}
|-
|align=center|12
|[[Zhabinka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Жабінка'', ''Žabinka'')
|[[Zhabinka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Жабинка'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_23.12.1970_Жабинка_Малорита December, 23 1970]
|align=right|1871
|align=right|{{Nts|13100}}
|-
|align=center|13
|[[Mikashevichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мікашэвічы'', ''Mikaševičy'')
|[[Mikashevichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Микашевичи'')
|Raion
|[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C20500841 5 Mey 1998]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|align=right|1785
|align=right|{{Nts|13000}}
|-
|align=center|14
|[[Byelaazyorsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Белаазёрск'', ''Biełaaziorsk'')
|[[Beloozërsk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Белоозёрск'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_16.09.1970_Белоозёрск September, 16 1970]
|align=right|1958
|align=right|{{Nts|12500}}
|-
|align=center|15
|[[Stolin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Столін'', ''Stolin'')
|[[Stolin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Столин'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР 15 Januar 1940]
|align=right|1555
|align=right|{{Nts|12400}}
|-
|align=center|16
|[[Malaryta]]&lt;br&gt;(''Маларыта'', ''Małaryta'')
|[[Malorita]]&lt;br&gt;(''Малорита'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_23.12.1970_Жабинка_Малорита 23 December 1970]
|align=right|1566
|align=right|{{Nts|11700}}
|-
|align=center|17
|[[Lyakhavichy]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ляхавічы'', ''Lachavičy'')
|[[Lyakhovichi]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ляховичи'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1572
|align=right|{{Nts|11000}}
|-
|align=center|18
|[[Kamyanyets]]&lt;br&gt;(''Камянец'', ''Kamianiec'')
|[[Kamyanyets|Kamenets]]&lt;br&gt;(''Каменец'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1872.htm June, 24 1983] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501024626/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1872.htm |date=2015-05-01 }}
|align=right|1276
|align=right|{{Nts|8400}}
|-
|align=center|19
|[[Davyd-Haradok]]&lt;br&gt;(''Давыд-Гарадок'', ''Davyd-Haradok'')
|[[David-Gorodok]]&lt;br&gt;(''Давид-Городок'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР 15 Januar 1940]
|align=right|1127
|align=right|{{Nts|6500}}
|-
|align=center|20
|[[Vysokaye]]&lt;br&gt;(''Высокае'', ''Vysokaye'')
|[[Vysokoye]]&lt;br&gt;(''Высокое'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|XIV century
|align=right|{{Nts|5400}}
|-
|align=center|21
|[[Kosava]]&lt;br&gt;(''Косава'', ''Kosava'')
|[[Kossovo]]&lt;br&gt;(''Коссово'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР 15 Januar 1940]
|align=right|1494
|align=right|{{Nts|2000}}
|-
|colspan=8 style=&quot;background-color:silver;text-align:center;&quot;|'''[[Grodno Region|Hrodna (Grodno) Region]]'''
|-
|align=center|1
|[[Hrodna]]&lt;br&gt;(''Гродна'', ''Hrodna'')
|[[Grodno]]&lt;br&gt;(''Гродно'')
|Oblast
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР 15 Januar 1940]
|align=right|1127
|align=right|{{Nts|328000}}
|-
|align=center|2
|[[Lida]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ліда'', ''Lida'')
|[[Lida]]&lt;br&gt;(''Лида'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1323
|align=right|{{Nts|97600}}
|-
|align=center|3
|[[Slonim]]&lt;br&gt;(''Слонім'', ''Słonim'')
|[[Slonim]]&lt;br&gt;(''Слоним'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1252
|align=right|{{Nts|48800}}
|-
|align=center|4
|[[Vawkavysk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ваўкавыск'', ''Vaŭkavysk'')
|[[Volkovysk]]&lt;br&gt;(''Волковыск'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1005
|align=right|{{Nts|44000}}
|-
|align=center|5
|[[Smarhon’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Смаргонь'', ''Smarhoń'')
|[[Smarhoń|Smorgon]]&lt;br&gt;(''Сморгонь'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1503
|align=right|{{Nts|36200}}
|-
|align=center|6
|[[Navahradak]]&lt;br&gt;(''Наваградак'', ''Navahradak'')
|[[Novogrudok]]&lt;br&gt;(''Новогрудок'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1212
|align=right|{{Nts|29200}}
|-
|align=center|7
|[[Masty]]&lt;br&gt;(''Масты'', ''Masty'')
|[[Masty, Belarus|Mosty]]&lt;br&gt;(''Мосты'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_22.07.1955_Мосты July, 22 1955]
|align=right|1486
|align=right|{{Nts|16600}}
|-
|align=center|8
|[[Shchuchyn]]&lt;br&gt;(''Шчучын'', ''Ščučyn'')
|[[Shchuchin]]&lt;br&gt;(''Щучин'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_31.08.1962_Щучин August, 31 1962]
|align=right|1487
|align=right|{{Nts|15000}}
|-
|align=center|9
|[[Ashmyany]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ашмяны'', ''Ašmiany'')
|[[Oshmyany]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ошмяны'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940]
|align=right|1341
|align=right|{{Nts|14800}}
|-
|align=center|10
|[[Skidzyel’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Скідзель'', ''Skidziel'')
|[[Skidel’]]&lt;br&gt;(''Скидель'')
|Raion
|[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_Верховного_Совета_БССР_от_30_января_1974_года January, 30 1974]
|align=right|1508
|align=right|{{Nts|10800}}
|-
|align=center|11
|[[Byarozawka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Бярозаўка'', ''Bjarozaŭka'')
|[[Berëzovka]]&lt;br&gt;(''Берёзовка'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1664.htm September, 21 1990]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225437/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1664.htm |date=2012-03-30 }}
|align=right|XIX century
|align=right|{{Nts|10800}}
|-
|align=center|12
|[[Iwye]]&lt;br&gt;(''Іўе'', ''Iŭje'')
|[[Iv’ye]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ивье'')
|Raion
|[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C20000034 January, 12 2000]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|align=right|1444
|align=right|{{Nts|8100}}
|-
|align=center|13
|[[Dzyatlava]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дзятлава'', ''Dziatłava'')
|[[Dyatlovo]]&lt;br&gt;(''Дятлово'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1665.htm September, 21 1990]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225446/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1665.htm |date=2012-03-30 }}
|align=right|1498
|align=right|{{Nts|7800}}
|-
|align=center|14
|[[Svislach]]&lt;br&gt;(''Свіслач'', ''Śvisłač'')
|[[Svisloch]]&lt;br&gt;(''Свислочь'')
|Raion
|[http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time11/berk0831.htm January, 11 2000]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225401/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time11/berk0831.htm |date=2012-03-30 }}
|align=right|1256
|align=right|{{Nts|6900}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See an aw==
* [[Names o Belaroushies places in ither leids]]

==Fremmit airtins==
* [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_be.htm Current Status o Unitit Naitions Romanization Seestems for Geographical Names o Belaroushie]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211028/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/s/p_by.htm Belarus Maps at World-Gazetteer]

{{Leet o ceeties in Europe}}
{{Europe topic|List of towns in}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Belaroushie| ]]
[[Category:Leets o ceeties in Europe|Belaroushie, Leet o ceeties in]]</text>
      <sha1>oj0o3mmkhyv06xnep00sybfg7ihabif</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Birecik</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869290</id>
      <parentid>824006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:25:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2456" xml:space="preserve">[[Image: Birecik, Turkey 2009-10-26.jpg|thumb|300px|right| A view of Birecik district]]	
'''Birecik''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]]: {{polytonic|Βίρθα}} an later '''Macedonopolis''' or '''Makedonopolis'''; [[Laitin]]: '''Birtha'''; {{lang-ar|al-Bīrā البيرا}}; {{lang-ku|Bêrecûg}}, {{lang-ota|بيره جك}}), an aw umwhile kent as '''Bir''' an durin the [[Crusades]] as '''Bile''', is a toun an destrict o [[Şanlıurfa Province]] o [[Turkey]], on the [[Euphrates]] river.

[[Birecik Dam]] an hydroelectric pouer plant, pairt o the [[Southeastern Anatolia Project]] is situatit athin the destrict. The [[Auncient Roum|Roman]] ceety o [[Zeugma, Commagene|Zeugma]] is nou drounit in the reservoir ahint the dam. Zeugma's famous mosaics, includin the 'river god', hae been taken tae [[Gaziantep]] Museum, but some rescued remains o Zeugma are exhibitit in Birecik. Wi its rich airchitectural heritage, Birecik is a member o the [[Norwich]]-based [[European Association of Historic Towns and Regions]] ([[EAHTR]]) [http://www.historic-towns.org/documents/members/turkey.doc]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917224421/http://www.historic-towns.org/documents/members/turkey.doc |date=2009-09-17 }}.

The [[Northren Bald Ibis]] uised tae nest here an winter in the deserts o Arabie, up tae 1,000 pairs in the 1960s. Nou a few dozen birds remain an these nae langer migrate but remain protectit year-roond in Birecik.

Birecik is a brig athort the Euphrates an a uiseful stoppin place on the road frae Şanlıurfa tae Gaziantep, wi watterside restaurants.

== See an aw ==
*[[Birtha (Commagene)]]
*[[Birtha (Titular See)]]
*[http://www.birecik.gov.tr/ Destrict Govrenor's Office]

== References ==
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography]]'', ''s.v.'' Birtha
*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BER_BLA/BIREJIK_Arab_Bir_classical_Apam.html Birejik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517112903/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BER_BLA/BIREJIK_Arab_Bir_classical_Apam.html |date=2008-05-17 }}
*[http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/birecik Pictur gallery o this toun]

{{Destricts o Turkey|provname=Şanlıurfa}}

{{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}}

[[Category:Auncient Greek ceeties]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek steids in Turkey]]
[[Category:Roman touns an ceeties in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Şanlıurfa Province]]
[[Category:Populatit places on the Euphrates River]]</text>
      <sha1>fgc6v7no8qjsabg2redxmsm8lwgg0s6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AK-47</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869261</id>
      <parentid>858755</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:32:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14415" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}}

{{Infobox Weapon
|name=AK-47&lt;ref&gt;Table data are for AK-47 with Type 2/3 receiver&lt;/ref&gt;
| image           = АК-47.jpg
| image_size      = 300
| caption         = AK-47 Teep 2A wi ribbed stamped-steel magazine an 6H2 bayonet
|origin={{flag|Soviet Union}}
|type=[[Assault rifle]]
|is_ranged=yes
|service=1949–present
|used_by=See ''[[#Uisers|Uisers]]''
|designer=[[Mikhail Kalashnikov]]
|design_date=1944–1947
|manufacturer=[[Izhmash]]
|production_date=
|number=approximately 75 million AK-47&lt;br /&gt;100 million AK-type rifles&lt;ref name=&quot;Worldbank.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;список&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,288456,00.html |title=AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention |publisher=Foxnews.com |date=2007-07-06 |accessdate=2010-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|variants=See ''[[7.62 mm licht machine gun|Variants]]''
|weight={{convert|5.21|kg|lb|abbr=on}} wi loadit magazine&lt;ref&gt;Dockery, Kevin (2007). Future Weapons. p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;
|length={{convert|870|mm|abbr=on}} fixed widden stock&lt;br /&gt; {{convert|875|mm|abbr=on|1}} fauldin stock extended&lt;br /&gt; {{convert|645|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock fauldit
|part_length={{convert|415|mm|abbr=on|1}}
&lt;!-- Ranged weapon specifications --&gt;
|cartridge=[[7.62×39mm|7.62×39mm M43/M67]]
|action=[[Gas-operatit reloadin|Gas-operatit]], [[rotatin bolt]]
|rate=600 rounds/min
|velocity=715 [[m/s]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.crusader80.co.uk/warsaw.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
|range={{convert|400|m|yd|-1}} semi-automatic&lt;ref name=Bidwell/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{convert|300|m|yd|-1}} full automatic&lt;ref name=&quot;Bidwell&quot;&gt;Bidwell, Shelford. ''The Encyclopedia of land warfare in the 20th century'', p. 199. Spring Books, 1977.&lt;/ref&gt;
|feed=10, 20 , 30 , 40 or 75 -roond detachable box an drum style [[magazine (fireairm)|magazine]], compatible wi 40-roond box or 75-roond [[drum magazine]]s frae the [[RPK]] an aw
|sights=Adjustable [[iron sidhts]], 100–800&amp;nbsp;metre adjustments, {{convert|378|mm|abbr=on|1}} sicht radius
}}

The '''AK-47''' is a [[selective fire|selective-fire]], [[gas operatit|gas-operatit]] [[7.62×39mm]] [[assault rifle]], first developit in the [[Soviet Union]] bi [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]]. It is offeecially kent as ''Avtomat Kalashnikova'' ('''А'''втомат '''К'''алашникова). It is kent as a '''Kalashnikov''', an &quot;AK&quot;, or in [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] slang, '''Kalash''' forby.

Design wirk on the AK-47 began in the last year o [[Warld War II]] (1945). Efter the war in 1948, the AK-47 wis presentit for offeecial military trials. In 1947 the fixed-stock version wis introducit intae service wi select units o the [[Soviet Airmy]]. An early development o the design wis the '''AKS''' (S—''Skladnoy'' or &quot;fauldin&quot;), which wis equippit wi an unnerfauldin metal [[stock (fireairm)|shoulder stock]]. In 1949, the AK-47 wis offeecially acceptit bi the [[Soviet Airmit Forces]] an uised bi the majority o the member states o the [[Warsaw Pact]].

The oreeginal AK-47 wis ane o the first true &quot;assault rifles&quot; tae be manufactured, efter the oreeginal [[StG 44|Sturmgewehr 44]].&lt;ref name=&quot;poyer&quot;&gt;Poyer, Joe. ''The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations''. North Cape Publications. 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;weaponomics&quot; /&gt; Even efter sax decades the model an its variants remain the maist widely uised an popular assault rifles in the warld acause o thair durability, law production cost, an ease o uise. It haes been manufactured in mony kintras an haes seen service wi airmit forces as well as revolutionary an terrorist organisations warldwide. The AK-47 wis the basis for developin mony ither types o individual an crew-served fireairms. Mair AK-type rifles hae been producit than aw ither assault rifles combined.&lt;ref name=&quot;Worldbank.org&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf Worldbank.org]&lt;/ref&gt;

Firin the [[7.62x39mm]] cartridge, the AK-47 produces significant woondin effects when the projectile tumbles an fragments in tissue;&lt;ref&gt;Bellamy RF, Zajtchuk R. The physics and biophysics of wound ballistics. In: Zajtchuk R, ed. Textbook of Military Medicine, Part&amp;nbsp;I: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty, Vol. 5, Conventional Warfare: Ballistic, Blast, and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America (1990) pp. 146–155&lt;/ref&gt; but it produces relatively minor woonds when the projectile exits the body afore beginnin tae [[yaw axis|yaw]].&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Military Small Arms Ammunition Failures and Solutions, GK Roberts,
NDIA Dallas, Texas, 21 May 2008, [http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2008Intl/Roberts.pdf DTIC.mil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628234759/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2008Intl/Roberts.pdf |date=2011-06-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wounding Effects of the AK-47 Rifle Used by Patrick Purdy in the Stockton, California, Schoolyard Shooting of January 17, 1989, Fackler, Martin L. M.D.; Malinowski, John A. B.S.; Hoxie, Stephen W. B.S.; Jason, Alexander B.A., American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, September 1990&lt;/ref&gt;

==Uisers==
&lt;!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--&gt;
* {{flag|Afghanistan}}&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/24/AR2006112400788.html |title=Weapon Of Mass Destruction |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date= 2006-11-26|accessdate=2010-04-03 | first=Larry | last=Kahaner}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Albanie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book| author = Janes| coauthors = Leland S. Ness| title = Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009-2010| url = http://books.google.com/?id=A5ngPgAACAAJ| date = 2009-12| publisher = Jane's Information Group| isbn = 978-0-7106-2869-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Algerie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Angolae}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Armenie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mouseguns.com/ak47info/ak47info.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-11-30 |archive-date=2021-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201061109/http://www.mouseguns.com/ak47info/ak47info.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Bangladesh}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Benin}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Botswana}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Bulgarie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt; Bulgarie modification manufactured bi Arsenal J.S.Co as the AR-M1 in 7.62x39mm, 5.45x39mm, &amp; 5.56x45mm&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arsenal-bg.com/defense_police/5.56_arsenal_assault_rifle_ar-m1_ar-m1f.htm 5.56mm AR-M1 &amp; AR-M1F] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618165043/http://www.arsenal-bg.com/defense_police/5.56_arsenal_assault_rifle_ar-m1_ar-m1f.htm |date=2014-06-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arsenal-bg.com/defense_police/7,62ar-m1-m1f.htm 7.62mm AR-M1 &amp; AR-M1F] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075455/http://www.arsenal-bg.com/defense_police/7%2C62ar-m1-m1f.htm |date=2014-10-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Cambodie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Cape Verde}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Central African Republic}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Chad}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Chile}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gander1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book| author = Terry J. Gander| title = Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995-96| url = http://books.google.com/?id=qSL8AAAACAAJ| date = 1995-05| isbn = 978-0-7106-1241-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Comoros}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Republic o the Congo}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Cuba}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Democratic Republic o the Congo}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|East Germany}}&lt;ref name=&quot;popenker&quot;&gt;[http://world.guns.ru/assault/as01-e.htm Modern Firearms – AK-47 AKM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306135325/http://world.guns.ru/assault/as01-e.htm |date=2008-03-06 }}. World.guns.ru (2011-01-24). Retrieved on 2011-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Egyp}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Ethiopie}}: AK-47 variant.&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae}}: [[Type 56]] variant wis uised.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book| author = D. M. O. Miller| title = Illustrated directory of twentieth century guns| url = http://books.google.com/?id=GgpRPgAACAAJ| date = 2001-08-31| isbn = 978-1-84065-245-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Gabon}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Georgie}}:&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt; Uised bi the [[Georgie Airmit Forces]] for ower 15 years. Replacit bi the [[M4 carbine]] in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.mod.gov.ge/files/ijwtsgknrxgeo.pdf |title=Georgian Army Bids Farewell to Soviet Guns |journal=Today Defence |date = January 2008|issue=7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Greece}}: [[Special Anti-Terrorist Unit|EKAM]] counter-terrorist unit o the [[Hellenic Polis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kalibar.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=74 |title=Trojanski Konj za Teroriste |language=Serbian |author=Milosevic, Milan |year=2005 |publisher=Kalibar |accessdate=2009-04-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rzTsOf8X?url=http://www.kalibar.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=74 |archivedate=2010-08-15 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.astynomia.gr/images/stories/DOCS/Attachment11480_ENHMEROTIKO_EKAM_ENGL.pdf |title=Greece Ministry of Public Order Press Office: Special Anti-Terrorist Unit |year=July 2004 |publisher=http://astynomia.gr – Official Website of the Hellenic Police |accessdate=2009-09-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rOg1WIHo?url=http://www.astynomia.gr/images/stories/DOCS/Attachment11480_ENHMEROTIKO_EKAM_ENGL.pdf |archivedate=2010-07-21 |deadurl=yes |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Guinea}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Guyana}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Hungary}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Indie}}: In uise bi [[Force One]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/maha%5Cs-elite-counter-terror-unit-force-one-becomes-operational/377563/|title=Maha's elite counter terror unit Force One becomes operational|accessdate=2010-07-05|publisher=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Iran}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Iraq}}&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Israel}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt; 
* {{flag|Laos}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Lesotho}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Liberie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Libie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Macedonie}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2006/10/12/feature-03 Macedonian military police, US National Guard conduct joint manoeuvres]. SETimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Madagascar}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Mali}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Maltae}}: Type 56 variant.&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Morocco}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Mongolie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Mozambique}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Namibie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|North Korea}}: Type 56 an Type 58 variants wur uised.&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Palestine}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/06/world/middleeast/06mideast.html Israel Aids Palestinians With Arms], New York Times. September 5, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: Type 56 variant is uised bi the [[Special Service Group]] o the [[Pakistan Airmy]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pakdef.info/pakmilitary/army/regiments/ssg.html Pakistan Military Consortium]. www.PakDef.info (1989-05-29). Retrieved on 2011-03-14. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515155011/http://www.pakdef.info/pakmilitary/army/regiments/ssg.html |date=2011-05-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Peru}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Philippines}}: Uised bi the Santiago City PNP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&amp;sec=reader&amp;rp=1&amp;fi=p060902.htm&amp;no=3&amp;date=09/02/2006|title=Santiago city forms SWAT team to combat crime|accessdate=2010-02-01|publisher=Philippine Information Agency|date=2006-09-02|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220404/http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&amp;sec=reader&amp;rp=1&amp;fi=p060902.htm&amp;no=3&amp;date=09%2F02%2F2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Poland}}&lt;ref name=&quot;popenker&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Qatar}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Romanie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Sao Tome an Principe}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nickryan.net/articles/sahara.html Western Sahara – In the unforgiving deserts of south west Algeria, Nick Ryan meets the nomads fighting a 25 year battle.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Seychelles}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Sierra Leone}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Sirie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Somalie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Soviet Union}}: Adoptit bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller2001&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}: Type 56 variant.&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Sudan}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzanie]]&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Togo}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Turkey}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Vietnam}}: [[Type 56 assault rifle|Type 56 variant]] wis uised extensively bi the [[Viet Cong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;miller2001&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Yemen}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Yugoslavie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;popenker&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Zambie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;
* {{flag|Zimbabwe}}&lt;ref name=&quot;jones2009&quot;/&gt;

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|colwidth=60em}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/akm.shtml Manufacturer's Offeecial Steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092719/http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/akm.shtml |date=2014-10-06 }}
* [http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/ AK Site – Kalashnikov Hame Page]
* [[s:AK-47 Operator's Manual|US Airmy Operator's Manual for the AK-47 Assault Rifle]]

{{AK47 derivatives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ak-47}}
[[Category:1947 introductions]]
[[Category:7.62 mm fireairms]]
[[Category:Assault rifles]]
[[Category:Infantry wappens o the Cauld War]]
[[Category:Cauld War rifles]]
[[Category:Cauld War wappens o the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Kalashnikov derivatives]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]
[[Category:Roushie inventions]]
[[Category:Wappens o the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Wappens o Roushie]]
[[Category:Wappens o Yugoslavie]]</text>
      <sha1>5d5aw18fxrycsa67qtioiw7vbmu7ro4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maastricht</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869382</id>
      <parentid>864896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6876" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name           = Maastricht
| native_name             = ''Mestreech''
| image_skyline           = Maastricht, panorama view from Sint-Janskerk.jpg
| imagesize               = 280px
| image_caption           = View o the Maastricht ceety centre an Vrijthof Square frae the touer o Sint-Jans Church (''Sint-Janskerk'')
| image_flag              = Flag of Maastricht.svg
| flag_size               = 120x100px
| image_shield            = Maastricht wapen.svg
| shield_size             = 120x100px
| image_blank_emblem      = Blason ville nl Maastricht(Limburg).svg
| blank_emblem_type       = Simplified airms
| blank_emblem_size       = 100x80px
| anthem = ''[[Maastricht#Local anthem|Mestreechs Volksleed]]''
|image_map = LocatieMaastricht.png
|mapsize = 250px
|subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]]
|subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o the Netherlands|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:Flag of Limburg (Netherlands).svg|25px]] [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[COROP]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Sooth Limburg]]
|parts_type             = Ceety subdiveesions
|parts                  = 40 neighbourhuids
|governing_body         = Gemeenteraad Maastricht
|leader_party           = [[Fowk's Pairty for Freedom an Democracy|VVD]]
|leader_title           = Mayor
|leader_name            = [[Onno Hoes]]
|established_title      = Settled
|established_date       = ≈ [[509–500 BC|500 BC]]
|established_title2     = Ceety richts
|established_date2      = 1204
|area_footnotes         = (2006)
|area_total_km2         = 60.06
|area_land_km2          = 56.80
|area_water_km2         = 3.26
|population_as_of       = 1 Januar 2013
|population_note        = Soorce: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&amp;PA=37230NED&amp;D1=0-17&amp;D2=374&amp;D3=130-139&amp;VW=T Statline].
|settlement_type        = Municipality
|population_total       = 121,831 
|population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1       = ([[Dutch leid|Dutch]]) Maastrichtenaar;&lt;br&gt; ([[Maastrichtian dialect|Limb.]]) Mestreechteneer or Sjeng
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset               = +1
|timezone_DST             = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST           = +2
|postal_code_type         = [[Leet o postal codes in the Netherlands|Postal code(s)]]
|postal_code              = 6200 AA - 6229 ZZ
|area_code_type           =
|area_code                = 043
|twin1                    = [[Liège]]
|twin1_kintra             = [[Belgium]]
|twin2                    = [[Koblenz]]
|twin2_kintra             = [[Germany]]
|twin3                    = [[El Rama]]
|twin3_kintra             = [[Nicaragua]]
|twin4                    = [[Chengdu]]
|twin4_kintra             = [[Cheenae]]
|website                  = http://www.maastricht.nl/
|coordinates            = {{coord|50|51|4.47|N|5|41|26.65|E|region:NL|display=inline}}
}}

'''Maastricht''' ({{IPA-nl|maːˈstʁɪçt|}} {{small|(soothren Dutch an locally)}} [[Hard an saft G in Dutch|or]] {{IPA-nl|maːˈstɾɪxt||145 Maastricht.ogg}} {{small|(northren Dutch)}}; [[Limburgish leid|Limburgish]] {{small|(incl. [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]])}}: ''Mestreech'' {{IPA-dedia|məˈstʁeːç|}}; [[French leid|French]]: ''Maestricht'' {{small|(archaic)}}; [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]: ''Mastrique'' {{small|(archaic)}}) is the [[caipital ceety]] o the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] province o [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]. It is located on baith sides o the [[Meuse River|Meuse]] river (Dutch: ''Maas''), at the pynt whaur the [[Jeker River]] (French: ''Geer'') joins it.

Maastricht developed frae a Roman settlement tae a releegious centre, a garrison ceity an an early industrial ceity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zichtopmaastricht.nl|title=Zicht op Maastricht|publisher=zichtopmaastricht.nl |date= |accessdate=2012-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nowadays, it is kent as a ceity o history, cultur, local folklore an eddication,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vvv-maastricht.eu |title=VVV Maastricht |publisher=Vvv-maastricht.eu |date= |accessdate=2012-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haes the seicont heichest amoont o naitional heritage steids (''[[Rijksmonument]]en'') in the Netherlands efter [[Amsterdam]], nummerin 1677. Furthermair, it haes acome kent, bi wye o the [[Maastricht Treaty]], as the birthplace o the [[European Union]], [[Citizenship o the European Union|European citizenship]], an the single European currency, the [[euro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Sponsored by |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21531445 |title=The Economist '&amp;#39;Charlemagne: Return to Maastricht'&amp;#39; Oct 8th 2011 |publisher=Economist.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17364817 BBC News ''Is Brighton the next Maastricht'' March 29th 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;  The toun is popular wi tourists for shoppin an recreation, an haes a lairge growin internaitional student population. Maastricht is a member o the [[Maist Auncient European Touns Network]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Members&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |title=diktyo |first= |last=MAETN |work=classic-web.archive.org |year=1999 [last update] |accessdate=19 May 2011 |archive-date=2005-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022022345/http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an is pairt o the [[Meuse-Rhine Euroregion]], which includes nearby ceities [[Aachen]], [[Eupen]], [[Hasselt]], [[Liège]] an [[Tongeren]].

==Internaitional relations==
{{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in The Netherlands}}

===Twin touns — Sister ceeties===
Maastricht is [[toun twinnin|twinned]] wi:
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Liège (ceety)|Liège]], [[Belgium]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Koblenz]], [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[El Rama|Rama]], [[Nicaragua]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Chengdu]], [[Cheenae]] (syne 2012)

===Ither relations===
* [[Maist Auncient European Touns Network]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Maastricht
|Northeast = [[Meerssen]]
|East      = [[Valkenburg aan de Geul]]
|South    = [[Visé]]{{space}}([[Belgium|BE]]-[[Liège (province)|WLG]])
|Southeast = [[Eijsden-Margraten]]
|Southwest = [[Riemst]]{{space}}([[Belgium|BE]]-[[Limburg (Belgium)|VLI]])
|Northwest = [[Lanaken]]{{space}}([[Belgium|BE]]-[[Limburg (Belgium)|VLI]])
}}

[[Category:Maastricht| ]]
[[Category:Belgium–Netherlands border crossins]]
[[Category:Ceeties in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Municipalities o Limburg (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Limburg (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Provincial caipitals o the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Roman steids in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Sooth Limburg (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Varsity touns in the Netherlands]]
{{Stub/Europe}}
{{Stub/Ceity}}</text>
      <sha1>7jut87lx16a5urt43cfs6vsejazksy0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aleksi Sihvonen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21286</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869271</id>
      <parentid>844543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:59:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3042" xml:space="preserve">'''Aleksi Sihvonen''' is the current vocalist for the [[Finland|Finnish]] baunds [[Norther]] an Medicated. He is an aw the umwhile guitarist/vocalist o Imperanon.

==Personal information==
*'''Date o Birth:''' 2 Aprile 1984
*'''Frae:''' [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]
*'''Instrument:''' Vocals, Guitar (stopped playin 2006)
*'''Influences:''' [[Devin Townsend]], [[Björn &quot;Speed&quot; Strid]], [[Randy Blythe]].
*'''Stairtit Playin:'''  Piano in 1991, guitar in 1997, daith vocals in 2000 an stairtit tae clean sing frae 2007.

==Discography==
=== Wi Norther===

*''Frozen Angel''  (His audition sang, available for dounload on the Norther wabsteid)
*''Break Myself Away'' - released as online single on 29-04-2010
*''[[Circle Regenerated]]'' - [[Norther]]'s saxt album, released 2011.

===Wi Medicated===
*''Magnum for Amen (2008 EP)''
*''Ways to Make You Fall (2010 EP)''

===Imperanon===
*''Until The End (2002 Demo)''
*''Imperanon (2003 Demo)''
*''Stained (2004 Album)''
*''Demo 2006 (2006 Demo)''

===Guest appearances===
Aleksi features on Scots metal baund ''Hellbound'' 's first EP, alang wi [[Heikki Saari]] o [[Norther]]. He featurs on the sangs ''Misanthropy'' an ''Drug Thirsty Reptile''. He an aw featurs on Serbian melodic daith metal baund ''Sangre Eterna'' 's album Asphyxia on the sang ''The Masquerade''.

==External links==
*[http://www.norther.net Offeecial Norther wabsteid]
*[http://www.myspace.com/norther Offeecial Norther MySpace -profile]
*[http://www.endlesswar.net EndlessWar, an extensive fansite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526005909/http://endlesswar.net/ |date=2013-05-26 }}
*[http://www.myspace.com/aleksisihvonen Aleksi's offeecial MySpace]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091026151044/http://geocities.com/tk_norther/norther NORTHER - the Finnish Breeze fansite]( 2009-10-25)
*[http://www.norther.ru/ Russian Norther Fansite]
*[http://www.metalfromfinland.com/people/977/Aleksi+Sihvonen Aleksi at Metal From Finland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420052739/http://www.metalfromfinland.com/people/977/Aleksi+Sihvonen |date=2009-04-20 }}

==Credits==
Aw o the information in this airticle wis compiled frae information on the [http://www.norther.net Offeecial Norther wabsteid], the [http://www.norther.net/phpBB2/ Offeecial Norther Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719024628/http://www.norther.net/phpBB2/ |date=2009-07-19 }}, an the [http://www.endlesswar.net/index.php?p=Saari EndlessWar member information page.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217215747/http://www.endlesswar.net/index.php?p=Saari |date=2006-02-17 }}

{{Norther}}

{{Persondata &lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --&gt;
| NAME              = Sihvonen, Aleksi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 1984
| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
| DATE OF DEATH     =
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sihvonen, Aleksi}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Helsinki]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Finnish hivy metal muisickers]]</text>
      <sha1>epki6157inbjfjisy3cii5h3bh55unu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Republika Srpska</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869411</id>
      <parentid>858498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T03:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6583" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=250 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Republika Srpska'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Република Српска'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;padding-top: 0.5em;&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;132px&quot; | [[File:Flag of the Republika Srpska.svg|124px|Banner]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;118px&quot; | [[File:Seal_of_Republika_Srpska.svg|124px|Seal]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;132px&quot; | &lt;small&gt;([[Banner o Republika Srpska|Banner]])&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;118px&quot; | &lt;small&gt;([[Naitional Seembol o Republika Srpska|Seal]])&lt;/small&gt;
|}
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 | [[File:Europe location RS.png|250px|center|Location Republika Srpska (red) inside o Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 | [[File:Republika Srpska simple.svg|250px|center|Location o Republika Srpska in Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]
|-
| '''[[Caipital ceety|Caipital]]'''
| [[Istočno Sarajevo]] (offeecial caipital)&lt;br&gt;[[Banja Luka]] (admeenistrative caipital)
|-
| '''Lairgest ceety'''
| [[Banja Luka]]
|-
| '''Offeecial leid'''
| [[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]], [[Croatie leid|Croatie]], [[Serbie leid|Serbie]]
|-
| '''[[Govrenment]]'''&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Preses&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Prime&amp;nbsp;Meenister 
| [[Pairlamentary seestem]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Milorad Dodik]] &lt;br /&gt;Željka Cvijanović
|-
| '''[[Aurie]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Tot
| &lt;br /&gt;24,857 km2 [[square kilometre|km&amp;sup2;]]&lt;br&gt;9,597 sq mi 
|-
| '''[[Population]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- 2010 Estimate 
| &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;1,439,673 
|-
| '''Foondin''' &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Proclaimit &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Recognizit
|9 Januar 1992 &lt;br /&gt; 14 December 1995
|-
| '''[[Siller]]'''
| [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae convertible mark|Convertible mark]] (BAM)
|-
| '''[[Time zone]]'''
| [[Central European Time|UTC +1]], [[Central European Simmer Time|Simmer: UTC +2]]
|-
| '''[[Naitional anthem]]'''
| ''[[Moja Republika]]'' (Ma Republic)
|-
| '''[[Top-level domain|Internet TLD]]''' 
| [[rs.ba]]
|-
| '''[[Leet_o_kintra_cawin_codes|Cawin code]]''' 
| [[387]]
|}

'''Republika Srpska''' {{Audio|RepublikaSrpska.ogg|listen}} ([[Serbie Cyrillic]]: {{lang|sr-Cyrl|Република Српска}}, {{IPA-sh|rɛpǔblika sr̩̂pskaː|}}) is ane o twa main [[Poleetical diveesions o Bosnie an Herzegovinae|poleetical entities]] o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], the ither being the [[Federation o Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]. The [[Constitution o Republika Srpska]] defines it as a territorially unifeed, indivisible an inalienable constitutional an legal entity that independently performs its constitutional, legislative, executive an judicial functions. The [[Naitional Assembly o the Republika Srpska|National Assembly]] an the [[Govrenment o Republika Srpska]] are based in [[Banja Luka]], although [[Istočno Sarajevo]] remains the offeecial caipital.

==Geography==
===Boundary===
The [[Inter-Entity Boundary Line]] (IEBL) atween Bosnie an Herzegovinae's twa entities essentially follaes the front lines at the end o the [[Bosnie War]] wi adjustments (maist importantly in the wastren pairt o the kintra an aroond Sarajevo) defined bi the [[Dayton Agreement]]. The total length o the IEBL is approximately {{formatnum:1080}}&amp;nbsp;km. The IEBL is an admeenistrative demarcation uncontrolled bi military or polis an there is free muivement athort it.

===Municipalities===
{{Main|Municipalities o Republika Srpska}}
Unner the Law on Territorial Organization an Local Sel-Govrenment, adoptit in 1994, Republika Srpska wis dividit intae 80 municipalities. Efter the Dayton Peace Agreement the law wis amendit tae reflect chynges tae borders: it nou comprises 63 municipalities.

===Population===
There haes been nae census syne the end o the war. The next census is expectit tae occur in 2011 but haes no yet been confirmit: these figurs are estimates.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Population composition'''&lt;ref name=RSIOS&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rzs.rs.ba/Publikacije/RSuBrojkama/RSuBrojkama2009.pdf|title=Republika Srpska in Figures 2009|publisher=Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics|year=2009|location=Banja Luka|accessdate=5 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401005601/http://www.rzs.rs.ba/Publikacije/RSuBrojkama/RSuBrojkama2009.pdf|archivedate=2010-04-01|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401005601/http://www.rzs.rs.ba/Publikacije/RSuBrojkama/RSuBrojkama2009.pdf |date=2010-04-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;'''
|-
!Year
!Total
!Males
!Females
!Births
!Daiths
|-
|1996||1,391,593|| || ||12,263||10,931
|-
|1997||1 409 835|| || ||13,757||11,755
|-
|1998||1,428,798|| 679,795 ||749,003||13,527||12,469
|-
|1999&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;Brčko&quot;&gt;Includes Brčko District&lt;/ref&gt;||1,448,579|| 689,186 ||759,351||||
|-
|2000&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;Brčko&quot;/&gt;||1,469,182|| || ||14,191||13,370
|-
|2000||1,428,899|| 695,194 ||733,705|| ||
|-
|2001&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;Brčko&quot;/&gt;||1,490,993|| || ||13,699||13,434
|-
|2001||1,447,477|| 704,197 ||743,280|| ||
|-
|2002||1,454,802|| 708,136 ||746,666|| 12,336|| 12,980
|-
|2003||1,452,351|| 706,925 ||745,426|| 10,537|| 12,988
|-
|2004||1,449,897|| 705,731 ||744,166|| 10,628|| 13,082
|-
|2005||1,446,417|| 704,037 ||742,380|| 10,322|| 13,802
|-
|2006||1,443,709|| 702,718 ||740,991|| 10,524|| 13,232
|-
|2007||1,439,673|| 700,754 ||738,919|| 10,110|| 14,146
|-
|2008||1,437,477|| 699,685 ||737,792|| 10,198|| 13,501
|-
|2009||1,435,179|| 698,567 ||736,612|| 10,603|| 13,775
|-
|2010||1,433,038|| 697,524 ||735,514|| 10,147|| 13,517
|}

==Notes==
{{Refbegin}}
&lt;references group=note/&gt;
{{Refend}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat|Republika Srpska}}
*[http://www.vladars.net/ Govrenment o Republika Srpska]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121173853/http://www.vladars.net/sr-SP-Cyrl/Pages/Default.aspx |date=2013-01-21 }}
*[http://www.predsjednikrs.net/ Preses o Republika Srpska] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606175111/http://www.predsjednikrs.net/ |date=2019-06-06 }}
*[http://www.narodnaskupstinars.net/ Naitional Assembly o Republika Srpska]
*[http://www.rzs.rs.ba/ RS Institute o Statistics]
*[http://www.republikasrpska.net/ Republika Srpska ~ Moja Republika]

{{Poleetical diveesions o Bosnie an Herzegovinae}}

[[Category:Republika Srpska| ]]
[[Category:Entities o Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1992]]
[[Category:Umwhile unrecognized kintras]]
[[Category:Secession in Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]

{{lang|sr|}}</text>
      <sha1>so69531heyvaotox3bi96po3jlt3vj9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Central Admeenistrative Okrug</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869298</id>
      <parentid>865972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:12:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6416" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|55|45|N|37|37|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}
[[File:Msk_cao.png|thumb|right|Central Administrative Okrug in Moscow]]

'''Central Admeenistrative Okrug''', or '''Tsentralny Admeenistrative Okrug''' ({{lang-ru|Центра́льный администрати́вный о́круг}}, ''Tsentralny administrativny okrug''), is an admeenistrative okrug o [[Moscow]] athin the Kamer-Kollezhny Bank. Population: {{ru-census2010prelim|742,689|;}} {{ru-census2002|701,353|.}}

It wis established in 1991.

The okrug, govrened bi the prefectur, encompasses ten destricts:
*[[Arbat Destrict|Arbat]]
*[[Basmanny Destrict|Basmanny]]
*[[Khamovniki Destrict|Khamovniki]]
*[[Krasnoselsky Destrict, Moscow|Krasnoselsky]]
*[[Meshchansky Destrict|Meshchansky]]
*[[Presnensky Destrict|Presnensky]]
*[[Tagansky Destrict|Tagansky]]
*[[Tverskoy Destrict|Tverskoy]]
*[[Yakimanka Destrict|Yakimanka]]
*[[Zamoskvorechye Destrict|Zamoskvorechye]]

Additionally, the territory o [[Kitai-gorod]] is no a pairt o ony destrict an is govrened bi the admeenistrative okrug directly.

==Coat o airms==
[[File:CAO district of Moscow coa.png|thumb|right|Coat o airms o Central Admeenistrative Okrug]]

The [[Kremlin Hill]], frae which the colonization o Moscow began, is depictit unner Yury Dolgoruky. The purpie backgrund seembolizes the supreme pouer o Roushie, concentratit in Central Administrative Okrug. The gowd [[unicorn]] wis a traditional seembol o the Roushie [[Tsar]]s. Belaw him an auncient [[Kremlin]] white-stane waw is featurt.

==Govrenment an infrastructur==
The [[Interstate Aviation Committee]] (IAC or MAK), the aviation accident technical investigation body o the [[Commonwalth o Independent States]], haes its heid office in the [[Yakimanka Destrict]] in the okrug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Main&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.mak.ru/english/o_mak.html Main] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000446/http://www.mak.ru/english/o_mak.html |date=2013-10-21 }}.&quot; [[Interstate Aviation Committee]]. Retrieved on 24 June 2010. &quot;119017, Moscow, Russia Bolshaya Ordynka str. 22/2/1&quot; [http://www.mak.ru/russian/russian.html Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227053107/http://www.mak.ru/russian/russian.html |date=2012-12-27 }}: 119017, Москва, Россия ул.Большая Ордынка, 22/2/1&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Federal Penitentiary Service]] haes its heid office in Yakimanka Destrict.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101126035832/http://government.ru/eng/power/100/ Federal Penitentiary Service].&quot; Government of Russia. Retrieved on 5 October 2011. &quot;Address: 14 Zhitnaya Ulitsa, Moscow 119991&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Meenistry o Education an Science (Roushie)|Meenistry o Education an Science]] haes its heid office in the [[Tsverkoy Destrict]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://eng.mon.gov.ru/obr/cont/ CONTACT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115062101/http://eng.mon.gov.ru/obr/cont/ |date=2011-11-15 }}.&quot; Ministry of Education and Science. Retrieved on 1 November 2011. &quot;''Address'': Tverskaya street, 11, Moscow, 125993&quot; - [http://mon.gov.ru/obr/kont/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105050338/http://mon.gov.ru/obr/kont/ |date=2011-11-05 }}: &quot;ул.Тверская, д.11, г.Москва, ГСП-3, 125993&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Economy==
[[Aeroflot]] haes its heid office in the [[Arbat Destrict]] in the okrug.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://wwww.aeroflot.ru/cms/en/about/queries Queries].&quot; [[Aeroflot]]. Retrieved on 29 June 2010. &quot;Legal / mailing address: # 10, Arbat street, 119002 Moscow&quot; – &quot;[http://wwww.aeroflot.ru/cms/about/queries Обращение в авиакомпанию].&quot; – Address in Russian: &quot;Юридический адрес / Адрес для почтовых отправлений: 119002 Москва, ул. Арбат, д. 10&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[United Aircraft Corporation]] haes its heid office in the [[Krasnoselsky Destrict, Moscow|Krasnoselsky Destrict]] in the okrug.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/ Home page]. United Aircraft Corporation. Retrieved on 8 December 2010. &quot;Ulansky side-street, bld.1, 22 Moscow 101000, Russia&quot; – [http://www.uacrussia.ru/ru/ Address in Russian]: &quot;101000, Москва Уланский пер., д.22, стр.1 &quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tupolev]] haes its heid office in the [[Basmanny Destrict]] in the okrug.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=31 Contacts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424050113/http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=31 |date=2013-04-24 }}.&quot; ([https://archive.is/20120912212320/www.tupolev.ru/images/Pictures/map.gif Direct map image link]) [[Tupolev]]. Retrieved on 8 December 2010. &quot;Address in Moscow: Russia, Moscow, Academician Tupolev Embankment 17 &quot; [http://www.tupolev.ru/Russian/Show.asp?SectionID=31 Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826152332/http://www.tupolev.ru/Russian/Show.asp?SectionID=31 |date=2011-08-26 }}: &quot;105005 г. Москва Набережная Академика Туполева д.17&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[All Nippon Airways]] Moscow sales office is locatit in the [[Presnensky Destrict]] in the okrug.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/flights/ticketoffices/europe/index.html ANA City Offices/Ticketing Offices Europe].&quot; [[All Nippon Airways]]. Retrieved on 31 August 2011. &quot;Moscow Sales Office World Trade Center (WTC) Room 606, Mezhdunarodnaya-2 Building, 12 Krasnopresnenskaya Nab, 123610, Moscow, Russi&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Korean Air]] operates its CIS office in the [[Tverskoy Destrict]] in the okrug.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.koreanair.com/local/ru/ld/eng/au/ci/eng_au_ci.jsp Company Info / Contact Info].&quot; [[Korean Air]]. Retrieved on 30 August 2011. &quot;CIS Headquarters Bolshoy Gnezdnykovsky Pereulok D1/2, Moscow, Russia&quot; [http://www.koreanair.com/local/ru/ld/rus/au/ci/rus_au_ci.jsp Address in Russian]: &quot;Большой Гнездниковский переулок 1/2 Москва Россия&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sister ceeties==
*{{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], [[Latvie]]
*{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Ingolstadt]], [[Germany]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://cao.mos.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid o Central Admeenistrative Okrug] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902032657/http://cao.mos.ru/ |date=2011-09-02 }} {{ru icon}}

{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}}

[[Category:Central Admeenistrative Okrug| ]]
[[Category:Admeenistrative okrugs o Moscow]]
[[Category:Central business destricts]]</text>
      <sha1>kmjaiaauf5bwyrag747x8tyfp39z6bq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Berat Coonty</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869288</id>
      <parentid>865236</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:18:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4795" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Berat Coonty
| native_name             = Qarku i Beratit
| settlement_type         = [[Coonties o Albanie|Coonty]]
| image_skyline           = Berat Albania.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = View o the ceety o [[Berat]] an Munt [[Tomorr]]
| image_map               = Albania location Berat.svg
| map_alt                 =
| map_caption             = Location o Berat Coonty athin Albanie.
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Albanie}}
| subdivision_type1        =Number o [[Destricts o Albanie|Destricts]]
| subdivision_name1        = 3
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = [[Caipital (poleetical)|Caipital]]
| seat                    = [[Berat]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| unit_pref               = 
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 1798
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 455
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls|title=POPULLSIA SIPAS PREFEKTURAVE, 2001-2010|publisher=Albanian Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2010-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162916/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls|archivedate=2011-07-24|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025060648/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls |date=2012-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_as_of        = Januar 1, 2010
| population_total        = 170,845
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_note         = 
|timezone               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset             = +1
|timezone_DST           = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST         = +2
| blank_name_sec1         = 
| blank_info_sec1         =
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = [http://qarkuberat.net qarkuberat.net]
| footnotes               = Capital - Berat Municipality
}}
The '''Coonty o Berat''' ({{Lang-sq|Qarku i Beratit}}) is ane o the 12 [[coonties o Albanie|coonties]] o [[Albanie]]. It consists o the destricts [[Berat Destrict|Berat]], [[Kuçovë Destrict|Kuçovë]], an [[Skrapar Destrict|Skrapar]]; its caipital is [[Berat]].
The main ceeties are Berat ceety proper, Kucove, Polican, Ura Vajgurore, Corovode an Bogove. Berat is a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]] (inscribit in 2005 unner criteria iii an iv)
coverin an aurie o {{convert|58.9|ha|acre}} an a buffer zone o {{convert|136.2|ha|acre}}. It lies 123&amp;nbsp;km sooth o [[Tirana]], the caipital o Albanie.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163040/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/downloads/publikime/Tregues%20sipas%20qarqeve2006.pdf 2006 census]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Unesco&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/569|title=UNESCO.orgHistoric Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra|accessdate=2010-09-07|publisher=Unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Canada&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://albca.com/albania/berat.html|title=Berat|accessdate=2010-09-07|publisher=Albanian Canadian League Information Service|archive-date=2007-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518225220/http://albca.com/albania/berat.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Canyon&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://akt.gov.al/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/broshura_ture_harte/informacion.pdf|format=pdf|title=Albanian Tourist Information|work=|accessdate=2010-09-07|publisher=Republic of Albania|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071258/http://akt.gov.al/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/broshura_ture_harte/informacion.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-06|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220406/http://akt.gov.al/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/broshura_ture_harte/informacion.pdf |date=2012-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See an aw==
*[[Coonties o Albanie]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat|Berat County}}
*[http://www.guidaeberatit.net Berat Coonty Travel Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810160952/http://www.guidaeberatit.net/ |date=2011-08-10 }}
*[http://qarkuberat.net Offeecial Wabsteid o Berat Coonty]
{{Coonties o Albanie}}
{{Berat Coonty}}

[[Category:Coonties o Albanie|Berat]]
[[Category:Berat Coonty| ]]</text>
      <sha1>myqgas7rmm0wbnwsb33qffexpdh6bh4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>All Ends</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869274</id>
      <parentid>823171</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3533" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist  &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name                = All Ends
| image                 =
| caption            = All Ends.
| image_size            = 
| background          = group_or_band
| alias               = 
| origin              = [[Gothenburg]], [[Swaden]]
| genre               = [[Alternative metal]]
| years_active        = 2003 – present
| label               = [[Gun records|Gun Records]]/[[Sony BMG]]
| associated_acts     = [[In Flames]], [[Dark Tranquillity]],&lt;br&gt; [[Embraced]]
| website                 = [http://www.allends.se www.allends.se]
| current_members     = Tinna Karlsdotter &lt;br/&gt; Jonna Sailon&lt;br/&gt; [[Fredrik Johansson (guitarist)|Fredrik Johansson]] &lt;br/&gt; Peter Mårdklint &lt;br/&gt; Joseph Skansås &lt;br/&gt; Anders Janfalk 
| past_members        = Emma Gelotte &lt;br/&gt; Michael Håkansson &lt;br/&gt; [[Björn Gelotte]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Jesper Strömblad]]
| notable_instruments = 
}}

'''All Ends''' is an [[alternative metal]] baund frae [[Gothenburg]], [[Swaden]], foondit in 2003. It stairtit as a [[side project]] o the [[In Flames]] guitarists [[Björn Gelotte]] an [[Jesper Strömblad]], but currently thay are nae langer playin wi All Ends.

==Members==
===Current members===
* [[Tinna Karlsdotter]] – [[Singin|vocals]]
* [[Jonna Sailon]] – [[Singin|vocals]]
* [[Fredrik Johansson (guitarist)|Fredrik Johansson]] – [[guitar]]s
* [[Peter Mårdklint]] – [[guitar]]s
* [[Joseph Skansås]] – [[Drum kit|drums]]
* [[Anders Janfalk]] – [[Bass guitar|bass]]
* [[Björn Gelotte]] – Sangwritin (umwhile guitars)
* [[Jesper Strömblad]] – Sangwritin (umwhile guitars)

===Umwhile members===
* [[Emma Gelotte]] – [[Singin|vocals]]
* Michael Håkansson – [[Bass guitar|Bass]]

==Past Tourdates==

* 12.06.08 Västerås @ Vattendrag
* 13.06.08 Hultsfred @ Hultsfredsfestivalen
* 30.06–05.07.08 Sundsvall @ Sundsvalls Gatufest
* 04.07.08 Arvika @ Arvikafestivalen
* 12.07.08 Kristianstad @ Tivolirocken
* 31.07–02.08.08 Östersund @ Storsjöyran
* 14.08.08 Dinkelsbühl @ Summerbreeze Festival (Germany)
* 15-16.08.08 Linköping @ Nykvarnfestivalen
* 21-23.08.08 Norrköping @ Augustifesten
* 29-30.08.08 Rejmyre @ Skogsröjet
* 19.10.08 Saitama Super Arena @ Loud Pairk 2008 (Japan)
* 04.03.09 Club Quattro @ Osaka(Japan) as the special guest for Edguy
* 05.03.09 Shibuya O-EAST @ Tokyo(Japan) as the special guest for Edguy
* 06.03.09 Shibuya O-EAST @ Tokyo(Japan) as the special guest for Edguy

Aw dates are for venues in [[Swaden]], except as noted.

==Discography==
* ''Demo'' (2005)
* ''Wasting Life EP'' (11.05.2007)
* ''All Ends'' (7.11.2007)
* ''A Road To Depression'' (15.10.2010)

==Videography==
* ''Still Believe''
* ''Wasting Life''
* ''Walk Away''
* ''Pretty Words''
* ''Apologize''
* ''What Do You Want''
* ''Generation Disgrace''
* ''Road To Depression''

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.allends.se/ All Ends - offeecial wabsteid ]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817064847/http://www.allends.se/ |date=2013-08-17 }}
* [http://www.myspace.com/allends Offeecial All Ends MySpace]
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/allends All Ends on Youtube]
* [http://www.allends.de/forum/index.php Offeecial All Ends Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514143825/http://www.allends.de/forum/index.php |date=2008-05-14 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Swadish alternative metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 2003]]
[[Category:Muisical groups frae Gothenburg]]
[[Category:Muisical sextets]]</text>
      <sha1>c5k11d5shofytjw2jkmtruwlo7gjnqa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ladywood</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869366</id>
      <parentid>858287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5442" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Unitit Kinrick place 
|country = Ingland
|official_name= Ladywood
|coordinates = {{coord|52.476|-1.918|display=inline,title}}
|map_type= Wast Midlands
|population = 14,801
|population_ref = (2001 Population Census)
|population_density = 27.0 per ha
|metropolitan_borough= [[Birmingham]]
|metropolitan_county= [[Wast Midlands (coonty)|Wast Midlands]]
|region= [[Wast Midlands (region)|Wast Midlands]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Ladywood]] 
|post_town= BIRMINGHAM
|postcode_district = B1-B4
|postcode_area= B
|dial_code= 0121
|os_grid_reference= SP055865
}}
[[Image:BirminghamLadywoodConstituency.svg|thumb|250px|Ladywood constituency shown athin Birmingham]]
'''Ladywood''' is an inner-ceety aurie in [[Birmingham]], Ingland. It is a [[Govrenment o Birmingham#Cooncil constituencies|cooncil constituency]], managit bi its awn [[destrict committee]]. The constituency includes the smawer Ladywood [[waird (politics)|waird]] an the wairds o [[Aston]], [[Nechells]] an [[Soho, Birmingham|Soho]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&amp;blobheader=application%2Fpdf&amp;blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&amp;blobheadervalue1=attachment%3B+filename%3D3021017ComPlan.pdf&amp;blobkey=id&amp;blobtable=MungoBlobs&amp;blobwhere=1223403711884&amp;ssbinary=true|title=Ladywood Community Plan|access-date=2012-03-28|archive-date=2010-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222030619/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&amp;blobheader=application%2Fpdf&amp;blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&amp;blobheadervalue1=attachment%3B+filename%3D3021017ComPlan.pdf&amp;blobkey=id&amp;blobtable=MungoBlobs&amp;blobwhere=1223403711884&amp;ssbinary=true|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In Juin 2004, [[Birmingham Ceety Cooncil]] conductit a ceety-wide &quot;Waird Bundary Reveesion&quot; tae roond-up the thirty-nine Birmingham wairds tae fowerty. As a result o this, Ladywood's bundaries wur expandit tae include [[Birmingham Ceety Centre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.birminghameconomy.org.uk/download/profiles/wards/wardlad.pdf|title=Ladywood Ward|publisher=Birmingham City Council (Economy Strategy and Information Team)}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://old.birmingham.gov.uk/epislive/bccfinalrep.nsf/fe26c59da7950f8d80256bfa00499cf3/639d74395e52e40780256f120052d6ca/$FILE/KL2207P%2004%20NRF%20Roll%20Forward.doc|title=Roll Forward to 40 Wards|publisher=Birmingham City Council|date=2004-09-27|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121209182052/old.birmingham.gov.uk/epislive/bccfinalrep.nsf/fe26c59da7950f8d80256bfa00499cf3/639d74395e52e40780256f120052d6ca/$FILE/KL2207P%2004%20NRF%20Roll%20Forward.doc|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographics ==
At the time o the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2001|2001 Population Census]], 23,789 fowk wur livin in Ladywood. The population density wis 3,330 fowk per km² livin athin its 7.1&amp;nbsp;km² bundary, compared wi 3,649 fowk per km² for Birmingham. Nearly hauf o the population o Ladywood (49%) consists o ethnic minorities compared wi 29.6% for Birmingham in general. The lairgest ethnic minority groups are [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Afro-Caribbean]] at 13.18%, [[Nan-resident Indie an Person o Indie Oreegin|Indie]] at 11.65%, [[Pakistani diaspora|Pakistani]] at 10.64% an Mixed Race at 5.52%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&amp;b=5941149&amp;c=Ladywood&amp;d=14&amp;e=13&amp;g=370844&amp;i=1001x1003x1004&amp;m=0&amp;r=1&amp;s=1208551063140&amp;enc=1&amp;dsFamilyId=47 |title=Office of National Statistics – Ethnic Group Table |publisher=Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-02-28 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402163141/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&amp;b=5941149&amp;c=Ladywood&amp;d=14&amp;e=13&amp;g=370844&amp;i=1001x1003x1004&amp;m=0&amp;r=1&amp;s=1208551063140&amp;enc=1&amp;dsFamilyId=47 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite/ladywoodward?packedargs=website%3D1&amp;rendermode=live|title=Ladywood Ward Stats|publisher=Birmingham City Council|accessdate=2010-01-07|archive-date=2010-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222030748/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite/ladywoodward?packedargs=website%3D1&amp;rendermode=live|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See an aw==

*[[St John's Kirk, Ladywood]]

== References ==

&lt;references/&gt;

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ladywood Birmingham City Council: Ladywood Constituency]
*[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ladywoodward Birmingham City Council: Ladywood Ward]
*[http://www.bcen.net/ladywood Ladywood Community Network pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312015305/http://www.bcen.net/ladywood/ |date=2007-03-12 }}
*[http://www.digital-ladywood.org.uk/Default.asp Digital Ladywood – On-line local history project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218171412/http://www.digital-ladywood.org.uk/Default.asp |date=2007-02-18 }}
*[http://www.parkcentral.co.uk/ Park Central Development – Ladywood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111080201/http://www.parkcentral.co.uk/ |date=2010-01-11 }}

{{Auries o Birmingham}}
{{Wairds o Birmingham}}

[[Category:Auries o Birmingham, Wast Midlands]]
[[Category:Wairds o Birmingham, Wast Midlands]]</text>
      <sha1>rgd6e5zd3zprd9n5cqilw3opx0iyo38</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tracktor Bowling</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869235</id>
      <parentid>822012</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:49:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3319" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist
| name                = Tracktor Bowling
| kelas               =
| image               = Tracktor bowling on nashestvie-fest 2009.JPG
| caption             = Performance on &quot;[[Nashestvie]] Festival&quot;, 2009
| image_size          = 250
| landscape           = Yes
| background          = group_or_band
| alias               =
| origin              = [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]
| genre               = [[Alternative metal]], [[Nu metal]]
| years_active        = 1996&amp;ndash;present
| label               = Moroz Records&lt;br /&gt;A-ONE Records&lt;br /&gt;Souyz Music
| associated_acts     = [[Louna]], [[Slot (baund)|Slot]]
| website             = {{URL|http://tracktorbowling.ru/}}
| current_members     = [[Lusine Gevorkyan|Lusine &quot;Lou&quot; Gevorkyan]]&lt;br /&gt;Alexander &quot;Kondrat&quot; Kondratiev&lt;br /&gt;Andrei &quot;Mult&quot; Ponassutkin&lt;br /&gt;Vitaly &quot;Wit&quot; Demidenko&lt;br /&gt;Alexei &quot;Proff&quot; Nasarchuk
| past_members        = Mila&lt;br /&gt;Grek&lt;br /&gt;Klark&lt;br /&gt;Den&lt;br /&gt;Che Gevara
}}
'''Tracktor Bowling''' is a [[Roushie]] Alternative/Nu-metal baund, formit in [[Moscow]] in [[1996]].&lt;ref&gt;http://hazzen.com/music/bands/tracktor_bowling/bio&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
The group formit in 1996. Debut album wis released in 2002.

Group haes released fower albums, ane DVD an some singles tae date. It is ane o the maist popular modren Roushie metal baunds, alangside anes such as [[Amatory]], [[Slot (baund)|Slot]] an ithers.

The group is composed o members [[Lusine Gevorkyan|Lou]] (vocals), Kondrat (vocals, guitar), Mult (bass), Wit (bass) an Proff (drums).

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===
* ''Напролом'' (2002)
* ''Черта'' (2005)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ozon.ru/context/detail/id/3514344/&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Шаги по стеклу'' (2006)
* ''Tracktor Bowling'' (2010)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nneformat.ru/reviews/?id=5944&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.km.ru/music/0ab705b5a0b34db28a37f3f411aceb46&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.zvuki.ru/R/P/22795/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fuzz-magazine.ru/reviews/49-music/3921-tracktor-bowling-tracktor-bowling |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2012-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606215613/http://fuzz-magazine.ru/reviews/49-music/3921-tracktor-bowling-tracktor-bowling |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Singles ===
* ''It’s Time To…'' (2005)
* ''Время'' (2008)
* ''Поколение Рок'' (2008)
* ''Ни шагу назад'' (2009)

=== DVD's ===
* ''Два шага до… и год после'' (2006)

=== Demo recordins ===
* ''Alternative Invasion Vol.1'' (1997)
* ''Мутация'' (1999)
* ''Мутация 2 [000]'' (2000)

== Literatur ==
* Interview @ [[:ru:Ровесник (журнал)|Rovesnik Magazine]], 2011, p. 16
* Interview @ [[:ru:Dark City (журнал)|Dark City]], #55, 2010, p. 32

== See an aw ==
* [[Louna]]
* [[Slot (baund)|Slot]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{official|tracktorbowling.ru}}
* [http://www.myspace.com/tracktor_bowling Page @ myspace]
* [http://www.last.fm/music/Tracktor%2520Bowling?ac=Tracktor%20Bowling Page @ last.fm (more than 70.000 listeners)]
{{commons|Category:Tracktor Bowling}}
{{band-stub}}

[[Category:Muisical groups frae Moscow]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 1996]]
[[Category:Roushie alternative metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Roushie nu metal muisical groups]]</text>
      <sha1>i4bz7l1fi0zglx6257w3tqyzr140o3a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Armenies</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869279</id>
      <parentid>830976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3416" xml:space="preserve">'''Armenie fowk''' or '''Armenies''' ({{lang-hy|[[wikt:հայեր|հայեր]]}}, {{IPA-hy|hɑˈjɛɾ}}) are a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native tae the [[Armenie Heichland]].

The lairgest concentration is in [[Armenie]], haein a near homogeneous population wi 97.9% or 3,145,354 bein ethnic Armenie.&lt;ref name=&quot;daa1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf |title=2001 Official Armenian Census statistics. |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2010-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602023627/http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Acause o wide-rangin an lang-lastin [[Armenie diaspora|diaspora]], an estimatit tot o 3 million fowk o fou or pairtial Armenie ancestry live ootwi Armenie. As a result o the [[Armenie Genocide]], a fair feck o survivors fled tae mony kintras ootower the warld, maist notably in [[Armenians in Roushie|Roushie]], [[Armenie American|Unitit States]], [[Armenies in Fraunce|Fraunce]], [[Armenies in Iran|Iran]], [[Armenies in Georgie|Georgie]] an ither [[Armenie diaspora in Europe|pairts o Europe]]'' (see [[Armenie diaspora]])''.

[[Christianity]] began tae spread in Armenie suin efter [[Jesus Christ]]'s daith, due tae the efforts o twa o his apostles, [[Saunt Thaddeus]] an [[Saunt Bartholomew]]&lt;ref name=&quot;HistofChrist&quot;&gt;see {{Cite book|first = Adrian | last = Hastings | title = A World History of Christianity | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | page = 289 | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8028-4875-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early 4t century, the [[Kinrick o Armenie (antiquity)|Kinrick o Armenie]] became the first naition tae adopt Christianity as a state releegion.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncccusa&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ncccusa.org/news/01news36a.html|title=Armenia first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion.|accessdate=2007-02-27|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wQJe0KAo?url=http://www.ncccusa.org/news/01news36a.html|archivedate=2011-02-11|deadurl=no|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maist Armenians adhere tae the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], a [[non-Chalcedonian]] kirk, whilk is the warld's auldest naitional kirk.

[[Armenie leid|Armenie]] is an [[Indo-European]] [[leid isolate]]. Armenies speak twa mutually intelligible an written forms o [[Armenie leid|thair leid]]: [[Eastren Armenie]], thir days spoken mainly in Armenie, Iran an the umwhile Soviet republics, an [[Wastren Armenie leid|Wastren Armenie]], uised in the historical [[Wastren Armenie]] an, efter the [[Armenie Genocide|genocide o Armenies in the Ottoman Empire]], primarily amangst the Armenie diaspora.

The unique [[Armenian alphabet]] wis inventit in 406 AD bi the scholar an evangelizer [[Mesrob Mashtots]].

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commonscat|People of Armenia}}

[[Category:Armenie fowk| ]]
[[Category:Auncient fowks]]
[[Category:Armenie society]]
[[Category:Caucasie muhajirs]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Fraunce]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]]
[[Category:Indo-European fowks]]
[[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]]</text>
      <sha1>6muxumynrc7v1nuof01focbwsc97a0o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aileen Wuornos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869268</id>
      <parentid>866115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:46:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31235" xml:space="preserve">{{Fixscots}}
{{Infobox murtherer
| name        = Aileen Wuornos
| image       = Wuornos.jpg
| caption     = Aileen Wuornos mug shot
| birthname   = Aileen Carol Pittman
| alias       = &lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; Sandra Kretsch&lt;br /&gt;Susan Lynn Blahovec&lt;br /&gt;Lee Blahovec&lt;br /&gt;Cammie Marsh Greene&lt;br /&gt;Lori Kristine Grody
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|1956|2|29}}&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt;
| birth_place = [[Rochester, Michigan]]
| spouse      = Lewis Gratz Bell (divorcit)
| pairtner     = 
| childer    = 1
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|2002|10|9|1956|2|29}}
| death_place = [[Florida State Prison]], [[Bradford Coonty, Florida|Bradford
 Coonty]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Florida]], [[Unitit States]]
| cause       = [[Lethal injection]]
| victims     = 7
| conviction  = 6 coonts o 1st degree murther
| kintra     = [[Unitit States]]
| states      = [[Florida]]
| beginyear   = 30 November 1989
| endyear     = 19 November 1990
| apprehended = 9 Januar 1991
| penalty     = [[Caipital punishment|Daith]]
}}
'''Aileen Carol Wuornos''' (29 Februar 1956 – 9 October 2002) wis an [[United States|American]] [[serial killer]] who killed seiven men in [[Florida]] in 1989 an 1990. Wuornos claimed that her victims haed aither [[raped]] or attempted to viciously violate, tie her up,  beat her up, then rape her or rape her and tak her money, and/or harmfully rape her while she wis wirkin as a [[prostitute]], that wis her reason why the killings war committed in [[Right to self-defense|self defense]]. She wis accused and prosecuted, sentenced [[death penalty|sentence to death]] for sax o the murders and haed her sentence carried to state bi wey of[[lethal injection]] on 9 October 2002. Wuornos also claimed he ain Mother neglected her tae the pynt she wis raised bi her 2 Grandparents who war physically and verbally abusing her, He Grandfaither kicked her oot o the home, at age 12 efter getting raped and pregnant. She wis forced to gie up her son for adoption. It is later noted she never met or knew what became of her anly bairn.

== Early life ==
=== Childhuid ===

Wuornos wis born as '''Aileen Carol Pittman''' in [[Rochester, Michigan]], on 29 Februar 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;trutv.com&quot;&gt;http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/wuornos/2.html&lt;/ref&gt; Her mither, Diane Wuornos, was 15 year auld when she married Aileen's faither, Leo Dale Pittman, on 3 June 1954. Less nor two years later, an two months before Aileen was born, Diane filed for [[divorce]]. Aileen had an older brither named Keith, who was born in February 1955.

Wuornos never met her faither, Leo Pittman. He wis in prison for the rape an attempted murder of a seventeen-year-auld girl&lt;ref name=&quot;trutv.com&quot; /&gt; when she wis born.  He wis considered tae be a [[schizophrenic]], wis convicted o [[sex creeme]]s against childer,&lt;ref name=&quot;Silvio&quot;&gt;Silvio, H., McCloskey, K., &amp; Ramos-Grenier, J. (2006). Theoretical consideration of female sexual predator serial killers in the United States. Jurnal of Criminal Juistice, 34(3), 251-259.&lt;/ref&gt; wis in a prison, an hanged himsel in prison in 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Howard | first = Amanda | coauthors = Martin Smith | title = River of Blood: Serial Killers and Their Victims | publisher = Universal-Publishers | year = 2004 | pages = 332 | isbn = 978-1-58112-518-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Januar 1960, when Aileen wis awmaist fower year auld, Diane abandoned her childer, leaving them wi thair maternal grandparents, Lauri an Britta Wuornos, who legally adoptEd Keith an Aileen on 18 Mairch 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard&quot; /&gt;

At age 11, Wuornos engaged in sexual activities in schuil in exchange for cigarettes, drugs, an fuid. She haed engaged in sexual activities wi her ain  brither.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silvio&quot; /&gt; Wuornos claimed  that she wis [[sexual assault|sexually assaultit]] an beaten as a bairn bi her grandfaither, an [[alcoholism|alcoholic]]. Accordin to her accusations, afore beatin her, he haed force her to strip off aw her claes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silvio&quot; /&gt; In 1970, at age 12, she became [[Teenage pregnancy|pregnant]],&lt;ref&gt;http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/wuornos/2.html?print=yes&lt;/ref&gt; having been raped by a friend of her grandfaither.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silvio&quot; /&gt; Wuornos gave birth at a home for unwed mithers, an the child was placed for adoption.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard&quot; /&gt; A few months after her baby was born, Wuornos dropped out of schuil&lt;ref name=&quot;Silvio&quot; /&gt; at aboot the time that her grandmither died fo [[liver failur]]; Wuornos and her brither subsequently became [[Ward (law)|wards]] of the court. When she was 15, her grandfaither threw her out of the house, an she began supporting hersel as a prostitute while living in the woods, near her old home.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard&quot; /&gt;

=== Early creeminal career ===

On 27 Mey 1974, Wuornos wis arrestit in [[Jefferson Coonty, Colorado]], for [[drivin unner the influence]] (DUI), [[disorderly conduct]], an firin a .22-caliber pistol frae a muivin vehicle. She wis later chairgit wi [[failur tae appear]] (FTA).{{sfn|Reynolds|2003|p=116}}

In 1976, Wuornos [[Hitchhikin|hitchhikit]] tae [[Florida]], whaur she met 69-year-auld yacht club preses Lewis Gratz Fell. Thay marriet that same year, an the annooncement o thair nuptials wis printit in the society pages o the local newspaper. Houiver, Wuornos continually involved hersel in confrontations at thair local bar an eventually went tae jyle for [[assault]]. She hit Fell wi his awn cane an aw, leadin him tae get a [[restrainin order]] against her. She returned tae Michigan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Sue |title=Lethal Intent |publisher=Pinnacle Books |year=2002 |page=97 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=I1Nvvccs7TYC |isbn=0-7860-1518-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mcnair.uncc.edu/Ayanna.htm |first=Ayanna M. |last=Griffin |coauthors=Dr. Bruce Arrigo |title=The Phenomenon of Serial Murders and Women |publisher=University of North Carolina at Charlotte |work=McNair Dispatch: An Online Research Journal |accessdate=2008-10-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021042707/http://www.mcnair.uncc.edu/Ayanna.htm |archivedate=2008-10-21 |deadurl=no |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021042707/http://www.mcnair.uncc.edu/Ayanna.htm |date=2008-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; whaur, on 14 Julie 1976, she wis arrestit in [[Antrim Coonty, Michigan]], an charged wi assault an [[disturbing the peace]] for throwin a cue baw at a bartender's heid.{{sfn|Reynolds|2003|pp=116–117}} On Julie 17, her brither Keith dee'd o [[esophageal cancer]] an Wuornos receivit $10,000 frae his [[life insurance]]. Wuornos an Fell annulled thair marriage on Julie 21 efter anerlie nine weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/notorious/crimefiles.do?catId=259456&amp;action=view&amp;profileId=262833 |title=Notorious Crime Profiles Aileen Wuornos |publisher=Biography.com |accessdate=2008-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 20 Mey 1981, Wuornos wis arrestit in [[Edgewater, Florida]], for the [[airmit robbery]] o a convenience store, whaur she stole $35 an twa packs o cigarettes. She wis sentencit tae preeson on 4 Mey 1982, an released on 30 Juin 1983.{{sfn|Reynolds|2003|p=117}} On 1 May 1984, Wuornos wis arrestit for attemptin tae pass [[forgery|forged]] checks at a bank in [[Key West]]. On 30 November 1985, she wis namit as a suspect in the theft o a revolver an ammunition in [[Pasco Coonty]].{{sfn|Reynolds|2003|p=117}}

On 4 Januar 1986, Wuornos wis arrestit in [[Miami]] an chairgit wi [[Motor vehicle theft|grand theft auto]], [[resisting arrest]], an obstruction o juistice for providin identification wi her aunt's name. Miami polis officers foond a .38-caliber revolver an a box o ammunition in the stolen caur.{{sfn|Reynolds|2003|pp=117–118}} On 2 Juin 1986, [[Volusia Coonty, Florida]], deputy sheriffs detained Wuornos for questionin efter a male companion accused her o pullin a gun, in his caur, an demandin $200. Wuornos wis foond tae be carryin spare ammunition, an a .22 pistol wis discovered unner the passenger seat she haed occupeed.{{sfn|Reynolds|2003|p=118}}

Aroond this time, Wuornos met Tyria Moore, a hotel maid, at a [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona]] [[gay bar]]. Thay muivit in thegither, an Wuornos supportit them wi her prostitution earnins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Ventura | first = Varla | title = The Book of the Bizarre: Freaky Facts and Strange Stories | url = https://archive.org/details/bookofbizarrefre0000vent | publisher = [[Red Wheel Weiser Conari|Weiser]] | year = 2008 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bookofbizarrefre0000vent/page/132 132] | isbn = 978-1-57863-437-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 4 Julie 1987, Daytona Beach polis detained Wuornos an Moore at a bar for questionin regardin an incident in which thay wur accused o [[assault]] an [[battery (creeme)|battery]] wi a beer bottle.{{sfn|Reynolds|2003|p=119}} On 12 Mairch 1988, Wuornos accused a Daytona Beach bus driver o assault. She claimed that he pushed her aff the bus follaein a confrontation. Moore wis leetit as a witness tae the incident.{{sfn|Reynolds|2003|p=119}}

== Murthers ==

* Richard Mallory,&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/wuornos805.htm |title=Aileen Carol Wuornos |accessdate=2008-09-26 |publisher=The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5b8tAvzil?url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/wuornos805.htm |archivedate=2008-09-27 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; age 51, 30 November 1989—Electronics store owner in [[Clearwater, Florida]]. Wuornos' first victim wis a convictit rapist whom she claimit tae hae killed in [[sel-defense]]. Twa days later, a [[Volusia Coonty, Florida]], Deputy [[Sheriff]] foond Mallory's abandoned vehicle. On 13 December, Mallory's body wis foond several miles awa in a firthit aurie. He haed been shot several times, but twa bullets tae the left lung wur foond tae hae been the cause o daith. It wis on this murder that Wuornos wad eventually be condemned.
* David Spears,&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; age 43—Construction wirker in [[Winter Garden, Florida]]. On 1 Juin 1990, his nude body wis foond alang Highway 19 in [[Citrus Coonty, Florida]]. He haed been shot sax times.
* Charles Carskaddon,&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; age 40, 31 Mey 1990—Pairt-time rodeo wirker. On 6 Juin 1990, his body wis foond in [[Pasco Coonty, Florida]]. He haed been shot nine times wi a small-caliber weapon.
* Peter Siems,&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; age 65—In June 1990, Siems left [[Jupiter, Florida]], for [[New Jersey]]. On 4 July 1990, his caur wis foond in [[Orange Springs, Florida]]. Moore an Wuornos wur seen abandonin the caur, an Wuornos' palm print wis foond on the interior door haundle. His body wis niver foond.
* Troy Burress,&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; age 50—Sausage salesman frae [[Ocala, Florida]]. On 31 Julie 1990, he wis reportit missin. On 4 August 1990, his body wis foond in a firthit aurie alang State Road 19 in [[Marion Coonty, Florida]]. He haed been shot twice.
* Charles &quot;Dick&quot; Humphreys,&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; age 56, 11 September 1990—Retired [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Major]], umwhile State [[Child Abuis]] Investigator, an umwhile [[Chief o Polis]]. On 12 September 1990, his body wis foond in [[Marion Coonty, Florida]]. He wis fully clothed an haed been shot sax times in the heid an torso. His caur wis foond in [[Suwannee Coonty, Florida]].
* Walter Jeno Antonio,&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; age 62—Police Reservist.{{sfn|Hickey|2010|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2011}} On 19 November 1990,{{sfn|Hickey|2010|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2011}} Antonio's nearly nude body was foond near a remote loggin road in [[Dixie Coonty, Florida]]. He haed been shot fower times. Five days later, his caur wis foond in [[Brevard Coonty, Florida]].

== Juistice seestem ==
=== Apprehension an sentencin ===
On 4 Julie 1990, Wuornos an Moore abandoned Peter Siems's caur efter thay wur involvit in an accident. Witnesses who haed seen the weemen drivin the victims' caurs providit polis wi thair names an descriptions, resultin in a media campaign tae locate them. Police foond some o the victims' belongins in pawnshops an retrievit fingerprints matchin thae foond in the victims' caurs. Wuornos haed a creeminal juistice record in Florida, an her fingerprints wur on file.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard&quot; /&gt;

On 9 Januar 1991, Wuornos wis arrestit on an ootstaundin warrant at The Last Resort, a biker bar in Volusia Coonty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Kennedy | first = Dolores | coauthors = Robert Nolin | title = On a Killing Day: The Bizarre Story of Convicted Murderer Aileen Lee Wournos [sic] | publisher = S.P.I. Books | year = 1994 | pages = 48 | url = | isbn = 1-56171-293-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Polis locatit Moore the next day in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]]. She agreed tae elicit a confession frae Wuornos in excyange for [[Qualifee'd immunity|prosecutorial immunity]].&lt;ref&gt;The legal term is [[transactional immunity]], meanin complete immunity for creeme or creemes committit. This is in contrast tae wha is kent as [[uise immunity]], which prevents prosecutors frae uisin sel-increeminatin testimony afore a [[Grand Jury]].&lt;/ref&gt; Moore returned wi polis tae Florida, whaur she wis put up in a motel. Unner polis guidance, Moore made numerous telephone caws tae Wuornos, pleadin for help in clearin her name. Three days later, on 16 Januar 1991, Wuornos confessed tae the murthers. She claimed the men haed tree'd tae rape her an she killed them in [[sel-defense]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dwyer | first = Kevin | coauthors = Jure Fiorillo | title = True Stories of Law &amp; Order: SVU | publisher = Penguin Group/Berkley | date = 2007-11-06 | pages = 53–54 | url = http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_9780425217351,00.html | isbn = 978-0-425-21735-1 | access-date = 2012-06-06 | archive-date = 2012-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222045116/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_9780425217351,00.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=timeline&gt;{{cite news | title=Timeline Of Aileen Wuornos' Crimes | url=http://www.local6.com/news/817364/detail.html | work=Local 6 News | accessdate=2008-10-03 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5bI2YtmO0?url=http://www.local6.com/news/817364/detail.html | archivedate=2008-10-03 | url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5bI2YtmO0?url=http://www.local6.com/news/817364/detail.html |date=2008-10-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 14 Januar 1992, Wuornos went tae trial for the murder of Richard Mallory. Prior bad acts are normally inadmissible in creeminal trials, but unner Florida's [[Williams Rule]], the prosecution wis allouit tae introduce evidence relatit tae her ither creemes tae show a pattern o illegal activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; On 27 Januar 1992, Wuornos wis convictit o Richard Mallory's murther wi help frae Moore's testimony. At her sentencin, psychiatrists for the defense testifeed that Wuornos wis mentally unstable an haed been diagnosed wi [[borderline personality disorder]] an [[antisocial personality disorder]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/wuornos805.htm Profile]&lt;/ref&gt; Fower days later, she wis sentencit tae daith.&lt;ref name=timeline/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dwyer | first = Kevin | coauthors = Jure Fiorillo | title = True Stories of Law &amp; Order: SVU | publisher = Penguin Group/Berkley | date = 2007-11-06 | pages = 54–55 | url = http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_9780425217351,00.html | isbn = 978-0-425-21735-1 | access-date = 2012-06-06 | archive-date = 2012-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222045116/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_9780425217351,00.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 31 Mairch 1992, Wuornos pleadit [[Nolo contendere|nae contest]] tae the murthers o Dick Humphreys, Troy Burress, an David Spears, sayin she wantit tae &quot;get right with God&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; In her statement tae the court, she statit, &quot;I wanted to confess to you that Richard Mallory did violently rape me as I've told you; but these others did not. [They] only began to start to.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; On 15 Mey 1992, Wuornos wis gien three mair daith sentences.&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt;

In Juin 1992, Wuornos pleadit guilty tae the murther o Charles Carskaddon; in November 1992, she receivit her fift daith sentence.&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt; The defense made efforts durin the trial tae introduce evidence that Mallory haed been tree'd for intent tae commit rape in Maryland an that he haed been committit tae a maximum security correctional facility in [[Maryland]] that providit remediation tae [[sexual affender]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;supremecourt&quot; /&gt; Records obtained frae that institution reflectit that, frae 1958 tae 1962, Mallory wis committit for treatment an observation resultin frae a creeminal chairge o assault wi intent tae rape an receivit an ower-aw aicht years o treatment frae the facility. In 1961, &quot;it was observed of Mr. Mallory that he possessed strang sociopathic trends&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;supremecourt&quot; /&gt; The judge refused to allou this tae be admitted in court as evidence and denied Wuornos' request for a [[retrial]].&lt;ref name=timeline/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;supremecourt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/SCRIPTS/texis.exe/Webinator/search?query=ocala&amp;pr=SupremeCourt&amp;prox=page&amp;rorder=500&amp;rprox=500&amp;rdfreq=500&amp;rwfreq=500&amp;rlead=500&amp;sufs=0&amp;order=r&amp;cq=2&amp;cmd=context&amp;id=4786a0a37 |title=AILEEN C. WUORNOS v. STATE OF FLORIDA |accessdate=2008-10-02 |date=2004-11-19 |publisher=Florida Supreme Court |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5bGdvORWZ?url=http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/SCRIPTS/texis.exe/Webinator/search?query=ocala |archivedate=2008-10-02 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dwyer | first = Kevin | coauthors = Jure Fiorillo | title = True Stories of Law &amp; Order: SVU | publisher = Penguin Group/Berkley | date = 2007-11-06 | pages = 55 | url = http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_9780425217351,00.html | isbn = 978-0-425-21735-1 | access-date = 2012-06-06 | archive-date = 2012-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222045116/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_9780425217351,00.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Februar 1993, Wuornos pleadit guilty tae the murther o Walter Jeno Antonio an wis sentencit tae daith again. Nae chairges wur brocht against her for the murther o Peter Siems, as his body wis niver foond. In aw, she receivit sax daith sentences.&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot; /&gt;

Wuornos tauld several inconsistent stories aboot the killins. She claimed initially that aw seiven men haed rapit her while she wis wirkin as a prostitute but later recantit the claim o sel-defense. Durin an interview wi filmmaker [[Nick Broomfield]], when she thocht the cameras wur aff, she tauld him that it wis, in fact, sel-defense, but she coud no staund bein on [[daith row]]&amp;mdash;whaur she haed been for 12 years at that pynt&amp;mdash;an wantit tae dee.&lt;ref name=&quot;aileenfilm&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aileenfilm.com/summary.php |title=Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer |accessdate=2008-09-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5b8vaARvx?url=http://www.aileenfilm.com/summary.php |archivedate=2008-09-27 |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5b8vaARvx?url=http://www.aileenfilm.com/summary.php |date=2008-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Execution ===
Wuornos' [[appeal]] tae the [[Supreme Court o the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] wis denee'd in 1996. In 2001, she annooncit that she wad no issue ony faur appeals against her daith sentence. She petitioned the [[Florida Supreme Court]] for the richt tae fire her legal coonsel an stap aw appeals, sayin, &quot;I killed those men, robbed them as cold as ice. And I'd do it again, too. There's no chance in keeping me alive or anything, because I'd kill again. I have hate crawling through my system...I am so sick of hearing this 'she's crazy' stuff. I've been evaluated so many times. I'm competent, sane, and I'm trying to tell the truth. I'm one who seriously hates human life and would kill again.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first=John | last=Zarrella | title=Wuornos' last words: 'I'll be back' | date=2002-10-15 | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/10/09/wuornos.execution/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=2008-10-02 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5bGafqK0R?url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/10/09/wuornos.execution/index.html | archivedate=2008-10-02 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A defense attorney argued that she wis in nae state for them tae honour sic a request.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/10/09/wuornos.execution/index.html |title=WebCite query result |publisher=www.webcitation.org |accessdate=2010-05-31 |archive-date=2009-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616081454/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/10/09/wuornos.execution/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Govrenor o Florida|Florida Gorernor]] [[Jeb Bush]] instructit three [[psychiatry|psychiatrists]] tae gie Wuornos a 15-minute interview. The [[Competency evaluation (law)|test for competency]] requires the psychiatrist(s) tae be convinced that the condemned person unnerstaunds that she will dee an for which creeme(s) she is bein executit. Aw three judgit her mentally fit tae be executit.

Wuornos later stairtit accusin the preeson matrons o [[preesoner abius|abuisin]] her. She accused them o taintin her fuid, spittin on it, servin her potatoes ceukit in dirt, an her fuid arrivin wi urine. She claimit overhearin conversations an aw aboot &quot;trying to get me so pushed over the brink by them I'd wind up committing [[suicide]] before the [execution]&quot; an &quot;wishing to rape me before execution&quot;. She complained o strip searches an aw, bein handcuffed sae tichtly that her wrists bruisit ony time she left her cell, door kickin, frequent windae checks bi matrons, law watter pressur, [[mildew]] on her mattress an &quot;cat calling ... in distaste and a pure hatred towards me&quot;. Wuornos threatened tae boycott shouers an fuid trays when specific officers wur on duty. &quot;In the meantime, my stomach's growling away and I'm taking showers through the sink of my cell.&quot;

Her attorney statit that &quot;Ms. Wuornos really just wants to have proper treatment, humane treatment until the day she's executed&quot;, an &quot;If the allegations don't have any truth to them, she's clearly [[delusion]]al. She believes what she's written&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first=Catherine | last=Wilson | title=Aileen Wuornos says prison guards abusing her | date=2002-07-13 | url=http://www.polkonline.com/stories/071302/sta_wuornos.shtml | work=News Chief | accessdate=2007-11-13&lt;!-- Unable to archive this article --&gt; | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023174550/http://www.polkonline.com/stories/071302/sta_wuornos.shtml | archivedate=2007-10-23 | url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202075631/http://www.polkonline.com/stories/071302/sta_wuornos.shtml |date=2007-12-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durin the feenal stages o the appeal process she gae a series o interviews tae Broomfield. In her final interview shortly afore her execution she claimit that her mynd wis bein controlled bi &quot;sonic pressure&quot; te mak her appear crazy an describit her impendin daith as bein taken awa bi angels on a space ship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.aileenfilm.com/summary.php| title = Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer (Film Summary)| accessdate = 2008-09-24| last = Broomfield| first = Nick| archive-date = 2008-09-27| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5b8vaARvx?url=http://www.aileenfilm.com/summary.php| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wuornos said tae Broomfield, &quot;You sabotaged my ass, society, and the cops, and the system. A raped woman got executed, and was used for books and movies and shit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Stewart, Helen. [http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/Monstrous-end-to-tragic-story.2527152.jp &quot;Monstrous end to tragic story&quot;]. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. 9 May 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Her feenal wirds in the on-camera interview wur &quot;Thanks a lot, society, for railroading my ass.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cheshire, Godfrey. [http://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A20870# &quot;Charlize Theron's career-making performance anchors a harrowing tale&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019182044/http://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A20870 |date=2014-10-19 }}. ''[[Independent Weekly]]''. 14 Jan 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Broomfield later met Dawn Botkins, a childhuid friend o Wuornos', who told him, &quot;She's sorry, Nick. She didn't give you the finger. She gave the media the finger, and then the attorneys the finger. And she knew if she said much more, it could make a difference on her execution tomorrow, so she just decided not to.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url = http://popmatters.com/film/reviews/a/aileen-life-and-death.shtml| title = A Lot of Illegalness Going On| accessdate = 2008-09-24| last = Fuchs| first = Cynthia| date = 2004-02-12| publisher = PopMatters| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5bGbl3kEM?url=http://popmatters.com/film/reviews/a/aileen-life-and-death.shtml| archivedate = 2008-10-02| url-status = dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711131826/http://www.popmatters.com/film/reviews/a/aileen-life-and-death.shtml/ |date=2015-07-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wuornos wis brocht intae the daith chamber on October 9, 2002. She haed Kentucky Fried Chicken an french fries as her [[last meal]] an wis gien a $20 budget. Her last wirds afore the execution wur &quot;Yes, I would just like to say I'm sailing with the rock, and I'll be back, like ''Independence Day'' with Jesus. June 6, like the movie. Big mother ship and all, I'll be back, I'll be back.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;clarkprosecutor&quot;/&gt; At 9:47 a.m. EDT, Aileen Wuornos dee'd.
She wis the tent wumman in the Unitit States tae be executit syne the Supreme Court liftit the ban on caipital punishment in 1976,&lt;ref&gt;Hall, K, ed. ''The Oxford Guide tae the Supreme Court o the United States''. pages 323–4. Oxford Varsity Press.&lt;/ref&gt; an the seicont wumman ever executit in Florida.

== Legacy ==
=== Beuks ===
[[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] [[Affender profilin|profiler]] [[Robert K. Ressler]] mentioned Wuornos anerlie briefly in his autobiographical history o his 20 years wi the FBI. Writin in 1992, he said he aften daes no discuss female serial killers acause thay tend tae kill in sprees insteid o in a sequential fashion.&lt;ref name=&quot;ressler&quot;&gt;Ressler, Robert K. and Tom Schachtman. ''Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Hunting Serial Killers for the FBI.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992, at p. 83. ISBN 0-312-07883-8.&lt;/ref&gt; He notit Wuornos as the sole exception.&lt;ref name=&quot;ressler&quot; /&gt; Ressler, who coined the phrase [[serial killer]]&lt;ref&gt;''The Serial Killer Files'' by Harold Schecter ISBN 978-0-345-46566-5&lt;/ref&gt; tae describe murtherers seekin personal gratification, does no apply it tae weemen killin in [[postpartum psychosis]] or tae ony murtherer actin solely for financial gain, such as weemen who hae killed a series o boarders or spouses. In 2002, journalist Sue Russell wrote a beuk aboot Wuornos cried ''Lethal Intent''.

=== Documentaries ===
Filmmaker [[Nick Broomfield]] directit twa documentaries aboot Wuornos:

* ''[[Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer]]'' (1994)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nickbroomfield.com/aileenwuornos.html |title=Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer |accessdate=2008-10-03 |publisher=NickBroomfield.com |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5bICUSn4H?url=http://www.nickbroomfield.com/aileenwuornos.html |archivedate=2008-10-03 |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103934/http://www.nickbroomfield.com/aileenwuornos.html |date=2011-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer]]'' (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;aileenfilm&quot; /&gt;

Wuornos wis the subject o episode &quot;Death Row Prostitute: Aileen Wuornos&quot; o the documentary TV series American Juistice.

Wuornos wis the subject o an episode o the documentary TV series ''[[Biography (TV series)|Biography]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aetv.com/biography/bio_episode_guide.jsp?episode=135526 |title=A&amp;E Biography: Episode Guide |accessdate=2009-08-26 |publisher=A&amp;E |archive-date=2007-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109151039/http://www.aetv.com/biography/bio_episode_guide.jsp?episode=135526 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wuornos wis featurt in the ''[[Deadly Women]]'' episode &quot;Predators&quot;.

=== Film ===
The theatrical film ''[[Monster (2003 film)|Monster]]'' (2003) starred [[Charlize Theron]] an [[Christina Ricci]]. It tells Wuornos' story frae childhuid till her first murther conviction. The film earned Theron the 2003 [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for her performance as Aileen Wuornos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0340855/ |title=Monster (2003) |accessdate=2008-10-03 |publisher=IMDB }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The TV movie ''Overkill: The Aileen Wuornos Story'' (1992) starred [[Jean Smart]].

=== Ither media ===
An [[opera]]tic adaptation o Wuornos' life events premiered at [[San Francisco]]'s [[Yerba Buena Center for the Arts]] on 22 Juin 2001. Entitled ''Wuornos'', the opera wis written bi [[componer]]/[[libretto|librettist]] [[Carla Lucero]], conductit bi Mary Chun, an producit bi the [[Jon Sims Center for the Performing Arts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wuornos.org/ |title=Welcome to the operatic world of Wuornos! |accessdate=2008-09-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5bGcuOhsb?url=http://www.wuornos.org/ |archivedate=2008-10-02 |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5bGcuOhsb?url=http://www.wuornos.org/ |date=2008-10-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The sangster Jewel wrote a sang aboot Aileen cried &quot;Nicotine Love,&quot; the New York-based Metalcore baund, [[It Dies Today]], wrote a sang &quot;Sixth of June&quot; referrin tae Aileen an the [[poet]] Doron Braunshtein dedicatit a poem tae her, cried &quot;Aileen Wuornos&quot; that appears in his [[2011]] [[spoken wird]] [[CD]] &quot;The [[Obsessive]] Poet&quot;.

The poem &quot;Sugar Zero&quot; bi [[Rima Banerji]] is dedicatit to Wuornos an appears in the [[2005]] [[Arsenal Pulp Press]] publication, &quot;Red Light: Superheroes, Saints, and Sluts&quot;.

== References ==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wuornos, Aileen}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2002 daiths]]
[[Category:20t-century criminals]]
[[Category:21st-century executions]]
[[Category:American adoptees]]
[[Category:American female murtherers]]
[[Category:American fowk convictit o murther]]
[[Category:American fowk o Finnish strynd]]
[[Category:American prostitutes]]
[[Category:American serial killers]]
[[Category:Bisexual fowk]]
[[Category:Executit American weemen]]
[[Category:Executit serial killers]]
[[Category:Female serial killers]]
[[Category:Fowk convictit o murther bi Florida]]
[[Category:Fowk executit bi Florida]]
[[Category:Fowk executit bi lethal injection]]
[[Category:Fowk executit for murther]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Florida]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Rochester, Michigan]]
[[Category:Fowk wi antisocial personality disorder]]
[[Category:Fowk wi borderline personality disorder]]</text>
      <sha1>5ptvmcxtutnjy7ru4f68m3jxc9cibls</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germans</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869332</id>
      <parentid>865137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30700" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Germans &lt;br /&gt; ''Deutsche''
|image = [[File:Germans collage.jpg|300px]]
|caption= '''1st Row:''' [[Martin Luther]], [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]

'''2nt Row:''' [[Johannes Gutenberg]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]

'''3rd Row:''' [[Friedrich Schiller]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Brothers Grimm]], [[Konrad Adenauer]], [[Albrecht Dürer]]

'''4t Row:''' [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], [[Karl Benz]], [[Konrad Zuse]], [[Marlene Dietrich]], [[Max Planck]]

'''5t Row:''' [[Claudia Schiffer]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Heidi Klum]]

'''6t Row:''' [[Willy Brandt]], [[Jürgen Klinsmann]], [[Wernher von Braun]], [[Catherine the Great]], [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
|population = German Diaspora '''ca. 150&amp;nbsp;million'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094914/http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html |date=2009-05-04 }}. 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|regions = {{flag|Germany}} {{nbsp|6}} 75 million&lt;ref name=&quot;2005 Microcensus&quot;&gt;66.42&amp;nbsp;million is the number of Germans without immigrant background, 75&amp;nbsp;million is the number of German citizens [http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094914/http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html |date=2009-05-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2046121,00.html |title=Deutsche Welle: 2005 German Census figures |publisher=Dw-world.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html |title=CIA World Factbook – Germany: People |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211075204/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region1     = [[#Geographic distribution|see below]]; see an aw [[Ethnic Germans]].
|langs=German: [[Heich German]] ([[Upper German]], [[Central German]]), [[Law German]] (see [[German dialects]])
|rels=Roman Catholic, Protestant (chiefly [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]])
|related= [[Austrians]], [[Danes]], [[Dutch fowk|Dutch]], [[Inglis fowk|Inglis]], [[Flemish fowk|Flemish]], [[French fowk|French]], [[Icelanders]], [[Norse fowk]],&lt;ref name=&quot;hpgl.stanford.edu&quot;/&gt; [[Romansch fowk|Romansch]], [[Swadish fowk|Swades]],&lt;ref name=&quot;hpgl.stanford.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-10 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060758/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Germanic fowks|ither Germanic fowks]]
}}
The '''Germans''' ({{lang-de|Deutsche}}) are a [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] [[ethnic group]] native tae [[Central Europe]]. The Inglis/Scots term ''Germans'' haes referred tae the [[German leid|German-speakin]] population o the [[Holy Roman Empire]] syne the [[Late Middle Ages]].&lt;ref&gt;alangside the slichtly earlier term ''Almayns''; [[John o Trevisa]]'s 1387 translation o [[Ranulf Higdon]]'s ''Polychronicon'' haes: ''{{lang|enm|Þe empere passede from þe Grees to þe Frenschemen and to þe Germans, þat beeþ Almayns.}}'' Durin the 15t an 16t centuries, ''Dutch'' wis the adjective uised in the sense &quot;pertainin tae Germans&quot;. Uise o ''German'' as an adjective dates tae ca. 1550. The adjective ''Dutch'' narraeed its sense tae &quot;o the Netherlands&quot; durin the 17t century.&lt;/ref&gt; Legally, Germans are ceetizens o the Federal Republic o [[Germany]].

O approximately 100 million native speakers o German in the warld, aboot 66–75&amp;nbsp;million consider thairsels Germans. Thare are an additional 80&amp;nbsp;million fowk o German ancestry mainly in the [[Unitit States]], [[Brazil]], [[Canadae]], [[Argentinae]], [[Fraunce]], [[Roushie]], [[Chile]], [[Poland]], [[Australie]] an [[Romanie]] (who maist likely are no native speakers o German).&lt;ref&gt;{{es}} [http://www.traduccion.at/4.html Hablantes del alemán en el mundo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320164829/http://www.traduccion.at/4.html |date=2012-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sicweys, the tot nummer o Germans warldwide lees atween 66 an 160 million, dependin on the criteria appleed (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, pairtial German ancestry, etc.).

The day, fowks frae kintras wi a German-speakin majority or significant German-speakin population groups ither than Germany, sic as [[Austrick]], [[Swisserland]], [[Liechtenstein]] an [[Luxembourg]], hae developit thair awn naitional identity an uisually dae no refer tae thairsels as &quot;Germans&quot; in a modren context.

==Leid==
{{Main|German leid}}

The native leid o Germans is German, a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic leid]], relatit tae an classifeed alangside Inglis an [[Dutch leid|Dutch]], an sharin mony similarities wi the [[North Germanic leids|North Germanic]] or Scandinavie leids. Spoken bi approximately 100 million [[First leid|native speakers]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm |title=Most Widely Spoken Languages |publisher=.ignatius.edu |date=28 May 2011 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; German is ane o the warld's [[warld leid|major leids]] an the maist widely spoken [[first leid]] in the [[European Union]].

===Dialects===
{{Main|German dialects}}
[[File:Europe germanic-languages 2.PNG|220px|thumb|right|'''Wast Germanic eids'''
{{legend|#9cff00|Dutch (Law Franconie, Wast Germanic)}}
{{legend|#38ff00|Law German (Wast Germanic)}}
{{legend|#00d200|Central German (Heich German, Wast Germanic)}}
{{legend|#008000|Upper German (Heich German, Wast Germanic)}}
{{legend|#ff8811|Inglis (Anglo-Frisie, Wast Germanic)}}
{{legend|#ffbb77|Frisie (Anglo-Frisie, Wast Germanic)}}
'''North Germanic leids'''
{{legend|#0000ff|East Scandinavie}}
{{legend|#00ffff|Wast Scandinavie}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Line dividin the North an Wast Germanic leids}}]]
*[[Heich German]]
**[[Upper German]]
***[[Bavaries]] (ca. 10 million) form the [[Bavarie leid|Austro-Bavarie]] linguistic group, thegither wi those [[Austrians]] who speak German an dae no live in [[Vorarlberg]] an the wastren Tyrol destrict o [[Reutte (destrict)|Reutte]]. [[Swabians]] (ca. 10 million) form the [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] group, thegither wi the [[Alemannic Swiss]], Liechtensteiners, [[Alsatian leid|Alsatians]] an [[Vorarlberg]]ians.
**[[Central German]] dialect group (ca. 45 million)
***[[Wast Central German]]
****[[Central Franconie]] ([[Ripuarian leid|Ripuarian]], [[Kölsch leid|Kölsch]]), forms a dialectal unity wi [[Luxembourgis leid|Luxembourgis]], [[Rhine Franconie]]([[Hessian dialects|Hessian]])
***[[East Central German]]
****[[Staundart German]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1205-16 |title=Ethnologue: East Middle German |accessdate=6 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thuringie dialect|Thuringie]], [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]], [[Heich Proushie]], [[German minority in Poland|German Silesian]]
**[[Yiddish leid|Yiddish]], a Heich German leid o [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]] oreegin, spoken throughoot the warld. It developit as a fusion o German dialects wi [[Ebreu]], [[Slavic leids]] an traces o [[Romance leids]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eyBQn7JrBVwC&amp;pg=PA72 ''Introduction to Old Yiddish literature'', p. 72], Baumgarten and Frakes, Oxford University Press, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/givennames/yiddial.htm &quot;Development of Yiddish over the ages&quot;], www.jewishgen.org&lt;/ref&gt; 
*[[Law German]] (ca. 3–10&amp;nbsp;million), forms a dialectal unity wi [[Dutch Law Saxon]]
**[[Wast Law German|Law Saxon]], [[East Law German]]

===Native speakers===
Global distribution o native speakers o the German leid:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Kintra
! German speakin population (ootside Europe)
|-
| USA
| 5,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot;&gt;[http://www.bpb.de/wissen/08937231579775312662617270950640,1,0,Auslandsdeutsche.html#art1 Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik] (in German). Source lists &quot;German expatriate citizens&quot; only for Namibia and South Africa!&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Brazil]]
| 3,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Roushie]]
| 2,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Poland]]
| 800,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Argentinae]]
| 500,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Canadae
| 450,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt; – 620,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Statcan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&amp;APATH=3&amp;CATNO=&amp;DETAIL=0&amp;DIM=&amp;DS=99&amp;FL=0&amp;FREE=0&amp;GAL=0&amp;GC=99&amp;GK=NA&amp;GRP=1&amp;IPS=&amp;METH=0&amp;ORDER=1&amp;PID=89189&amp;PTYPE=88971&amp;RL=0&amp;S=1&amp;ShowAll=No&amp;StartRow=1&amp;SUB=705&amp;Temporal=2006&amp;Theme=70&amp;VID=0&amp;VNAMEE=&amp;VNAMEF=&amp;GID=837928 |title=Statistics Canada 2006 |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date=6 January 2010 |accessdate=15 March 2010 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225074451/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&amp;APATH=3&amp;DETAIL=0&amp;DIM=0&amp;FL=A&amp;FREE=0&amp;GC=0&amp;GID=837928%20&amp;GK=0&amp;GRP=1&amp;PID=89189&amp;PRID=0&amp;PTYPE=88971,97154&amp;S=0&amp;SHOWALL=0&amp;SUB=0&amp;Temporal=2006&amp;THEME=70&amp;VID=0&amp;VNAMEE=&amp;VNAMEF= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Bolivie]]
| 300,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Lizcano-CR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |language=[[Spanish language|Spanish]] |format=[[PDF]] |page=188 |accessdate=12 June 2012 |archive-date=2014-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224061845/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/21/world/americas/21bolivia.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier], New York Times&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://mexico.cnn.com/videos/2012/06/07/los-menonitas-en-bolivia Los Menonitas en Bolivia] '''CNN México/CNN en Español'''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Italy]]
| 250,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Hungary]]
| 220,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Paraguay]]
| 186,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Lizcano-CR&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Australie
| 110,000
|-
| Sooth Africae
| 75,000 (German expatriate ceetizens)&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Belgium]]
| 66,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Mexico]]
| 40,000&lt;ref name=Mennonite&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf|title=The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: ''Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection''|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-05-30|archive-date=2013-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404152020/http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Chile]]
| 40,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Namibie]]
| 30,000 (German expatriate ceetizens)&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Denmark]]
| 20,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Romanie]]
| 15,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Venezuela]]
| 10,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Handwörterbuch&quot; /&gt;
|}

==Geographic distribution==
[[File:Oktoberfest VGBelgrano.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[German Argentine]]s celebrate [[Oktoberfest]] in [[Villa General Belgrano]], Argentinae.]]

Ethnic Germans form an important minority group in several kintras in [[Central Europe|central]] an eastren Europe—([[Demographics o Poland|Poland]], [[Demographics o Hungary|Hungary]], [[Demographics o Romanie|Romanie]], [[Demographics o Roushie|Roushie]]) as well as in [[Demographics o Namibie|Namibie]] ([[German Namibie]]), [[Demographics o Brazil|Brazil]] ([[German Brazilian]]) (approx. 3% o the population),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha |title=A Imigração Alemã&amp;#124; Brasil &amp;#124; Deutsche Welle &amp;#124; 14.01.2010 |publisher=Passeiweb.com |date=6 January 1990 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050625/http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Argentinae]] ([[German Argentine]]) (1,5%&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/secretaria_gral/colectividades/?col=1 |title=Obsevatorio de Colectividades – Comunidad Alemana |publisher=Buenosaires.gob.ar |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ~ 7,5% o the population)&lt;ref&gt;[[German-Argentine]] Descendants of Germans in Argentina&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Chile]] ([[German Chilean|German-Chilean]]) (approx. 1% o the population).&lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver Zoellner&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Oliver Zoellner |url=http://www.research-worldwide.de/article-chile2005.html |title=Oliver Zoellner &amp;#124; Generating Samples of Ethnic Minorities in Chile |publisher=Research-worldwide.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some groups mey be classifeed as Ethnic Germans despite nae langer haein German as thair mither tongue or belangin tae a destinct German cultur. Till the 1990s, twa million Ethnic Germans livit throughoot the umwhile Soviet Union, pairticularly in Roushie an [[Kazakhstan]].

In the Unitit States 1990 census, 57 million fowk wur fully or pairtly o German ancestry, formin the lairgest single ethnic group in the kintra. States wi the heichest percentage o Americans o German strynd are in the northren [[Midwast]] (especially [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Sooth Dakota]], [[Nebraska]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Michigan]]) an the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Mid-Atlantic]] state, [[Pennsylvania]]. But Germanic immigrant enclaves existit in mony ither states (e.g., the [[German Texan]]s an the [[Denver]], Colorado aurie) an tae a lesser extent, the Paceefic Northwast (i.e. [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]).

Notable Ethnic German minorities exist in ither [[Anglosphere]] kintras sic as [[Demographics o Canadae|Canadae]] (approx. 10% o the population) an [[Demographics o Australie|Australie]] (approx. 4% o the population) an aw. As in the Unitit States, maist fowk o German strynd in Canadae an Australie hae amaist completely assimilatit, culturally an linguistically, intae the Inglis-speakin mainstream.

Distribution o German ceetizens an fowk claimin German ancestry:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Kintra
! [[Ethnic Germans|German ancestry]]
! [[Germans Abroad|German ceetizens]]
! Comments
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| 66,420,000
| 75,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;2005 Microcensus&quot;/&gt;
| see [[Demographics o Germany]]
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}
| 50,000,000&lt;ref&gt;49.2&amp;nbsp;million [[German Americans]] as o 2005 accordin tae the {{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&amp;-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&amp;-TABLE_NAMEX=&amp;-ci_type=A&amp;-redoLog=false&amp;-charIterations=047&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-format=&amp;-_lang=en|coauthors=United States Census Bureau|title=US demographic census|accessdate=2 August 2007|archive-date=2009-04-03|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403034514/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&amp;-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&amp;-TABLE_NAMEX=&amp;-ci_type=A&amp;-redoLog=false&amp;-charIterations=047&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-format=&amp;-_lang=en|url-status=dead}}; see an aw [[Leids in the Unitit States#German]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[German American]]
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| 5,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha |title=A Imigração Alemã no Brasil &amp;#124; Brasil &amp;#124; Deutsche Welle &amp;#124; 25.07.2004 |publisher=Passeiweb.com |date=6 January 1990 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050625/http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[German Brazilian]]
|-
| {{flag|Canadae}}
| 3,200,000&lt;ref&gt;[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&amp;T=501&amp;GV=1&amp;GID=0 2001 Canadian Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409060848/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&amp;T=501&amp;GV=1&amp;GID=0 |date=2013-04-09 }} gives 2,742,765 total respondents stating their ''ethnic origin'' as partly German, with 705,600 stating &quot;single-ancestry&quot;, see [[List of Canadians by ethnicity]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[Canadians o German ethnicity]]
|-
|{{flag|Sooth Africae}}
| 1,200,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/meadows/7589/intro_en.html |title=Germans in South Africa |publisher=Webcitation.org |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2009-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020120941/http://geocities.com/Heartland/Meadows/7589/intro_en.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Professor JA Heese in his book Die Herkoms van die Afrikaner (''The Origins of Afrikaners'') claims the modern [[Afrikaner]]s (who total around 3.5&amp;nbsp;million) have 34.4% German heritage. [http://africanhistory.about.com/od/southafrica/p/AfrikanerGene.htm How 'Pure' was the Average Afrikaner?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013012659/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/southafrica/p/AfrikanerGene.htm |date=2012-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[Afrikaner]]. Awtho studies shaw that atween 30–40% o Afrikaners hae German ancestry, due tae intermarriage this figur is likely tae be hintle heicher.
|-
| {{flag|Argentinae}}
| 600,000&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/secretaria_gral/colectividades/?col=1]~3,000,000 Including Volga Germans, and other German ancestries&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[German Argentine]]
|-
|The {{flag|CIS}} &lt;small&gt;(mainly {{flag|Roushie}} an {{flag|Kazakhstan}})&lt;/small&gt;
| 1,000,000
| 600,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 |title=597,212 in Russia as of 2002, 0.4 of Russian population |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2012-01-24 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/64vB3cy04?url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| see [[History o Germans in Roushie an the Soviet Union|Germans in Roushie]], [[Germans o Kazakhstan]], [[Volga Germans]], [[Caucasus Germans]]
|-
|{{flag|Fraunce}}
| 1,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Vladimir Geroimenko |url=http://www.ling.gu.se/projekt/sprakfrageladan/english/varldskarta/eng-fra.html |title=France |publisher=Ling.gu.se |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Alsatians.html |title=Alsatians |publisher=Everyculture.com |date=16 January 2010 |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| predominant ethnic group o [[Alsace]] an [[Moselle]]; 970,000 wi German dialects as mither tongue
|-
| {{flag|Australie}}
| 812,000&lt;ref&gt;The {{PDFlink|[http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/AD2222ECE5AD4396CA25712500161734/$File/29330_2001.pdf Australian Bureau of Statistics]|424&amp;nbsp;KB}} reports 742,212 people of German ancestry in the 2001 Census. German is spoken by ca. 135,000 [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AU], about 105,000 of them Germany-born, see [[Demographics of Australia]]&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| incl. 106,524 German-born. See [[German Australie]]
|-
|{{flag|Italy}} &lt;small&gt;(in [[Sooth Tyrol]])&lt;/small&gt;
| 500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2006/query.php?lingua=ita&amp;Rip=S0&amp;paese=A11&amp;submit=Tavola |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719030027/http://demo.istat.it/str2006/query.php?lingua=ita&amp;Rip=S0&amp;paese=A11&amp;submit=Tavola |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.provincia.bz.it/downloads/Siz_2006-eng.pdf South Tyrol in figures]. Provincial Statistics Institute.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|
| 179,000&lt;ref&gt;378,947 (2010, 2.3% o Dutch population). [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&amp;PA=37325eng&amp;D1=0&amp;D2=0&amp;D3=0&amp;D4=0&amp;D5=0-1,84,102,139,145,210,225&amp;D6=a&amp;LA=EN&amp;HDR=G2,G3,G4,T&amp;STB=G1,G5&amp;VW=T cbs.nl]&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}
| 262,000&lt;ref&gt;German born anerlie; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/germany.stm Born Abroad: An Immigration map of Britain: Germany, 2001]&lt;/ref&gt; (This figure includes childer born tae Breetish Military personnel serving on Breetish Military bases in Germany)
| 92,000&lt;ref&gt;2008, 0.15% o UK population. [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090129001915/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Pop_country_of_birth_and_nationality_Apr07_Mar08.zip statistics.gov.uk]&lt;/ref&gt;
| see [[German migration tae the Unitit Kinrick]]
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| 255,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.com |title=INE(2006) |publisher=INE |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| German immigrants
|-
|{{flag|Swisserland}}
|
| 266,000&lt;ref&gt;265,944 (2009, 3.3% o Swiss population) [http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/07/blank/data/01.Document.88361.xls Wohnbevölkerung nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit], Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 163 923 resident aliens (nationals or citizens) in 2004 (2.2% of total population), compared to 112 348 as of 2000. [http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.67005.pdf 2005 report of the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics]. 4.6&amp;nbsp;million including [[Swiss German|Alemannic]] [[Swiss (people)|Swiss]]: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sz.html CIA World Fact Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112040925/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sz.html |date=2018-01-12 }}, identifies the 65% (4.9&amp;nbsp;million) Swiss German speakers as &quot;ethnic Germans&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| see [[German immigration tae Swisserland]]
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
| 153,000&lt;ref&gt;2002 census&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| mainly in [[Opole Voivodeship]], see [[German minority in Poland]].
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
| 150,000 ~ 200,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver Zoellner&quot;/&gt;
|
| see [[German Chilean]]
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
| 180,000&lt;ref&gt;{{es}} [http://www.peru-spiegel.de/de/d-per/Deutsche-in-Peru/index.htm / Inmigración Alemana al Perú] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123081129/http://www.peru-spiegel.de/de/d-per/Deutsche-in-Peru/index.htm |date=2009-11-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[German Peruvian]]
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| 120,344&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/2/load01_12_0.html |title=census 2001 |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2005-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903124933/http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/2/load01_12_0.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[Germans o Hungary]]
|-
|{{flag|Austrick}}
|
| 124,710&lt;ref&gt;2008, 1.5% o Austrian population. [http://www.integrationsfonds.at/wissen/integration_im_fokus/integration_im_fokus_ausgabe_42008/oesterreich/wer_sind_die_deutschen_migranten/ Wer sind die Deutschen in Österreich?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427214322/http://www.integrationsfonds.at/wissen/integration_im_fokus/integration_im_fokus_ausgabe_42008/oesterreich/wer_sind_die_deutschen_migranten/ |date=2009-04-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|
| 100,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4076384,00.html |title=Money overcomes ideology as Israelis hunt down German passports&amp;#124; Yediot Ahronot &amp;#124; 31.05.2011 |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela}}
| 70,000
|
| see [[German Venezuelan]]
|-
| {{flag|Romanie}}
| 60,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laender/Rumaenien.html |title=German minority |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718201141/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laender/Rumaenien.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[Germans o Romanie]]
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
| 46,000
| 6,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/es/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Uruguay.html |title=There are 6,000 Germans living in Uruguay today and 40,000 descendants of Germans |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| 40,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/27184 |title=Ethnic German Minorities in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia |publisher=Radio.cz |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[Germans in the Czech Republic]]
|-
|{{flag|Bolivie}}
| 40,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Romero |first=Simon |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/21/news/bolivia.php |title=Land reform worries Bolivia's Mennonites |work=International Herald Tribune |date=21 December 2006 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221161413/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/21/news/bolivia.php |archivedate=2006-12-21 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| German speakin Mennonites. See [[Ethnic Germans in Bolivie]]
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
| 38,366&lt;ref&gt;{{nl}} {{cite web|url=http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/modules/publications/statistiques/bevolking/Bevolking_nat_geslacht_leeftijdsgroepen.jsp|title=Bevolking per nationaliteit, geslacht, leeftijdsgroepen op 1 January 2008|publisher=[[Statistics Belgium]]|accessdate=30 May 2010|archive-date=2011-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120220853/http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/modules/publications/statistiques/bevolking/Bevolking_nat_geslacht_leeftijdsgroepen.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| excludes [[Eupen-Malmedy|German-speakin ethnic Belgians]]
|-
|{{flag|Norawa}}
| 37,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |title=Norway |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2010-02-01 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDtcE5XJ?url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
| 33,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php |title=Ethnic groups around the world |publisher=joshuaproject.net |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|
|-
| {{flag|Namibie}}
| 30,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2D71E3CF935A15751C1A96E948260&amp;sec=&amp;spon=&amp;pagewanted=print |title=Amid Namibia's White Opulence, Majority Rule Isn't So Scary Now |work=New York Times |date=26 December 1988 |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| [[German Namibie]]
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| 25,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laender/DominikanischeRepublik.html |title=Dominican Republic |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
| 15,000–20,000&lt;ref&gt;in the German-Dens border region; see [http://www.bdn.dk/SEEEMS/4.asp Bund Deutscher Nordschleswiger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316100649/http://www.bdn.dk/SEEEMS/4.asp |date=2013-03-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|
| 15,498&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1604/Other/A1604_SAP03_TB_DC_00_2001_09_F_GR.pdf |title=Greeks Census 2001 |format=PDF |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120743/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1604/Other/A1604_SAP03_TB_DC_00_2001_09_F_GR.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
| 11,797&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/statistics/placebirthagegroup.htm |title=CSO: Statistics: Persons usually resident and present in the State on Census Night, classifieid by place of birth and age group |publisher=Cso.ie |date=13 May 2008 |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Slovakie}}
| 5000–10,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Slowakei.html |title=Slovakia |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
| 6,400&lt;ref&gt;2000 census&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| see [[German settlement in the Philippines]]
|-
|{{flag|Serbie}}
| 3,900
|
| see [[Germans o Serbie]]
|-
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| 2,700&lt;ref name=&quot;joshuaproject.net&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php |title=joshuaproject.net |publisher=joshuaproject.net |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}
| 2,700&lt;ref name=&quot;joshuaproject.net&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| {{flag|Jamaica}}
| 160&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0060.htm Out Of Many Cultures The People Who Came The Arrival Of The GERMANS |title=The Arrival Of The GERMANS |work=Jamaica Gleaner |date=2 March 2004 |accessdate=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| [[Germans in Jamaica]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category|People of Germany}}

[[Category:German fowk| ]]
[[Category:Germanic fowks]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Germany]]
[[Category:Wast Germanic fowks]]</text>
      <sha1>3pbi4wn03blv571nof188t7zzhfg3sf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Australian Fossil Mammal Steids (Riversleigh/Naracoorte)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>36157</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869285</id>
      <parentid>823601</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:47:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1427" xml:space="preserve">The '''Australian Fossil Mammal Sites''' is the [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]] in [[Queensland]] an [[Sooth Australie]].&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO, [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/698 &quot;Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)&quot;]. Retrieved 2012-4-21. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031083545/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/698 |date=2009-10-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The UNESCO leetin is for twa separate auries whaur [[fossil]]s frae the [[Cenozoic]] [[Period (geology)|period]] hae been foond. [[Riversleigh, Queensland|Riversleigh]] is in the north wast corner o Queensland an [[Narcoorte, Sooth Australie|Naracoorte]] is in the sooth east corner o Sooth Australie. The Riversleigh steid is pairt o the [[Lawn Hill Naitional Pairk]].

The steids are important for thair extinct [[marsupial]]s. The fossils shaw the [[evolution]] o[[mammal]]s in Australie ower the last 20 million years. The Naracoorte steid is pairt o the [[Naracoorte Caves Naitional Pairk]]. Its fossils shaw the wey [[marsupial]]s adaptit tae the great [[climate change]]s that hae affectit the warld ower the last 170,000 years.

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==Ether wabsteids==
* {{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/698 |title=Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte) - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |first= |last= |work=whc.unesco.org |year=2012 |accessdate=21 April 2012}}

[[Category:Australie]]


{{Stub/Antip}}</text>
      <sha1>m0wvad7l9di59nsiv0tcd7nrfxlr1bu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Orphaned Land</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>36580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869398</id>
      <parentid>864940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10249" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name = Orphaned Land
| image = Orphaned Land-Live-Wacken 2010.jpg
| caption = Orphaned Land performin at [[Wacken Open Air]] in August 2010
| image_size = 250
| background = group_or_band
| alias = Resurrection
| origin = [[Bat Yam]]/[[Petah Tikva]], [[Israel]]
| genre = [[Fowk metal]], [[Oriental metal]], [[progressive metal]],&lt;br&gt; [[daith/doom]], [[progressive rock]]
| years_active = 1991–present
| label = [[Century Media Records|Century Media]]
| associated_acts = [[Mahavatar (baund)|Mahavatar]]
| website = [http://www.orphaned-land.com/ www.orphaned-land.com]
| current_members = Kobi Farhi&lt;br /&gt;Uri Zelcha&lt;br /&gt;Yossi Sa'aron Sassi&lt;br /&gt;Shlomit Levi&lt;br /&gt;Matan Shmuely&lt;br /&gt;Chen Balbus
| past_members = Sami Bachar&lt;br /&gt;Eden Rabin&lt;br /&gt;Itzik Levy&lt;br /&gt;Yatziv Caspi&lt;br /&gt;Eran Asias&lt;br /&gt;Avi Diamond&lt;br /&gt;Matti Svatizky&lt;br /&gt;
}}
'''Orphaned Land''' is an [[Israel]]i [[progressive metal]] baund, formit in 1991, that combines [[daith/doom]], [[Jewish muisic|Jewish]] an [[Arabic muisic|Arabic]] influences.

==History==
In 1992, the baund chyngit its name frae the oreeginal Resurrection&lt;ref name=MusicMight&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.musicmight.com/linkto/artist/{32CAE95D-2246-4F31-8562-6E4BE10|title=ORPHANED LAND MusicMight&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; tae Orphaned Land.
Orphaned Land fuse [[progressive metal|progressive]], [[doom metal|doom]], an [[daith metal]] as well as [[Middle East|Middle-Eastren]] [[fowk muisic]] an Arabic traditions in a form o [[Oriental metal]]. Each album haes some concept relatit tae twa extremes: a meetin o [[Eastren warld|East]] an [[Wastren warld|Wast]], [[past]] an [[present]], [[licht]] an [[daurkness]], an [[God]] an [[Satan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.orphaned-land.com/default.php?language=en|title=Welcome to the Ark of Orphaned Land&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=2012-08-07|archive-date=2005-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204063604/http://www.orphaned-land.com/default.php?language=en|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The baund’s first album wis ''[[Sahara (Orphaned Land album)|''Sahara'']]'' (1994) which was oreeginally released as a [[demo album|demo]]. The second album, ''[[El Norra Alila]]'' (1996), haed mony Eastren/Oriental influences, such as &quot;El Norra Alila&quot; (&quot;Illustrious God&quot;), based on a poem sung durin [[Yom Kippur]] as a plea o forgiveness. It includit sangs wi traditional oriental Jewish ''[[piyyut]]'' an Arabic melodies an aw. The album splorit the themes o licht an darkness, as well as conveyin the message o commonality atween the three main Aubrahamic releegions ([[Judaism]], [[Islam]], an [[Christianity]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.orphaned-land.com/content.php?language=en&amp;menu=the_band&amp;section=concept&amp;theme=seven|title=Concept -&gt; The Concept of El Norra Alila|access-date=2012-08-07|archive-date=2007-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112030459/http://www.orphaned-land.com/content.php?language=en&amp;menu=the_band&amp;section=concept&amp;theme=seven|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The third album, ''[[Mabool|Mabool: The Story of the Three Sons of Seven]]'' (the Ebreu name for the [[flood myth|Deluge]], depictit in the [[Bible]] an [[Noah]]'s story), released in 2004, wis seven years in the makkin. It tells the story o three sons (ane for each [[Aubrahamic releegions|Aubrahamic releegion]]) who try tae warn humanity o a flood comin as punishment for their sins. Musically, the album contains oriental instruments, twa choruses, traditional [[Yemenite]] chants sung bi Shlomit Levi, an quotes o biblical verses frae the story o the deluge, read bi vocalist Kobi Farhi. Efter ''Mabool'', Orphaned Land released an EP, ''[[Ararat (EP)|Ararat]]'' (2005) namit efter [[Munt Ararat]]. Despite their sangs drawin on biblical themes, the baund hae said that they are no releegious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://squatneysteel.wordpress.com/2010/06/13/interview-matti-svatizky-orphaned-land/|title=Interview: Matti Svatizky, Orphaned Land}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On Januar, 2010, Orphaned Land released the follae-up tae ''Mabool'', entitled ''[[The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR]]''. ''ORWarriOR'' means &quot;Warrior o Licht&quot;, an the concept is the battle atween licht an darkness. The album haes a different soond than ''Mabool'', an wis mixed bi [[Steven Wilson]] o [[Porcupine Tree]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=2309|title=Encyclopaedia Metallum - Orphaned Land&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first single frae the CD wis titled &quot;Sapari&quot; an wis put on [[Myspace]] wi twa ither tracks, &quot;Vayehi OR&quot; an &quot;Disciples of the Sacred Oath II&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.angrymetalguy.com/?p=989|title=Orphaned Land Puts Up New Track on Myspace|date=January 5, 2010|publisher=AngryMetalGuy.com|accessdate=2010-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early 2011, ''ORWarriOR'' wis ratit the [[Metal Storm (webzine)|Metal Storm]] number ane progressive metal album o 2010 bi uisers wi 421/1130 total votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metalstorm.net/awards/categories.php?cat_id=16|title=Metal Storm Awards 2010 Progressive Metal |publisher=www.metalstorm.net|accessdate=2011-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, Orphaned Land wis featured in the documentary ''[[:en:Global Metal|Global Metal]]'', a film bi the creators o ''[[:en:Metal: A Headbanger's Journey|Metal: A Headbanger's Journey]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metalstorm.ee/events/news_comments.php?news_id=6956|title=Orphaned Land - New Album on the Way: News @ metalstorm.ee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 Mey 2010, Orphaned Land performed as the openin act tae [[Metallica]]'s show in [[Israel]]. Follaein this, the baund went on a festival tour in the simmer o 2010, promotin their latest album, ''The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR'', wi appearances at such festivals as [[Wacken Open Air]], [[Summer Breeze Open Air]], [[Sonisphere Festival]], [[Gods of Metal]], [[Rock Hard Festival]] an mair. Efter the simmer festival tour, the baund went on a North American tour in support o [[Katatonia]], alang wi [[Swallow the Sun]]. This wis follaeed bi a tour o Europe supportin [[Amorphis]] alang wi [[Ghost Brigade (baund)|Ghost Brigade]].

They performit on 19 Juin 2011, at the French Metal Festival [[Hellfest]] held in Clisson, near Nantes. In Februar 2012, they performit at the festival [[Alcheringa (festival)|Alcheringa]] at [[Indien Institute of Technology Guwahati]] (IIT), [[Indie]].

On 11 Juin 2012, guitarist Matty Svatizky annooncit his depairtur frae the baund, due tae personal issues.

==Discography==
===Demos===
* ''The Beloved's Cry'' (1993)

===EPs===
* ''The Calm Before the Flood'' (2004)
* ''Promo Split MCD'' (2005) – (with [[Sentenced]])
* ''[[Ararat (EP)|Ararat]]'' (2005)

===Studio albums===
* ''[[Sahara (Orphaned Land album)|Sahara]]'' (1994)
* ''[[El Norra Alila]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Mabool]]'' (2004)
* ''[[The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR]]'' (2010)

==Videography==
;Music videos
* &quot;Ocean Land&quot; (2004) – ''Mabool''
* &quot;Norra El Norra&quot; (2004) – ''Mabool''
* &quot;Sapari&quot; (2010) – ''The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR''

;Documentaries
* &quot;A Heaven You May Create&quot; – ''The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR Limited Edition DVD'' (2010)
* ''The Road to OR-Shalem'' (2011)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metalstorm.net/events/news_comments.php?news_id=14401 Orphaned Land - DVD Tracklist and Cover Revealed]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Baund members==
;Current members
* Kobi Farhi – leadin chants, grouls, narrations, choir &amp; backin vocals &lt;small&gt;(1991&amp;ndash;present)&lt;/small&gt;
* Yossi Sassi (Sa'aron) – lead electric &amp; acoustic guitars, oud, saz, bouzouki, chumbush, piano &lt;small&gt;(1991&amp;ndash;present)&lt;/small&gt;
* Uri Zelcha – electric, acoustic &amp; fretless bass &lt;small&gt;(1991&amp;ndash;present)&lt;/small&gt;
* Matan Shmuely – drums, percussion &lt;small&gt;(2007&amp;ndash;present)&lt;/small&gt;
* Chen Balbus – lead electric &amp; acoustic guitars, bouzouki, backin vocals &lt;small&gt;(2011&amp;ndash;present)&lt;/small&gt;

;Former members
* Eden Rabin – keybuirds, backin vocals &lt;small&gt;(2001&amp;ndash;2005)&lt;/small&gt;
* Yatziv Caspi – percussion &lt;small&gt;(2004&amp;ndash;2007)&lt;/small&gt;
* Avi Diamond – drums, percussion &lt;small&gt;(2004&amp;ndash;2007)&lt;/small&gt;
* Itzik Levy – keybuirds, piano &lt;small&gt;(1991&amp;ndash;2000)&lt;/small&gt;
* Eran Asias – drums, percussion &lt;small&gt;(2000&amp;ndash;2004)&lt;/small&gt;
* Sami Bachar – drums, percussion &lt;small&gt;(1991&amp;ndash;2000)&lt;/small&gt;
* Matti Svatitzki – rhythm electric &amp; acoustic guitars &lt;small&gt;(1991&amp;ndash;2012)&lt;/small&gt;

;Tourin members
* Chen Balbus – lead electric &amp; acoustic guitars, bouzouki, backin vocals &lt;small&gt;(2011&amp;ndash;present)&lt;/small&gt;
* Shlomit Levi – female vocals &lt;small&gt;(2004&amp;ndash;present)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steven Wilson]] – keybuirds &lt;small&gt;(2010)&lt;/small&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category|Orphaned Land}}
* {{Official website|http://www.orphaned-land.com}}
* [http://www2.centurymedia.com/index.aspx?page=detailed_artist&amp;id_artist=95 Century Media Records steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218091958/http://www2.centurymedia.com/index.aspx?page=detailed_artist&amp;id_artist=95 |date=2012-02-18 }}
* [http://www.holyrecords.com/holy_prod/orphanedland/orphanedland_1.htm Holy Records steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222000317/http://holyrecords.com/holy_prod/orphanedland/orphanedland_1.htm |date=2008-12-22 }}
* [http://www.avantgarde-metal.com/content/stories2.php?id=186 Interview wi Orphaned Land on Avantgarde-metal.com (2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608030417/http://www.avantgarde-metal.com/content/stories2.php?id=186 |date=2012-06-08 }}
* [http://www.prog-sphere.com/2011/03/05/progspheres-interview-with-matti-svatitzki-of-orphaned-land/ An interview wi Matti Svatitzki on Prog Sphere (2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307222226/http://www.prog-sphere.com/2011/03/05/progspheres-interview-with-matti-svatitzki-of-orphaned-land/ |date=2012-03-07 }}

[[Category:Israeli hivy metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Israeli progressive metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Israeli daith metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Oriental metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 1991]]
[[Category:Muisical sextets]]
[[Category:Century Media Records airtists]]</text>
      <sha1>bokju5rfyt0bnuk12e8g9626w3gb4m9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tirana Destrict</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869232</id>
      <parentid>865030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:40:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5624" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = Destrict o Tirana
| native_name             = Rrethi i Tiranës
| native_name_lang        = sq
| settlement_type         = [[Destricts o Albanie|Destrict]]
| image_skyline           =
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           =
| image_flag              =
| flag_alt                =
| image_seal              =
| seal_alt                =
| image_shield            =
| shield_alt              =
| nickname                =
| motto                   =
| image_map               =Albania_District.svg
| mapsize                 = 
| map_alt                 =
| map_caption             = Map showin Tirana Destrict athin Albanie
| pushpin_map             =
| pushpin_label_position  =
| pushpin_map_alt         =
| pushpin_map_caption     =
| coor_pinpoint           =
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Albanie}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Coonties o Albanie|Coonty]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Tirana Coonty]]
| subdivision_type2       =
| subdivision_name2       =
| subdivision_type3       =
| subdivision_name3       =
| established_title       =
| established_date        =
| founder                 =
| seat_type               = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]]
| seat                    = [[Tirana]]
| government_footnotes    =
| leader_party            =
| leader_title            =
| leader_name             =
| unit_pref               = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes          =
| area_total_km2          = 1238
| area_land_km2           =
| area_water_km2          =
| area_water_percent      =
| area_note               =
| elevation_footnotes     =
| elevation_m             =
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;INSTAT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls|title=POPULLSIA SIPAS PREFEKTURAVE, 2001–2010|publisher=Albanian Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2010-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162916/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls|archivedate=2011-07-24|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025060648/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls |date=2012-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 717,426
| population_as_of        = 2010
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      =
| population_note         =
| timezone1               =
| utc_offset1             =
| timezone1_DST           =
| utc_offset1_DST         =
| postal_code_type        =
| postal_code             =
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               =
| iso_code                =
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               =
}}
[[Image:Tirana Expansion.png|thumb|Population development in Tirana region frae 1990 tae 2005]]
The '''Destrict o Tirana''' ({{Lang-sq|Rrethi i Tiranës}}) is ane o the thirty-sax [[Destricts o Albanie|districts]] o [[Albanie]], pairt o [[Tirana Coonty]]. It haes a population o 717,426&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t2.xls|title=POPULLSIA SIPAS RRETHEVE, 2001-2010|publisher=Albanian Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2010-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163134/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t2.xls|archivedate=2011-07-24|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/663QJPNoI?url=http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t2.xls |date=2012-03-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010 estimate), an an aurie o 1,238&amp;nbsp;km². It is in the centre o the kintra, an its caipital is [[Tirana]]. The destrict consists o the follaein municipalities:
*[[Baldushk]]
*[[Bërxullë]]
*[[Bërzhitë]]
*[[Dajt]]
*[[Farkë]]
*[[Kamëz]]
*[[Kashar]]
*[[Krrabë]]
*[[Ndroq]]
*[[Paskuqan]]
*[[Petrelë]]
*[[Pezë]]
*[[Prezë]]
*[[Shëngjergj]]
*[[Tirana]]
*[[Vaqarr]]
*[[Vorë]]
*[[Zall-Bastar]]
*[[Zall-Herr]]

==Tirana Destrict Region==
Under a special constitutional dispensation, the Regional Cooncil o Tirana haes been formit as a local govrenin body. The cooncil is in the hert o Tirana, which is cried the Tirana Destrict Region an covers an aurie o 33&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. It is delimitit bi the [[Durres Destrict]], [[Dibër Destrict]], [[Fier Destrict]], [[Elbasan Destrict]] an the [[Adriatic Sea]].  This region wi [[Mediterranean climate]] (mild winter an hot simmer) haes amazin beaches on the [[Adriatic coast]] in the vicinity o [[Kavaja]] an is famous for its [[Mediterranean flora]] an fauna an aw. The destrict haes a population o 887,567 of which 75% is urban an 25% is  rural.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tirana District&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.adriaticeuroregion.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=209&amp;Itemid=107&amp;lang=en|title=Regional Council of Tirana|accessdate=2010-10-26|publisher=Tirana County|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220021625/http://www.adriaticeuroregion.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=209&amp;Itemid=107&amp;lang=en|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.qarkutirane.gov.al Regional Cooncil o Tirana (Coonty)]
{{Albanie}}
{{Tirana Destrict}}

[[Category:Destricts o Albanie]]
[[Category:Tirana Coonty]]
[[Category:Tirana Destrict| ]]</text>
      <sha1>gyd5wk3ginnnmzun2rk5uiwfz55yt9s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yeghegnadzor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>38019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869252</id>
      <parentid>849934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:55:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4704" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = Yeghegnadzor &lt;br/&gt; Եղեգնաձոր
|name_local             = 
|image_skyline          = 423 Village arménien près d'Eghenadzor.JPG
|image_caption          = Yeghegnadzor
|imagesize              = 
|image_seal             = 
|pushpin_map            = Armenia
|mapsize                = 150px
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Armenie}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Vayots Dzor Province|Vayots Dzor]]
|leader_title           = Mayor
|leader_name            = Sirekan Babayan
|area_total_km2         = 
|area_footnotes         = 
|population_as_of       = 2009
|population_total       = 8200
|population_density_km2 = 112.7
|timezone               = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] +4
|utc_offset             = +4
|timezone_DST           = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT+5]]
|utc_offset_DST         = +5
|coordinates            = {{coord|39|45|40|N|45|20|00|E|type:city_region:AM|display=inline}}
|elevation_m            = 1194
|website                =     
|footnotes              = Sources: Population &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf Armstats:Population]&lt;/ref&gt;       
}}

'''Yeghegnadzor''' ({{lang-hy|Եղեգնաձոր}}; aunciently, '''Yeghegik''', till 1935, '''Keshishkend''', frae 1935–1957, '''Mikoyan''') is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] of the [[Armenie]] [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|province]] o [[Vayots Dzor Province|Vayots Dzor]]. The name o the ceety means &quot;the valley o canes&quot; in the [[Armenie leid]]. Durin [[Joseph Stalin]]'s time, the ceety wis renamit efter Soviet politeecian [[Anastas Mikoyan]]. The toun is locatit 123&amp;nbsp;km sooth o the caipital [[Yerevan]], on a sma river cried &quot;Serkoghunk&quot; ({{lang-hy|Սրկողունք}}), at a hicht o 1194&amp;nbsp;meters abuin sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/AM/10/Yeghegnadzor.html |title=Yeghegnadzor:Armenia page |access-date=2012-09-20 |archive-date=2012-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024113156/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/AM/10/Yeghegnadzor.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==General information==
Yeghegnadzor is ane o the auncient settlements o the historic province o Syunik athin [[Kinrick o Armenie (antiquity)|Greater Armenie]] (Armenia Mayor). It wis mentioned in history syne the 5t century. The ruins o a medieval fortress coud be foond near the ceety.

The main economical activities in the ceety are based on construction sector an industrie. The maist important industrial firm o the ceety is the wine factory. There are mony firms as well for electro-mechanical tuils production. Lichter productions o canned fuids, textile an jewellery are foond in the toun an aw.

In the suburbs o Yeghegnadzor, agriculture remains the main activity o the population.

==Education an sports==
The toun haes fower public education schuils, three kindergartens, ane intermediate college, ane muisic an airt schuil an ane sport schuil. The geological museum o the toun wis opened in 2002. Yeghegnadzor is hame tae [[Arpa Yeghegnadzor]] fitbaa club which is currently inactive.

==Nerabi attractions==
* [[Proshaberd fortress]] (Boloraberd fortress) o the 13t century, locatit few kilometers tae the north-east o Yeghegnadzor, near the veelage o [[Gladzor]].
* The historical &quot;University o Gladzor&quot; o the 13t century, locatit in the veelage o [[Gladzor]] juist ootside Yeghegnadzor.
* [[Noravank Monastery]] o the 13t century, locatit few kilometers awa frae Yeghegnadzor, tae the soothwast o the toun.
* [[Spitakavor monastery]] o the Holy Mither o God built in 1321, locatit juist tae the north o Yeghegnadzor near Proshaberd fortress.

==Gallery==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Yeghegnadzor church.jpg|Surb Astvatsatsin kirk o Yeghegnadzor
Image:Spitakavor-raffi kojian-DCP 3983.JPG|Spitakavor Surb Astvatsatsin Kirk o Yeghegnadzor
Image:Noravank-astvatsatsin-IMG 2015.JPG|Surp Astvatsatsin kirk o Noravank
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{GEOnet2|32FA881E67E43774E0440003BA962ED3}}
* {{ArmenianCensus|226}}
* [http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;geo=-17&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=1500&amp;pt=c&amp;va=x World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – World-Gazetteer.com
* {{citation|last=Kiesling |first=Brady |title=Rediscovering Armenia: Guide |publisher=Matit Graphic Design Studio|location=[[Yerevan, Armenia]]|year=2005}}
* {{RediscoveringArmenia|125}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.cilicia.com/armo5_yegh.html Cilicia.com entry on the region]

{{Vayots Dzor}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Vayots Dzor Province]]</text>
      <sha1>jkkuk3jfujofqwq2tgpygbeizrf4nin</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dundee cake</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>38642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869318</id>
      <parentid>860374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:33:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2797" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name             = Dundee cake
| image           = File:North_British_Dundee_cake.JPG
| imagesize        = 250px
| caption         = Scots Dundee cake
| alternate_name   = 
| country          = [[Scotland]]
| region           = 
| creator          = [[Keiller's marmalade]]
| type             = [[Fruit cake]]
| served           = 
| main_ingredient  = [[Curran|Currans]], [[Sultana (grape)|sultanas]] an [[awmond]]s
| variations       = 
| calories         = 
| other            = 
}}
'''Dundee cake''' is a kenspeckle tradeetional roond Scottish [[fruit cake]] wi a rich flavour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Hinds|title=Classic Scottish Cakes|url=http://www.cakebaker.co.uk/ClassicScottishCakes.html|publisher=Cake Baker|accessdate=19 November 2011|language=Inglis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dundee Recipe Is Another Standby for the Holidays|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers/p/st_petersburg?id=qvVPAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=mVUDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3606,5813191&amp;dq=Dundee+Cake&amp;hl=en|accessdate=19 November 2011|newspaper=The Evening Independent|date=13 November 1936|location=St. Petersburg, FL|page=13|language=Inglis}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The cake is aften makkit wi [[currant]]s, [[sultana (grape)|sultanas]] an [[awmond]]s; aftentimes, fruit peel is addit tae it. The cake originatit in 19t century Scotland, an wis oreeginally made as a mass-produced cake bi the [[marmalade]] company cried [[Keiller's]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 November 2014|title=Go nuts for Dundee Cake|url=https://news.gov.scot/news/go-nuts-for-dundee-cake|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.webarchive.org.uk|archive-date=2018-05-29|archive-url=https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20180529234901/https://news.gov.scot/news/go-nuts-for-dundee-cake}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Scots govrenment consultit in 2014 tae speir oor gin it maun be makit intae a European protectit geograph indicator (EU Protected Geographic Indicator ''PGI in Inglis).''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909028857|title=Application to register the name 'Dundee Cake' as a protected geographical indication (PGI) under the EU protected food name scheme.|date=2014|others=Scotland. Scottish Government|isbn=978-1-78412-913-2|location=Edinburgh|oclc=909028857}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Syne [[Brexit]], the [[Unitit Kinrick]] gaed Dundee Cake a PGI status ''(in Inglis'') as 'a rich, moist, all-butter 'afternoon tea' fruitcake which must be prepared, decorated and baked in the described geographical area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dundee Cake|url=https://www.gov.uk/protected-food-drink-names/dundee-cake|access-date=2022-01-19|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Breetish cakes]]
[[Category:Scots cuisine]]
[[Category:Scots desserts]]


{{Stub/Scotland}}
{{Stub/Fuid}}</text>
      <sha1>sk70eupmm9yyad54k29g8xp1t1ky3p2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kim Dae-jung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>39783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869362</id>
      <parentid>858265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:48:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4750" xml:space="preserve">{{Korean name|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|nobel = yes
|name = Kim Dae-jung
|native_name = 김대중&lt;br&gt;金大中
|image = Kim Dae-jung presidential portrait.jpg
|imagesize = 201px
|caption =
|order = 
|office = 8t [[Preses o Sooth Korea]]
|primeminister = [[Kim Jong-pil]]&lt;br&gt;[[Park Tae-Joon]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lee Han-dong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chang Sang]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jeon Yun-churl]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chang Dae-whan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kim Suk-soo]]
|term_start = 25 Februar 1998
|term_end = 24 Februar 2003
|vicepresident =
|predecessor = [[Kim Young-Sam]]
|successor = [[Roh Moo-hyun]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1925|12|3|df=y}}&lt;ref name=BBCobit&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2195358.stm Obituary: Kim Dae-jung].&quot; [[BBC News]]. 18 August 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|8|18|1925|12|3|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Haui-do]], [[Sinan, Jeollanam-do]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese Korea]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(now [[Haui-do]], [[Sooth Korea]])&lt;/small&gt;
|religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|death_place = [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]
|nationality = [[Sooth Korea]]n
|party = [[Democratic Unitit Pairty|Millennium Democratic]] (present [[Democratic United Party]]
|spouse = [[Lee Hui-ho]]
|signature = Signature of Kim Dae-jung.svg
|footnotes= '''[[Nobel Peace Prize]]''' (2000)
}}
{{Korean text}}
{{Nobel}} '''Kim Dae-jung''' ([[3 December]] 1925&lt;ref name=BBCobit/&gt; – [[18 August]] 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.economist.com/node/14302282 | work=The Economist | title=Kim Dae-jung | date=27 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;) wis 8t [[Preses o Sooth Korea|Preses]] o the [[Sooth Korea|Republic o Korea]] frae 1998 tae 2003, an the 2000 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] recipient. He came tae be cried the &quot;[[Nelson Mandela]] o Asie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;reconcilation&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|title=Kim Dae-jung: Dedicated to reconciliation|date=14 June 2001|publisher=CNN|accessdate=22 September 2006|archive-date=2006-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922050400/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; for his lang-staundin opposition tae authoritarian rule.
&lt;!--Infobox Korean name needs to follow paragraph in order to make {{Nobel}} work--&gt;
{{Infobox Korean name
|title = [[Korean name]]
|hangul = 김대중
|hanja = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|金|大|中}}}}
|rr = Gim Daejung
|mr = Kim Taejung
|hangulho=후광
|hanjaho=後廣
|rrho=Hugwang&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Former South Korean President Kim Dae-jung Dies at 85|url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/former-south-korean-president-kim-dae-jung-dies-at-85/324601|publisher=[[Jakarta Globe]]|date=18 August 2009|accessdate=24 October 2009|archive-date=2010-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114075542/http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/former-south-korean-president-kim-dae-jung-dies-at-85/324601|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|mrho=Hugwang
|text = [[Japanese name]]:&lt;br&gt;{{Nihongo|Toyota Daiju|{{linktext|豊|田|大|中}}}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/2000/index.html Official Nobel page for Kim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807035521/http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/2000/index.html |date=2004-08-07 }}
*[http://www.kdjlibrary.org/ Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library]
*{{Find a Grave|40827285|Kim Dae-jung|work=South Korean President|author=Bill McKern|date=August 18, 2009|accessdate=Aug 19, 2011}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[Kim Young-sam]]
|title=[[Preses o Sooth Korea]]
|years=1998–2003
|after=[[Roh Moo-hyun]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Preses o Sooth Korea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Dae-Jung}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2009 daiths]]
[[Category:Korean fowk]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize]]
[[Category:Amnesty International preesoners o conscience]]
[[Category:Attemptit assassination survivors]]
[[Category:Converts tae Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:Daiths frae multiple organ failur]]
[[Category:Democratic Pairty (Sooth Korea, 2005) politeecians]]
[[Category:Disease-relatit daiths in Sooth Korea]]
[[Category:Fellaes o Clare Hall, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellaes o Clare Hall, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Kidnapped politeecians]]
[[Category:Kidnapped Sooth Korean fowk]]
[[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Bath]]
[[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Sooth Korean democracy activists]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Sooth Jeolla Province]]
[[Category:Preses o Sooth Korea]]
[[Category:Sooth Korean Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Sooth Korean Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:20t-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]</text>
      <sha1>mc8lv7zcateq3nm2xip0za4jbgmwe02</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Augustus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869283</id>
      <parentid>842067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="60579" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox monarch
| name            = Augustus
| title           = [[Leet o Roman emperors|1st]] [[Roman emperor|Emperor]] o the [[Roman Empire]]
| image= Statue-Augustus.jpg
| caption         = The statue kent as the [[Augustus o Prima Porta]], 1st century
| reign           = 16 Januar 27 BC&amp;nbsp;– 19 August AD 14
| predecessor     = None ([[Roman Empire|Empire]] foondit)
| successor       = [[Tiberius]], stepson bi 3rd wife
| spouse          = [[Clodia Pulchra]] (42–40 BC)&lt;br /&gt;[[Scribonia]] (40–38 BC)&lt;br /&gt;[[Livia|Livia Drusilla]] (37 BC – 14 AD)
| issue           = [[Julia the Elder]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gaius Caesar]] (adoptive)&lt;br /&gt;[[Lucius Caesar]] (adoptive)&lt;br /&gt;[[Agrippa Postumus]] (adoptive)&lt;br /&gt;[[Tiberius]] (adoptive)
| house           = [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian Dynasty]]
| full name       = Imperator Gaius Julius Divi Filius Caesar Octavianus Augustus
| father          = [[Gaius Octavius]]
| mother          = [[Atia Balba Caesonia]]
| birth_date      = 23 September 63 BC
| birth_place     = [[Roum]], [[Roman Republic]]
| death_date      = 19 August AD 14 (aged 75)
| death_place     = [[Nola]], [[Italia (Roman Empire)|Italia]], [[Roman Empire]]
| date of burial  = 
| place of burial = [[Mausoleum o Augustus]], [[Roum]]
}}
'''Augustus''' ({{lang-la|Imperator Caesar Divi F. Augustus}},&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;In [[Laitin leid|Clessical Laitin]]: {{smallcaps all|IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[23 September]] 63 BC – [[19 August]] 14 AD) wis the foonder o the [[Roman Empire]] an its first [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]], rulin frae 27 BC til his daith in 14 AD.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The dates o his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus bided unner twa calendars, the [[Roman Republican calendar|Roman Republican]] until [[45 BC|45&amp;nbsp;BC]], an the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] efter 45&amp;nbsp;BC. Due tae departures frae Julius Caesar's intentions, Augustus restorit the Julian calendar in 8&amp;nbsp;BC, an the correspondence atween the [[proleptic Julian calendar]] an the actual calendar observit in [[Roum]] is uncertain afore 8&amp;nbsp;BC.(Blackburn &amp; Holford-Strevens 2003: 670–1)&lt;/ref&gt;

He wis born '''Gaius Octavius''' intae an auld an walthy [[equites|equestrian branch]] o the [[plebs|plebeian]] [[Octavia (gens)|''gens'' Octavia]]. His maternal great-uncle [[Julius Caesar]] wis [[assassination o Julius Caesar|assassinatit]] in 44 BC, an Octavius wis named in Caesar's will as his [[Adoption in auncient Roum|adoptit]] son an heir, then kent as '''Octavianus''' ([[Anglicisation|Anglicised]] as '''Octavian'''). He, [[Mark Antony]], an [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Lepidus]] formed the [[Seicont Triumvirate]] tae defeat the assassins o Caesar. Follaein thair victory at the [[Battle o Philippi]], the Triumvirate dividit the [[Roman Republic]] amang themsels an ruled as [[militar dictatorship|militar dictators]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;As part o the Triumvirate, Octavian ruled the Wastren provinces, Antony ruled the Eastren provinces, an Lepidus ruled Africae.&lt;/ref&gt; The Triumvate wis eventually torn apairt bi the competin ambeetions o its members. Lepidus wis driven intae exile an stripped o his poseetion, an Antony committit suicide follaein his defeat at the [[Battle o Actium]] bi Octavian in 31 BC.

Efter the demise o the Seicont Triumvirate, Augustus restored the ootward façade o the free Republic, wi govrenmental pouer vestit in the [[Roman Senate]], the [[Roman magistrate|executive magistrates]], an the [[Roman assemblies|legislative assemblies]]. In reality, houever, he reteened his autocratic pouer ower the Republic as a militar dictator. Bi law, Augustus held a collection o pouers grantit tae him for life bi the Senate, includin [[commander-in-chief|supreme militar command]], an thae o [[tribune]] an [[Roman censor|censor]]. It teuk several years for Augustus tae develop the framewirk within which a formally republican state coud be led unner his sole rule. He rejectit monarchical teetles, an instead cried himsel ''[[Princeps]] Civitatis'' (&quot;First Ceetizen o the State&quot;). The resultin [[Constitution o the Roman Empire|constitutional framewark]] acame kent as the [[Principate]], the first phase o the Roman Empire.

The ring o Augustus ineetiatit an era o relative peace kent as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' (''The Roman Peace''). The Roman warld wis lairgely free frae lairge-scale conflict for mair nor twa centuries, despite continuous wars o imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers an the year-lang ceevil war kent as the &quot;[[Year o the Fower Emperors]]&quot; ower the imperial succession. Augustus dramatically enlairged the Empire, annexin [[Egyp (Roman province)|Egyp]], [[Dalmatie (Roman province)|Dalmatie]], [[Pannonie]], [[Noricum]], an [[Raetie]]; expandin possessions in [[Africae (Roman province)|Africae]]; expandin intae [[Germanie]]; an completin the conquest o [[Hispanie]].

Yont the frontiers, he secured the Empire wi a buffer region o [[client state]]s an made peace wi the [[Parthian Empire]] throu diplomacy. He reformed the Roman seestem o taxation, developed [[Roman roads|networks o roads]] wi an offeecial [[courier]] seestem, established a staundin airmy, established the [[Praetorian Guard]], creatit offeecial [[cohortes urbanae|polis]] an [[vigiles|fire-fechtin services]] for Roum, an rebiggit much o the ceety during his reign.

Augustus dee'd in AD 14 at the age o 75. He probably dee'd frae naitural causes, awtho thare war unconfirmed rumors that his wife [[Livia]] pushioned him. He wis succeedit as Emperor bi his adoptit son (an aa stepson an umwhile son-in-law) [[Tiberius]].

== Name ==
Augustus ({{IPA-la|awˈɡʊstʊs|classical}}) wis kent bi mony names outthrou his life:&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;pronunciation&quot;&gt;Clessical Laitin spellin an [[Laitin spellin an pronunciation|reconstructit Clessical Laitin pronunciation]] o the names o Augustus:
# {{sqc|GAIVS OCTAVIVS}}&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-la|ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ɔkˈtaː.wi.ʊs|IPA}}
# {{sqc|GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR OCTAVIANVS}}&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-la|ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.li.ʊs ˈkae̯.sar ɔk.taː.wiˈaː.nʊs|IPA}}
# {{sqc|IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI F(ILIVS) AVGVSTVS}}&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-la|ɪm.pɛˈraː.tɔr ˈkae̯.sar ˈdiː.wiː ˈfiː.li.ʊs au̯ˈgʊs.tʊs|IPA}}
The spelling {{sqc|AGVSTVS}}, indicating the pronunciation {{IPA-la|aˈgʊs.tʊs|}}, occurs in inscriptions ({{Harvnb|Allen|1965|p=61}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
* At birth, he wis named '''Gaius Octavius''' efter his [[Gaius Octavius (praetor 61 BC)|biological faither]]. Historians teepically refer tae him simply as '''Octavius''' (or Octavian) atween his birth in 63 till his adoption bi Julius Caesar in 44 BC (efter Julius Caesar's daith).
* Upon his adoption, he teuk Caesar's name an becam '''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus''' in accordance wi [[Adoption in Roum|Roman adoption]] [[Roman namin conventions|namin staundarts]]. He quickly droppit &quot;Octavianus&quot; frae his name, an his contemporaries teepically referred tae him as &quot;Caesar&quot; in this period; historians, houiver, refer tae him as '''Octavian''' atween 44 BC an 27 BC.&lt;ref&gt;Jo-Ann Shelton, ''As the Romans Did'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), 58.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 42 BC, Octavian begoud the ''[[Temple o Caesar|Temple o Divus Iulius]]'' or Temple o the [[Caesar's Comet|Comet Starn]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Pliny the Elder, ''Naturalis Historia'', 2.93–94&lt;/ref&gt; an addit '''Divi Filius''' (''Son o the Divine'') tae his name in order tae strenthen his poleetical ties tae Caesar's umwhile sodgers bi follaein the [[Imperial cult (auncient Rome)|deification]] o Caesar, acomin '''Gaius Julius Caesar Divi Filius'''.
* In 38 BC, Octavian replaced his ''[[praenomen]]'' &quot;Gaius&quot; an ''[[Roman namin conventions|nomen]]'' &quot;Julius&quot; wi '''Imperator''', the [[Imperator|teetle bi that truips hailed thair leader efter militar success]], offeecially acomin '''Imperator Caesar Divi Filius'''.
* In 27 BC, follaein his defeat o Mark Antony an [[Cleopatra]], the Roman Senate votit new teetles for him, offeecially acomin '''Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus'''.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;meaning&quot;&gt;''{{lang|la|Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus|}}'' means &quot;Commander Caesar, Son o the God [Julius Caesar], the Venerable&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; It is the events o 27 BC frae that he obtained his tradeetional name o '''Augustus''', that historians uise in reference tae him frae 27 BC till his daith in AD 14.

== Early life ==
While his paternal faimily wis frae the toun o [[Velletri]], approximately {{convert|40|km|mi}} frae Roum, Augustus wis born in the ceety o Roum on 23 September 63&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Suetonius|2013|loc = §5, footnote a}} [[Roman calendar]].&lt;/ref&gt; He wis born at Ox Heid, a smaw property on the [[Palatine Hill]], verra close tae the [[Roman Forum]]. He wis gien the name '''Gaius Octavius Thurinus''', his [[cognomen]] possibly commemoratin his faither's veectory at [[Thurii]] ower a rebellious baund o [[Sclavery in auncient Rome|sclaves]].&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Augustus'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#7 7]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#5 5–6 on-line text].&lt;/ref&gt;

Due tae the croudit naitur o Roum at the time, Octavius wis takken tae his faither's hame veelage at Velletri tae be raised. Octavius anerly mentions his faither's [[equestrian (Roman)|equestrian]] faimily briefly in his memoirs. His paternal great-grandfaither [[Gaius Octavius (tribune 216 BC)|Gaius Octavius]] wis a militar tribune in [[Sicily]] in the [[Seicont Punic War]]. His grandfaither haed served in several local poleetical offices. His faither, an aa named [[Gaius Octavius (proconsul)|Gaius Octavius]], haed been [[Roman govrenor|govrenor]] o [[Macedonie (Roman province)|Macedonie]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Suetonius, ''Augustus'' The &quot;Marcus Octavius&quot; [[veto]]in the [[agrarian law]] suggestit bi [[Tiberius Gracchus]] in 133&amp;nbsp;BC mey hae been his auncestor. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#1 1–4].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 14&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 14.&lt;/ref&gt; His mither, [[Atia Balba Caesonia|Atia]], wis the niece o Julius Caesar.

[[File:RSC 0022 - transparent background.png|thumb|left|A denarius frae 44 BC, shawin Julius Caesar on the obverse an the goddess [[Venus (meethologie)|Venus]] on the reverse o the cunyie]]
In 59&amp;nbsp;BC, whan he wis fower year auld, his faither dee'd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chisholm 23&quot;&gt;Chisholm (1981), 23.&lt;/ref&gt; His mither mairied a umwhile govrenor o Sirie, [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 BC)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]].&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Augustus'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#4 4–8]; [[Nicolaus o Damascus|Nicolaus of Damascus]], ''[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html Augustus]'' 3. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714144802/http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html |date=2007-07-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Philippus claimed strynd frae [[Alexander the Great]], an wis electit [[Roman consul|consul]] in 56&amp;nbsp;BC. Philippus niver haed muckle o an interest in young Octavius. Acause o this, Octavius wis raised bi his grandmither, [[Julia Minor (sister o Caesar)|Julia]], the sister o Julius Caesar.

Julia dee'd in 52 or 51&amp;nbsp;BC, an Octavius delivered the funeral oration for his grandmither.&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Augustus'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#8 8.1]; [[Quintilian]], [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/quintilian/quintilian.institutio12.shtml#6 12.6.1].&lt;/ref&gt; Frae this pynt, his mither an stepfaither teuk a mair active role in raisin him. He donned the ''[[toga virilis]]'' fower years later,&lt;ref name=Suet8.1&gt;Suetonius, ''Augustus'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#8 8.1]&lt;/ref&gt; an wis electit tae the [[College o Pontiffs]] in 47&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref&gt;Nicolaus of Damascus, [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html ''Augustus'']4. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714144802/http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html |date=2007-07-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 16&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 16.&lt;/ref&gt; The follaein year he wis put in chairge o the [[Auncient Olympic Gemmes|Greek gemmes]] that war staged in honour o the [[Temple o Venus Genetrix]], biggit bi Julius Caesar.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 16&quot; /&gt; Accordin tae [[Nicolaus o Damascus]], Octavius wished tae jyne Caesar's staff for his campaign in [[Africae (province)|Africae]], but gae wey whan his mither protestit.&lt;ref&gt;Nicolaus of Damascus, ''[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html Augustus]'' 6. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714144802/http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html |date=2007-07-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 46&amp;nbsp;BC, she consentit for him tae jyne Caesar in Hispania, whaur he planned tae fecht the forces o [[Pompey]], Caesar's late enemy, but Octavius fell ill an wis unable tae traivel.

Whan he haed recovered, he sailed tae the front, but wis shipwrecked; efter comin ashore wi a haundfu o companions, he crossed hostile territory tae Caesar's camp, that impressed his great-uncle conseederably.&lt;ref name=Suet8.1 /&gt; [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus|Velleius Paterculus]] reports that efter that time, Caesar alloued the young man tae share his cairiage.&lt;ref&gt;Velleius Paterculus [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#59.3 2.59.3].&lt;/ref&gt; Whan back in Roum, Caesar depositit a new will wi the [[Vestal Virgins]], namin Octavius as the prime beneficiary.&lt;ref name=Suetonius_Julius&gt;Suetonius, ''Julius'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#83 83].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rise tae pouer ==

=== Heir tae Caesar ===
[[File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - The Death of Caesar - Walters 37884.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Death of Caesar'', bi [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]] (1867). On 15 Mairch 44&amp;nbsp;BC, Octavius's adoptive faither Julius Caesar wis assassinatit bi a conspiracy led bi [[Marcus Junius Brutus]] an [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]]. [[Walters Art Museum]], [[Baltimore]].]]

Octavius wis studyin an unnergaein militar trainin in [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], [[Illyria]], whan Julius [[Assassination o Julius Caesar|Caesar wis killed]] on the [[Ides o Mairch]] (15 Mairch) 44&amp;nbsp;BC. He rejectit the advice o some airmy officers tae tak haud wi the truips in Macedonie an sailed tae [[Italia (Roman province)|Italy]] tae ascertain whather he haed ony potential poleetical fortunes or siccarity.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 9&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 9.&lt;/ref&gt; Caesar haed na leevin legitimate childer unner Roman law,{{refn|group=&quot;note&quot;|His dauchter [[Julia (dauchter o Julius Caesar)|Julia]] haed dee'd in 54&amp;nbsp;BC.; his son [[Caesarion]] bi Cleopatra wis nae recognised bi Roman law an wis nae mentioned in his will.&lt;ref name=Suetonius_Julius /&gt;}} an sae haed [[adoption in Roum|adoptit]] Octavius, his grand-neffae, makkin him his primar heir.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 15&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Mark Antony later chairged that Octavian haed earned his adoption bi Caesar throu sexual favours, tho [[Suetonius]] descrives Antony's accusation as poleetical slander.&lt;ref&gt;[[The Twelve Caesars|Suetonius]], ''Augustus'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#68 68], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#71 71].&lt;/ref&gt; Efter laundin at Lupiae near [[Brundisium]], Octavius learned the contents o Caesar's will, an anerly then did he decide tae acome Caesar's poleetical heir as well as heir tae twa-thirds o his estate.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Appian]], ''Civil Wars'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/3*.html#9 3.9–11].&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon his adoption, Octavius assumed his great-uncle's name '''Gaius Julius Caesar'''. Roman ceetizens adoptit intae a new faimily uisually retained thair auld [[Roman namin conventions|nomen]] in cognomen form (e.g., ''Octavianus'' for ane that haed been an Octavius, ''Aemilianus'' for ane wha haed been an Aemilius, etc.). Houiver, tho some o his contemporars did,&lt;ref&gt;E.g., {{cite book|last1=Cicero|title=Letters to Atticus|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|pages=16:14|url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1:16.14|accessdate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; thare is na evidence that Octavius iver himsel offeecially uised the name ''Octavianus'', as it wad hae made his modest oreegins too obvious.&lt;ref&gt;Mackay (2004), 160.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 10&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Southern, ''Augustus'' pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Historians uisually refer tae the new Caesar as ''Octavian'' in the time atween his adoption an his assumption o the name Augustus in 27&amp;nbsp;BC in order tae avoid confusin the deid dictator wi his heir.&lt;ref&gt;Southern, ''Augustus'' pp. 21&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Growin tensions ===
[[File:Augustus Statue.JPG|thumb|upright|A reconstructit statue o Augustus as a younger Octavian, datit ca. 30 BC]]
Arrivin in Roum on 6 Mey 44&amp;nbsp;BC,&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 10&quot; /&gt; Octavian foond consul Mark Antony, Caesar's umwhile colleague, in an uneasy truce wi the dictator's assassins. Thay haed been grantit a general amnesty on 17 Mairch, yet Antony succeedit in drivin maist o them oot o Roum.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 10&quot; /&gt; This wis due tae his &quot;inflammatory&quot; eulogy gien at Caesar's funeral, moontin public opeenion against the assassins.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 10&quot; /&gt;

Mark Antony wis amassin poleetical support, but Octavian still haed opportunity tae rival him as the leadin member o the faction supportin Caesar. Mark Antony haed lost the support o mony Romans an supporters o Caesar whan he ineetially opponed the motion tae elevate Caesar tae divine status.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 11&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Octavian failed tae persuade Antony tae relinquish Caesar's siller tae him. In the simmer, he managed tae win support frae Caesarian sympathizers, houiver, wha saw the younger heir as the lesser ill an haipit tae manipulate him, or tae beir wi him in thair efforts tae get rid o Antony.&lt;ref&gt;Syme (1939), 114–120.&lt;/ref&gt;

Octavian begoud tae mak common cause wi the [[Optimates]], the umwhile enemies o Caesar. In September, the leadin Optimate orator [[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]] begoud tae attack Antony in a [[Philippicae|series o speeches]] portrayin him as a threat tae the Republican order.&lt;ref name=&quot;chisholm 26&quot;&gt;Chisholm (1981), 26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 30&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 30.&lt;/ref&gt; Wi opeenion in Roum turnin against him an his year o consular pouer nearin its end, Antony attemptit tae pass laws that wad lend him control ower [[Cisalpine Gaul]], that haed been assigned as pairt o his province, frae [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus]], ane o Caesar's assassins.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 11 12&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 11–12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 21&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

Octavian meanwhile biggit up a preevat airmy in Italy bi recruitin Caesarian veterans an, on 28 November, he wan ower twa o Antony's legions wi the enticin offer o monetar gain.&lt;ref&gt;Syme (1939), 123–126.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 12&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 23&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 23.&lt;/ref&gt; In the face o Octavian's lairge an capable force, Antony saw the danger o stayin in Roum an, tae the relief o the [[Roman senate|Senate]], he fled tae Cisalpine Gaul, that wis tae be haundit tae him on 1 Januar.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 23&quot; /&gt;

=== First conflict wi Antony ===
[[File:Bust of augustus.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust o Augustus in [[Musei Capitolini]], Rome]]
At the urgin o Cicero, the Senate inductit Octavian as senator on 1 Januar 43&amp;nbsp;BC, yet he an aa wis gien the pouer tae vote alongside the umwhile consuls.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 23&quot; /&gt; In addeetion, Octavian wis grantit ''[[propraetor]]'' ''[[imperium]]'' (commandin pouer) that legalised his command o truips, sendin him tae relieve the siege alang wi [[Aulus Hirtius|Hirtius]] an [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus|Pansa]] (the consuls for 43&amp;nbsp;BC).&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Syme (1939), 167.&lt;/ref&gt; In Apryle 43&amp;nbsp;BC, Antony's forces war defeatit at the battles o [[Battle o Forum Gallorum|Forum Gallorum]] an [[Battle o Mutina|Mutina]], forcin Antony tae retreat tae [[Transalpine Gaul]]. Baith consuls war killed, houiver, leavin Octavian in sole command o thair airmies.&lt;ref&gt;Syme (1939), 173–174&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scullard (1982), 157.&lt;/ref&gt;

The senate heaped mony mair rewairds on Decimus Brutus nor on Octavian for defeatin Antony, then attemptit tae gie command o the consular legions tae Decimus Brutus—yet Octavian decidit nae tae cooperate.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 26 27&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Insteid, Octavian stayed in the [[Po Valley]] an refused tae aid ony further offensive against Antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 27&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 27.&lt;/ref&gt; In Julie, an embassy o [[centurion]]s sent bi Octavian entered Roum an demandit that he receive the consulship left vacant bi Hirtius an Pansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;chisholm 32 33&quot;&gt;Chisholm (1981), 32–33.&lt;/ref&gt;

Octavian an aa demandit that the decree shoud be rescindit that declared Antony a public enemy.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 27&quot; /&gt; Whan this wis refused, he mairched on the ceety wi aicht legions.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 27&quot; /&gt; He encountered na militar opposeetion in Roum, an on 19 August 43&amp;nbsp;BC wis electit consul wi his relative [[Quintus Pedius]] as co-consul.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 14&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 28&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, Antony formed an alliance wi [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]], anither leadin Caesarian.&lt;ref&gt;Syme (1939), 176–186.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Seicont Triumvirate ===

==== Proscriptions ====
[[File:Antony with Octavian aureus.jpg|thumb|An [[aureus]] o 41 BC wi portraits o [[Mark Antony]] (l) an Octavian (r), celebratin  Octavian, Antony an [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Lepidus]]'s establishin the [[Seicont Triumvirate]] in 43 BC. Baith sides are inscribit &quot;III VIR R P C&quot;, meanin &quot;Ane o Three Men for the Regulation o the Republic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last = Sear | first = David R | title = Common Legend Abbreviations On Roman Coins | url = http://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_legends.html | accessdate = 24 August 2007 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070730185143/http://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_legends.html| archivedate= 30 July 2007 | deadurl= no}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In a meetin near [[Bologna]] in October 43&amp;nbsp;BC, Octavian, Antony, an Lepidus formed a [[Militar dictatorship|junta]] cried the [[Seicont Triumvirate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 15&quot; /&gt; This expleecit arrogation o special pouers lastin five years wis then supportit bi law passed bi the [[plebs]], unlik the unoffeecial [[First Triumvirate]] formed bi [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompey]], Julius Caesar, an [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 15&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scullard 1982 163&quot;&gt;Scullard (1982), 163.&lt;/ref&gt; The triumvirs then set in motion [[proscription]]s in that 300 senators an 2,000 ''[[Equestrian (Roman)|equites]]'' allegedly war buistit as [[ootlaw]]s an deprived o thair property an, for thae wha failed tae escape, thair lives.&lt;ref name = &quot;eck 16&quot; /&gt;

The estimation that 300 senators war proscribed wis presentit bi [[Appian]], awtho his earlier contemporar [[Livy]] assertit that anerly 130 senators haed been proscrived.&lt;ref&gt;Southern (1998), 52–53.&lt;/ref&gt; This decree issued bi the triumvirate wis motivatit in pairt bi a need tae raise siller tae pey the salaries o thair truips for the upcomin conflict against Caesar's assassins, [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger]] an [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Scullard 1982 164&quot;&gt;Scullard (1982), 164.&lt;/ref&gt; Rewairds for thair arrest gae incentive for Romans tae captur thae proscrived, while the assets an properties o thae arrestit war seized bi the triumvirs.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 16&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

Contemporar Roman historians provide conflictin reports as tae which triumvir wis maist responsible for the proscriptions an killin.  Houiver, the soorces agree that enactin the proscriptions wis a means bi aw three factions tae eliminate poleetical enemies.&lt;ref name=&quot;scott 1933 19 20&quot;&gt;Scott (1933), 19–20.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]] assertit that Octavian tried tae avoid proscribin officials whauras Lepidus an Antony war tae wyte for ineetiatin them.&lt;ref name=&quot;scott 1933 19&quot; /&gt; [[Cassius Dio]] defendit Octavian as tryin tae spare as mony as possible, whauras Antony an Lepidus, bein aulder an involved in politics langer, haed mony mair enemies tae deal wi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scott 1933 19&quot; /&gt;

This claim wis rejectit bi Appian, wha maintained that Octavian shared an equal interest wi Lepidus an Antony in eradicatin his enemies.&lt;ref name=&quot;scott 1933 20&quot;&gt;Scott (1933), 20.&lt;/ref&gt; Suetonius said that Octavian wis reluctant tae proscrive officials, but did pursue his enemies wi mair rigor nor the ither triumvirs.&lt;ref name=&quot;scott 1933 19 20&quot; /&gt; [[Plutarch]] descrived the proscriptions as a fell swappin o friends an faimily amang Antony, Lepidus, an Octavian. For ensaumple, Octavian alloued the proscription o his ally Cicero, Antony the proscription o his maternal uncle [[Lucius Julius Caesar (consul 64 BC)|Lucius Julius Caesar]] (the consul o 64 BC), an Lepidus his brither [[Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus|Paullus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;scott 1933 19&quot;&gt;Scott (1933), 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:S0484.4.jpg|thumb|A [[denarius]] mintit c. 18&amp;nbsp;BC. Obverse: CAESAR AVGVSTVS; reverse: DIVVS IVLIV[S] (DIVINE JULIUS)]]

==== Battle o Philippi an diveesion o territory ====
On 1 Januar 42&amp;nbsp;BC, the Senate posthumously recognised Julius Caesar as a divinity o the Roman state, ''[[Divus Iulius]]''. Octavian wis able tae forder his cause bi emphasisin the fact that he wis ''[[Divi filius]]'', &quot;Son o God&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Syme (1939), 202.&lt;/ref&gt; Antony an Octavian then sent 28 [[Roman legions|legions]] bi sea tae face the airmies o Brutus an Cassius, wha haed biggit thair base o pouer in Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 17&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Efter twa [[Battle o Philippi|battles at Philippi]] in Macedonie in October 42, the Caesarian airmy wis victorious an [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] an [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]] committit [[suicide]]. Mark Antony later uised the ensaumples o thir battles as a means tae belittle Octavian, as baith battles war decisively wan wi the uise o Antony's forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 17 18&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 17–18.&lt;/ref&gt; In addeetion tae claimin responsibility for baith veectories, Antony an aa brandit Octavian as a couart for haundin ower his direct militar control tae [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] insteid.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 17 18&quot; /&gt;

Efter Philippi, a new territorial arrangement wis made amang the members o the Seicont Triumvirate. [[Gaul]] an the provinces o Hispanie an Italia war placed in the haunds o Octavian. Antony traiveled east tae Egyp whaur he allied himsel wi Queen [[Cleopatra VII o Egyp|Cleopatra VII]], the umwhile luver o Julius Caesar an mither o Caesar's infant son [[Caesarion]]. Lepidus wis left wi the [[Africae Province|province o Africae]], stymied bi Antony, wha concedit Hispanie tae Octavian insteid.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 18&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

Octavian wis left tae decide whaur in Italy tae settle the tens o thoosands o veterans o the Macedonian campaign, that the triumvirs haed promised tae discharge. The tens o thoosands that haed focht on the republican side wi Brutus an Cassius coud easily ally wi a poleetical opponent o Octavian if nae appeased, an thay an aa required laund.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 18&quot; /&gt; Thare wis na mair govrenment-controlled laund tae lot as settlements for thair sodgers, sae Octavian haed tae chuise ane o twa options: alienatin mony Roman ceetizens bi confiscatin thair laund, or alienatin mony Roman sodgers wha coud moont a conseederable opposeetion against him in the Roman hertland. Octavian chuised the umwhile.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 18 19&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 18–19.&lt;/ref&gt; Thare war as mony as aichteen Roman touns affectit bi the new settlements, wi entire populations driven opt or at least gien pairtial evictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 19&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rebellion an mairiage alliances ====
Thare wis widespreid dissatisfaction wi Octavian ower thir settlements o his sodgers, an this encouraged mony tae rally at the side o [[Lucius Antonius (brither o Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]], wha wis brither o Mark Antony an supportit bi a majority in the Senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 19&quot; /&gt; Meanwhile, Octavian asked for a divorce frae [[Claudia Pulchra (wife o Augustus)|Clodia Pulchra]], the dauchter o [[Fulvia]] (Mark Antony's wife) an her first man [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]]. He returned Clodia tae her mither, claimin that thair mairiage haed niver been consummated. Fulvia decidit tae tak action. Thegither wi Lucius Antonius, she raised an airmy in Italy tae fecht for Antony's richts against Octavian. Lucius an Fulvia teuk a poleetical an mairtial gemble in opponin Octavian, houiver, syne the Roman airmy still dependit on the triumvirs for thair sellaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 19&quot; /&gt; Lucius an his allies endit up in a defensive siege at [[Perusia]] (modren [[Perugia]]), whaurOctavian forced them intae surrender in early 40&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 19&quot; /&gt;

Lucius an his airmy war spared, due tae his kinship wi Antony, the strangman o the East, while Fulvia wis exiled tae [[Sicyon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 32&quot;&gt;Rowell (1962), 32.&lt;/ref&gt; Octavian shawed na mercy, houiver, for the mass o allies leal tae Lucius; on 15 Maich, the anniversary o Julius Caesar's assassination, he haed 300 Roman senators an equestrians executit for allyin wi Lucius.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 20&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 20.&lt;/ref&gt; Perusia an aa wis pillaged an birned as a wairnin for ithers.&lt;ref name=&quot;rowell 32&quot; /&gt; This bluidy event sullied Octavian's reputation an wis creeticised bi mony, sic as Augustan poet [[Sextus Propertius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 20&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Domus-augusti-2.jpg|left|thumb|350px|Fresco pentins inside the [[Hoose o Augustus]], his residence in his ring as emperor]]
[[Sextus Pompeius]] wis the son o First Triumvir Pompey an still a renegade general follaein Julius Caesar's veectory ower his faither. He wis established in [[Sicily]] an [[Sardinie]] as pairt o an agreement reached wi the Seicont Triumvirate in 39&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref&gt;Scullard (1982), 162&lt;/ref&gt; Baith Antony an Octavian war vyin for an alliance wi Pompeius, wha wis a member o the republican pairty, ironically, nae the Caesarian faction.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 20&quot; /&gt; Octavian succeedit in a temporar alliance in 40&amp;nbsp;BC whan he mairied [[Scribonia]], a dauchter o [[Lucius Scribonius Libo]] that wis a follaer o Sextus Pompeius as well as his faither-in-law.&lt;!---whose father in law? Sextus', Octavian's? And who was a follower of whom? Very unclear syntax---&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 20&quot; /&gt; Scribonia gae birth tae Octavian's anerly naitural bairn, [[Julia the Elder|Julia]], wha wis born the same day that he divorced her tae mairy [[Livia|Livia Drusilla]], little mair nor a year efter thair mairiage.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 20&quot; /&gt;

While in Egyp, Antony haed been engaged in an affair wi [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] an haed faithered three childer wi her.&lt;ref&gt;[[Alexander Helios]], [[Cleopatra Selene II]], an [[Ptolemy Philadelphus (Cleopatra)|Ptolemy Philadelphus]]&lt;/ref&gt; Awaur o his deterioratin relationship wi Octavian, Antony left Cleopatra; he sailed tae Italy in 40&amp;nbsp;BC wi a lairge force tae oppone Octavian, layin siege tae Brundisium. This new conflict proved untenable for baith Octavian an Antony, houever. Thair centurions, that haed acome important feegurs poleetically, refused tae fecht due tae thair Caesarian cause, while the legions unner thair command follaed suit.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 21&quot;&gt;Eck (2003) 21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 19&quot;&gt;Eder (2005), 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, in Sicyon, Antony's wife Fulvia dee'd o a suddent illness while Antony wis en route tae meet her. Fulvia's daith an the mutiny o thair centurions alloued the twa remeenin triumvirs tae effect a reconciliation.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 19&quot; /&gt;

In the hairst o 40, Octavian an Antony appruived the Treaty o Brundisium, bi that Lepidus wad remeen in Africae, Antony in the East, Octavian in the Wast. The Italian peninsula wis left appen tae aw for the recruitment o sodgers, but in reality, this provision wis uiseless for Antony in the East.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 21&quot; /&gt; Tae forder cement relations o alliance wi Mark Antony, Octavian gae his sister, [[Octavia Minor]], in mairiage tae Antony in late 40&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 21&quot; /&gt; In thair mairiage, Octavia gae birth tae twa dauchters (kent as [[Antonia the Elder]] an [[Antonia Minor]]).

==== War wi Pompeius ====
{{Further information|Sicilian revolt}}

[[File:Denarius Sextus Pompeius-Scilla.jpg|thumb|A [[denarius]] o [[Sextus Pompeius]], mintit for his veectory ower Octavian's fleet, on the obverse the Pharus o [[Messina]], wha defeatit Octavian, on the reverse, the monster [[Scylla]]]]
Sextus Pompeius threatened Octavian in Italy bi denyin shipments o grain throu the Mediterranean tae the peninsula. Pompeius' awn son wis put in chairge as naval commander in the effort tae cause widespread faimin in Italy.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 19&quot; /&gt; Pompeius' control ower the sea promptit him tae tak on the name ''Neptuni filius'', &quot;son o [[Neptune (meethologie)|Neptune]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 22&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 22.&lt;/ref&gt; A temporar peace greement wis reached in 39&amp;nbsp;BC wi the [[treaty o Misenum]]; the blockade on Italy wis liftit ance Octavian grantit Pompeius Sardinie, [[Corsicae]], Sicily, an the [[Peloponnese]], an ensured him a futur poseetion as consul for 35&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 22&quot; /&gt;

The territorial greement atween the triumvirate an Sextus Pompeius began tae crummle ance Octavian divorced Scribonia an mairied Livia on 17 Januar 38&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 23&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ane o Pompeius' naval commanders betrayed him an haundit ower Corsicae an Sardinie tae Octavian. Octavian lacked the resoorces tae confront Pompeius alane, houiver, sae a greement wis reached wi the Seicont Triumvirate's extension for anither five-year period beginnin in 37&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scullard 1982 163&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 24&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

In supportin Octavian, Antony expectit tae gain support for his awn campaign against Parthie, desirin tae avenge Roum's [[Battle o Carrhae|defeat at Carrhae]] in 53&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 24&quot; /&gt; In an agreement reached at [[Taranto|Tarentum]], Antony providit 120 ships for Octavian tae uise against Pompeius, while Octavian wis tae send 20,000 [[legionar]]s tae Antony for uise against Parthia.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 25&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Octavian sent anerly a tent o thae promised, houiver, that Antony viewed as an intentional provocation.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 25&quot; /&gt;

Octavian an Lepidus launched a jynt operation against Sextus in Sicily in 36&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 25 26&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite setbacks for Octavian, the naval fleet o Sextus Pompeius wis awmaist entirely destroyed on 3 September bi general Agrippa at the naval [[Battle o Naulochus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 26&quot; /&gt; Sextus fled tae the east wi his remeenin forces, whaur he wis capturt an executit in [[Miletus]] bi ane o Antony's generals the follaein year.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 26&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 26.&lt;/ref&gt; As Lepidus an Octavian acceptit the surrender o Pompeius' truips, Lepidus attemptit tae claim Sicily for himsel, orderin Octavian tae leave.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 26&quot; /&gt; Lepidus' truips deserted him, houiver, an defectit tae Octavian syne thay war weary o fechtin an war enticed bi Octavian's promises o siller.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 26&quot; /&gt;

Lepidus surrendered tae Octavian an wis permittit tae retain the office o ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'' (heid o the college o priests), but wis ejectit frae the Triumvirate, his public career at an end, an effectively wis exiled tae a [[villa]] at Cape Circei in Italy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scullard 1982 164&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 26&quot; /&gt; The Roman domeenions war nou dividit atween Octavian in the Wast an Antony in the East. Octavian ensured Roum's ceetizens o thair richts tae property in order tae maintain peace an stability in his portion o the Empire. This time, he settled his dischairged sodgers ootside o Italy, while an aa returnin 30,000 sclaves tae thair umwhile Roman awners—sclaves wha haed fled tae jyne Pompeius' airmy an navy.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 26 27&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Octavian haed the Senate grant him, his wife, an his sister [[tribune o the plebs|tribunal]] [[Sovereign immunity|immunity]], or ''[[sacrosanct]]itas'', in order tae ensure his awn sauftie an that o Livia an Octavia ance he returned tae Roum.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 27 28&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 27–28.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== War wi Antony ====
{{Main article|Feenal War o the Roman Republic}}
[[File:Lawrence Alma-Tadema- Anthony and Cleopatra.JPG|thumb|''Anthony and Cleopatra'', bi [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]]]

Meanwhile, Antony's campaign turned disastrous against Parthia, tairnishin his eemage as a leader, an the mere 2,000 legionars sent bi Octavian tae Antony war hardly eneuch tae replenish his forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 29&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 29.&lt;/ref&gt; On the ither haund, Cleopatra coud restore his airmy tae full strenth; he awreidy wis engaged in a romantic affair wi her, sae he decidit tae send Octavia back tae Roum.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 29 30&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 29–30.&lt;/ref&gt; Octavian uised this tae spreid [[propaganda]] implyin that Antony wis acomin less nor Roman acause he rejectit a legitimate Roman spoose for an &quot;Oriental [[Intimate relationship|paramour]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 30&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 30.&lt;/ref&gt; In 36&amp;nbsp;BC, Octavian uised a poleetical ploy tae mak himsel leuk less autocratic an Antony mair the villain bi proclaimin that the ceevil wars war comin tae an end, an that he wad step doun as triumvir—if anerly Antony wad dae the same. Antony refuised.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 20&quot;&gt;Eder (2005), 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Roman truips capturt the [[Kinrick o Armenie (antiquity)|Kinrick o Armenie]] in 34&amp;nbsp;BC, an Antony made his son Alexander Helios the ruler o Armenie. He an aa awairdit the teetle &quot;Queen o Keengs&quot; tae Cleopatra, acts that Octavian uised tae convince the Roman Senate that Antony haed ambeetions tae diminish the preeminence o Roum.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 30&quot; /&gt; Octavian becam consul ance again on 1 Januar 33&amp;nbsp;BC, an he opened the follaein session in the Senate wi a vehement attack on Antony's grants o teetles an territories tae his relatives an tae his queen.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 31&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 31.&lt;/ref&gt;

The breach atween Antony an Octavian promptit a lairge portion o the Senators, as well as baith o that year's consuls, tae leave Roum an defect tae Antony. Houiver, Octavian received twa key deserters frae Antony in the hairst o 32&amp;nbsp;BC: Munatius Plancus an Marcus Titius.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 32 34&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 32–34.&lt;/ref&gt; Thir defectors gae Octavian the information that he needit tae confirm wi the Senate aw the accusations that he made against Antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 34&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 34.&lt;/ref&gt;

Octavian forcibly entered the [[Temple o Vesta|temple o the Vestal Virgins]] an seized Antony's secret will, that he promptly publicised. The will wad hae gien awey Roman-conquered territories as kinricks for his sons tae rule, an designatit [[Alexandria]] as the steid for a tomb for him an his queen.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 34 35&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 34–35&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 21 22&quot;&gt;Eder (2005), 21–22.&lt;/ref&gt; In late 32&amp;nbsp;BC, the Senate offeecially revoked Antony's pouers as consul an declared war on Cleopatra's regime in Egyp.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 35&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 22&quot;&gt;Eder (2005), 22.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Castro Battle of Actium.jpg|thumb|''The [[Battle o Actium]]'', bi [[Laureys a Castro]], pentit 1672, Naitional Maritime Museum, Lunnon]]
In early 31&amp;nbsp;BC, Antony an Cleopatra war temporarily stationed in Greece whan Octavian gained a preliminar veectory: the navy successfully ferried truips athort the [[Adriatic Sea]] unner the command o Agrippa.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 37&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 37.&lt;/ref&gt; Agrippa cut off Antony an Cleopatra's main force frae thair supply routes at sea, while Octavian laundit on the mainland opposite the island o Corcyra (modren [[Corfu]]) an mairched sooth.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 37&quot; /&gt; Trapped on land an sea, deserters o Antony's airmy fled tae Octavian's side daily while Octavian's forces war comfortable eneuch tae mak preparations.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 37&quot; /&gt;

Antony's fleet sailed throu the bay o [[Actium]] on the wastren coast o Greece in a desperate attempt tae brak free o the [[Blockade|naval blockade]]. It wis thare that Antony's fleet faced the muckle lairger fleet o smawer, mair maneuverable ships unner commanders Agrippa an [[Gaius Sosius]] in the battle o Actium on 2 September 31&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 38&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Antony an his remeenin forces war spared anerly due tae a last-ditch effort bi Cleopatra's fleet that haed been waitin nearbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 38 39&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 38–39.&lt;/ref&gt;

Octavian pursued them an defeatit thair forces in Alexandria on 1 August 30&amp;nbsp;BC—efter that Antony an Cleopatra committit suicide. Antony fell on his awn swuird an wis taken bi his sodgers back tae Alexandria whaur he dee'd in Cleopatra's airms. Cleopatra dee'd suin efter, reputitly bi the venomous bite o an [[asp (reptile)|asp]] or bi pushion.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 39&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 39.&lt;/ref&gt; Octavian haed exploitit his poseetion as Caesar's heir tae further his awn poleetical career, an he wis well awaur o the dangers in allouin anither person tae dae sae the same. He, tharefore, follaed the advice o [[Arius Didymus]] that &quot;twa Caesars are ane ower mony&quot;, orderin Caesarion tae be killed (Julius Caesar's son bi Cleopatra), while sparin Cleopatra's childer bi Antony, wi the exception o Antony's [[Marcus Antonius Antyllus|aulder son]].&lt;ref&gt;Green (1990), 697.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scullard (1982), 171.&lt;/ref&gt;

Octavian haed previously shawn little mercy tae surrendered enemies an actit in weys that haed pruiven unpopular wi the Roman fowk, yet he wis gien credit for pairdonin mony o his opponents efter the Battle o Actium.&lt;ref name = &quot;eck 49&quot; /&gt;

== Cheenge tae Augustus ==

[[File:Octavian aureus circa 30 BCE.jpg|thumb|[[Aureus]] o Octavian, circa 30&amp;nbsp;BC, [[Breetish Museum]]]]
Efter Actium an the defeat o Antony an Cleopatra, Octavian wis in a poseetion tae rule the entire Republic unner an unoffeecial [[principate]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 34 35&quot;&gt;Gruen (2005), 34–35.&lt;/ref&gt;—but he haed tae achieve this throu incremental pouer gains. He did sae bi coortin the Senate an the fowk while uphaudin the republican tradeetions o Roum, appearin that he wis nae aspirin tae dictatorship or monarchy.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 24 25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 38 39&quot; /&gt; Mairchin intae Rome, Octavian an [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Marcus Agrippa]] war electit as dual [[Roman consul|consuls]] bi the Senate.&lt;ref name = &quot;eck 45&quot; /&gt;

Years o ceevil war haed left Roum in a state o near lawlessness, but the Republic wis nae prepared tae accept the control o Octavian as a despot. At the same time, Octavian coud nae semply gie up his authority withoot riskin forder ceevil wars amang the Roman generals an, even if he desired na poseetion o authority whitsaeiver, his poseetion demandit that he leuk tae the well-bein o the ceety o Roum an the [[Roman province]]s. Octavian's aims frae this pynt forwart war tae return Roum tae a state o stability, tradeetional legality, an ceevility bi liftin the overt poleetical pressur imposed on the coorts o law an ensurin free elections—in name at least.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 44 45&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 44–45.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== First settlement ===
[[File:Caesar augustus.jpg|thumb|upright|Augustus as a magistrate. The statue's marble heid wis made c. 30–20&amp;nbsp;BC, the bouk sculptit in the 2nt century AD ([[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]], [[Paris]]).]]
In 27 BC, Octavian made a shaw o returnin full pouer tae the Roman Senate an relinquishin his control o the Roman provinces an thair armies.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 45&quot; /&gt; Unner his consulship, houiver, the Senate haed little pouer in ineetiatin legislation bi introducin [[Bill (proponed law)|bills]] for senatorial debate.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 45&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 45.&lt;/ref&gt; Octavian wis na langer in direct control o the provinces an thair airmies, but he retained the lealty o active duty sodgers an veterans alik.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 45&quot; /&gt; The careers o mony clients an adherents dependit on his patronage, as his financial pouer wis unrivaled in the Roman Republic.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 45&quot; /&gt;

The Senate proponed tae Octavian, the veector o Roum's ceevil wars, that he ance again assume command o the provinces. The Senate's proponal wis a ratification o Octavian's extra-constitutional pouer. Throu the Senate, Octavian wis able tae conteena the appearance o a still-functional [[constitution o the Roman Republic|constitution]]. Feingin reluctance, he acceptit a ten-year responsibility o owerseein provinces that war conseedert chaotic.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 46&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 46.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scullard (1982), 210.&lt;/ref&gt;

The provinces cedit tae him for that ten-year period comprised muckle o the conquered Roman warld, includin aw o Hispanie an Gaul, [[Sirie (Roman province)|Sirie]], [[Cilicia]], [[Cyprus]], an [[Ægyptus|Egyp]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 46&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 34&quot;&gt;Gruen (2005), 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Mairower, command o thir provinces providit Octavian wi control oeer the majority o Roum's legions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 34&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 47&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 47.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Senate still controlled North Africae, an important regional [[Roman agricultur|producer o grain]], as well as [[Illyrie]] an Macedonie, twa maortially strategic regions wi several legions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 24&quot;&gt;Eder (2005), 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Houiver, the Senate haed control o anerly five or sax legions distributit amang three senatorial proconsuls, compared tae the twinty legions unner the control o Augustus, an thair control o thir regions did nae amount tae ony poleetical or militar challenge tae Octavian.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 24 25&quot;&gt;CCAA, 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Scullard_p211&quot;&gt;Scullard (1982), 211.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 Januar 27&amp;nbsp;BC the Senate gae Octavian the new teetles o ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'' an ''[[Princeps]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 50&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 50.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Augustus'' is frae the Laitin wird ''Augere'' (meanin tae increase) an can be translatit as &quot;the illustrious ane&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 49&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 49.&lt;/ref&gt; It wis a teetle o releegious authority raither nor poleetical authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 49&quot; /&gt; Accordin tae Roman releegious beliefs, the teetle symbolised a stamp o authority ower humanity—an in fact naitur—that went ayont ony constitutional defineetion o his status. efter the hersh methods employed in consolidatin his control, the cheenge in name served tae demarcate his benign ring as Augustus frae his ring o terror as Octavian.

His new teetle o Augustus wis an aa mair favourable than ''Romulus'', the previous ane that he styled for himsel in reference tae the story o [[Romulus|the legendary foonder o Roum]], that seembolised a seucont foonding o Roum.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 49&quot; /&gt; The teetle o ''Romulus'' wis associatit too strangly wi notions o monarchy an keengship, an eemage that Octavian tried tae avoid.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 149&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 149&lt;/ref&gt; ''Princeps'' comes frae the Laitin phrase ''primum caput'', &quot;the first heid&quot;, oreeginally meanin the auldest or maist distinguished senator whase name wad appear first on the senatorial [[Schedule (warkplace)|roster]]. In the case o Augustus, houiver, it becam an awmaist regnal teetle for a leader wha wis first in chairge.&lt;ref&gt;Eck (2003), 3, 149.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Princeps'' haed an aa been a teetle unner the Republic for thae wha haed served the state well; for ensaumple, Pompey haed held the teetle.

=== Seicont settlement ===
[[File:Roman - Portrait of Emperor Augustus - Walters 2321.jpg|thumb|right|Portraits o Augustus shaw the emperor wi idealised featurs]]
Bi 23&amp;nbsp;BC, some o the un-Republican implications war acomin apparent concernin the dounset o 27&amp;nbsp;BC. Augustus' retention o an annual consulate drew attention tae his ''de facto'' dominance ower the Roman poleetical seestem, an cut in hauf the opportunities for ithers tae achieve whit wis still nominally the preeminent poseetion in the Roman state.&lt;ref&gt;Wells, p. 51&lt;/ref&gt; Forder, he wis causin poleetical problems bi desirin tae hae his neffae [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]] follae in his fitsteps an eventually assume the Principate in his turn,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;If the testimony o [[Marcus Primus]] can be believed, whaur in his trial for illegally launchin a war in Thrace, he assertit that he actit on the orders o Marcellus an Augustus&amp;nbsp;– see Southern, p. 108 an Eck (2003), p. 55&lt;/ref&gt; alienatin his three greatest supporters&amp;nbsp;– Agrippa, [[Maecenas]], an Livia.&lt;ref&gt;Holland, p. 294&lt;/ref&gt; Feelin pressur frae his core group o adherents, Augustus turned tae the Senate for help.

He appyntit notit Republican [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 23 BC)|Calpurnius Piso]] as co-consul in 23&amp;nbsp;BC, efter his chyce [[Aulus Terentius Varro Murena]] (wha haed focht against Julius Caesar an supportit Cassius an Brutus&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies, p. 259&quot;&gt;Davies, p. 259&lt;/ref&gt;) wis executit in consequence o his involvement in the Marcus Primus affair,&lt;ref&gt;Ando, p. 140; Raaflaub, p. 426; Wells, p. 53&lt;/ref&gt; wi an ee tae bolsterin his support amang the Republicans.

In the late ware Augustus suffered a severe illness, an on his supposed daithbed made arrangements that wad ensur the conteenuation o the Principate in some form,&lt;ref&gt;Southern, p. 108; Holland, p. 295&lt;/ref&gt; while allayin senators' suspicions o his anti-republicanism.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 25&quot;&gt;Eder (2005), 25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 56&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Augustus prepared tae haund doun his [[Seal (device)#Signet raings|signet raing]] tae his favoured general Agrippa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 56&quot; /&gt; Houever, Augustus haunit ower tae his co-consul Piso aw o his offeecial documents, an accoont o public finances, an authority ower leetit truips in the provinces while Augustus' supposedly favoured neffae Marcellus cam awey emptie-haundit.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 56&quot; /&gt; This wis a surpreese tae mony wha believed Augustus wad hae named an heir tae his poseetion as an unoffeecial emperor.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 38&quot;&gt;Gruen (2005), 38.&lt;/ref&gt;

Augustus bestowed anerly properties an possessions tae his designatit heirs, as an obvious seestem o institutionalised imperial heirship wad hae provoked resistance an hostility amang the republican-myndit Romans fearfu o monarchy.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 38 39&quot;&gt;Gruen (2005), 38–39.&lt;/ref&gt; Wi regairds tae the Principate, it wis obvious tae Augustus that Marcellus wis nae ready tae tak on his poseetion;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stern, Gaius p. 23&quot;&gt;Stern, Gaius, ''Women, children, and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae: A study of Augustus' vision of a new world order in 13 BC'', p. 23&lt;/ref&gt; nonetheless, bi giein his signet raing tae Agrippa, Augustus intendit tae seegnal tae the legions that Agrippa wis tae be his successor, an that constitutional procedure naewistaundin, thay shoud conteena tae obey Agrippa.&lt;ref&gt;Holland, pp. 294–95; Southern, p. 108&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Cameo August BM Gem3577.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Blacas Cameo]] shawin Augustus weirin a ''[[gorgoneion]]'' on a three layered [[sardonyx]] cameo, AD 20–50]]
Suin efter his bout o illness subsidit, Augustus gae up his consulship.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 56&quot; /&gt; The anerly ither times Augustus wad serve as consul wad be in the years 5 an 2&amp;nbsp;BC,&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 56&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 26&quot;&gt;Eder (2005), 26.&lt;/ref&gt; baith times tae introduce his grandsons intae public life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies, p. 259&quot; /&gt; This wis a clever ploy bi Augustus; ceasin tae serve as ane o twa annually electit consuls alloued aspirin senators a better chance tae attain the consular poseetion, while allouin Augustus tae exercise wider patronage within the senatorial cless.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccaa 36&quot;&gt;Gruen (2005), 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho Augustus haed resigned as consul, he desired tae retain his consular ''[[imperium]]'' nae juist in his provinces but ootthrou the empire. This desire, as well as the Marcus Primus Affair, led tae a seicont compromise atween him an the Senate kent as the Seicont Settlement.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 57&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 57.&lt;/ref&gt;

== War an expansion ==
Bi the end o his ring, the airmies o Augustus haed conquered northren Hispanie (modren Spain an Portugal)&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 94&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 94.&lt;/ref&gt; an the [[Alps|Alpine]] regions o [[Raetia]] an [[Noricum]] (modren Swisserland, Bavarie, Austrick, Slovenie),&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 94&quot; /&gt; [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] an [[Pannonia]] (modren Albanie, Croatie, Hungary, Serbie, etc.),&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 94&quot; /&gt; an haed extendit the mairches o the [[Africae Province]] tae the east an sooth.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 94&quot; /&gt;

Conquerin the fowks o the Alps in 16&amp;nbsp;BC wis anither important veectory for Roum, syne it providit a lairge territorial buffer atween the Roman ceetizens o Italy an Roum's enemies in Germania tae the north.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 98&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 98.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Daith an succession==
Augustus' heal haed been in decline in the months immediately afore his daith, an he haed made signeeficant preparations for a smuith transeetion in pouer, haein at last reluctantly settled on Tiberius as his chyce o heir.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck 123&quot;&gt;Eck (2003), 123.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 19 August AD 14, Augustus dee'd while veesitin [[Nola]] whaur his faither haed dee'd. Baith Tacitus an Cassius Dio wrote that Livia wis rumoured tae hae brocht aboot Augustus' daith bi pushionin fresh figs.&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus ''Annals'' 1.5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio 55.22.2; 56.30&lt;/ref&gt; Sicweys, Tiberius teuk the teetle o Roman Emperor.

==Fitmerks==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliografie ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book | last=Allen | first=William Sidney | year=1978 | origyear=1965 | title=Vox Latina – a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin | url=https://archive.org/details/voxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2 | edition=2nd | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-37936-9 | ref={{harvid|Allen|1965}}}}
* [[Clifford Ando|Ando, Clifford]], ''Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire'', Varsity of Californie Press, 2000.
* Bivar, A. D. H. (1983). &quot;The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids&quot;, in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' (Vol 3:1), 21–99. Edited bi Ehsan Yarshater. Lunnon, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, an Sydney: Cambridge Varsity Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-20092-9}}.
* Blackburn, Bonnie an Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. (1999). ''The Oxford Companion to the Year''. Oxford Varsity Press. Reprinted wi corrections 2003.
* Bourne, Ella. &quot;Augustus as a Letter-Writer&quot;, ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'' (Volume 49, 1918): 53–66.
* {{cite book |last=Bowersock |first=G. W. |editor=Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.) |title=Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-08447-6 |pages=380–94 |chapter=The Pontificate of Augustus }}
* Brosius, Maria. (2006). ''The Persians: An Introduction''. Lunnon &amp; New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-32089-4}} (hbk).
* Bunson, Matthew. (1994). ''[[Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire]]''. New York: Facts on File Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-3182-5}}
* Chisholm, Kitty an John Ferguson. (1981). ''Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book''. Oxford: Oxford Varsity Press, in association wi the Open Varsity Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-872108-6}}
* [[Cassius Dio|Dio, Cassius]]. (1987) ''The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus''. Translated bi Ian Scott-Kilvert. Lunnon: Penguin Beuks. {{ISBN|978-0-14-044448-3}}.
* Davies, Mark; Swain, Hilary; Davies, Mark Everson, ''Aspects of Roman history, 82 BC-AD 14: a source-based approach'', Taylor &amp; Francis e-Library, 2010.
* [[Werner Eck|Eck, Werner]]; translated bi Deborah Lucas Schneider; new material bi Sarolta A. Takács. (2003) ''The Age of Augustus''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (hardcover, {{ISBN|978-0-631-22957-5}}; paperback, {{ISBN|978-0-631-22958-2}}).
* Eder, Walter. (2005). &quot;Augustus and the Power of Tradition&quot;, in ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus (Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World)'', ed. Karl Galinsky, 13–32. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge Varsity Press (hardcover, {{ISBN|978-0-521-80796-8}}; paperback, {{ISBN|978-0-521-00393-3}}).
* Everitt, Anthony (2006) ''Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor''. Random House Beuks. {{ISBN|1-4000-6128-8}}.
* {{cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |title=Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandertoactiu0000gree |series=Hellenistic Culture and Society |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA; Los Angeles; London |isbn=0-520-05611-6}}
* Gruen, Erich S. (2005). &quot;Augustus and the Making of the Principate&quot;, in ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus (Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World)'', ed. Karl Galinsky, 33–51. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge Varsity Press (hardcover, {{ISBN|978-0-521-80796-8}}; paperback, {{ISBN|978-0-521-00393-3}}).
* Holland, Richard, ''Augustus, Godfather of Europe'', Sutton Publishing, 2005.
* Kelsall, Malcolm. &quot;Augustus and Pope&quot;, ''The Huntington Library Quarterly'' (Volume 39, Number 2, 1976): 117–131.
* {{cite book|title=Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History|last=Mackay|first=Christopher S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-80918-4}}
* Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Toher, Mark, ''Between republic and empire: interpretations of Augustus and his principate'', Varsity of Californie Press, 1993.
* Rowell, Henry Thompson. (1962). ''The Centers of Civilization Series: Volume 5; Rome in the Augustan Age''. Norman: Varsity of Oklahoma Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8061-0956-5}}
* Scott, Kenneth. &quot;The Political Propaganda of 44–30 B.C.&quot; ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', Vol. 11, (1933), pp.&amp;nbsp;7–49.
* {{cite book |last=Scullard |first=H. H. |title=From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133&amp;nbsp;B.C. to A.D. 68 |edition=5th |origyear=1959 |year=1982 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-415-02527-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Suetonius|first=Gaius Tranquillus|authorlink=Suetonius|editor-last = Thayer| editor-first = Bill|others = J. C. Rolfe, trans.|title=The Lives of the Twelve Caesars |date=2013 |origyear=1913 |publisher = University of Chicago| url = http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html| ref=harv}} Original publisher Loeb Classical Library.
* {{cite book|last=Suetonius|first=Gaius Tranquillus|authorlink=Suetonius|title=[[The Twelve Caesars|Lives of the Twelve Caesars]]|year=1931|publisher=Modern Library|location=New York}}
* Shaw-Smith, R. &quot;A Letter from Augustus to Tiberius&quot;, ''Greece &amp; Rome'' (Volume 18, Number 2, 1971): 213–214.
* Shotter, D. C. A. &quot;Tiberius and the Spirit of Augustus&quot;, ''Greece &amp; Rome'' (Volume 13, Number 2, 1966): 207–212.
* Smith, R. R. R., &quot;The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Early Fourth Century&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', Vol. 87, (1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;170–202, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/301374 JSTOR]
* Southern, Pat. (1998). ''Augustus''. Lunnon: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-16631-7}}.
* Starr, Chester G., Jr. &quot;The Perfect Democracy of the Roman Empire&quot;, ''The American Historical Review'' (Volume 58, Number 1, 1952): 1–16.
* {{cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |authorlink=Ronald Syme |title=The Roman Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73667 |year=1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-280320-4 }}
* Walker, Susan, an Burnett, Andrew, ''The Image of Augustus'', 1981, Breetish Museum Publications, {{ISBN|0-7141-1270-4}}
* Wells, Colin Michael, ''The Roman Empire'', Harvard Varsity Press, 2004.
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Augustus| ]]
[[Category:Chairacters in Beuk VI o the Aeneid]]
[[Category:Deified Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Foondin monarchs]]
[[Category:Imperial Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Julii|Caesar Octavianus, Gaius]]
[[Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
[[Category:Octavii]]
[[Category:Fowk in the canonical gospels]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Roum]]
[[Category:Pontifices Maximi o the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:63 BC births]]
[[Category:14 daiths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:1st-century BC clergy]]
[[Category:1st-century clergy]]
[[Category:1st-century Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Buirials at the Mausoleum o Augustus]]</text>
      <sha1>9qpvm4qpu0syq8os9gbjg10s0k98rkd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vlorë Destrict</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>41908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869243</id>
      <parentid>834931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:29:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5440" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = Destrict o Vlorë
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = sq
| settlement_type         = [[Destricts o Albanie|Destrict]]
| image_skyline           =
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           =
| image_flag              =
| flag_alt                =
| image_seal              =
| seal_alt                =
| image_shield            =
| shield_alt              =
| nickname                =
| motto                   =
| image_map               = Vlorë District.svg
| mapsize                 = 
| map_alt                 =
| map_caption             = Map showin Vlorë Destrict athin Albanie
| pushpin_map             =
| pushpin_label_position  =
| pushpin_map_alt         =
| pushpin_map_caption     =
| coor_pinpoint           =
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Albanie}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Coonties o Albanie|Coonty]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Vlorë Coonty]]
| subdivision_type2       =
| subdivision_name2       =
| subdivision_type3       =
| subdivision_name3       =
| established_title       =
| established_date        =
| founder                 =
| seat_type               = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]]
| seat                    = [[Rrëshen]]
| government_footnotes    =
| leader_party            =
| leader_title            =
| leader_name             =
| unit_pref               = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes          =
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           =
| area_water_km2          =
| area_water_percent      =
| area_note               =
| elevation_footnotes     =
| elevation_m             =
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;INSTAT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls|title=POPULLSIA SIPAS PREFEKTURAVE, 2001–2010|publisher=Albanian Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2010-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162916/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls|archivedate=2011-07-24|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025060648/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t4%20.xls |date=2012-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 
| population_as_of        = 2010
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      =
| population_note         =
| timezone1               =
| utc_offset1             =
| timezone1_DST           =
| utc_offset1_DST         =
| postal_code_type        =
| postal_code             =
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               =
| iso_code                =
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               =
}}
The '''Destrict o Vlorë''' ({{lang-sq|Rrethi i Vlorës}}) is ane o the thirty-sax [[destricts o Albanie]], pairt o [[Vlorë Coonty]]. Its population o 151,314&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t2.xls|title=POPULLSIA SIPAS RRETHEVE, 2001-2010|publisher=Albanian Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2010-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163134/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t2.xls|archivedate=2011-07-24|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t2.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-11-26 |archive-date=2012-03-10 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/663QJPNoI?url=http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/tabelat/Treguesit%20Sociale/Popullsia/POP%202009/t2.xls |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010 estimate). The destrict haes a laund aurie o 1,609&amp;nbsp;km². It is in the sooth-wast o the kintra, an its caipital is [[Vlorë]]. Its population includes a [[Greeks|Greek]] minority.&lt;ref&gt;http://mondediplo.com/maps/albanianmdv1999 The Albanians, a scattered people by Philippe Rekacewicz, Le Monde diplomatique, January 1999&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CountryStudiesUS&gt;{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/albania/49.htm|title =Country Studies US: Greeks and Other Minorities|accessdate=September 6, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; The destrict consists o the follaein municipalities:
*[[Armen, Albanie|Armen]]
*[[Brataj]]
*[[Himarë]]
*[[Vranisht]]
*[[Kotë]]
*[[Novoselë]]
*[[Orikum]]
*[[Qendër, Vlorë|Qendër]]
*[[Selenicë]]
*[[Sevaster]]
*[[Shushicë, Vlorë|Shushicë]]
*[[Vllahinë]]
*[[Vlorë]]

Ither places in this destrict include [[Dhërmi]], [[Ujë i Ftohtë]], [[Palasë]], [[Nartë]] an [[Kocul]].

Vlorë is the closest pynt o the Albanie coast tae the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsulae. The destrict weel kent for it coastline ''(see photo linkit below)''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
Ither place that is includit on the destrict o Vlore is Kallarat.

==Freemit airtins==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091021081650/http://www.geocities.com/albaweb2/vlora.jpg Postcard of the Vlorë coast]
*[http://www.vlora.it/ The steid o Vlorë (in albanie)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050812010605/http://www.vlora.it/ |date=2005-08-12 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Albanie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vlore Destrict}}
[[Category:Destricts o Albanie]]
[[Category:Vlorë Coonty]]</text>
      <sha1>h5hdezm1wpvdp03l05fgqtmx2pyx2bf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gangnam Style</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869329</id>
      <parentid>853059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:30:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48182" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox single &lt;!-- See Wikipedia: WikiProject_Songs --&gt;
| Name          = Gangnam Style
| Cover         = Gangnam Style Official Cover.png
| Artist        = [[PSY]]
| Album         = [[PSY 6 (Six Rules), Part 1]]
| Released      = {{Start date|2012|07|15}}
| Format        = [[CD single]], [[muisic dounlaid|digital dounlaid]]
| Recorded      =
| Genre         = [[K-pop]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Max|title=Visual music: How 'Gangnam Style' exploited K-pop's secret strength and overcame its biggest weakness|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/10/18/visual-music-how-gangnam-style-exploited-k-pops-secret-strength-and-overcame-its-biggest-weakness/|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2012-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Greg|title=Gangnam Style the UK's first K-pop number one|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/19658732|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2012-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| Length        = {{Duration|m=3|s=39}}
| Label         = [[YG Entertainment|YG]], [[Universal Republic Records|Universal Republic]], [[Schoolboy Records|Schoolboy]]
| Writer        = [[PSY|Park Jae-Sang]], [[Yoo Gun-hyung]]&lt;ref name=billboard1007965212&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14288307 |title=Rap Songs 2012-10-20 |work=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] |date=October 1, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-12 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220541/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14288307 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--- Billboard rap chart shows: P. Jae-Sang, Y. Gun-Hyung ---&gt;
| Producer      = Park Jae-Sang, Yoo Gun-hyung&lt;ref&gt;{{cite album-notes |title=Gangnam Style |artist=[[PSY|Psy]] |year=2012 |url=http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=3945023 |publisher=[[Universal Republic]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Chronology    = PSY
| Last single   = &quot;Korea&quot;&lt;br /&gt;(2012)
| This single   = &quot;'''Gangnam Style'''&quot;&lt;br /&gt;(2012)
| Next single   = 
| Misc          = 
}}

&quot;'''Gangnam Style'''&quot; ({{lang-ko|강남스타일}}, {{IPA-ko|kaŋnam sɯtʰail|IPA}}) is a [[K-pop]] [[CD single|single]] by Sooth Korean musician [[PSY]]. The sang wis released on 15 Julie 2012, as the [[lead single]] o his saxt studio album ''[[PSY 6 (Six Rules), Part 1]]''. &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; debuted at nummer ane on the [[Gaon Chart]], the naitional record chairt o [[Sooth Korea]]. On 21 Dizember 2012, at aroond 3:50 [[UTC]], &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; became the first video in the history o the Internet tae be viewed mair nor 1 billion times.&lt;ref name=billboardbillion&gt;{{cite web|last=Gruger|first=William|title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style' Video Hits 1 Billion Views, Unprecedented Milestone |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/psy-s-gangnam-style-video-hits-1-billion-1008059152.story|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=21 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; As o 21 Dizember 2012, the muisic video haes been viewed ower 1 billion times on [[YouTube]],&lt;ref name=officialvideo&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0 |title=PSY – GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일) M/V |format=YouTube |author=officialpsy |authorlink=Psy (rapper) |date=2012-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; an is the steid's maist watched video efter surpassin [[Justin Bieber]]'s single &quot;[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]].&quot;&lt;ref name=lipshutz1&gt;{{cite web |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style' Passes Justin Bieber's 'Baby' for YouTube Crown |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/psy-s-gangnam-style-passes-justin-bieber-1008026962.story |publisher=Billboard |accessdate=2012-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=currentyoutubecharts&gt;{{cite web |title=Charts - All categories - Most Viewed Videos - All Time | work=YouTube |url=http://www.youtube.com/charts/videos_views?t=a |accessdate=24 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Gangnam-Style-now-most-watched-video-on-YouTube/tabid/418/articleID/278067/Default.aspx |agency=Associated Press |work=3 News NZ |title=Gangnam Style now most-watched video on YouTube |date=2012-11-26 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The phrase &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; is a Korean [[neologism]] that refers tae a lifestyle associatit wi the [[Gangnam Destrict]] o [[Seoul]]. The sang an its accompanyin muisic video gaed [[viral video|viral]] in August 2012 an hae [[:en:Gangnam Style in popular culture|influencit popular cultur]] warldwide syne than. &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; receivit mixed tae positive reviews, wi praise goin tae its catchy beat an PSY's amusin dance muives (whilk thairsels hae acome a phenomenon) in the muisic video an durin live performances in various locations aroond the warld. On 20 September 2012, &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; wis recognisit bi ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the maist &quot;likit&quot; video in YouTube history.&lt;ref name=guinness&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/9/gangnam-style-now-most-liked-video-in-youtube-history-44977/ |title='Gangnam Style' holds guinness world record for most 'liked' video in youtube history |date=September 20, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-21 |work=[[Guinness World Records]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It subsequently wan [[2012 MTV Europe Music Awards#Best Video|Best Video]] at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] hudden later that year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2012 MTV EMA Winners |url=http://www.mtv.tv/news/2012-mtv-ema-winners/ |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2012-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; It became a springheid o [[parody|parodies]] an reaction videos bi mony different individuals, groups an organisations whiles inspirin flashmobs in [[Paris]], [[Roum]] an [[Milan]] wi tens o thoosans o pairticipants at ilka ane.

Bi the end o 2012, the sang haed toppit the muisic chairts o mair nor 30 kintras includin Australie, Canadae, Fraunce, Germany, Italy, Roushie, Spain, an the Unitit Kinrick. Awbeit the sang's reception in Japan remained lukewarm, the sang toppit Cheenae's [[Baidu 500]] dounlaid leet an wis labelled bi state-controlled media as haein a &quot;divine melody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=洛阳版&quot;神曲&quot;《江南style》走红 演员全是网友 |language=Cheenese |url=http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/zfwq/2012-10/17/c_113395295.htm |agency=Xinhua News Agency |accessdate=October 26, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6C48DpfCc?url=http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/zfwq/2012-10/17/c_113395295.htm |archivedate=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Psy《江南style》公告牌排名第11 &quot;马舞&quot;蔓延全球 |url=http://ent.people.com.cn/n/2012/0920/c86955-19062701.html |date=September 20, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-25 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6C48zkyII?url=http://ent.people.com.cn/n/2012/0920/c86955-19062701.html |archivedate=2012-11-10 |newspaper=People's Daily |language=Cheenese |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Psy brings Gangnam Style to Oz |url=http://www.vmusic.com.au/pages/main-menu/news/latest-news/psy-brings-gangnam-style-to-oz |work=Channel V Australia |accessdate=2012-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As the sang continued tae rapidly gain popularity an ubiquity, its signatur dance muives wur performit bi mony notable poleetical leaders sic as U.S. Preses [[Barack Obama]], the Breetish Prime Meenister [[David Cameron]], an UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-Moon]], whae hailed the sang as a &quot;force for warld peace&quot;.&lt;ref name=france24&gt;{{cite news
| title = Gangnam style gets UN stamp of approval
| url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hqwu350VB9N5aQa2ueSrYqa-r4Ow?docId=CNG.130769094cf8bbda75b0c4e1cceda7aa.721
| agency = Agence France-Presse
| date = October 9, 2012
| accessdate = 2012-10-09
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140228125530/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hqwu350VB9N5aQa2ueSrYqa-r4Ow?docId=CNG.130769094cf8bbda75b0c4e1cceda7aa.721
| archivedate = 2014-02-28
| url-status = live
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sang's influence on poleetical activism wis exemplifee'd bi the cutty film ''[[Gangnam for Freedom]]''. It wis producit bi the Breetish sculptor [[Anish Kapoor]] tae advocate the [[freedom o speech|freedom o expression]] an haed subsequently wan the support o various human richts organisations includin [[Index on Censorship]] an [[Amnesty International]].&lt;ref name=amnesty&gt;{{cite web |title=Anish Kapoor's Gangnam style youtube film for Ai WeiWei |url=http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20462 |publisher=Amnesty International UK |date=2012-11-21 |accessdate=2013-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accordin tae the Unitit Naitions' wittins diveesion, PSY haes acome an &quot;internaitional sensation&quot; throu his sang &quot;Gangnam Style&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=From Korean pop music to skydiving to Earth – not-your-typical diplomatic meetings for UN Secretary-General |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43373&amp;Cr=secretary-general&amp;Cr1=#.UJodaWddDLQ |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2012-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Track leetin==
{{tracklist
|headline = Digital dounlaid
|title1   = Gangnam Style
|length1  = 3:37
}}
{{tracklist
|headline = German CD Single&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.de/Gangnam-Style-2-Track-Psy/dp/B009GWHUDS/ref=sr_1_24?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1350486030&amp;sr=8-24 |title=Gangnam Style (2-Track): Amazon.de: Musik |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=2012-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|title1   = Gangnam Style
|length1  = 3:37
|title1   = Gangnam Style (Video)
|length1  = 4:13
}}

==Chairts performance==
The sang debuted at nummer sax on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100]] for the week o 28 Julie 2012.&lt;ref name=Billboard-K-Pop-#6&gt;{{cite web |title=Korea K-Pop Hot 100, Week of 28 July 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-07-28 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-20 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029011750/http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It than toppit the chairt the week efter,&lt;ref name=Billboard-Benjamin/&gt; an remained at nummer ane for five weeks.&lt;ref name=Billboard-K-Pop&gt;{{cite web |title=Korea K-Pop Hot 100, Week of September 2, 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100#/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-09-01 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archive-date=2014-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009162738/http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100#/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-09-01 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the [[Gaon Single Chart]], the sang wis dounlaidit 816,000 times in its first week, an wis nummer ane for five weeks. {{As o|2012|09|22}}, the sang wis dounlaidit ower 2.8 million times in Sooth Korea.

In the Unitit States, &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; debuted at nummer 74 on ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]] wi 23,000 dounlaids sauld in the week endin o 8 September 2012, an twa weeks later reached nummer 25 wi 61,000 dounlaids;&lt;ref name=bb0914&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/column/chartbeat/weekly-chart-notes-psy-adds-style-to-the-1007949392.story |title=Weekly Chart Notes: Psy Adds 'Style' to the Hot 100 |first=Gary |last=Trust |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=September 14, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; previously, 57,000 copies wur dounlaidit in the US up tae 31 August.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/gangnam-style-helps-psy-dance-way-to-no-1007917752.story |title='Gangnam Style' Helps Psy Dance Way to No. 1 on Social 50 Chart |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |last=Gruger |first=William |date=August 31, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sang rocketit tae nummer fower for the chairt week o 29 September, wi 188,000 dounlaids.&lt;ref name=BB11&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/news/maroon-5-reaches-no-1-on-hot-100-with-one-1007953852.story |title=Maroon 5 Reaches No. 1 on Hot 100 with 'One More Night' |first=Gary |last=Trust |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=September 19, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the issue date o 22 September, it debuted at nummer 64 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], becomin the seicont K-pop sang tae enter the chairt ahint the [[Wonder Girls]]' &quot;[[Nobody (Wonder Girls sang)|Nobody]]&quot; in 2009. In the same week, &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; debuted on the ''Billboard'' Pop Songs at nummer 28 an aw.&lt;ref name=bb0914/&gt; &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; haed, bi 11 October, sauld ane million dounlaids in the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Gangnam Style' Reaches 1 Million Downloads in US |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/376707/gangnam-style-reaches-1-million-downloads-in-us |newspaper=Manila Bulletin |publisher=Manila Bulletin Publishing |date=October 11, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-20 |archive-date=2012-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014013509/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/376707/gangnam-style-reaches-1-million-downloads-in-us |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In its seicont week on the Hot 100, &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; rose tae nummer 11.&lt;ref name=BB11/&gt; In its third week on the chairt, &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; rose tae nummer twa, ahint &quot;[[One More Night (Maroon 5 soang)|One More Night]]&quot; bi [[Maroon 5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/maroon-5-still-tops-hot-100-psy-one-step-1007959552.story|work=Billboard|title=Maroon 5 Still Tops Hot 100, PSY One Step from No. 1|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=September 26, 2012|accessdate=2012-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the week o 24 November, efter seiven weeks at nummer 2, the sang droppit tae nummer 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/maroon-5-s-one-more-night-ties-for-hot-100-1008015592.story|work=Billboard|title=Maroon 5's 'One More Night' Ties for Hot 100's Longest Lead This Year|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=November 14, 2012|accessdate=2012-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the week o Dizember 22, the sang fell frae nummer 10 tae nummer 11.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/bruno-mars-makes-heaven-ly-ascent-to-no-1008047142.story|work=Billboard|title=Bruno Mars Makes 'Heaven'-ly Ascent to No. 1 on Hot 100|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=2012-12-12|accessdate=2012-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The sang haes sauld 3,075,000 copies in the US as o Dizember 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo dec2012&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/chart-watch-extra-top-songs-195035394.html |title=Chart Watch Extra: The Year’s Top Songs |author=Paul Grein |work=Chart Watch |publisher=Yahoo Music |date=December 19, 2012 |accessdate= December 19, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 September 2012, &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; debuted on the [[UK Singles Chart]] at nummer 196;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/120901cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: New Entries Update (1.09.2012 – week 34) |publisher=Zobbel.de |accessdate=2012-09-04 |author=Zywietz, Tobias}}&lt;/ref&gt; in its seicont week, the sang reached nummer 61. The next week, the sang rose up tae nummer 37. On 19 September, Greg James annooncit that the sang haed climbit 21 places tae nummer 16. On 21 September, the sang haed climbit frae 16 tae 6. The sang wis 22,000 copies ahint &quot;[[Hall of Fame (sang)|Hall of Fame]]&quot; bi [[The Script]] wi sales o &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; acceleratin bi a average o 20% ilka day that week.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/could-gangnam-style-hit-number-1-on-sunday-1601/ &quot;Could Gangnam Style Hit Number 1 on Sunday?&quot;] [[Official Charts Company]].&lt;/ref&gt; The sang eventually reached nummer three in its third week on the chairt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreisler 2012-09-26&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/gangnam-style-to-finally-conquer-the-uks-official-chart-1612/ |title=Gangnam Style to finally conquer the UK's Official Chart? |first=Lauren |last=Kreisler |publisher=The Official Charts Company |date=September 26, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; The next midweek Official Chart Update, released on 26 September, indicatit that &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; wis on pace tae acome nummer ane on the next offeecial chairt, set for release on 30 September.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreisler 2012-09-26&quot;/&gt; The sang, as projectit, reached the tap spot on the offeecial 30 September chairt, makkin it the first K-pop single tae dae sae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreisler 2012-09-30&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/gangnam-style-conquers-the-uk-officially-1614/ |title=Gangnam Style conquers the UK, officially |first=Lauren |last=Kreisler |publisher=The Official Charts Company |date=September 30, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 21 August 2012, &quot;Gangnam Style&quot; chairtit nummer ane on the iTunes Music Video Charts, owertakkin Justin Bieber's &quot;[[As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber sang)|As Long as You Love Me]]&quot; an [[Katy Perry]]'s &quot;[[Wide Awake (Katy Perry sang)|Wide Awake]]&quot;; this feat is the first for ony Sooth Korean airtist.&lt;ref name=WSJ-Baseball&gt;{{cite news |title=Baseball Goes Gangnam Style |author=Woo, Jaeyeon |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/08/21/baseball-goes-gangnam-style/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones &amp; Company |date=August 21, 2012 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syne early September, the sang haes peakit on ''Billboard'''s YouTube Music Chart at nummer ane.&lt;ref name=Billboard-YouTube&gt;{{cite web |title=YouTube Music Chart, Week of 25 August 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/youtube?chartDate=2012-08-25 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chairts an certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Chairts===
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
!Chart (2012–13)
!Peak&lt;br /&gt;poseetion
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Australia|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=auschart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Austria|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-11|refname=autchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Flanders|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|refname=belflchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Wallonia|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|refname=belwachart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bulgarie ([[Internaitional Federation o the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AIRPLAY TOP 5- 08.10.2012|url=http://www.bamp-bg.org/en/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nmc-charts/322-08102012-14102012.html|publisher=Bulgarian Association of the music producers|accessdate=November 1, 2012|archive-date=2012-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202124846/http://www.bamp-bg.org/en/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nmc-charts/322-08102012-14102012.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Colombia ([[National-Report]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top Nacional: Semana 45. Del 05-11-2012 al 11-11-2012 |url=http://www.national-report.com/forms/init100s.php |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DWWB1ftL?url=http://national-report.com/forms/init100s.php |archivedate=2013-01-08 |language=Spanish |publisher=National-Report |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|3
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Czech Republic|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=42|accessdate=2012-10-23|year=2012|refname=czechart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Denmark|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-21|refname=dnkchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Europe ([[Euro Deegital Sangs]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14124057 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-10-06 |title=Chart Search Results – Euro Digital Songs 2012-10-06 |archive-date=2012-11-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121124104253/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14124057 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Finland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-01|refname=finchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|France|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-08|refname=frachart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Germany|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style (2-track)|accessdate=2012-10-24|refname=gerchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Greece Deegital Sangs ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Greece Billboard |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14123967 |accessdate=2012-09-29 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220535/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14123967 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|Honduras ([[Honduras Tap 50]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BBwZQIyg?url=http://tiempo.hn/fuzion/top-50 |title=Top 50 |url=http://tiempo.hn/fuzion/top-50 |date=October 4, 2012 |archivedate=2012-10-05 |language=Spanish |work=Fuzion |publisher=[[El Tiempo (Honduras)|El Tiempo]] |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Hungarydance|3|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=44|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-07}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Hungary|6|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=43|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-01|refname=hunchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Iceland ([[Tónlist]])&lt;ref name=&quot;icechart&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Netlistinn viku 41, 2012 |url=http://www.tonlist.is/Music/Chartlist/513/ |publisher=Tónlist |accessdate=2012-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|3
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Ireland|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=40|year=2012|accessdate=2012-10-25|refname=irlchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Israelairplay|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=40|year=2012|accessdate=2012-10-04}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Italy ([[Federation o the Italian Muisic Industry|FIMI]])&lt;ref name=&quot;itachart&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=FIMI – Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_digital.php?anno=2012&amp;mese=10&amp;id=381|publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|accessdate=December 8, 2012|archive-date=2014-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531173348/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_digital.php?anno=2012&amp;mese=10&amp;id=381|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Billboardjapanhot100|20|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23|refname=canadianhot100}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Lebanon ([[The Offeecial Lebanese Tap 20|Lebanese Tap 20]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lebanese Top 20 Charts |url=http://www.webcitation.org/6BUDhwoKF |publisher=The Official Lebanese Top 20 |date=October 14, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-14 |archive-date=2013-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225144415/http://www.webcitation.org/6BUDhwoKF |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Luxembourg ([[Luxembourg Deegital Sangs|''Billboard'']])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Luxembourg Digital Songs 2012-10-13 |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14126057 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-09-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BD1kBMwq?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14126057 |archivedate=2012-10-06 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mexican Airplay Chart (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/14126557 |title=Mexico Airplay |date=October 7, 2012 |work=Billboard |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220528/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/14126557 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mexico ([[Monitor Latino]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 20 General |url=http://radionotas.com/top-20/ml-mexico/ |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BgUDQeOK?url=http://radionotas.com/top-20/ml-mexico/ |archivedate=2012-10-25 |work=RadioNotas |publisher=Monitor Latino Media |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Dutch40|1|year=2012|week=41|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Dutch100|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-12-01|refname=nldmegachart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|New Zealand|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-14|refname=nzchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Norway|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=39|year=2012|accessdate=2012-09-28|refname=norchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Poland ([[Polis Muisic Charts|Top 5 Video Airplay]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/video.php?idlisty=818 |title=Top 5 video |publisher=[[ZPAV]] |work=[[Polish Music Charts|Polish Video Chart]] |accessdate=2012-11-01 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130416120346/http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/video.php?idlisty=818 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Polishdance|6|chartid=917}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Portugal Digital Songs ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Portugal Billboard |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14287517 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-10-10 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202221205/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14287517 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Romanie ([[Romanie Tap 100]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Airplay 100 (25 noiembrie 2012) |url=http://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/54/Airplay-100.html |publisher=[[Romanian Top 100]] |accessdate=2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|42
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;|Roushie ([[Roushie Muisic Charts|2M]])&lt;ref&gt;[http://lenta.ru/articles/2012/12/07/chart/ Саботаж: Российские музыкальные чарты. Недели 47 и 48 – 2012]. [[Lenta.ru]]. [[Rambler Media Group]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Scotland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|date=2012-10-06|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=scochart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Slovakia|7|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=47|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-27|refname=svkchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| South Korea ([[Gaon Single Chart|Gaon Digital Singles]])&lt;ref name=Gaon&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/total/list.gaon?nationGbn=T&amp;termGbn=week&amp;hitYear=2012&amp;targetTime=30 |title=South Korean Gaon Chart – Week: July 15, 2012 to July 21, 2012 |language=Korean |publisher=[[Gaon Chart]] |accessdate=2012-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| South Korea (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100|K-Pop Hot 100]])&lt;ref name=Billboard-Benjamin&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/480682/fall-in-love-with-psys-gangnam-style-korean-rapper-goes-viral |title=Fall in Love with Psy's 'Gangnam Style' – Korean Rapper Goes Viral |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=July 31, 2012 |work=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|1
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Spain|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|year=2012|accessdate=2012-12-31|refname=espchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Sweden|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-23|refname=swechart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Switzerland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-04|refname=suichart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|UK|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|date=2012-10-06|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=ukchart}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-15|artistid=1923937}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|10|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Billboardrapsongs|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; {{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|3|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23|refname=danceclubplay}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Venezuela Tap 100 ([[Record Report]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 100 |url=http://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/?i=top100 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BrM7CfPf?url=http://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/?i=top100 |language=Spanish |work=[[Record Report]] |publisher=R.R. Digital C.A |date=November 3, 2012 |archivedate=2012-11-01 |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|47
|}
{{col-2}}

===Sales an certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Australia|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=10|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|certref=&lt;ref name=&quot;aria&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria-charts-accreditations-singles-2013.htm |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=2013-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Austria|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2013-04-20}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Belgium|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2012-10-19}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Canada|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|salesamount=320,000|autocat=yes|certref=&lt;ref name=&quot;musiccanada&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Gangnam+Style&amp;sa=Psy&amp;smt=0| title=Canadian single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Music Canada]]| accessdate=2012-11-16| archive-date=2013-12-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225191630/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Gangnam+Style&amp;sa=PSY&amp;smt=0| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|relmonth=09|certref=&lt;ref name=&quot;ifpidnk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Certificeringer {{!}} ifpi.dk |url=http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=certificeringer&amp;page=33 |publisher=[[IFPI Denmark]] |accessdate=2013-02-01 |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Germany|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Gowd|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2012-12-11|certref=&lt;ref name=&quot;bvmi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&amp;strTitel=Gangnam+Style&amp;strInterpret=Psy&amp;strTtArt=single&amp;strAwards=checked| title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Psy; 'Gangnam Style')| publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]| language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Italy|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|certref=&lt;ref name=&quot;FIMI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Italian single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style |url=http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_512012.pdf |publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]] |accessdate=2013-01-07 |archive-date=2013-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123160128/http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_512012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|id=2101|autocat=yes|certref=&lt;ref name=&quot;rianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2110| title=New Zealand single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]| accessdate=2013-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Spain|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|certref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TOP 50 CANCIONES, SEMANA 03: del 14.01.2013 al 20.01.2013 |url=http://www.promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2013_03.pdf |publisher=[[PROMUSICAE]] |accessdate=2013-01-23 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603040722/http://www.promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2013_03.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Sweden|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=3|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|certref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=41&amp;dfom=20130213&amp;newi=0&amp;mode=list|title=Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 8, 22 februari 2013|language=Swadish|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=2013-02-22|archive-date=2013-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220447/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=41&amp;dfom=20130213&amp;newi=0&amp;mode=list|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Switzerland|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=3|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2013-03-14}}
&lt;!--- Do not update UK and US certifications until it will be updated officially on the BPI and RIAA searchable database. ---&gt;
{{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=United Kingdom|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=―|nocat|salesamount=1,090,000|salesref=&lt;ref name=&quot;uksales&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/1-billionth-singles-download-is-sold-in-the-uk-2152/|title=1 billionth singles download is sold in the UK!|first=Daniel|last=Lane|publisher=[[Official Charts Company|The Official UK Charts Company]]| date=April 9, 2013|accessdate=2013-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|certref=&lt;ref name=&quot;riaa&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Gangnam+Style%22| title=American single certifications – PSY – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]| format=''If necessary'', ''click'' Advanced, ''then click'' Format, ''then select'' Single, ''then click'' SEARCH}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;|salesamount=4,500,000|salesref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1558437/pink-powers-to-no-1-on-hot-100-with-just-give-me-a-reason|title=P!nk Powers to No. 1 On Hot 100 With 'Just Give Me A Reason'|first=Gary|last=Trust|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=April 17, 2013|accessdate=2013-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nounspecified=true}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Chart (2012)
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Poseetion
|-
| Australie (ARIA Singles Chart)&lt;ref name=&quot;ausyearend&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2012.htm | title = ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2012 | publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] | accessdate = 2013-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2
|-
| Austrick (Ö3 Austria Tap 40)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/singleyear/ | title= Ö3 Austria Top40 – Single Charts 2012 | publisher= [[Hitradio Ö3]] | accessdate= 2013-01-02 | archive-date= 2012-01-04 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120104112351/http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/singleyear/ | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|13
|-
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2012&amp;cat=s |publisher=[[Ultratop]]. Hung Medien | language = Dutch| accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Jaaroverzichten 2012 – Singles}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|7
|-
| Belgium (Ultratop 40 Wallonia)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2012&amp;cat=s |publisher=Ultratop. Hung Medien | language = French | accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Rapports Annuels 2012 – Singles}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|10
|-
| Canada (Canadian Het 100)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/canadian-hot-100?begin=31&amp;order=position| title=Best of 2012 – Canadian Hot 100| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation| date=December 14, 2012| accessdate=2012-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|37
|-
| Denmark (Hitlisten)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.hitlisten.nu/default.asp?getreq=%2FTrack_Top-50_2012%2Epdf| title=Track 2012 | publisher=''[[IFPI Danmark]]'' | accessdate=2013-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|3
|-
| Fraunce (SNEP)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2012 | title=Classement Singles – année 2012 | language=French | work=''[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]'' | publisher=GFK Music | accessdate=2013-02-14 | archive-date=2013-10-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014064915/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2012 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|4
|-
| Germany (Media Control AG)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.mix1.de/charts/jahrescharts-2012-singles.htm| title=Jahrescharts 2012| publisher=media control GfK| accessdate=2013-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|8
|-
| Hungary (Rádiós Tap 40)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012|url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/radios/2012|publisher=[[Mahasz]] |language=hungarian |accessdate=2013-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|54
|-
| Israel (Media Forest Radio Airplay)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mako.co.il/music-news/radio_airplay_chart/Article-d151b59786afb31006.htm&amp;sCh=3d385dd2dd5d4110&amp;pId=1080044444|title=most played songs of 2012 – By Medis Forest|publisher=mako.co.il|date=February 30, 2012|access-date=2021-08-31|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201121/http://www.mako.co.il/music-news/radio_airplay_chart/Article-d151b59786afb31006.htm%26sCh%3D3d385dd2dd5d4110%26pId%3D1080044444|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|31
|-
| Italy (FIMI)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=77 | title=CLASSIFICHE ANNUALI 2012 FIMI GfK: DOMINA IL REPERTORIO ITALIANO | language=Italian | publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana | date=2013-01-29 | access-date=2013-05-20 | archive-date=2013-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117063538/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=77 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|13
|-
| Netherlands (Mega Single Tap 100)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2012&amp;cat=s | publisher = [[Single Top 100|Mega Single Top 100]]. Hung Medien | accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Jaaroverzichten – Single 2012 | language = Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|5
|-
| New Zealand (NZ Tap 40 Chart)&lt;ref name=&quot;nzyearend&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=2105| title =Top Selling Singles of 2012 – The Official New Zealand Music Chart | publisher= [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] (RIANZ) | accessdate=2013-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2
|-
|Poland ([[Polis Society o the Phonographic Industry|ZPAV]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zpav.pl/aktualnosci.php?idaktualnosci=538 |title=TOP digital utworów - 2012 |publisher=[[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry|ZPAV]] |accessdate=2013-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|4
|-
| Roushie (2M Tap 25 Deegital Tracks)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/articles/2012/12/28/chart/|title=Триумф нестыдной попсы (in Russian)| work=2M and Lenta.ru.| publisher=Rambler Media Group|accessdate=2012-12-29|date=December 28, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|6
|-
| Sooth Korea (''Billboard'' K-Pop Het 100)&lt;ref name=&quot;korhot100yearend&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/korea-hot-100|title=Best of 2012 – Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=2012-12-14|date=December 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1
|-
| Spain (PROMUSICAE Tap 50 Canciones)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202012.pdf |title=Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 |publisher=[[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]] |accessdate=2013-01-15 |archive-date=2013-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124102447/http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|13
|-
| Swaden (Sverigetopplistan)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&amp;dfom=20120001&amp;newi=0| title=Årslista Singlar – År 2012| work=[[Sverigetopplistan]]| publisher=[[Swedish Recording Industry Association|Grammofonleverantörernas förening]] (GLF)| accessdate=2013-01-23| archive-date=2013-05-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524165727/http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&amp;dfom=20120001&amp;newi=0| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|18
|-
| Swisserland (Schweizer Hitparade)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2012 | publisher =Schweizer Hitparade. Hung Medien | accessdate = 2012-12-31 | title = Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2012 | language = German}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|10
|-
| UK (The Offeecial UK Singles Tap 100)&lt;ref name=&quot;ukyearend&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Lane |first=Dan |title=The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2012 revealed! |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-selling-singles-of-2012-revealed-1784/ |publisher=[[Official Charts Company|The Official UK Charts Company]] |date=January 2, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|6
|-
| US (''Billboard'' Het 100)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/hot-100-songs?begin=41&amp;order=position|title=Best of 2012 – Hot 100 Songs| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=2012-12-14|date=December 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|47
|-
| IFPI (Global tap sellin deegital singles o 2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|title=Digital Music Report 2013|publisher=''[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]''|accessdate=2013-02-26|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190016/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|3
|}
{{col-end}}

==Release history==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Kintra
! Date
! Format
! Label
|-
| Sooth Korea&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=&amp;#91;NEWS&amp;#93; PSY releases cover &amp; tracklist for 6th album 'Psy's Best Sixth' |url=http://www.dkpopnews.net/2012/07/news-psy-releases-cover-tracklist-for.html |publisher=Dkpopnews.com |accessdate=2012-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Julie 15, 2012
| rowspan=11| [[Music dounload|Deegital dounload]]
| [[YG Entertainment]]
|-
| Argentinae&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/ar/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Argentina) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=7| September 4, 2012
| rowspan=11| [[Schuil Boy Records|Schoolboy]] / [[Universal Republic Records]]
|-
| Australie&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Australia) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Austrick&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/at/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Austria) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Brazil&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Brazil) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Czech Republic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/cz/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Czech Republic) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Denmark&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Denmark) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Unitit Kinrick&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896?i=560409906&amp;affId=1627785&amp;ign-mpt=uo%3D4 |work=iTunes Store (United Kingdom) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2012-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Unitit States&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&amp;ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (United States) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2012-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=3| September 6, 2012
|-
| Canadae&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&amp;v0=WWW-NACA-ITUHOME-TOPMUSIC&amp;ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (Canada) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Mexico&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/mx/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&amp;l=en&amp;ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (Mexico) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Germany&lt;ref name=&quot;cdsingle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.de/Gangnam-Style-2-Track-Psy/dp/B009GWHUDS/ref=sr_1_24?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1350486030&amp;sr=8-24 |title=Gangnam Style (2-Track): Amazon.de: Musik |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=2012-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| October 15, 2012
| [[CD single]] ([[Enhanced CD|enhanced]])
|-
| Unitit States&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gangnam-style-2-legit-2-quit/id579938962| title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style / 2 Legit 2 Quit Mashup (feat. MC Hammer) – Single &amp;#124;|work=iTunes Store (United States) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| November 19, 2012
| Deegital remix single
| Universal Republic Records
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commons category}}
* {{YouTube|9bZkp7q19f0|&quot;GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일)&quot; music video}}
* {{YouTube|wcLNteez3c4|&quot;PSY (ft. HYUNA) 오빤 딱 내 스타일 M/V – Oppa Is Just My Style&quot; music video}}
* {{YouTube|9HPiBJBCOq8|&quot;PSY – GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일) M/V Making Film&quot;}}
* Kirsten Acunaon: [http://www.businessinsider.com/gangnam-style-translation-2012-9 Here's the English Translation of &quot;Gangnam Style&quot;], ''[[Business Insider]]'', 19 September 2012

[[Category:2010s pop songs]]
[[Category:2012 singles]]
[[Category:Sangs aboot Seoul]]
[[Category:K-pop songs]]
[[Category:PSY sangs]]
[[Category:Korean-leid sangs]]
[[Category:Sooth Korean sangs]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Viral videos]]
[[Category:Novelty sangs]]
[[Category:Republic Records singles]]
[[Category:YG Entertainment singles]]
[[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Australie]]
[[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Austrick]]
[[Category:Canadian Hot 100 nummer-ane singles]]
[[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Finland]]
[[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Honduras]]
[[Category:Mexican Airplay Chart nummer-ane singles]]
[[Category:Monitor Latino Top General nummer-ane singles]]
[[Category:Nummer-ane singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Norawa]]
[[Category:UK Singles Chart nummer-ane singles]]
[[Category:Ultratop 50 Singles nummer-ane singles]]
[[Category:YouTube muisic videos]]
[[Category:Billboard Rap Songs nummer-ane singles]]
[[Category:Gangnam-gu]]
[[Category:Gangnam Style]]</text>
      <sha1>3am9wkr6qc9vns95b5lwnmkw5aovhvk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franco-Provençal leid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>43315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869326</id>
      <parentid>858163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:18:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15102" xml:space="preserve">{{Distinguish2|[[Provençal byleid|Provençal]], ane o the byleids o the [[Occitan leid]]}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Franco-Provençal
|altname=Arpitan
|nativename=''patouès, arpetan''
|pronunciation={{IPA-frp|patuˈe], [patuˈɑ|}}
|states=[[Italy]], [[Fraunce]], [[Swisserland]]
|region=[[Aosta Valley]], [[Piemont]], [[Province o Foggia|Foggia]],&lt;br&gt; [[Franche-Comté]], [[Savoie]], [[Bresse]],&lt;br&gt; [[Bugey]], [[Dombes]], [[Beaujolais (province)|Beaujolais]],&lt;br&gt; [[Dauphiné]], [[Lyonnais]],&lt;br&gt; [[Forez]], [[Romandie]]
|speakers=(est.) 113,400
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Italic leids|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Romance leids|Romance]]
|fam4=[[Wastren Romance leids|Wastren]]
|fam5=[[Gallo-Iberie leids|Gallo-Iberie]]
|fam6=[[Gallo-Romance leids|Gallo-Romance]]
|script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]]
|nation=protectit bi statute in [[Italy]] an &lt;br&gt;[[Aosta Valley|Aosta Valley Autonomous Region]].
|iso3=frp
|lingua=51-AAA-j
|map=FRP-Map4.png
|mapcaption=Cairt o the Franco-Provençal Leid Aurie:&lt;br&gt;Daurk Blue: Protectit. — Medium Blue: General regions.&lt;br&gt;Licht Blue: Historical transition zone.
|notice=IPA}}
'''Franco-Provençal''' ('''Francoprovençal'''), '''Arpitan''', or '''Romand''' (in Swisserland) ([[Vernaculary]]: ''{{lang|frp|francoprovençâl, arpetan, patoué}}''; {{lang-it|francoprovenzale, arpitano}}; {{lang-fr|francoprovençal, arpitan, patois}}) is a [[Gallo-Romance leids|Gallo-Romance leid]] spoken in east-central [[Fraunce]], wastren [[Swisserland]], an the Italian [[Aosta Valley]] (Valle d'Aosta). Franco-Provençal haes mony [[dialect|byleids]] an is different frae but closely relatit tae naurby [[Romance leids]]:  [[Oïl leids]], [[Occitan leid|Occitan]], [[Gallo-Italian leid|Gallo-Italian]], an [[Romansh leid|Romansh]]. The name ''Franco-Provençal'' wis gien tae the leid bi [[Graziadio Isaia Ascoli|G.I. Ascoli]] in the 19t century acause it shared featurs wi ''[[French leid|French]]'' an ''[[Provençal dialect|Provençal]]'' athoot belangin tae either. ''Arpitan'', a [[neologism]], is becomin a popular name for the leid an the fowk that speak hit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arpitania.eu/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=34 Arpitania.eu, ''Did you say « Arpitan » ?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153207/http://www.arpitania.eu/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=34 |date=2011-07-20 }} {{en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See forby ==
* [[Leid policy in Fraunce]]
* [[Leids o Italy]]
* [[Leids o Fraunce]]
* [[Leids o Swisserland]]
* [[Vergonha]]

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Abry, Christian et al. &quot;Groupe de Conflans&quot; (1994). ''Découvrir les parlers de Savoie''. Conflans (Savoie): Centre de la Culture Savoyarde. This wark presents ane o the commonly uised orthographic staundarts.
* Aebischer, Paul (1950). ''Chrestomathie franco-provençale''. Berne: Éditions A. Francke S.A.
* Agard, Frederick B. (1984). ''A Course in Romance Linguistics: A Diachronic View''. (Vol. 2). Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-089-3
* Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1878). Schizzi franco-provenzali. ''Archivio glottologico italiano'', III, pp.&amp;nbsp;61–120. Airticle written aboot 1873.
* Bec, Pierre (1971). ''Manuel pratique de philologie romane''. (Tome 2, pp.&amp;nbsp;357 et seq.). Paris: Éditions Picard. ISBN 2-7084-0288-9 A philological analysis o Franco-Provençal; the Alpine byleids hae been particularly studee'd.
* Bessat, Hubert &amp; Germi, Claudette (1991). ''Les mots de la montagne autour du Mont-Blanc''. Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-902709-68-4
* Bjerrome, Gunnar (1959). ''Le patois de Bagnes (Valais)''. Stockholm: Almkvist and Wiksell.
* Brocherel, Jules (1952). ''Le patois et la langue francaise en Vallée d’Aoste''. Neuchâtel: V. Attinger.
* Centre de la Culture Savoyard, Conflans (1995). ''Écrire le patois: La Graphie de Conflans pour le Savoyard''. Taninges: Éditions P.A.O. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060110094804/http://members.aol.com/conflans1/GR_CONF.pdf ''.pdf''] &lt;small&gt;(in French)&lt;/small&gt;
* Cerlogne, Jean-Baptiste (1971). ''Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, précédé de la petite grammaire''. Geneva: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Aosta: Imprimérie Catholique, 1907)
* Chenal, Aimé (1986). ''Le franco-provençal valdôtain: Morphologie et syntaxe''. Quart: Musumeci. ISBN 88-7032-232-7
* Chenal, Aimé &amp; Vautherin, Raymond (1967–1982). ''Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain''. (12 vol.). Aosta: Éditions Marguerettaz.
* Chenal, Aimé &amp; Vautherin, Raymond (1984). ''Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain; Dictionnaire français-patois''. Quart: Musumeci. ISBN 88-7032-534-2
* Constantin, Aimé &amp; Désormaux, Joseph (1982). ''Dictionnaire savoyard''. Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Originally published, Annecy: Société florimontane, 1902). ISBN 2-7348-0137-X
* Cuaz-Châtelair, René (1989). ''Le Franco-provençal, mythe ou réalité'''. Paris, la Pensée universelle, p.&amp;nbsp;70. ISBN 2-214-07979-3
* Cuisenier, Jean (Dir.) (1979). ''Les sources régionales de la Savoie: une approche ethnologique. Alimentation, habitat, élevage, agriculture....'' (re: Abry, Christian: Le paysage dialectal.) Paris: Éditions Fayard.
* Dalby, David (1999/2000). ''The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities.'' (Vol. 2). (Breton, Roland, Pref.). Hebron, Wales, UK: Linguasphere Press. ISBN 0-9532919-2-8 See p.&amp;nbsp;402 for the complete leet o 6 groups an 41 idioms o Franco-Provençal byleids.
* Dauzat, Albert &amp; Rostaing, Charles (1984). ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France.'' (2nd ed.). Paris: Librairie Guénégaud. ISBN 2-85023-076-6
* Devaux, André; Duraffour, A.; Dussert, A.-S.; Gardette, P.; &amp; Lavallée, F. (1935). ''Les patois du Dauphiné''. (2 vols.). Lyon: Bibliothèque de la Faculté catholique des lettres. Dictionar, grammar, an linguistic atlas o the Terres-Froides region.
* Duch, Célestin &amp; Bejean, Henri (1998). ''Le patois de Tignes''. Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-84310-011-9
* Duraffour, Antonin; Gardette, P.; Malapert, L. &amp; Gonon, M. (1969). ''Glossaire des patois francoprovençaux''. Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-222-01226-0
* Elsass, Annie (Ed.) (1985). ''Jean Chapelon 1647-1694, Œuvres complètes''. Saint-Étienne: Université de Saint-Étienne.
* Escoffier, Simone (1958). La rencontre de la langue d'Oïl, de la lange d'Oc, et de francoprovençal entre Loire et Allier. ''Publications de l'Institut linguistique romane de Lyon, XI, 1958''.
* Escoffier, Simone &amp; Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1981). ''Textes littéraires en dialecte lyonnais''. Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-222-02857-4
* EUROPA (European Commission) (2005). [http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html Francoprovençal in Italy, ''The Euromosaic Study''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220151/http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html |date=2006-02-13 }} Last update: 4 February 2005.
* Favre, Christophe &amp; Balet, Zacharie (1960). Lexique du Parler de Savièse. ''Romanica Helvetica, Vol. 71, 1960''. Berne: Éditions A. Francke S.A.
* Gardette, l'Abbé Pierre, (1941). ''Études de géographie morphologique sur les patois du Forez''. Mâcon: Imprimerie Protat frères.
* Gex, Amélie (1986). ''Contes et chansons populaires de Savoie''. (Terreaux, Louis, Intro.). Aubenas: Curandera. ISBN 2-86677-036-6
* Gex, Amélie (1999). ''Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village''. (Bordeaux, Henry, Pref.). Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Original wark publisht, Chambéry: Dardel, 1924). ISBN 2-7348-0399-2
* Gossen, Charles Théodore (1970). ''La scripta para-francoprovençale'', Revue de linguistique romane 34, p.&amp;nbsp;326-348.
* Grasset, Pierre &amp; Viret, Roger (2006). ''Joseph Béard, dit l'Eclair : Médecin des pauvres, Poète patoisant, Chansonnier savoyard''. (Terreaux, Louis, Pref.). Montmelian: La Fontaine de Siloé. ISBN 2-84206-338-4
* Grillet, Jean-Louis (1807). ''Dictionnaire historique, littéraire et statistique des départements du Mont-Blanc et du Léman''. Chambéry: Librairie J.F. Puthod.
* Héran, François; Filhon, Alexandra; &amp; Deprez, Christine (2002). Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century. ''Population &amp; Sociétés. No. 376, February 2002''. Paris: INED-Institut national d’études démographiques. ISSN 0184-77-83. Monthly wittins letter in Inglis, frae [http://www.ined.fr INED]
* Hoyer, Gunhild &amp; Tuaillon, Gaston (2002). ''Blanc-La-Goutte, poète de Grenoble: Œuvres complètes''. Grenoble: Centre alpin et rhodanien d'ethnologie.
* Humbert, Jean (1983). ''Nouveau glossaire genevois.'' Genève: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Geneva: 1852). ISBN 2-8321-0172-0
* Jochnowitz, George (1973). ''Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provençal''. Paris &amp; The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter &amp; Co. ISBN 90-279-2480-5
* Kattenbusch, Dieter (1982), ''Das Frankoprovenzalische in Süditalien: Studien zur synchronischen und diachronischen Dialektologie'' (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik), Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN 3-87808-997-X
* Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: [http://www.ethnologue.com/ ethnologue.com] [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=frp Online page for Franco-Provençal].
* Martin, Jean-Baptiste &amp; Tuaillon, Gaston (1999). ''Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Jura et des Alpes du nord (Francoprovençal Central) : La maison, l'homme, la morphologie''. (Vol. 3). Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 2-222-02192-8 (cf. [[Savoyard]]).
* Martin, Jean-Baptiste (2005). ''Le Francoprovençal de poche''. Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil. ISBN 2-7005-0351-1
* Martinet, André (1956). ''La Description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d'Hauteville (Savoie)''. Genève: Librairie Droz / M.J. Minard.
* Marzys, Zygmunt (Ed.) (1971). ''Colloque de dialectologie francoprovençale. Actes''. Neuchâtel &amp; Genève: Faculté des Lettres, Droz.
* Melillo, Michele (1974), ''Donde e quando vennero i francoprovenzali di Capitanata'', &quot;Lingua e storia in Puglia&quot;; Siponto, Italy: Centro di Studi pugliesi. pp.&amp;nbsp;80–95
* Meune, Manuel (2007). ''Le franco(-)provençal entre morcellement et quête d’unité : histoire et état des lieux''. Québec: Laval University. Article in French from [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/monde/franco-provencal.htm TLFQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607062922/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/franco-provencal.htm |date=2012-06-07 }}
* Minichelli, Vincenzo (1994). ''Dizionario francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito e Faeto''. (2nd ed.). (Telmon, Tullio, Intro.). Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. ISBN 88-7694-166-5
* Morosi, Giacomo (1890–92), ''Il dialetto franco-provenzale di Faeto e Celle, nell'Italia meridionale'', &quot;Archivio Glottologico Italiano&quot;, XII. pp.&amp;nbsp;33–75
* Nagy, Naomi (2000). ''Faetar''. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-548-6
* Nelde, Peter H. (1996). ''Euromosaic: The production and reproduction of the minority language groups in the European Union''. Luxembourg: European Commission. ISBN 92-827-5512-6 See: EUROPA, 2005.
* Nizier du Puitspelu (pen name of Tisseur, Clair) (2008). ''Le Littré de la Grand'Côte : à l'usage de ceux qui veulent parler et écrire correctement''. Lyon: Éditions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire. ISBN 2-84147-196-9 (Original work published, Lyon: Juré de l'Académie/Académie du Gourguillon, 1894, reprint 1903). Lyonnaise dialect dictionar an encyclopedia o anecdotes an idiomatic expressions, pp.&amp;nbsp;353.
* Pierrehumbert, William (1926). ''Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchâtelois et suisse romand''. Neuchâtel: Éditions Victor Attinger.
* Price, Glanville (1998). ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19286-7
* Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). ''A Guide to the World's Languages''. (Vol. 1: ''Classification''). Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1250-6 Author of numerous articles on language and linguistics; Language Universals Project, Stanford University.
* Schüle, Ernest (1978), ''Histoire et évolution des parler francoprovençaux d'Italie'', in: AA. VV, &quot;Lingue e dialetti nell'arco alpino occidentale; Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Torino&quot;, Torino, Italy: Centro Studi Piemontesi.
* Stich, Dominique (2003). ''Dictionnaire francoprovençal / français, français / francoprovençal : Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal : Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée''. (Walter, Henriette, Preface). Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré. ISBN 2-908150-15-8 This wark includes the current orthographic staundart for the leid.
* Stich, Dominique (1998). ''Parlons francoprovençal: Une langue méconnue''. Paris: Éditions l'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-7203-6 This work includes the former orthographic standard, ''Orthographe de référence A (ORA)''.
* Tuaillon, Gaston (1988). Le franco-provençal, Langue oubliée. in: Vermes, Geneviève (Dir.). ''Vingt-cinq communautés linguistiques de la France''. (Vol. 1: ''Langues régionales et langues non territorialisées''). Paris: Éditions l’Harmattan. pp.&amp;nbsp;188–207.
* Tuallion, Gaston (2002). ''La littérature en francoprovençal avant 1700''. Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN 2-84310-029-1
* Villefranche, Jacques Melchior (1891). ''Essai de grammaire du patois Lyonnais''. Bourg: Imprimerie J. M. Villefranche.
* Viret, Roger (2001). ''Patois du pays de l'Albanais: Dictionnaire savoyarde-français''. (2nd ed.). Cran-Gévrier: L'Echevé du Val-de-Fier. ISBN 2-9512146-2-6 Dictionar an grammar for the byleid in the Albanais region, whilk includes Annecy an Aix-les-Bains.
* Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1993). ''Le Parler lyonnais''. (Martin, Jean-Baptiste, Intro.) Paris: Éditions Payot &amp; Rivages. ISBN 2-86930-701-2
* Wartburg, Walter von (1928–2003). ''[[Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch]]. (&quot;FEW&quot;)''. (25 vol.). Bonn, Basel &amp; Nancy: Klopp, Helbing &amp; Lichtenhahn, INaLF/ATILF. Etymological dictionar o Gallo-Roman leids an byleids.
{{Refend}}

==Fremmit airtins==
{{interwiki|code=frp}}
* [http://lengoua.arpitana.googlepages.com/loslimsarpitans On-line directory regularly updatit]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;oe=UTF8&amp;msa=0&amp;msid=115570914925694292683.00047f42f7c6fad6365ff Google Maps], precise cairt o Arpitania
* [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;oe=UTF8&amp;msa=0&amp;msid=115570914925694292683.00047ce9d35f29abcf6f0 Precise cairt o Arpitania an Occitania in Italy an Swisserland]

{{Romance leids}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Franco-Provencal Leid}}
[[Category:Franco-Provençal leid| ]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance leids]]
[[Category:Leids o Aosta Valley]]
[[Category:Leids o Swisserland]]
[[Category:Leids o Fraunce]]
[[Category:Synthetic leids]]

{{Stub/Fraunce}}
{{Stub/Italy}}
{{Stub/Leid}}</text>
      <sha1>rz6pw0gcccrj1gyz9r6akuqcofaarqa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sutyagin Hoose</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44118</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869421</id>
      <parentid>849456</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T09:27:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Timeousbeastie</username>
        <id>78784</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pit in eemage.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4836" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Sutyagin house 1.JPG|alt=Sutyagin Hoose|thumb|Sutyagin Hoose]]
The '''Sutyagin Hoose''' wis a firthen hoose in [[Arkhangelsk]], Roushie.

The 13-story, {{convert|144|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall&lt;ref name=wan/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;According to other sources, 12 stories, 38 m, i.e. 124 ft&lt;/ref&gt; residence}} o the local entrepreneur [[Nikolai Petrovich Sutyagin]] wis reportit tae be the warld's, or at least Roushie's, tallest firthen hoose. Constructit bi Mr. Sutyagin an his faimily ower 15 years (stairtin in 1992), athoot formal plans or a biggin permit, the structur deterioratit while Mr. Sutyagin spent a few years in preeson for [[Racket (creeme)|racketeerin]].

In 2008, it wis condemned bi the ceety as a [[fire hazard]], an the courts ordered it tae be [[Demolition|demolished]] bi 1 Februar 2009.&lt;ref name=wan&gt;[http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&amp;upload_id=914 Sutyagin House, Arkhangelsk, Russia: Standing tall]. WorldArchitectureNews.com, Wednesday 07 Mar 2007. (Includes photo)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| first       =Nadezhda | last =Ponomaryova
| title       =Гангстер-хаус: Самый высокий деревянный дом в России объявлен вне закона
| url         =http://www.rg.ru/2008/06/26/gangster.html
| work        =Rossiiskaya Gazeta
| location    =[[Moscow, Russia]] | language =Russian
| trans_title =''Gangster house'': Russia's tallest widden house is now outlawed
| date        =26 June 2008 | accessdate  =2009-08-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title        = В Архангельске провалилась первая попытка снести самое высокое деревянное здание в мире
 |url          = http://realty.newsru.com/article/26Dec2008/wooden
 |work         = [[NEWSru.com]] Realty (Недвижимость)
 |location     = Moscow, Russia
 |language     = Russian
 |trans_title  = In Arkhangelsk failed first attempt to demolish the tallest widden building in the world
 |date         = 26 December 2008
 |accessdate   = 2009-08-15
 |archive-date = 2009-06-08
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090608095201/http://realty.newsru.com/article/26dec2008/wooden
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| author      =mihai055
| title       =Сутягин, снос дома
| url         =http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa_Ahn29Myw
| publisher   =[[YouTube]]
| language    =Russian
| trans_title =Sutyagin, demolition of houses
| format      =Flash video
| date        =December 26, 2008 | accessdate  =2009-08-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the remainder was dismantled manually&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title        = В Архангельске разрушено самое высокое деревянное здание в мире
 |url          = http://realty.newsru.com/article/06Feb2009/sutyagin
 |work         = [[NEWSru.com]] Realty (Недвижимость)
 |location     = Moscow, Russia
 |language     = Russian
 |trans_title  = In Arkhangelsk destroyed the tallest widden building in the world
 |date         = 6 February 2009
 |accessdate   = 2009-08-15
 |archive-date = 2009-06-04
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090604184055/http://realty.newsru.com/article/06feb2009/sutyagin
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; over the course of the next several months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title       =От самого высокого деревянного строения в мире осталась груда мусора
| url         =http://www.1tv.ru/newsvideo/137558
| work        =Channel One Russia
| publisher   =Web-службой Первого канала
| location    =Moscow, Russia | language =Russian
| trans_title =From the highest widden structure in the world was left a pile of garbage
| format      =flash video and text
| date        =6 February 2009 | accessdate  =2009-08-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The remaining four-storey structure burned to the ground on May&amp;nbsp;6, 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://echo.msk.ru/news/885723-echo.html|title=Так называемый &quot;дом Сутягина&quot; - некогда самое высокое деревянное здание в мире – сгорел в Архангельской области|publisher=Радиостанция «Эхо Москвы»|language=Russian|accessdate=6 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See an aw==
* [[Vernacular airchitectur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1544827/Gangster-who-built-worlds-tallest-log-cabin.html The Daily Telegraph - Gangster who built the warlds tawest log cabin]

[[Category:Arkhangelsk]]
[[Category:Demolished biggins an structurs]]
[[Category:Hooses in Roushie]]
[[Category:Organisit crime in Roushie]]
[[Category:Biggins an structurs in Arkhangelsk Oblast]]</text>
      <sha1>t4xfstbq3asgy5j41dwvv1zzj8goq7n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yakimanka Destrict</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44154</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869251</id>
      <parentid>852584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:52:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6488" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Msk cao yakimanka.png|thumb|right|Yakimanka Destrict on the cairt o Moscow]]
[[File:Coat of Arms of Yakimanka (municipality in Moscow).png|thumb|right|Coat o airms o Yakimanka Destrict]]

'''Yakimanka Destrict''' ({{lang-ru|райо́н Якима́нка}}) is a destrict o [[Central Admeenistrative Okrug]] o [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]. Population: {{ru-census2010prelim|26,428|;}} {{ru-census2002|22,822|.}}

It is namit efter the umwhile kirk o [[Saunt Joachim]] an [[Saunt Anne]]. Yakimanka contains the wastren hauf o the historical [[Zamoskvorechye]] aurie (its eastren hauf is admeenistered as [[Zamoskvorechye Destrict]] proper), includin the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] an the territories o [[Gorky Pairk (Moscow)|Gorky Pairk]] an [[Neskuchny Sad]]. The boondary atween Yakimanka an Zamoskvorechye destricts follaes [[Balchug]] Street an Bolshaya Ordynka Street (north o [[Garden Ring]]), Korovy Val an Mytnaya streets (sooth o Garden Ring).

==Notable biggins, cultural an eddicational facilities==
[[File:Храм Софии Премудрости в Замоскворечье.jpg|thumb|upright|Belltouer o St. Sophia kirk in Moscow]]
[[File:Church of the Resurrection in Kadashi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kirk o the Resurrection in Kadashi]]]]

===Museums===
*[[Tretyakov Gallery]]
*[[Tretyakov Gallery]] exhibition haw on Krymsky Val, wi the nearbi sculptur pairk
*Airt Museum o [[Vasily Andreevich Tropinin|Vasili Tropinin]] an his contemporars (Schetininsky, 10)
*Averky Kirillov estate in Bersenevka (bi appointment)
*[[Hoose on Embankment]] museum [http://www.museum.ru/M427 www.museum.ru] (bi appointment)
*[[Marat Gelman]] gallery (Malaya Polyanka, 7/7)

===Kirks===
*[[Marfo-Mariinsky Convent]] (1908–1912, airchitect: [[Alexey Shchusev]], Bolshaya Ordynka, 34)
*Kirk o the [[Dormition]] (1695–1697, Bolshaya Polyanka, 37) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/21.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*Kirk o the Iberie Icon o [[Theotokos]] at Childer's Hospital (1896–1901, Bolshaya Polyanka, 20) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/101.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*Kirk o the Icon o [[Theotokos]], the Joy in Sorrow (1831–1836, airchitect: [[Joseph Bove]]) [[:Image:Moscow Bolshaya Ordynka 18.jpg|photo]] [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/89.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*[[Kirk o the Resurrection in Kadashi]] (2nt Kadashevsky 7-14) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/198.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*[[Saunt Sophia Kirk in Sadovniki]] (1682–1686, belltower: 1862–1868, Sofiyskaya naberezhnaya, 32) [[:Image:River Moskva.jpg|photo]]
*Kirk o [[Saunt Catherine o Alexandria|St. Catherine]] (1766–1767, airchitect: [[Karl Blank]], Bolshaya Ordynka, 60/2) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/98.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*Kirk o St. [[Gregory o Nyssa]] (1668–1679, Bolshaya Polyanka, 29A) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/93.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*[[Kirk o St. John the Warrior]] (1704–1717, Bolshaya Yakimanka, 46) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/104.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*Kirk o St. [[Maron]] the Hermit in ''Baby Gorodok'', umwhile Pols Sloboda (1727–1730, Bolshaya Yakimanka 32-2) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/110.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*Kirk o St. Mikhail o Chernigov an Fyodor (1675, Chernigovsky, 3) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/28.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*[[:Image:Wiki bersenevka Nikolai.jpg|Kirk o St. Nicholas in Bersenevka]] (1656–1657, Bersenevskaya Naberezhnaya, 18)
*Kirk o St. Nicholas in Tolmachi (Maly Tolmachevsky, 9) [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/266.htm www.pravoslavie.ru]
*Kirk o the Trinity in Shabolovka (1885–1895, Shabolovka, 21)
*Kirks o First Ceety Hospital (Leninsky Prospect, 8)

===Theatres===
*Theatre Estrady in the [[House on Embankment]]

===Memorial biggins===
*Embassy o [[Fraunce]], umwhile Igumnov Hoose, 1888–1895 ([http://www.ambafrance.ru/article.php3?id_article=147 www.ambafrance.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405113048/http://www.ambafrance.ru/article.php3?id_article=147 |date=2007-04-05 }}, [http://www.rian.ru/photolents/20051026/41896136_10.html www.rian.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124012447/http://www.rian.ru/photolents/20051026/41896136_10.html |date=2005-11-24 }}, [http://o-moskve.narod.ru/p2.html o-moskve.narod.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103221847/http://o-moskve.narod.ru/p2.html |date=2006-11-03 }})
*Single-story hoose in Bolshaya Yakimanka, 8, remains o auld Golutvin sloboda
*Writers' Biggin (Lavrushinsky lane, athort Tretyakov Gallery)

==Govrenment an infrastructur==
[[File:ChristSaviourCathedral Views May 2012 20.jpg|thumb|View o a pairt o Yakimanka frae the [[Cathedral o Christ the Saviour]]]]
The [[Interstate Aviation Committee]] (IAC or MAK), the aviation accident technical investigation body o the [[Commonwalth o Unthirlt States]], haes its heid office in the destrict.&lt;ref name=&quot;Main&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.mak.ru/english/o_mak.html Main] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000446/http://www.mak.ru/english/o_mak.html |date=2013-10-21 }}.&quot; [[Interstate Aviation Committee]]. Retrieved on 24 June 2010. &quot;119017, Moscow, Russia Bolshaya Ordynka str. 22/2/1&quot; [http://www.mak.ru/russian/russian.html Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227053107/http://www.mak.ru/russian/russian.html |date=2012-12-27 }}: 119017, Москва, Россия ул.Большая Ордынка, 22/2/1&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Federal Penitentiary Service]] haes its heid office in Yakimanka Destrict.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101126035832/http://government.ru/eng/power/100/ Federal Penitentiary Service].&quot; Government of Russia. Retrieved on 5 October 2011. &quot;Address: 14 Zhitnaya Ulitsa, Moscow 119991&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Public transportation access==
[[Moscow Metro]]:
*[[Polyanka]], [[Tretyakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Tretyakovskaya]] - north an centre
*[[Oktyabrskaya-Radialnaya]], [[Oktyabrskaya-Koltsevaya]] - sooth
*[[Dobryninskaya]], [[Serpukhovskaya]] - sooth-east

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category|Yakimanka|Yakimanka District}}
*[http://www.yakimanka.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid o Yakimanka Destrict] {{ru icon}}
*1882 photographs, temples o Zamoskvorechye an Yakimanka. [http://orel.rsl.ru/vers_may2000/books/html/volume3p2.htm Russian State Library]

{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}}

{{coord|55|43|53|N|37|36|14|E|source:itwiki_scale:5000|display=title}}

[[Category:Central Admeenistrative Okrug]]
[[Category:History o Moscow]]
[[Category:Destricts o Moscow]]</text>
      <sha1>05dbccnhlod9z3n7dtc3pn2hion8trv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aeroport Destrict</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869264</id>
      <parentid>846073</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:42:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4142" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Roushie destrict
|en_name=Aeroport Destrict
|ru_name=
|image_map=Msk sao aeroport.svg
|map_caption=Location o Aeroport Destrict on the map of Moscow
|latd
|latm
|lats
|longd
|longm
|longs
|image_flag=Flag of Aeroport (municipality in Moscow).png
|flag_caption
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Aeroport (municipality in Moscow).png
|coa_caption
|anthem
|anthem_ref
|hailiday
|hailiday_ref
|federal_subject=[[Moscow]]
|federal_subject_ref=
|adm_data_as_of=
|adm_ctr_type=
|adm_ctr_name=
|adm_ctr_ref=
|no_of_cities_towns
|no_of_urban-type_settlements=
|selsoviet_type1
|no_of_selsoviets_type1=
|no_of_rural_localities=
|counts_ref=
|mun_data_as_of=
|mun_formation1=
|mun_formation1_ref=
|mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=
|mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=
|mun_formation1_counts_ref=
|mun_formation1_leader_title=
|mun_formation1_leader_title_ref=
|mun_formation1_leader_name=
|mun_formation1_leader_name_ref=
|mun_formation1_representative_body=
|mun_formation1_representative_body_ref=
|area_of_what
|area_as_of
|area_km2=
|area_km2_ref=
|pop_census=
|urban_pop_percent=
|rural_pop_percent=
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
|established_date=
|established_date_ref=
|prev_name1
|prev_name1_date
|prev_name1_ref
|newspaper=
|newspaper_ref=
|website
|website_ref
|date=August 2011
}}
'''Aeroport Destrict ''' &lt;!--({{lang-ru| райо́н}})--&gt; is an admeenistrative destrict ([[raion]]) o [[Northren Admeenistrative Okrug]], an ane o the 125 raions o [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]].&lt;!-- The aurie o the district is {{convert||km2|sqmi|sp=us}}. Its [[admeenistrative center]] is the [[kins of inhabited localities in Russia|urban locality]] ([[urban-type settlement]]) of [[]].  Population:  (2009 est.); ([[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]]); {{su-census1989||.}}  --&gt;

==Economy==
The aviation companies [[Irkut Corporation|Irkut]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.irkut.com/en/contacts/ Contact Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090918/http://www.irkut.com/en/contacts/ |date=2011-09-30 }}.&quot; [[Irkut Corporation]]. Retrieved on 30 August 2011. &quot;Corporate Centre address: bldg. 1, 68, Leningradsky prospect, Moscow, 125315, Russia&quot; - [http://www.irkut.com/ru/contacts/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912041246/http://www.irkut.com/ru/contacts/ |date=2011-09-12 }}: &quot;Корпоративный Центр адрес: Россия, 125315, г. Москва, Ленинградский проспект, дом 68, стр. 1&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ilyushin]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.ilyushin.org/eng/company/address.html Official Address of the JSC «IL»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907092552/http://www.ilyushin.org/eng/company/address.html |date=2011-09-07 }}.&quot; [[Ilyushin]]. Retrieved on 8 December 2010. &quot;45 &quot;G&quot; Leningradsky Avenue, Moscow, 125190, Russian Federation.&quot; [http://www.ilyushin.org/company/address.html Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827005336/http://www.ilyushin.org/company/address.html |date=2011-08-27 }}: &quot;125190 Российская Федерация, город Москва, Ленинградский проспект, дом 45 &quot;Г&quot;.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Yakovlev]] hae thair heid offices in the destrict.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.yak.ru/ENG/ Hame page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119122336/http://www.yak.ru/ENG/ |date=2016-01-19 }}. [[Yakovlev]]. Retrieved on 30 August 2011. &quot;125315 Russia, Moscow, Leningradskiy prospect, 68&quot; [http://www.yak.ru/ Address in Russian]: &quot;125315 Россия, Москва, Ленинградский проспект, 68&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Education==
The [[New Humanitarian Schuil]], a private schuil, is in the destrict.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.school-1.ru/eng/New_Humanitarian_School_Moscow.htm Hame page]. () [[New Humanitarian School]]. Retrieved on May 21, 2012. &quot;Krasnoarmejskaya st., 30”Б” 125319, Moscow, Russia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==See an aw==
*[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow]]
*[[Khodynka Aerodrome]]
*[[Aeroport (Moscow Metro)]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===

{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}}

[[Category:Destricts o Moscow]]</text>
      <sha1>p4dfow8v9jsdi36tj9sx91x1wk9xnem</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mamdouh Habib</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869383</id>
      <parentid>828372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T00:08:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26131" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox War on Terror detainee 
 | name   = Mamdouh Habib&lt;br/&gt;{{Lang-ar|ممدوح حبيب}}
 | image     = Mamdouh Habib.jpg
 | image_size     = 250px
 | caption  = Habib at an anti-war convention
 | birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1955|6|3}}
 | birth_place = [[Alexandria]], [[Egyp]]
 | date_of_arrest = 5 October 2001
 | place_of_arrest=
 | arresting_authority= 
 | date_of_release = 11 Januar 2005
 | place_of_release= 
 | death_date  = 
 | death_place = 
 | detained_at    = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay detainment camps]]
 | id_number      = 661
 | group          = 
 | alias          = 
 | charge         = 
 | penalty        = 
 | status         = Released
 | occupation     = 
 | spouse         = Maha Habib 
 | parents        = 
 | children       = Islam Hassam, Ahmed Mandouh Habib,&lt;br/&gt; Mustafa Habib, Hajer Habib
}}
'''Mamdouh Habib''' is an [[Egyp]]tian-born [[Australie]] [[Muslim]] best kent for his [[extrajudicial detention]] in the [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]s, in [[Cuba]], on suspicion o involvement in terrorism.&lt;ref name=DoDList2&gt;
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
|format=PDF| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May&amp;nbsp;15, 2006
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=15 May 2006
| accessdate=29 September 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Unitit States accuised Habib o haein haed knawledge o the [[11t September attacks|11 September 2001 attacks]], trainin the hijackers, stayin at an [[al-Qaeda]] safe hoose in Afghanistan, conductin surveillance, helpin tae transfer chemical wappens, an plannin tae hijack the aircraft uised in the 11 September attacks. Housomeivver thare wis nae evidence tae support thir claims an he wis eventually released. Australie offeecials acknawledgit that he &quot;ken naething aboot terrorism&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayer&quot;/&gt;

In November 2008, Habib released a beuk co-written wi Julia Collingwood teetled ''My Story: The Tale of a Terrorist Who Wasn't'' detailin his experiences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.scribepublications.com.au/book/mystory |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2008-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121075954/http://scribepublications.com.au/book/mystory |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Life==
He wis born in 3 Juin 1955 in [[Alexandria]], [[Egyp]], muivit tae [[Australie]] in 1980, became a ceetizen thare, marriet a wumman namit Maha, haed fower childer, an taucht Islam, while runnin a [[café|coffee shop]] in [[Sydney]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mayer&quot;&gt;[[Jane Mayer|Mayer, Jane]], &quot;[[The Dark Side (book)|The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals]]&quot;, 2008. p. 125&lt;/ref&gt; He is a dual ceetizen o Australie an o Egyp.&lt;ref&gt;http://inside.org.au/mamdouh-habib-who-knew-what-and-when/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2005/s1377847.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter bein released athoot chairge he ran as an unthirlt poleetical candidate in [[:en:New South Wales state election, 2007|New South Wales state election, 2007]], but failed tae gain a seat efter pollin less nor 5% in his electorate.&lt;ref name=ElectionResult20070305/&gt;

==1990s==
Accordin tae the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] Current Affairs program ''[[Four Corners (TV program)|Four Corners]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;4CWorst&quot;&gt;ABC TV [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1157599.htm ''Four Corners'' Worst of the Worst?] retrieved 29 April 2008&lt;/ref&gt; the (Australian) Defence Housing Authority teuk oot an apprehendit violence order against him, claiming he made a threatenin phone caw follaein the unjustifeed cancellation o a contract Habib haed wi the organisation. Habib says the allegit phone caw wis naething mair nor an argument ower a contract. In court his psychiatrist testified that Habib wis sufferin frae major depression an wis bein treatit wi [[Prozac]], but that he wis no prone tae violence. A witness statit at the trial; &quot;He is irritable. He haes been preoccupeed wi a sense o howplessness about his futur. He haes become athdrawn an he haes been vera agitatit at hame an he haes been cryin excessively as well. There is nae evidence tae suggest that he is aggressive or aboot tae become aggressive or violent. He is no dangerous at this point.&quot;

Accordin tae the same programme, in early 2001 at a meetin wi polis, Habib wis describit as showin &quot;signs o hostility towards govrenment organisations an the commonty generally&quot;. The Protective Services Group wis askit tae dae &quot;a detailed threat assessment&quot; o Mr Habib. The feenal conclusion wis that thare wis nae information tae support concerns that Habib micht cairy oot an act o violence. The polis decidit Habib wis &quot;a repetitious an vexatious complainant&quot; an that &quot;little credibility coud be attributit tae ony threats or allegations he mey mak&quot;.

On 1 Mey 2009, Habib lost an appeal in the Full Federal Court against a 2007 Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) decision that affirmit the umwhile Foreign Affairs meenister's decision in 2006 tae refuse Mr Habib an Australie passport.  Mr Habib haed appealed tae the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) against that decision.  The AAT concludit that Mr Habib an his wife haed gien false evidence in the proceedins.  The tribunal uised this conclusion tae fynd Mr Habib still held the same extremist sentiments that it wis acceptit he haed held afore 2001.

==2001 tae 2005 impreesonment: Pakistan, Egyp, Afghanistan, Cuba==
Habib traveled tae Pakistan in 2001, howpin tae find employment an releegious schuils for his childer.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayer&quot;/&gt; He wis arrestit in [[Pakistan]], deportit tae [[Egyp]] whaur he wis held for 5 month, transferred tae US militar custody, impreesoned in [[Afghanistan]], then sent tae [[Camp X-ray]], the [[Unitit States]] militar preeson camp at [[Guantánamo Bay]], [[Cuba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;4CWorst&quot;/&gt;   His documents frae Guantanamo Bay war released bi Wikileaks: http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }}

A [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] spokesman said that Habib wis a terrorist who spent his trip athort the mairch in Afghanistan, &quot;either supportin hostile forces, or on the battlefield fechtin illegally against the U.S.&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayer&quot;/&gt;

===Arrest===
Habib wis arrestit on 5 October 2001 while travelin bi bus tae [[Karachi]], Pakistan. The bus wis stoppit bi local polis who arrestit Habib an twa Germans. The twa German ceetizens arrestit wi Habib wur released shortly thareefter.&lt;ref name=&quot;4CWorst&quot;/&gt;
 
The ''Four Corners'' airin statit that, unner intense an lenthy interrogation, the twa Germans wur askit whether thay haed seen Habib, an whether he haed tauld them that he haed been in [[Afghanistan]]. Thay said naething that incriminatit Habib; ane repleed; &quot;Nae. A didna see him in the camps A wis in. Nor did he tell us that he haed been in a trainin camp.&quot;
 
Australie govrenment authorities allege that Habib wis in Afghanistan, an that while thare he teuk an advancit [[al-Qaeda]] trainin course in a camp near Kabul. It is claimit that the course includit surveillance an photografin facilities, the establishment an uise o safe hooses, covert traivel an writin secret reports. Australie authorities say that several ither men who teuk pairt in the course identifeed Habib as haein been thare. Evidence tae support thir claims haes no been made public.&lt;ref name=&quot;4CWorst&quot;/&gt;

In an interview wi the Australie ABC Habib refused tae confirm whether he haed been in Afghanistan, no acause he did no want tae answer, but acause he haed court hearins comin up.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPMH&quot;&gt;ABC radio Sunday Profile [http://www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1611352.htm Mamdouh Habib: Australia's Guantanamo Bay survivor] retrieved 30 April 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tortur allegations===
Habib alleges that he wis beaten an humiliatit in Pakistan efter his arrest. He alleges that an Australie offeecial wis present at some o thir interrogations an aw, but the Australie Govrenment haes denied this.&lt;ref name=Smh051006&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/news/Global-Terrorism/Habib-details-torture-claim-in-court-documents/2005/01/06/1104832208379.html Australian official saw Habib tortured: report], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 6 January 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Habib claims tae hae been suspendit tae a ceilin bi his airms an aw, staundin atop a [[barrel drum]], an that whan he gae an answer his Pakistani interrogators didna believe, thay wad jolt him wi electricity till he faintit.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayer&quot;/&gt;
 
Habib wis then sent tae Egyp for five month.&lt;ref name=WashingtonPost20050106&gt;
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A51726-2005Jan5?language=printer 
| title=Terror Suspect Alleges Torture: Detainee Says U.S. Sent Him to Egypt Before Guantanamo
| author=[[Dana Priest]]|author2=[[Dan Eggen]]
| publisher=[[Washington Post]]
| date=6 January 2005
| accessdate=1 September 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
His Egyptian captors allegitly shockit him wi heich-voltage wires, hung him frae metal heuks on waws, an beat him. An Egyptian offeecial statit that he coud no comment on thir specific allegations, but addit that accusations that the Egyptian govrenment wis torturin fowk &quot;tend tae be meethologie&quot;. 
Housomeivver the claims hae been substantiatit bi [[Moazzam Begg]] an ither witnesses.

&quot;They ootsource tortur,&quot; said Stephen Hopper, Habib's Australie lawyer.&lt;ref name=AustralianBc050106&gt;{{Cite news
| url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200501/s1277343.htm
| title=Documents reveal Habib torture allegations
| publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date=6 January 2005
| accessdate=1 September 2007
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306202838/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200501/s1277343.htm
| archivedate=2005-03-06
| url-status=live
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&quot;You get your friends an allees tae dae your dirty wirk for you.&quot; Habib housomeivver, haes said that some of his interrogators in Pakistan clearly haed American accents, an that ane haed a tattoo o an American banner attached tae a flagpole depictit as a [[middle finger]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mayer&quot;/&gt;

The umwhile coffee shop awner suin confessed tae a litany o terrorism-relatit creemes, includin teachin mairtial airts tae several o the [[:en:Responsibility for the September 11 attacks|11 September hijackers]] an plannin a hijackin hissel.
Habib later insistit that his confessions wur false an gien unner &quot;duress an tortur.&quot;&lt;ref name=WashingtonPost20050106/&gt;

Habib wis then sent tae [[Camp X-Ray|Guantanamo Bay]] for twa years whaur he alleges further abuis. He says that he wis tauld bi interrogators that his faimily haed been killed, an that he wis teed tae the grund while a prostitute menstruatit on him.&lt;ref name=Bbc050213&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4262095.stm Fresh Guantanamo torture claims], ''[[BBC]]'', 13 February 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  Australie Foreign Meenister [[Alexander Downer]] haes publicly challengit Habib's claims, sayin &quot;nae evidence haes been foond tae pruive that tortur haes been uised at the camp.&quot;.

The ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'' interviewed [[Christopher Tennant]], the director o [[Sydney University]]'s Psychological medicine unit.&lt;ref name=Abc7-30&gt;[http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2005/s1304488.htm Habib was tortured, psychiatrist says], ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'', 16 February 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
In the interview Tennant said:
*&quot;''He showed me marks on his back, he showed me cigarette burns on his body, and the subsequent examination by another professor of medicine, more expert in physical examination than me, confirmed that he's got skin discolouration on his right loin which would be consistent with old bruising, which in turn would be consistent with beating...''&quot;
*&quot;''Well, the main feature of the medical report from Guantanamo was that he had had repeatedly blood in his urine, which is a very significant symptom and a worrying symptom, and that was consistent with his reports both to me and to the specialist physician who also examined him, and was consistent with the fact that, on examination, he had evidence of discolouration to his skin on his right loin, just over his kidney, which in turn was consistent with old bruising and possibly due to being beaten.''&quot;

==Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush==
A [[writ o habeas corpus]], [[Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush]], wis submittit on 
Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib's behauf.&lt;ref name=GuantanamoHabeasMamdouhIbrahimAhmedHabibVGeorgeBush&gt;
{{Cite web
| url=http://humanrights.ucdavis.edu/projects/the-guantanamo-testimonials-project/testimonies/testimonies-of-the-defense-department/csrts/csrt_isn_661.pdf
| title=Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush
| date=1 October 2004
| pages=1–63
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=5 May 2008
|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In response, on 1 October 2004,
the Department of Defense released 63 
pages o unclassifeed documents relatit tae his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.

On 20 September 2004 his &quot;enemy combatant&quot; status wis confirmit bi [[Tribunal panel 6]].

==2005 on: release an post-release==
On 11 Januar, the day afore his chairges wur scheduled tae be laid, [[Dana Priest]] at the [[Washington Post]] publisht a front-page story givin Habib's side o the story, an detailin his rendition an tortur. Later that day, the American govrenment annooncit thay wad no be chairgin Habib efter aw, an wad gree tae release him tae Australie.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayer&quot;/&gt; Australian [[Attorney-General]] [[Phillip Ruddock]] annooncit that Habib wad be repatriatit athin days.

A special plane wis chairtered bi the Australie govrenment (for approximately $500,000) tae flee Habib hame acause the US wad no allou him tae traivel on an ordinar commercial flicht.&lt;ref name=Smh050121&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/US-wants-Habib-shackled-on-flight-papers/2005/01/21/1106110906903.html US wants Habib shackled on flight], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 21 January 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
Habib wis released bi the US Militar an returned tae Australie on 28 Januar 2005.
Wi Habib back hame, Australie offeecials hae revokit his passport, say he remains unner suspicion, an warn his activities will be constantly monitored tae ensur he daes no acome a security threat. He haes no been chairgit an remains relatively free.
His records frae Guantanamo Bay indicate that he wis considered a relatively heich risk: http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }}

The Australie govrenment wants tae prevent Habib bein peyed bi the media for interviews or &quot;makkin profits frae committin a creeme&quot; an aw even tho he haes no been convictit o ony creeme bi ony kintra (it is important tae note whilst anti-terrorism laws in Australie currently mak it illegal tae be involvit in terrorist organisations, Habib wis awready in custody when thir laws wur introducit an sae he canna be convictit unner them). The then Australie Prime Meenister, [[John Howard]], ruled oot ony apologie tae Habib.

Habib tauld his faimily iverything that haed happened syne he left Sydney in Julie 2001. Juist in case something baed happens tae him, he said, &quot;A want them tae ken fully iverything&quot;.

On 22 August 2005 Habib wis allegitly attackit bi three men wi a knife while walkin wi his wife near his hame in Guildford.&lt;ref name=Smh050824&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/men-trailed-and-knifed-me--habib/2005/08/23/1124562863772.html Men trailed and knifed me - Habib], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 24 August 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

He tauld polis that he wis follaeed bi a caur that cut its heidlichts as he an his wife, Maha, went for a walk juist efter midnicht, an that as the men ran awa the body hauldin the knife haed yelled &quot;something like 'this shoud keep you quiet&quot;'.

On 29 Mairch 2006, Habib an his son Moustafa said that thay witnessed the eftermath o a dooble murther in the [[Sydney]] suburb o [[Granville, New Sooth Wales|Granville]]. When thay reportit the murder tae police, Habib alleges thay wur abuisit, assaultit an interrogatit bi polis officers. On 3 Aprile, he annooncit he intendit tae sue [[New South Wales Police]] for false impreesonment an assault.&lt;ref name=Age030406&gt;[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/habib-to-sue-nsw-police/2006/04/03/1143916459272.html Habib to sue NSW police], ''[[The Age]]'', 3 April 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

On 11 Juin 2007 the Australian Broadcasting Commission's (ABC) investigative journalism program ''Four Corners'' aired a documentar on extraordinar renditions, hintle o which focussed on Habib's case.&lt;ref name=FourCorners&gt;
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2007/s1945119.htm 
| title=Four Corners: Ghost Prisoners 
| publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]
| date=11 June 2007
| accessdate=1 September 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 7 Mairch 2008 Habib lost his defamation case against Nationwide News, publisher o The Daily Telegraph. Juistice Peter McClellan foond Habib wis &quot;prone tae exaggerate&quot;, &quot;evasive&quot; an haed made claims aboot mistreatment in Pakistan an Egyp which coud no be sustained. He foond that &quot;Habib's claims that he wis seriously mistreatit in the place o detention in Islamabad canna be acceptit&quot; an &quot;that this evidence wis given in order tae enhance his forensic position in the present litigation.&quot;
His records frae Guantanamo Bay indicate that he wis frequently deceptive an aw.  http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }}
Habib will appear in a ten minute play ''Waiting For Mamdouh'', in which he will deliver monologues aboot his time in detention, at the ''Short+Sweet'' theatrical festival in Sydney in Februar 2010.&lt;ref&gt;Break a leg, Mamdouh Habib, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 11 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127181001/http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Dizember 2010, Habib reached an oot-o-court dounset wi the Australie govrenment. He receivit a secret sum in exchynge for absolvin the govrenment o liability in his tortur case. Habib nou plans tae uise the money tae begin an internaitional lawsuit against the Egyptian an Unitit States governments. Habib says he haes fresh evidence includin film fuitage.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/world/habib-to-sue-us-and-egypt-over-torture-case-20110108-19j93.html Habib to sue US and Egypt over torture case: SMH 9 January 2011]&lt;/ref&gt;   His documents frae Guantanamo Bay wur released bi Wikileaks in Aprile 2011.  &lt;ref [http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;

In Mey 2011, Habib haes been grantit an Australie passport an [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation|ASIO]] confirmit it nae langer considers him a security risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/habib-no-longer-a-threat-asio-20110527-1f7zw.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=27 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Entrance intae Australie politics==
In the Mairch 2007 [[:en:New South Wales state election, 2007|New South Wales state election]], Habib stuid as an unthirlt candidate in the safe Labor seat o [[:en:Electoral district of Auburn|Auburn]] in Sydney. He receivit less nor 5% o the vote&lt;ref name=ElectionResult20070305&gt;{{Cite web
| url=http://vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/lasummary.Auburn.aspx
| title=State Electoral District of AUBURN: Summary of First Preference Votes Polled for Each Candidate
| publisher=[[New South Wales Electoral Commission]]
| date=5 March 2007
| accessdate=1 September 2007
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830054640/http://vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/lasummary.Auburn.aspx
| archivedate=2007-08-30
| url-status=live
}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
an the seat wis comfortably retained bi the [[Australie Labor Pairty]].

He campaigned for the remuival o the Federal Govrenment's [[:en:Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005|anti-terror laws]], statin &quot;The terror laws are if you have terrorists, but we don't have terrorists&quot;.&lt;ref name=DT030207&gt;[https://archive.is/20121230162031/www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,21159240-5007132,00.html Littering's a nasty Habib], ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)]]'', 3 February 2007&lt;/ref&gt; He is linkit tae the [[:en:Socialist Alternative (Australia)|Socialist Alternative]], an haes made speeches at Socialist Alternative events tae promote his beuk an raise awareness o the anti-terror laws in Australie.

==Faimily members==
Habib haes fower childer, includin twin sons Ahmed Mandouh Habib an Islam Hassam.

[[Bob Brown]] invitit Ahmed Habib tae pairlament tae attend [[George W. Bush]] 24 October 2003 speech tae pairlament. Ahmed wis escortit frae pairlament efter cawin oot &quot;What about my father's rights?&quot;&lt;ref name=Smh031023&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/23/1066631572994.html?from=storyrhs Son shown door after asking about Habib], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 23 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

==See an aw==
* [[:en:List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad|Leet o Australies in internaitional preesons]]
* [[David Hicks]]
* [[Tortur]]

==References==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/04/15/3192845.htm Habib sues Egyptian VP over alleged torture] Apryle 15, 2011
* [http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/mamdouh-habib-wins-defamation-case-20100316-qawx.html Habib wins defamation case] 16 Mairch 2010
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8535960.stm Ex-Guantanamo detainee Mamdouh Habib to sue Australia] [[BBC]] 25 Februar 2010
* [http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse Link to Mamdouh's one man play about his experiences in Guantanamo Bay being presented at Short+Sweet Sydney 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127181001/http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |date=2010-01-27 }}
* [http://prisonerswithouttrials.net/cases/Folder.2004-04-17.5039429079#documentContent Prisoners without Trials - news and analysis of the Habib case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222145857/http://prisonerswithouttrials.net/cases/Folder.2004-04-17.5039429079/#documentContent |date=2006-02-22 }}
* [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-habib13jan13,1,3477159.story?coll=la-headlines-world&amp;ctrack=2&amp;cset=true LA Times]  Comprehensive article.
* [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1155171.htm ABC &quot;4 Corners&quot; documentary &quot;Worst of the Worst&quot;] &amp;ndash; Aired 19 Julie 2004 &amp;ndash; includes link tae transcript. This fills in some background tae Habib, suggestin that he wis &quot;a man on the edge&quot;.
* [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/07/1097089497937.html Habib trained terrorists: US], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 7 October 2004
* [http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Prostitute-used-in-Habib-torture-lawyer/2005/01/26/1106415668003.html Prostitute used in Habib torture &amp;ndash; lawyer], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' 27 Januar 2005
* [http://wsws.org/articles/2009/mar2009/habi-m25.shtml Rudd Govt. tries to block Guantanamo torture case]
* [http://www.cageprisoners.com/prisoners.php?pri_id=9 cageprisoners.com entry for Mamdouh Habib] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107164313/http://www.cageprisoners.com/prisoners.php?pri_id=9 |date=2004-11-07 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4214747.stm Profile: Mamdouh Habib], ''[[BBC]]'',_January_28, 2005
* [http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1291441.htm Mamdouh Habib reunites with family &amp;ndash; a transcript], ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'', 28 Januar 2005
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3523397 Maha and Mamdouh Habib with their two daughters, May 2005] / John Immig
* {{Cite news
| url=http://news.theage.com.au/national/secret-defence-delays-habib-case-20081009-4xgh.html
| title='Secret defence' delays Habib case
| publisher=[[The Age]]
| date=9 October 2008
| accessdate=28 September 2008
| quote=
| location=Melbourne
| first=Amy
| last=Coopes
}}
Wikileaks release of Guantanamo Documents http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009220148/http://news.theage.com.au/national/secret-defence-delays-habib-case-20081009-4xgh.html mirror]

{{Persondata &lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --&gt;
| NAME              = Habib, Mamdouh 
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 1956, June 23
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Egyp]]
| DATE OF DEATH     =
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Habib, Mamdouh}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Australie extrajudicial preesoners o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Australie Muslims]]
[[Category:Australie tortur victims]]
[[Category:Egyptian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Egyptian extrajudicial preesoners o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Egyptian emigrants tae Australie]]
[[Category:Egyptian Muslims]]
[[Category:Egyptian tortur victims]]
[[Category:Guantanamo detainees kent tae hae been released]]
[[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Australie]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Alexandria]]
[[Category:Fowk subject tae extraordinar rendition bi the Unitit States]]</text>
      <sha1>498qgzbsjiglffgo592c5rrfjfzzld1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khanty-Mansiysk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869361</id>
      <parentid>827472</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11675" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Russian town
|en_name=Khanty-Mansiysk
|ru_name=Ханты-Мансийск
|image_skyline=
|image_caption=
|coordinates = {{coord|61|00|N|69|00|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=right
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Khanty-Mansiysk.svg
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Khanty-Mansiysk.svg
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|federal_subject_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref51&quot; /&gt;
|adm_data_as_of=December 2009
|adm_city_jur=[[ceety o federal subject significance|toun o okrug significance]] o Khanty-Mansiysk
|adm_city_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref51&quot; /&gt;
|adm_ctr_of1=Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=
|adm_ctr_of2=[[Khanty-Mansiysky Destrict]]
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref51&quot; /&gt;
|adm_ctr_of3=toun o okrug significance o Khanty-Mansiysk
|adm_ctr_of3_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref51&quot; /&gt;
|inhabloc_cat=Toun
|inhabloc_cat_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref51&quot; /&gt;
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
|mun_data_as_of=December 2009
|urban_okrug_jur=Khanty-Mansiysk Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref52&quot; /&gt;
|mun_admctr_of1=Khanty-Mansiysk Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref52&quot; /&gt;
|mun_admctr_of2=Khanty-Mansiysky Municipal Destrict
|mun_admctr_of2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref52&quot; /&gt;
|leader_title=Mayor
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=Andrey Bukarinov
|leader_name_ref=
|representative_body=
|representative_body_ref=
|area_of_what=
|area_as_of=
|area_km2=
|area_km2_ref=
|pop_2010census=80151
|pop_2010census_rank=208t
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pop_density=
|pop_density_as_of=
|pop_density_ref=
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
|established_date=1930
|established_title=
|established_date_ref=
|current_cat_date=1950
|current_cat_date_ref=
|prev_name1=Ostyako-Vogulsk
|prev_name1_date=1940
|prev_name1_ref=
|prev_name2=
|prev_name2_date=
|prev_name2_ref=
|postal_codes=628000
|postal_codes_ref=
|dialing_codes=3467
|dialing_codes_ref=
|website=http://www.admhmansy.ru/ru/
|website_ref=
|commonscat=Khanty-Mansiysk
|date=May 2010
}}
'''Khanty-Mansiysk''' ({{lang-ru|Ха́нты-Манси́йск}}; [[Khanty leid|Khanty]]: {{lang|kca|Ёмвош}}; [[Mansi leid|Mansi]]: {{lang|mns|Абга}}) is an [[ile boom]] [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] an the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]], locatit on the eastren bank o the [[Irtysh River]], {{convert|15|km|sp=us}} frae its [[confluence]] wi the [[Ob River|Ob]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=80,151|p2002=53,953|p1989=34,462}}

==History==
It wis foondit in 1930 as a [[urban-teep dounset|wirk dounset]] o '''Ostyako-Vogulsk''' ({{lang|ru|Остяко-Вогульск}}) efter the obsolete names o Ostyaks an Voguls for the [[Khanty fowk|Khanty]] an [[Mansi fowk]]s. In 1940, it wis renamit Khanty-Mansiysk, an it wis grantit toun status in 1950, mergin wi the veelage o Samarovo, kent syne the 16t century, alang the way.

==Administrative an municipal status==
Khanty-Mansiysk is the [[admeenistrative centre]] o the [[autonomous okrugs o Roushie|autonomous okrug]] an, athin the [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Admeenistrative diveesions|framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions]], it serves as the admeenistrative centre o [[Khanty-Mansiysky Destrict]] an aw, even tho it is no a pairt o it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref51&quot;&gt;Law #43-oz&lt;/ref&gt; As an admeenistrative diveesion, it is incorporatit separately as the '''[[ceety o federal subject significance|toun o okrug significance]] o Khanty-Mansiysk'''—an administrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|districts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref51&quot; /&gt; As a [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|municipal diveesion]], the toun o okrug significance o Khanty-Mansiysk is incorporatit as '''Khanty-Mansiysk Urban Okrug'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref52&quot;&gt;Law #63-oz&lt;/ref&gt;

==Economy==
The day Khanty-Mansiysk is a flourishin toun, which in recent years haes receivit considerable foreign investment. For example, in 2007, the Inglis airchitect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster o Thames Bank|Norman Foster]] signed a greement tae big a {{convert|280|m|sp=us|adj=on}} heich skyscraper in an attractive pairt o the toun. Whan it is biggit, the [[Crystal Skyscraper]] will be ane o the tawest biggins in Roushie. Besides this, the Dutch airchitect [[Erick van Egeraat]] is plannin tae big a business complex in the toun centre.

===Transportation===
The airline [[UTair Aviation]] haes its heid office on the property o [[Khanty-Mansiysk Airport]] in Khanty-Mansiysk.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://corp.utair.ru/en/data/2011/10/24/1237065057/2010.pdf 2010 Annual Report].&quot; () [[UTair Aviation]]. 58. Retrieved on 27 February 2012. &quot;Airport, Khanti-Mansiysk, Tyumen region, 628012 Russian Federation&quot;. - [http://corp.utair.ru/data/2011/10/24/1236560331/2010.pdf Russian](): &quot;628012, Российская Федерация, город Ханты-Мансийск, аэропорт&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Climate==
{{Infobox climate chart
|Khanty-Mansiysk
|-22.9|-14.9|30
|-21.6|-13.6|21
|-12.7|-3.5|20
|-5.5|3.7|30
|2.8|12.9|49
|10.9|20.2|66
|14.0|23.0|75
|10.6|18.9|75
|4.4|11.8|60
|-2.3|3.5|52
|-13.6|-7.1|39
|-20.9|-12.8|36
|float=left
}}
Khanty-Mansiysk experiences a [[subairctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc''). The climate is extreme, wi temperaturs as law as {{convert|-49|C}} an as heich as {{convert|+34.5|C}}. On average, housomeivver, the region is vera cauld, wi an average temperatur o {{convert|-1.1|C}}. Precipitation tends tae be fairly law; {{convert|553|mm|sp=us}} per year, which is hivier in the simmer than in the winter. The average [[Beaufort scale|wind speed]] is {{convert|2.4|m/s|sp=us}}, an the average [[Relative humidity|humidity]] is 77%.
&lt;div style=&quot;width:70%;&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
|location=Khanty-Mansiysk
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C=2.7
|Feb record high C=4.5
|Mar record high C=13.0
|Apr record high C=25.1
|May record high C=34.5
|Jun record high C=34.5
|Jul record high C = 34.5
|Aug record high C = 31.6
|Sep record high C = 27.3
|Oct record high C = 20.4
|Nov record high C = 8.7
|Dec record high C = 3.1
|year record high C = 34.5
|Jan high C = -14.9
|Feb high C = -13.6
|Mar high C = -3.5
|Apr high C = 3.7
|May high C = 12.9
|Jun high C = 20.2
|Jul high C = 23.0
|Aug high C = 18.9
|Sep high C = 11.8
|Oct high C = 3.5
|Nov high C = -7.1
|Dec high C = -12.8
|year high C = 3.5
|Jan mean C = -18.9
|Feb mean C = -17.3
|Mar mean C = -8.1
|Apr mean C = -1.2
|May mean C = 7.4
|Jun mean C = 15.2
|Jul mean C = 18.3
|Aug mean C = 14.5
|Sep mean C = 7.8
|Oct mean C = 0.5
|Nov mean C = -10.4
|Dec mean C = -16.8
|year mean C = -0.8
|Jan low C = -22.9
|Feb low C = -21.6
|Mar low C = -12.7
|Apr low C = -5.5
|May low C = 2.8
|Jun low C = 10.9
|Jul low C = 14.0
|Aug low C = 10.6
|Sep low C = 4.4
|Oct low C = -2.3
|Nov low C = -13.6
|Dec low C = -20.9
|year low C = -4.7
|Jan record low C = -49.0
|Feb record low C = -46.5
|Mar record low C = -40.1
|Apr record low C = -31.3
|May record low C = -14.9
|Jun record low C = -4.6
|Jul record low C = 1.2
|Aug record low C = -1.0
|Sep record low C = -7.5
|Oct record low C = -28.6
|Nov record low C = -43.4
|Dec record low C = -49.0
|year record low C = -49.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 32
|Feb precipitation mm = 22
|Mar precipitation mm = 27
|Apr precipitation mm = 29
|May precipitation mm = 46
|Jun precipitation mm = 55
|Jul precipitation mm = 61
|Aug precipitation mm = 83
|Sep precipitation mm = 55
|Oct precipitation mm = 45
|Nov precipitation mm = 39
|Dec precipitation mm = 36
|year precipitation mm = 530
|Jan rain days = 0.4
|Feb rain days = 1
|Mar rain days = 3
|Apr rain days = 10
|May rain days = 17
|Jun rain days = 18
|Jul rain days = 17
|Aug rain days = 20
|Sep rain days = 21
|Oct rain days = 15
|Nov rain days = 4
|Dec rain days = 1
|Jan snow days = 27
|Feb snow days = 25
|Mar snow days = 20
|Apr snow days = 15
|May snow days = 7
|Jun snow days = 1
|Jul snow days = 0.03
|Aug snow days = 0.1
|Sep snow days = 3
|Oct snow days = 16
|Nov snow days = 25
|Dec snow days = 27
|Jan humidity = 83
|Feb humidity = 81
|Mar humidity = 76
|Apr humidity = 69
|May humidity = 65
|Jun humidity = 66
|Jul humidity = 71
|Aug humidity = 78
|Sep humidity = 81
|Oct humidity = 83
|Nov humidity = 85
|Dec humidity = 84
|Jan sun = 31
|Feb sun = 100
|Mar sun = 174
|Apr sun = 206
|May sun = 250
|Jun sun = 289
|Jul sun = 304
|Aug sun = 219
|Sep sun = 140
|Oct sun = 79
|Nov sun = 44
|Dec sun = 10
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net&lt;ref name=&quot;pogoda&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url =  http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/23933.htm
| title = Pogoda.ru.net
| accessdate = October 6, 2012
| publisher = Weather and Climate
| language = Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2 = NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| title=Climate Normals for Hanty-Mansijsk
| url=ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/RA/23933.TXT
| publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate=19 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|date=December 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Sports==
Khanty-Mansiysk is a skiin an alpine skiin centre o global importance. Biathlon World Cup competitions are annually held in the ceety, an tourism infrastructur haes been developit here quite well. In 2003 an in 2011, Khanty-Mansiysk wis the venue o the Biathlon World Championships. The [[2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships]] whaur skiers wi a pheesical disability compete, teuk place in Khanty-Mansiysk in Mairch–Aprile 2011 as well. The World Chess Olympiad tek place in Khanty-Mansiysk in 2010.

Fifteen hotels affer thair services tae tourists syne 2005. Aw o them are fully beukit durin Biathlon World Cups, regional an Aw-Roushie conferences, etc., sae it is practically impossible tae beuk a room in a hotel durin thir events. In 2007 durin the Biathlon World Cup Final 65,000 tourists visitit the Nordic Ski Centre in Khanty-Mansiysk, which is equal tae the oweraw population o Khanty-Mansiysk.

Khanty-Mansiysk is hame tae [[HC Yugra]] o the [[Kontinental Hockey League]].

The ceety wis the venue o the [[Biathlon World Championships 2003|2003]] an [[Biathlon World Championships 2011|2011]] Biathlon World Championships, an in 2005 the first Mixed Biathlon Relay (4×6&amp;nbsp;km) teuk place here.

The ceety includes the Ugra Chess Academy, which haes been the venue o the World Chess Olympiad in 2010 an the [[Women's World Chess Championship 2012]]. In 2010, the Olympic Hotel wis biggit juist tae hoose the players in the Olympiad. It hostit the 2005 Chess World Cup, the 2007 Chess World Cup, the [[2009 Chess World Cup]], the [[Chess World Cup 2011|2011 Chess World Cup]] an the [[39th Chess Olympiad]] in 2010.

==Miscellaneous==
A brig crossin the [[Irtysh River]] wis opened in Khanty-Mansiysk in 2004. The brig consists o fowerteen spans an haes a tot lengt o {{convert|1315.9|m|sp=us}}. Its main span is {{convert|231|m|sp=us|adj=on}} lang.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:River port and auto depot of Khanty-Mansiysk.jpg|River port an bus station
File:Khanty-Mansiysk theater.JPG|A theatre in Khanty-Mansiysk
File:Church of the resurrection of Christ in Khany-Mansiysk.JPG|Kirk o the [[resurrection o Christ|Resurrection]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|khm|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|khm|mun|list}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.admhmansy.ru/eng/ Offeecial wabsteid o Khanty-Mansiysk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216164251/http://www.admhmansy.ru/eng/ |date=2012-12-16 }}

{{Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug}}

[[Category:Khanty-Mansiysk| ]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1930]]</text>
      <sha1>s9xxcdlnrr55s3tkkvejy43x81ivyn2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gangseo-gu, Seoul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869330</id>
      <parentid>835961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:31:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10097" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = Gangseo Destrict
| official_name           = 강서구 · 江西區
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = kr
| settlement_type         = [[Leet o destricts o Seoul|Destrict]]
&lt;!-- images, nickname, motto ---&gt;
| image_skyline           = Gangseogu Office Intersection Seoul.jpg
| imagesize               =
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           = Gangseo-gu Office
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                =
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                =
| image_shield            =
| shield_alt              =
| image_blank_emblem      = 
| nickname                =
| motto                   =
&lt;!-- maps and coordinates ------&gt;
| image_map               = Seoul Gangseo-gu.svg
| map_alt                 =
| map_caption             = Location o Gangseo-gu in [[Seoul]]
| image_dot_map           =
| dot_mapsize             =
| dot_map_base_alt        =
| dot_map_alt             =
| dot_map_caption         =
| dot_x = |dot_y =
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = &lt;!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
| pushpin_map_alt         =
| pushpin_map_caption     = &amp;nbsp;
| coordinates             = 
| coor_pinpoint           = &lt;!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --&gt;
| coordinates_footnotes   = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
&lt;!-- location ------------------&gt;
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Sooth Korea]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Leet o regions o Korea|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Seoul Naitional Caipital Aurie|Sudogwon]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Direct-controlled municipality#Sooth Korea|Special Ceety]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Seoul]]
| subdivision_type3       = Admeenistrative dong
| subdivision_name3       = 22
&lt;!-- established ---------------&gt;
| established_title       = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
| established_date        =
| founder                 =
| named_for               =
&lt;!-- seat, smaller parts -------&gt;
| seat_type               = &lt;!-- defaults to: Seat --&gt;
| seat                    =
&lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;
| government_footnotes    = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = Kim Jae-hyun (김재현)
| leader_title1           =
| leader_name1            = &lt;!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --&gt;
&lt;!-- display settings  ---------&gt;
| total_type              = &lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;
| unit_pref               = &lt;!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --&gt;
&lt;!-- area ----------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- use only to set a special wikilink --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 41.4
| area_total_sq_mi        = &lt;!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --&gt;
| area_land_km2           =
| area_land_sq_mi         =
| area_water_km2          =
| area_water_sq_mi        =
| area_water_percent      =
| area_note               =
&lt;!-- elevation -----------------&gt;
| elevation_footnotes     = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| elevation_m             =
| elevation_ft            =
&lt;!-- population ----------------&gt;
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 546,938
| population_as_of        = 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;kosispop&quot;&gt;[http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A Korean Statistical Information Service (Korean) &gt; Population and Household &gt; Census Result (2010) &gt; Population by Administrative district, Sex and Age / Alien by Administrative district and Sex], Retrieved 2010-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_density_sq_mi=
| population_est          =
| pop_est_as_of           =
| population_demonym      = &lt;!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --&gt;
| population_note         = 
&lt;!-- time zone(s) --------------&gt;
| timezone1               = [[Korea Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset1             = +9
| timezone1_DST           =
| utc_offset1_DST         =
&lt;!-- postal codes, area code ---&gt;
| postal_code_type        =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
| postal_code             =
| area_code_type          = &lt;!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --&gt;
| area_code               =
&lt;!-- website, footnotes --------&gt;
| website                 = [http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/english/index.html Gangseo-gu official website]
| footnotes               =
}}

'''Gangseo-gu''' is ane o the [[wairds o Seoul|25 wairds]] (''gu'') o [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is locatit on the sooth side o the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]]. Gimpo Airport is in Gonghang-dong, whaur mony flichts flee tae ceeties lik [[Busan]], [[Jeju Ceety|Jeju]], an [[Gwangju]].

The heid o this destrict is Kim Jaehyun (김재현) syne December 2007.

==Admeenistrative diveesions==
*[[Balsan-dong]] (발산동 鉢山洞)
*[[Banghwa-dong]] (방화동 傍花洞)
*[[Gaehwa-dong]] (개화동 開花洞) --- cried &quot;''beopjeongdong''&quot; admeenistrated bi [[Banghwa-dong]]
*[[Deungchon-dong]] (등촌동 登村洞)
*[[Gayang-dong]] (가양동 加陽洞)
*[[Magok-dong]] (마곡동 麻谷洞) --- cried &quot;''beopjeongdong''&quot; admeenistrated bi [[Balsan-dong]]
*[[Gonghang-dong]] (공항동 空港洞)
*[[Gwahae-dong]] (과해동 果海洞) --- cried &quot;''beopjeongdong''&quot; admeenistrated bi [[Gonghang-dong]]
*[[Ogok-dong]] (오곡동 五谷洞) --- cried &quot;''beopjeongdong''&quot; admeenistrated bi [[Gonghang-dong]]
*[[Osoe-dong]] (오쇠동 五釗洞) --- cried &quot;''beopjeongdong''&quot; admeenistrated bi [[Gonghang-dong]]
*[[Hwagok-dong]] (화곡동 禾谷洞)
*[[Yeomchang-dong]] (염창동 鹽倉洞)

==Economy==
[[Korean Air]]'s heidquairters, Korean Airport Service, Ltd., an Air Tot Service are locatit in [[Gonghang-dong]] in Gangseo-gu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.koreanair.com/local/na/gd/eng/au/ci/eng_au_ci_ov.jsp Company Info / Overview].&quot; ''[[Korean Air]]''. Accessed September 20, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.hanjin.co.kr/English_html/aboutus/hjgroup.jsp Company Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120801144256/http://www.hanjin.co.kr/English_html/aboutus/hjgroup.jsp |date=2012-08-01 }}.&quot; ''[[Hanjin]]''. Retrieved on November 19, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Asiana Airlines]]'s heidquairters are locatit in Asiana Town in [[Osoe-dong]], Gangseo-gu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://flyasiana.com/english/ For foreigners residing in Korea].&quot; Asiana Airlines. Retrieved on July 28, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jin Air]] haes its heidquairters in [[Deungchon-dong]], Gangseo-gu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.jinair.com/images/eng/footer/footer_copy.gif footer_copy.gif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302214636/http://www.jinair.com/images/eng/footer/footer_copy.gif |date=2012-03-02 }}.&quot; [[Jin Air]]. Retrieved on October 9, 2010. &quot;Address: 653-25 Deungchondong, Gangseogu, Seoul&quot; [http://www.jinair.com/images/footer_copy.gif Address in Korean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208141826/http://www.jinair.com/images/footer_copy.gif |date=2011-02-08 }}: &quot;서울강서구등촌동653-25&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eastarjet]] haes its heidquairters in [[Banghwa-dong|Banghwa 2-dong]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://image.eastarjet.com/eastarjet_common/img/en/common/copyrights.gif copyrights.gif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326140759/http://image.eastarjet.com/eastarjet_common/img/en/common/copyrights.gif |date=2012-03-26 }}.&quot; [[Eastarjet]]. Retrieved on July 4, 2011. [http://image.eastarjet.com/eastarjet_common/img/ko/common/copyrights.gif Address in Korean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326140804/http://image.eastarjet.com/eastarjet_common/img/ko/common/copyrights.gif |date=2012-03-26 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Govrenment an infrastructur==
The [[Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board]] (ARAIB) haes its heidquairters in [[Gonghang-dong]], Gangseo-gu. Its FDR/CVR Analysis and Wreckage Laboratory is on the property o [[Gimpo Internaitional Airport]] in [[Gwahae-dong]], Gangseo Destrict.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://araib.mltm.go.kr/USR/WPGE0201/m_34586/DTL.jsp Office Location].&quot; () Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board. Retrieved on February 15, 2012. &quot;Main Office:281, Gonghang-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Republic. of Korea 157-815&quot; and &quot;CVR/FDR analysis and wreckage laboratory : Gimpo International Airport 274 Gwahae-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Korea 157-711&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Attractions==
*[[Heojun Museum]]

==Transportation==
===Railway===
*Airport Railroad Co., Ltd.
;*[[AREX]]
;;;([[Gyeyang-gu]], [[Incheon]]) ← [[Gimpo Airport Station|Gimpo Airport]] → ([[Goyang]]), ([[Eunpyeong-gu]])
*[[Seoul Metro]]
;*[[Seoul Subway Line 2]] Sinjeong Branch
;;;([[Yangcheon-gu]]) ← [[Kkachisan Station|Kkachisan]]
*[[Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation]]
;*[[Seoul Subway Line 5]]
;;;[[Banghwa Station|Banghwa]] — [[Gaehwasan Station|Gaehwasan]] — [[Gimpo Airport Station|Gimpo Airport]] — [[Magok Station|Magok]] — [[Balsan Station|Balsan]] — [[Ujangsan Station|Ujangsan]] — [[Hwagok Station|Hwagok]] — [[Kkachisan Station|Kkachisan]] → ([[Yangcheon-gu]])
*Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation
;*[[Seoul Subway Line 9]]
;;;[[Gaehwa Station|Gaehwa]] — [[Gimpo Airport Station|Gimpo Airport]] — [[Airport Market Station|Airport Market]] — [[Sinbanghwa Station|Sinbanghwa]] — [[Magongnaru Station|Magongnaru]] — [[Yangcheon Hyanggyo Station|Yangcheon Hyanggyo]] — [[Gayang Station|Gayang]] — [[Jeungmi Station|Jeungmi]] — [[Deungchon Station|Deungchon]] — [[Yeomchang Station|Yeomchang]] → ([[Yangcheon-gu]])

==Sister ceeties==
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Zhaoyuan]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Portal|South Korea}}
{{Commons category|Gangseo-gu, Seoul}}
*[http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/english/index.html Offeecial steid]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Destricts o Seoul}}

[[Category:Gangseo-gu, Seoul| ]]</text>
      <sha1>9sy44ck9pc4grxjz1frxak4ipk2uogl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Greeks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869335</id>
      <parentid>868156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:54:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20344" xml:space="preserve">{{About|the Greek fowk|the finance term|Greeks (finance)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group     = Greeks &lt;br&gt;Ἕλληνες &lt;br&gt;''Elines''
|image = [[File:Greeks25-3.svg|300px]]&lt;br/&gt;1st row: [[Homer]]{{•}} [[Leonidas I|King Leonidas]]{{•}} [[Pericles]]{{•}} [[Herodotus]]{{•}} [[Hippocrates]]&lt;br/&gt;2nd row: [[Socrates]]{{•}} [[Plato]]{{•}} [[Aristotle]]{{•}} [[Alexander the Great]] {{•}} [[Archimedes]]&lt;br/&gt;3rd row: [[Hypatia]]{{•}} [[Basil II]]{{•}} [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios Komnenos]]{{•}} [[Gemistos Plethon]]{{•}} [[El Greco]]&lt;br/&gt;4th row: [[Rigas Feraios]]{{•}} [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]]{{•}} [[Laskarina Bouboulina]]{{•}} [[Georgios Karaiskakis]]{{•}} [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]]{{•}}&lt;br/&gt;5th row: [[Eleftherios Venizelos]]{{•}} [[Constantine Cavafy]]{{•}} [[Georgios Papanikolaou]]{{•}} [[Archbishop Makarios]]{{•}} [[Pyrros Dimas]]
|population = ''' 14–17 million '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&amp;pg=PA273&amp;lpg=PA273&amp;dq=greek+diaspora+million&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Nepd1Qc6cQ&amp;sig=vaJkVUB6w8kp27fT4QXEPrPoCUc&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=B6CsTNCbDpHZ4gas2q3jBw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=greek%20diaspora%20million&amp;f=false |title=Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present, Volume 1. |access-date=2013-01-31 |archive-date=2011-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921080225/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&amp;pg=PA273&amp;lpg=PA273&amp;dq=greek+diaspora+million&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Nepd1Qc6cQ&amp;sig=vaJkVUB6w8kp27fT4QXEPrPoCUc&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=B6CsTNCbDpHZ4gas2q3jBw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=greek%20diaspora%20million&amp;f=false |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.kythera-family.net/download/WorldpopoGrks.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|region1   = {{flag|Greece}} 
|pop1      = 10,219,255{{smallsup|a}} &lt;small&gt;(2001 census)&lt;/small&gt; 
|ref1      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eurfedling.org/Greece.htm www.eurfedling.org] The main ethnic groups were Greeks 93.76%, Albanians 4.32%, Bulgarians 0.39%, Romanians 0.23%, Ukrainians 0.18%, Pakistani 0.14%, Russians 0.12%, Georgians 0.12%, Indians 0.09% and others 0.65%.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://aei.pitt.edu/2870/1/IMEPO_Final_Report_English.pdf] information from the 2001 Census: The Census recorded 762.191 persons normally resident in Greece and without Greek
citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of these, 48.560 are EU or EFTA
nationals; there are also 17.426 Cypriots with privileged status.&lt;/ref&gt;
|region2   = {{flag|Unitit States}}
|pop2      = 1,390,439&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-mt_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G2000_B04003&amp;-format=&amp;-CONTEXT=dt |title=Toal ancestry reported United States Census Bureau 2009. |access-date=2013-01-31 |archive-date=2020-02-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034016/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-mt_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G2000_B04003&amp;-format=&amp;-CONTEXT=dt |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;-3,000,000{{smallsup|b}} &lt;small&gt;(2009 est.)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref2      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm|title=Greece (08/09)|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=August 2009|accessdate=1 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region3   = {{flag|Cyprus}} 
|pop3      = 690,394{{smallsup|a}} &lt;small&gt;(2011 census)&lt;/small&gt; 
|ref3      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&amp;sub=2&amp;sel=1&amp;e= |title=Cyprus population census 2011 |publisher= |accessdate= |archive-date=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100623/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&amp;sub=2&amp;sel=1&amp;e= |url-status=dead }} Out of population of 838,897 people, 659,350 were citizens of Cyprus itself and 179,547 of foreign countries, of which 31,044 were citizens of Greece(690,394 overall citizens of Greece and Cyprus).&lt;/ref&gt;
|region4   = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}
|pop4      = 400,000 &lt;small&gt;(estimate)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref4      = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pandora/pandora-its-all-greek-to-boris-803996.html |title=It's All Greek to Boris|work=[[The Independent]] |accessdate=1 October 2009 | location=London | first=Oliver | last=Duff | date=3 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region5   = {{flag|Australie}}
|pop5      = 365,120&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=402&amp;documentproductno=&amp;documenttype=Related+Areas&amp;order=1&amp;tabname=Related%20Products&amp;areacode=0&amp;issue=2006&amp;viewtitle=Australia&amp;producttype=Census%20Tables&amp;javascript=true&amp;textversion=false&amp;navmapdisplayed=true&amp;breadcrumb=POTLD&amp;&amp;collection=Census&amp;period=2006&amp;productlabel=Ancestry%20by%20Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Parents&amp;producttype=Census%20Tables&amp;method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&amp;topic=Ancestry&amp; |title=2006 Census Table: Australia |publisher=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au |accessdate=24 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2006 census)&lt;/small&gt;-700,000{{smallsup|b}}
|ref5      = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ggae.gr/gabroad/organosi.el.asp |title=General Diaspora Information |publisher=Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Secretary for Greeks Abroad |accessdate=2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012210955/http://www.ggae.gr/gabroad/organosi.el.asp |archivedate=2004-10-12 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region6   = {{flag|Germany}}
|pop6      = 294,891 &lt;small&gt;(2007 est.)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref6      = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content50/TOP10Liste,templateId=renderPrint.psml |title=Foreign Population |work=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] |accessdate=18 January 2009 |archive-date=2012-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212235553/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content50/TOP10Liste%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region7   = {{flag|Canadae}}
|pop7      = 242,685{{smallsup|c}} &lt;small&gt;(2006 census)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref7      = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;Geo=PR&amp;Code=01&amp;Data=Count&amp;Table=2&amp;StartRec=1&amp;Sort=3&amp;Display=All&amp;CSDFilter=5000 |title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories |work=[[Statistics Canada]] |accessdate=13 April 2008 |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region8   = {{flag|Albanie}}
|pop8      = approx. 200,000
|ref8      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=kqCnCOgGc5AC&amp;pg=PA68&amp;dq=greek+minority+albania |title='&amp;#39;Eastern Europe at the end of the 20th century'&amp;#39;, Ian Jeffries, p. 69 |publisher=|date=25 June 1993 |accessdate=27 August 2010|isbn=978-0-415-23671-3|author1=Jeffries|first1=Ian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pop9       = 97,827 &lt;small&gt;(2002 census)&lt;/small&gt;
|region9    = {{flag|Roushie}}
|ref9       = {{lower|&lt;ref name=demoscope2002&gt;[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php Ethnic groups in Russia], 2002 census, ''Demoscope Weekly''. Retrieved 5 February 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=popcensus2002&gt;[http://perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 Russia population census 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805210027/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 |date=2012-08-05 }}, Vol. 4, Table 1. Retrieved 5 February 2009&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region10  = {{flag|Ukraine}}
|pop10     = 91,548 &lt;small&gt;(2001 census)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref10     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |work=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&amp;box=5.1W&amp;k_t=00&amp;p=20&amp;rz=1_1&amp;rz_b=2_1%20&amp;n_page=2 |title=2001 census |accessdate=13 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region11   = {{flag|Chile}}
|pop11      = 90,000-120,000
|ref11      = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{es}} [http://www.absolutgrecia.com/los-griegos-de-chile/ Embajada Griega en Chile.]&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region12  = {{flag|Italy}}
|pop12     = 90,000{{smallsup|d}} &lt;small&gt;(estimate)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref12     = {{lower|&lt;ref name=&quot;www.greciasalentina.org.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.greciasalentina.org/L_Html/unione.php|title=Grecia Salentina official site (in Italian).|publisher=www.greciasalentina.org.org|accessdate=2011-February|last=|first=|quote=La popolazione complessiva dell’Unione è di 54278 residenti così distribuiti (Dati Istat al 31° dicembre 2005. Comune  Popolazione Calimera 7351 Carpignano Salentino 3868 Castrignano dei Greci 4164 Corigliano d'Otranto 5762 Cutrofiano 9250 Martano 9588 Martignano 1784 Melpignano 2234 Soleto 5551 Sternatia 2583 Zollino 2143 Totale 54278|archive-date=2010-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231024240/http://www.greciasalentina.org/L_Html/unione.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellinello, Pier Francesco 1998 53&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mHdJAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Greco+14.000+unit%C3%A0#search_anchor |author= Bellinello, Pier Francesco |title= Minoranze etniche e linguistiche|publisher=Bios  |year=1998 |page=53 |isbn=9788877401212  |quote= Le attuali colonie Greche calabresi; La Grecìa calabrese si inscrive nel massiccio aspromontano e si concentra nell'ampia e frastagliata valle dell'Amendolea e nelle balze più a oriente, dove sorgono le fiumare dette di S. Pasquale, di Palizzi e Sidèroni e che costituiscono la Bovesia vera e propria. Compresa nei territori di cinque comuni (Bova Superiore, Bova Marina, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Condofuri), la Grecia si estende per circa 233 kmq. La popolazione anagrafica complessiva è di circa 14.000 unità. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/Italy/|title=Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Italy, The Greek Community|quote=Greek community. The Greek diaspora consists of some 30,000 people, most of whom are to be found in Central Italy. There has also been an age-old presence of Italian nationals of Greek descent, who speak the Greco dialect peculiar to the Magna Graecia region. This dialect can be traced historically back to the era of Byzantine rule, but even as far back as classical antiquity.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717183746/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/Italy/|archivedate=2006-07-17|access-date=2013-01-31|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region13  = {{flag|Sooth Africae}}
|pop13     = 55,000 &lt;small&gt;(2008 estimate)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref13     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://old.mfa.gr/english/foreign_policy/sub_saharan/ |title=Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greece and sub-Saharan African Countries Bilateral Relations |access-date=2013-01-31 |archive-date=2008-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605013230/http://old.mfa.gr/english/foreign_policy/sub_saharan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region14  = {{flag|Brazil}}
|pop14     = 50,000{{smallsup|e}}
|ref14     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004819/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm |archivedate=2007-06-13 |title=The Greek Community |access-date=2013-01-31 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region15  = {{flag|Fraunce}}
|pop15     = 35,000&lt;small&gt;(2009 est.)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref15     = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/France/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-07-14 |archive-date=2006-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714073834/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/France/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region16  = {{flag|Argentinae}}
|pop16     = 30,000 &lt;small&gt;(2008 estimate)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref16     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Latin+America+-+Caribbean/Bilateral+Relations/Argentina/|title=Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Argentina, The Greek Community|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717050738/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Latin+America+-+Caribbean/Bilateral+Relations/Argentina/|archivedate=2006-07-17|access-date=2013-01-31|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region17  = {{flag|Belgium}}
|pop17     = 15,742 &lt;small&gt;(2007)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref17     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ecodata.mineco.fgov.be/mdn/Vreemde_bevolking.jsp |title=Ecodata, Belgian Statistics |access-date=2013-01-31 |archive-date=2002-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021008133014/http://ecodata.mineco.fgov.be/mdn/Vreemde_bevolking.jsp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region18  = {{flag|Georgie}}
|pop18     = 15,166
|ref18     = &lt;ref&gt;Eurominority: [http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_alpha=7&amp;id_minorites=ge-grec Greeks in Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116035612/http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_alpha=7&amp;id_minorites=ge-grec |date=2009-01-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region19  = {{flag|Serbie}}
|pop19     = 725 (2011)
|ref19     = &lt;ref&gt;Glas Javnosti: [http://www.mail-archive.com/sim@antic.org/msg32030.html Nama su samo Srbi braća]&lt;/ref&gt;
|region20  = {{flag|Swaden}}
|pop20     = 12,000–15,000
|ref20     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/Sweden/|title=Greek community of Sweden|work=Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714073859/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/Sweden/|archivedate=2006-07-14|access-date=2013-01-31|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region21  = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
|pop21     = 13,000 &lt;small&gt;(est) &lt;/small&gt;
|ref21     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Mes/pdf/51_cap1_2.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307133141/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Mes/pdf/51_cap1_2.pdf |archivedate=2008-03-07 |title=Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan |format=PDF |access-date=2013-01-31 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region22  = {{flag|Swisserland}}
|pop22     = 11,000 &lt;small&gt; estimated &lt;/small&gt;
|ref22     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+other+countries/Switzerland |title=Switzerland |publisher=www.mfa.gr |accessdate=24 December 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216060437/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+other+countries/Switzerland |archivedate=2009-12-16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region23  = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|pop23     = 9,500 &lt;small&gt;estimate&lt;/small&gt;
|ref23     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/515 |title=GREEKS IN UZBEKISTAN - Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst |publisher=www.cacianalyst.org |accessdate=24 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region24  = {{flag|Romanie}}
|pop24     = 6,500 &lt;small&gt; 2002 census &lt;/small&gt;
|ref24     = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.clubafaceri.ro/info_articole/articol/1294 |title=Recensamant Romania 2002 &lt; Articole InfoAfaceri &lt; ClubAfaceri.ro|publisher=www.clubafaceri.ro |accessdate=24 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region25  = {{flag|Austrick}}
|pop25 = 4,000   
|ref25 = &lt;ref&gt;Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717050523/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/Austria/ Austria: The Greek Community]&lt;/ref&gt;
|region26  = {{flag|Turkey}}
|pop26     = 4,000
|ref26     =  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.minorityrights.org/4412/turkey/rum-orthodox-christians.html minorityrights.org]&lt;/ref&gt;
|region27   = {{flag|Bulgarie}}
|pop27      = 3,408
|ref27      = {{lower|&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Bulgarian Census statistics.]&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|region28  = {{flag|Sirie}}
|pop28 = 1,500
|ref28 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Mediterranean+-+Middle+East/Bilateral+Relations/Syria/ |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=2007-05-13 |archive-date=2007-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513151404/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Mediterranean+-+Middle+East/Bilateral+Relations/Syria/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region29  = {{flag|Armenie}}
|pop29     = 1,176 &lt;small&gt;(2002 census)&lt;/small&gt;
|ref29     = &lt;ref&gt;National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia: [http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf 2002 census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602023627/http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf |date=2010-06-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region30  = {{flag|Mexico}}
|pop30     = 5,000-20,000
|region31  = {{flag|New Zealand}}
|pop31     = 35,000
|religions = '''†''' [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodox Christianity]]&lt;br&gt;([[Greek Orthodox Kirk]])
|languages = [[Greek leid|Greek]], ithers (mainly those o Greek strynd who are assimilatit)
|footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} Citizens o Greece an the Republic o Cyprus. The Greek an Cypriot governments dinnae colleck information anent ethnic sel-determination at the naitional censuses.&lt;br&gt;{{smallsup|b}} Heicher figure includes thaim at haes ancestral descent.&lt;br&gt;{{smallsup|c}} Thaim whase statit ethnic oreegins includit &quot;Greek&quot; amang ithers. The nummer o thaim whase statit ethnic oreegin is ''solely'' &quot;Greek&quot; is 145,250. An additional 3,395 Cypriots of undeclared ethnicity live in Canada.&lt;br&gt;{{smallsup|d}}Approx. 60,000 [[Griko people]] and 30,000 post WW2 migrants.&lt;br&gt;{{smallsup|e}} &quot;Including descendants&quot;. }}

The '''Greeks''', kent as the '''Hellenes''' an aw ({{lang-el|Ἕλληνες}}, {{IPA-el|ˈelines|}}), are an [[ethnic group]] native tae [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]] an ither regions. Thay form a significant [[Greek diaspora|diaspora]], wi Greek commonties establisht aroond the warld.&lt;ref name=Roberts1&gt;{{harvnb|Roberts|2007|pp=171–172, 222}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Greek colonies an commonties haes been historically establisht in maist corners o the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], but Greeks hae ayes been centred aroond the [[Aegean Sea]], whaur the [[Greek leid]] haes been spoken syne antiquity.&lt;ref name=Brit1&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = The Greeks |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=US |id=Online Edition }}&lt;/ref&gt; Till the early 20t century, Greeks wis uniformly distributit atween the Greek peninsula, the wastren coast o [[Anatolie|Asie Minor]], [[Pontus]], [[Egyp]], Cyprus an [[Constantinople]]; mony o thir regions coincidit tae a muckle extent wi the late 11t century [[Byzantine Empire]]'s mairches an the Eastren Mediterranean auries o the auncient [[Colonies in antiquity#Greek colonies|Greek colonization]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Medieval Greek Romance|last= Beaton |first= R.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1996 |publisher= Routledge |location= |isbn=0-415-12032-2 |page= |pages=1–25 |url= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)]]'s eftercast, a muckle-scale [[population exchynge atween Greece an Turkey]] [[forcit relocation|transferred an confined]] [[Christian]]s frae [[Turkey]], binna [[Constantinople]] (effectively ethnic Greeks) intae the mariches o the [[Greece|modren Greek state]] an [[Cyprus]]. Ither ethnic Greek populations can be foond frae [[Greeks in Italy|soothrern Italy]] tae the [[Greeks in Georgie|Caucasus]] an in diaspora commonties in a nummer o ither kintras. Thir days, maist Greeks are offeecially registered as members o the [[Greek Orthodox Kirk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;[[CIA World Factbook]] on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, [[Greek Muslims|Greek Muslim]] 1.3%, ithers 0.7%.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Auncient fowks]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]
[[Category:Greek fowk| ]]</text>
      <sha1>lin899amg20boi7ei6oxb4oqf3c5hy9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leninsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869377</id>
      <parentid>864280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:30:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3777" xml:space="preserve">{{Other places3|Leninsky Destrict}}

{{Infobox Roushie destrict
|en_name=Leninsky Destrict
|ru_name=Ленинский район
|image_map=Location of Vidnoye Region (Moscow Oblast).svg
|map_caption=Location o Leninsky Destrict in Moscow Oblast (afore Julie 2012)
|coordinates = {{coord|55|33|N|37|42|E|type:adm2nd_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
|lats
|longs
|image_flag=Flag of Leninsky rayon (Moscow oblast).png
|flag_caption
|image_coa=
|coa_caption
|anthem_ref
|holiday
|holiday_ref
|federal_subject=[[Moscow Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt;
|adm_data_as_of=July 2012
|adm_ctr_type=[[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]]
|adm_ctr_name=[[Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast|Vidnoye]]
|adm_ctr_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt;
|no_of_cities_towns=1
|no_of_urban-type_settlements=1
|selsoviet_type1=landwart dounset
|no_of_selsoviets_type1=5
|no_of_rural_localities=52
|counts_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlist&quot;&gt;Resolution #123-PG&lt;/ref&gt;
|mun_data_as_of=December 2012
|mun_formation1=Leninsky Municipal Destrict
|mun_formation1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOLeninskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=2
|mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=5
|mun_formation1_counts_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOLeninskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|mun_formation1_leader_title=
|mun_formation1_leader_title_ref=
|mun_formation1_leader_name=
|mun_formation1_leader_name_ref=
|mun_formation1_representative_body=
|mun_formation1_representative_body_ref=
|area_of_what=municipal district
|area_as_of=December 2012
|area_km2=202.83
|area_km2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOLeninskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|pop_2010census=172171
|urban_pop_2010census=45.1%
|rural_pop_2010census=54.9%
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
|established_date=
|established_date_ref=
|prev_name1
|prev_name1_date
|prev_name1_ref
|newspaper=
|newspaper_ref=
|website=http://www.adm-vidnoe.ru/
|website_ref
|commonscat=
|date=July 2012
}}
'''Leninsky Destrict''' ({{lang-ru|Ле́нинский райо́н}}) is an admeenistrative&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot;&gt;Law #12/2001-OZ&lt;/ref&gt; an municipal&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOLeninskyD_mun&quot;&gt;Law #79/2005-OZ&lt;/ref&gt; destrict ([[raion]]), ane o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow Oblast|thirty-sax]] in [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Roushie]]. It is locatit in the centre o the [[oblast]] juist sooth o the [[federal ceeties o Roushie|federal ceety]] o [[Moscow]].&lt;!-- and borders with [[ District]] in the north, [[ District]] in the east, [[ District]] in the south, and with [[ District]] in the west.--&gt; The aurie o the destrict is {{convert|202.83|km2|sp=us}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOLeninskyD_mun&quot; /&gt; Its [[admeenistrative centre]] is the [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] o [[Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast|Vidnoye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt; Population: {{ru-census2010|172,171|;}} 145,251 ([[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Census]]);&lt;ref name=&quot;2002Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{su-census1989|74,490|.}} The population o Vidnoye accoonts for 33.0% o the destrict's tot population.&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;

==History==
A major pairt o Leninsky Destrict wis mergit intae the [[federal ceeties o Roushie|federal ceety]] o Moscow on 1 Julie 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merger&quot;&gt;Official website of the Government of Moscow. [http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130145828/http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ |date=2013-01-30 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|list}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|mun|list|leninsky}}

{{Moscow Oblast}}

__NOTOC__

[[Category:Destricts o Moscow Oblast]]</text>
      <sha1>jtk6ge1po30lengeoo72a2izp7rzsog</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naro-Fominsky Destrict</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869391</id>
      <parentid>863839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3718" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Roushie destrict
|en_name=Naro-Fominsky Destrict
|ru_name=Наро-Фоминский район
|image_map=Location of Narofominsk Region (Moscow Oblast).svg
|map_caption=Location o Naro-Fominsky Destrict in Moscow Oblast (afore Julie 2012)
|coordinates = {{coord|55|23|N|36|44|E|type:adm2nd_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
|lats
|longs
|image_flag=Flag of Naro-Fominsky rayon (Moscow oblast).png
|flag_caption
|image_coa=
|coa_caption
|anthem_ref
|holiday
|holiday_ref
|federal_subject=[[Moscow Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt;
|adm_data_as_of=July 2012
|adm_ctr_type=[[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]]
|adm_ctr_name=[[Naro-Fominsk]]
|adm_ctr_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt;
|no_of_cities_towns=3
|no_of_urban-type_settlements=2
|selsoviet_type1=landwart dounset
|no_of_selsoviets_type1=4
|no_of_rural_localities=216
|counts_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlist&quot;&gt;Resolution #123-PG&lt;/ref&gt;
|mun_data_as_of=May 2011
|mun_formation1=Naro-Fominsky Municipal Destrict
|mun_formation1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowONaro-FominskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=7
|mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=7
|mun_formation1_counts_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowONaro-FominskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|mun_formation1_leader_title=
|mun_formation1_leader_title_ref=
|mun_formation1_leader_name=
|mun_formation1_leader_name_ref=
|mun_formation1_representative_body=
|mun_formation1_representative_body_ref=
|area_of_what=municipal destrict
|area_as_of=May 2011
|area_km2=1936.28
|area_km2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowONaro-FominskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|pop_2010census=189763
|urban_pop_2010census=75.1%
|rural_pop_2010census=24.9%
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
|established_date=
|established_date_ref=
|prev_name1
|prev_name1_date
|prev_name1_ref
|newspaper=
|newspaper_ref=
|website=http://www.narofominsk.ru/
|website_ref
|commonscat=
|date=August 2011
}}
'''Naro-Fominsky Destrict''' ({{lang-ru|Наро-Фоминский райо́н}}) is an admeenistrative&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot;&gt;Law #12/2001-OZ&lt;/ref&gt; an municipal&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowONaro-FominskyD_mun&quot;&gt;Law #72/2005-OZ&lt;/ref&gt; destrict ([[raion]]), ane o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow Oblast|thirty-sax]] in [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Roushie]]. It is locatit in the southwest o the [[oblast]].&lt;!-- and borders with [[ District]] in the north, [[ District]] in the east, [[ District]] in the south, and [[ District]] in the west.--&gt; Prior tae 1 Julie 2012, the aurie o the destrict wis {{convert|1936.28|km2|sp=us}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowONaro-FominskyD_mun&quot; /&gt; Its [[admeenistrative centre]] is the [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] o [[Naro-Fominsk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt; Population: 189,763 ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]]);&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ru-census|p2002=191,596|p1989=112,685}} The population o Naro-Fominsk accoonts for 34.1% o the destrict's tot population.&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;

==History==
A pairt o Naro-Fominsky Destrict wis mergit intae the [[federal ceeties o Roushie|federal ceety]] o [[Moscow]] on 1 Julie 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merger&quot;&gt;Official website of the Government of Moscow. [http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130145828/http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ |date=2013-01-30 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|list}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|mun|list|naro-fominsky}}

{{Moscow Oblast}}

__NOTOC__

[[Category:Destricts o Moscow Oblast]]</text>
      <sha1>ayag6e7zhmnuc89cnodr1na9bfjkznx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Podolsky Destrict</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869405</id>
      <parentid>864947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:16:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4289" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Roushie destrict
|en_name=Podolsky Destrict
|ru_name=Подольский район
|image_map=Location of Podolsk Region (Moscow Oblast) with New Moscow.svg
|map_caption=Location o Podolsky Destrict in Moscow Oblast (syne Julie 2012)
|coordinates = {{coord|55|25|N|37|33|E|type:adm2nd_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
|lats
|longs
|image_flag=Flag of Podolsk rayon (Moscow oblast).png
|flag_caption
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Podolsk rayon (Moscow oblast).png
|coa_caption
|anthem_ref
|holiday
|holiday_ref
|federal_subject=[[Moscow Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt;
|adm_data_as_of=July 2012
|adm_ctr_type=[[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]]
|adm_ctr_name=[[Podolsk]]
|adm_ctr_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt;
|no_of_urban-type_settlements=1
|selsoviet_type1=landwart dounset
|no_of_selsoviets_type1=3
|no_of_rural_localities=75
|counts_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlist&quot;&gt;Resolution #123-PG&lt;/ref&gt;
|mun_data_as_of=October 2012
|mun_formation1=Podolsky Municipal Destrict
|mun_formation1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOPodolskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=1
|mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=3
|mun_formation1_counts_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOPodolskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|mun_formation1_leader_title=
|mun_formation1_leader_title_ref=
|mun_formation1_leader_name=
|mun_formation1_leader_name_ref=
|mun_formation1_representative_body=
|mun_formation1_representative_body_ref=
|area_of_what=municipal destrict
|area_as_of=October 2012
|area_km2=281.45
|area_km2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOPodolskyD_mun&quot; /&gt;
|pop_2010census=82488
|urban_pop_2010census=13.2%
|rural_pop_2010census=86.8%
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot; /&gt;
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
|established_date=
|established_date_ref=
|prev_name1
|prev_name1_date
|prev_name1_ref
|newspaper=
|newspaper_ref=
|website=http://www.podolskrn.ru/
|website_ref
|commonscat=Podolsky District
|date=November 2012
}}
'''Podolsky Destrict''' ({{lang-ru|Подо́льский райо́н}}) is an admeenistrative&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot;&gt;Law #12/2001-OZ&lt;/ref&gt; an municipal&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOPodolskyD_mun&quot;&gt;Law #65/2005-OZ&lt;/ref&gt; destrict ([[raion]]), ane o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow Oblast|thirty-sax]] in [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Roushie]]. It is locatit in the soothwast o the [[oblast]] juist sooth o the [[federal ceeties o Roushie|federal ceety]] o [[Moscow]].&lt;!-- and borders with [[ District]] in the north, [[ District]] in the east, [[ District]] in the south, and with [[ District]] in the west.--&gt; The aurie o the destrict is {{convert|281.45|km2|sp=us}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOPodolskyD_mun&quot; /&gt; Its [[admeenistrative centre]] is the [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] o [[Podolsk]] (which is no admeenistratively a pairt o the destrict).&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt; Population: 82,488 ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]]);&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ru-census|p2002=78,076|p1989=103,925}}

==History==
A pairt o Podolsky Destrict wis mergit intae the federal ceety o Moscow on 1 Julie 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merger&quot;&gt;Official website of the Government of Moscow. [http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130145828/http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ |date=2013-01-30 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Admeenistrative an municipal status==
The ceety o [[Podolsk]] serves as the [[admeenistrative centre]] o the destrict, awtho it is no [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Admeenistrative diveesions|admeenistratively]] a pairt o it an is incorporatit separately as a [[ceety o federal subject significance|ceety unner oblast jurisdiction]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowO_admlaw&quot; /&gt; [[Subdiveesions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|Municipally]], Podolsk Ceety Unner Oblast Jurisdiction is separate frae the destrict an aw an is incorporatit as Podolsk Urban Okrug.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoscowOPodolsk_mun&quot;&gt;Law #145/2004-OZ&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|list}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|mun|list|podolsky}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|mun|list|podolsk}}

{{Moscow Oblast}}

[[Category:Destricts o Moscow Oblast]]</text>
      <sha1>tpkalkd560q5ao2sn0tdcfmbn41vqar</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Al-Sukhnah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869269</id>
      <parentid>865068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:52:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8699" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Settlement
&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = al-Sukhnah
|other_name             =
|native_name            = &lt;big&gt;السخنة&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = Toun
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           = 
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Syria &lt;!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize        =250
|pushpin_map_caption    =Location in Sirie
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{Flag|Sirie}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Govrenorates o Sirie|Govrenorate]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Homs Governorate]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Destricts o Sirie|Destrict]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Tadmur Destrict]]
|subdivision_type3      = [[Nahiyah]]
|subdivision_name3      = Al-Sukhnah
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =  &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2004
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 16,173
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Ethnicities
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Releegions
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
|timezone               =  
|utc_offset             = 
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|34|53|12.5|N|38|52|19.5|E|region:SY|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =460 
|elevation_ft           =1512
}}

'''Al-Sukhnah''' ({{lang-ar|&lt;big&gt;السخنة&lt;/big&gt;}}, translation: &quot;the Hot [Springs]&quot;) is a toun in eastren [[Sirie]] unner the admeenistration o the [[Homs Govrenorate]], locatit atween [[Tadmur]] an [[ar-Raqqah]]. Al-Sukhnah haed a population o 16,173 in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS&quot;&gt;[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-21-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121220222028/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-21-2004.htm |date=2012-12-20 }}. [[:en:Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS). Homs Govrenorate. {{ar icon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its indwallers are predominantly [[Sunni Muslim]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, 1841, p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt; Al-Sukhnah haes attractit hunders o residents frae nearbi villages in the past century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundy&quot;/&gt; an is currently a processin centre for natural gas.

==History==
In 634, follaein the captur o [[Arak, Sirie|Arak]] bi the [[Rashidun Airmy]] o [[Khalid ibn Walid]], al-Sukhnah peacefully receivit the [[Muslim]] force upon hearin the generous surrender terms negotiatit for Arak.&lt;ref&gt;Akram, 1970, pp. 321-322.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1225, al-Sukhnah wis describit bi [[Arab]] geografer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] as &quot;a sma toun in the [[Sirie Desert]], lyin atween Tadmur an 'Urd and Arak. Beside its spring are palm trees. It is on the road o ane goin tae [[Damascus]] frae ar-Raqqah, an you come tae it afore reachin Arak.&quot; In the mid-14t century, [[Ibn Batuta]] wrote that al-Sukhnah wis &quot;a pretty toun&quot;, wi a maistly [[Christian]] population. He notit that the al-Sukhnah receivit its name frae the heat o its watter, an that thare wur bathhooses in the toun.&lt;ref&gt;le Strange, 1890, p.539.&lt;/ref&gt;

Throuoot the 17t an 18t centuries, al-Sukhnah servit as an important tred centre in the Sirie Desert amang the indwallers o nearbi veelages an various [[Bedouin]] tribes. Bi the mid-19t-century, housomeivver, its role decreased wi the rise o [[Deir ez-Zor]]. In the 20t-century till the present day, Sukhnah continues tae function as a tradin centre atween its residents an the tribes in its vicinity, sic as the 'Umur an the Sba'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundy&quot;/&gt;

==Economy==
The residents o Sukhnah wur linkit tae the different tribes in the region throu various hierarchical economic tees. Thay peyed the levy on the thair grain hairst tae the Sba'a, who in return protectit thair tred. Thay consigned thair sheep flocks tae the 'Umur an the Hadidiyin an aw. Tae aw thir tribes, al-Sukhnah's residents suppleed grain, cloth, clothin, an various hoosehauld items an fuidstuffs, while purchasin frae thaim pastoral products for resale tae Sirie's lairge ceeties.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundy&quot;&gt;Mundy and Musallam, 2000, pp.126-129.&lt;/ref&gt; The day, al-Sukhnah haes acome a minor industrial centre for [[natural gas]].&lt;ref&gt;Gibb, 1996, p. 231.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliografie==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first=A. I.|last=Akram|title=The Sword of Allah, Khalid Bin al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns|url=http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter28page1.htm|publisher=National Publishing House|year=1970|access-date=2013-02-05|archive-date=2003-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030217050508/http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter28page1.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}
*{{cite book|first=H. A. R.|last=Gibb|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&amp;dq=Arak+Palmyra&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s|page=157|publisher=BRILL|year=2003|isbn=9004106332}}
*{{Citation|title=Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East|url=http://books.google.com/?id=iwxeHaKUGFMC&amp;pg=PA132&amp;dq=Sukhna+Syria|first1=Martha|last1=Mundy|first2=Basim|last2=Musallam|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521770576}}.
*{{Citation|first1=Eli|last1=Smith|first2=Edward|last2=Robinson|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Vt0uAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=d'Helfaya&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s|publisher=Crocker and Brewster|volume=3|year=1841}}
*{{Citation|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ENANAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA493&amp;dq=Lajjun+Guy+le+Strange|first1=Guy|last1=le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}.
{{refend}}

{{Homs Govrenorate|tadmur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S}}
[[Category:Populatit places in Tadmur Destrict]]
[[Category:Touns in Sirie]]</text>
      <sha1>a6dw9gv2iax97zzb1lkjh97kj4qqiln</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leet o ceeties an touns in Roushie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869374</id>
      <parentid>859690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:24:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72135" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''leet o [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceeties an touns]] in [[Roushie]]'''. Accordin tae the data o [[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Roushie Census]], thare are 1,108 ceeties an touns in Roushie.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Ceety!!Roushie name!![[Federal subjects o Roushie|Federal subject]]
|-
|[[Abakan]]||Абакан||[[Khakassie]]
|-
|[[Abaza (toun)|Abaza]]||Абаза||[[Khakassie]]
|-
|[[Abdulino]]||Абдулино||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Abinsk]]||Абинск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Achinsk]]||Ачинск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Adygeysk]]||Адыгейск||[[Adygea]]
|-
|[[Agidel]]||Агидель||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Agryz]]||Агрыз||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Ak-Dovurak]]||Ак-Довурак||[[Tuva]]
|-
|[[Akhtubinsk]]||Ахтубинск||[[Astrakhan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Aksay, Rostov Oblast|Aksay]]||Аксай||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Alagir]]||Алагир||[[North Ossetie-Alanie]]
|-
|[[Alapayevsk]]||Алапаевск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Alatyr, Chuvashie|Alatyr]]||Алатырь||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Aldan, Roushie|Aldan]]||Алдан||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Alexandrov (toun)|Alexandrov]]||Александров||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Alexandrovsk, Perm Krai|Alexandrovsk]]||Александровск||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky (toun)|Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky]]||Александровск-Сахалинский||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast|Alexeyevka]]||Алексеевка||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Aleksin]]||Алексин||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Aleysk]]||Алейск||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Almetyevsk]]||Альметьевск||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Alzamay]]||Алзамай||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Amursk]]||Амурск||[[Khabarovsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Anadyr (toun)|Anadyr]]||Анадырь||[[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Anapa]]||Анапа||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Andreapol]]||Андреаполь||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Angarsk]]||Ангарск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Aniva]]||Анива||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Anzhero-Sudzhensk]]||Анжеро-Судженск||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Apatity]]||Апатиты||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Aprelevka]]||Апрелевка||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Apsheronsk]]||Апшеронск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Aramil]]||Арамиль||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ardatov (toun), Mordovie|Ardatov]]||Ардатов||[[Mordovie]]
|-
|[[Ardon, North Ossetie-Alanie|Ardon]]||Ардон||[[North Ossetie-Alanie]]
|-
|[[Argun, Chechnie|Argun]]||Аргун||[[Chechnie]]
|-
|[[Arkadak]]||Аркадак||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Arkhangelsk]]||Архангельск||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Armavir, Roushie|Armavir]]||Армавир||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Arsenyev]]||Арсеньев||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Arsk]]||Арск||[[Tatarstan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity=Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан
|ru_type=Постановление
|ru_number=3900-III ГС
|ru_date=27 июня 2008 г
|ru_title=О преобразовании посёлка городского типа Арск Арского района Республики Татарстан
|en_entity=State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan
|en_type=Resolution
|en_number=3900-III GS
|en_date=June 27, 2008
|en_title=On Transformation of the Urban-Type Settlement of Arsk of Arsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Artyom, Roushie|Artyom]]||Артём||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Artyomovsk]]||Артёмовск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Artyomovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Artyomovsky]]||Артёмовский||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Arzamas]]||Арзамас||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Asbest]]||Асбест||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Asha (toun)|Asha]]||Аша||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Asino]]||Асино||[[Tomsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Astrakhan]]||Астрахань||[[Astrakhan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Atkarsk]]||Аткарск||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Aznakayevo]]||Азнакаево||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Azov]]||Азов||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Babayevo, Vologda Oblast|Babayevo]]||Бабаево||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Babushkin (toun)|Babushkin]]||Бабушкин||[[Buryatie]]
|-
|[[Bagrationovsk]]||Багратионовск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bakal]]||Бакал||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Baksan]]||Баксан||[[Kabardino-Balkarie]]
|-
|[[Balabanovo]]||Балабаново||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Balakhna, Balakhninsky Destrict, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Balakhna]]||Балахна||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Balakovo]]||Балаково||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Balashikha]]||Балашиха||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Balashov]]||Балашов||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Baley]]||Балей||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Baltiysk]]||Балтийск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Barabinsk]]||Барабинск||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Barnaul]]||Барнаул||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Barysh]]||Барыш||[[Ulyanovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bataysk]]||Батайск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bavly]]||Бавлы||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Baykalsk]]||Байкальск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Baymak]]||Баймак||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Belaya Kalitva]]||Белая Калитва||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Belaya Kholunitsa]]||Белая Холуница||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Belebey]]||Белебей||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Belgorod]]||Белгород||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Belinsky (toun)|Belinsky]]||Белинский||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]]||Белогорск||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Belokurikha]]||Белокуриха||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Belomorsk]]||Беломорск||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Belorechensk, Krasnodar Krai|Belorechensk]]||Белореченск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Beloretsk]]||Белорецк||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Belovo, Kemerovo Oblast|Belovo]]||Белово||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Beloyarsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Beloyarsky]]||Белоярский||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Belozersk]]||Белозерск||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bely, Tver Oblast|Bely]]||Белый||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Belyov]]||Белёв||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Berdsk]]||Бердск||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Berezniki]]||Березники||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Beryozovsky, Kemerovo Oblast|Berezovsky]]||Березовский||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Beryozovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Berezovsky]]||Березовский||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Beslan]]||Беслан||[[North Ossetie-Alanie]]
|-
|[[Bezhetsk]]||Бежецк||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bikin]]||Бикин||[[Khabarovsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Bilibino]]||Билибино||[[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Birobidzhan]]||Биробиджан||[[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]
|-
|[[Birsk]]||Бирск||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Biryuch]]||Бирюч||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Biryusinsk]]||Бирюсинск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Biysk]]||Бийск||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Blagodarny]]||Благодарный||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Blagoveshchensk]]||Благовещенск||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Blagoveshchensk, Bashkortostan|Blagoveshchensk]]||Благовещенск||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Bobrov, Roushie|Bobrov]]||Бобров||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bodaybo]]||Бодайбо||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bogdanovich (toun)|Bogdanovich]]||Богданович||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bogoroditsk]]||Богородицк||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bogorodsk, Bogorodsky Destrict, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Bogorodsk]]||Богородск||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bogotol]]||Боготол||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Boguchar]]||Богучар||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Boksitogorsk]]||Бокситогорск||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bolgar, Spassky Destrict, Tatarstan|Bolgar]]||Болгар||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Bolkhov]]||Болхов||[[Oryol Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bologoye]]||Бологое||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bolokhovo]]||Болохово||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bolotnoye]]||Болотное||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bolshoy Kamen]]||Большой Камень||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Bor]]||Бор||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Borisoglebsk]]||Борисоглебск||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Borodino, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Borodino]]||Бородино||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Borovichi]]||Боровичи||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Borovsk]]||Боровск||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Borzya]]||Борзя||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Bratsk]]||Братск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bronnitsy]]||Бронницы||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Bryansk]]||Брянск||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Budyonnovsk]]||Будённовск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Bugulma]]||Бугульма||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Buguruslan]]||Бугуруслан||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Buinsk, Tatarstan|Buinsk]]||Буинск||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Buturlinovka]]||Бутурлиновка||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Buy, Kostroma Oblast|Buy]]||Буй||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Buynaksk]]||Буйнакск||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast|Buzuluk]]||Бузулук||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chadan]]||Чадан||[[Tuva]]
|-
|[[Chapayevsk]]||Чапаевск||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chaplygin, Lipetsk Oblast|Chaplygin]]||Чаплыгин||[[Lipetsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chaykovsky, Perm Krai|Chaykovsky]]||Чайковский||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Chebarkul]]||Чебаркуль||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Cheboksary]]||Чебоксары||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Chegem]]||Чегем||[[Kabardino-Balkarie]]
|-
|[[Chekalin]]||Чекалин||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chekhov, Moscow Oblast|Chekhov]]||Чехов||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chelyabinsk]]||Челябинск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Cherdyn, Perm Krai|Cherdyn]]||Чердынь||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Cheremkhovo]]||Черемхово||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Cherepanovo, Novosibirsk Oblast|Cherepanovo]]||Черепаново||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Cherepovets]]||Череповец||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Cherkessk]]||Черкесск||[[Karachay-Cherkessie]]
|-
|[[Chernogolovka]]||Черноголовка||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chernogorsk]]||Черногорск||[[Khakassie]]
|-
|[[Chernushka, Chernushinsky Destrict, Perm Krai|Chernushka]]||Чернушка||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Chernyakhovsk]]||Черняховск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chistopol]]||Чистополь||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]]||Чита||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Chkalovsk, Roushie|Chkalovsk]]||Чкаловск||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chudovo, Chudovsky Destrict, Novgorod Oblast|Chudovo]]||Чудово||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chukhloma]]||Чухлома||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chulym (town)|Chulym]]||Чулым||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Chusovoy]]||Чусовой||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Chyormoz]]||Чёрмоз||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Dagestanskiye Ogni]]||Дагестанские Огни||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Dalmatovo]]||Далматово||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dalnegorsk]]||Дальнегорск||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Dalnerechensk]]||Дальнереченск||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Danilov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Danilov]]||Данилов||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dankov]]||Данков||[[Lipetsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Davlekanovo]]||Давлеканово||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Dedovsk]]||Дедовск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Degtyarsk]]||Дегтярск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Demidov, Smolensk Oblast|Demidov]]||Демидов||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Derbent]]||Дербент||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Desnogorsk]]||Десногорск||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Digora]]||Дигора||[[North Ossetie-Alanie]]
|-
|[[Dimitrovgrad, Roushie|Dimitrovgrad]]||Димитровград||[[Ulyanovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Divnogorsk]]||Дивногорск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Dmitriyev (toun)|Dmitriyev]]||Дмитриев||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dmitrov]]||Дмитров||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dmitrovsk]]||Дмитровск||[[Oryol Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dno]]||Дно||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dobryanka]]||Добрянка||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Dolgoprudny]]||Долгопрудный||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dolinsk, Sakhalin Oblast|Dolinsk]]||Долинск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Domodedovo (toun)|Domodedovo]]||Домодедово||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Donetsk, Roushie|Donetsk]]||Донецк||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Donskoy, Tula Oblast|Donskoy]]||Донской||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dorogobuzh]]||Дорогобуж||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Drezna]]||Дрезна||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dubna]]||Дубна||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dubovka, Dubovsky Destrict, Volgograd Oblast|Dubovka]]||Дубовка||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dudinka]]||Дудинка||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Dukhovshchina, Smolensk Oblast|Dukhovshchina]]||Духовщина||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dyatkovo]]||Дятьково||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dyurtyuli]]||Дюртюли||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Dzerzhinsk, Roushie|Dzerzhinsk]]||Дзержинск||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Oblast|Dzerzhinsky]]||Дзержинский||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Elektrogorsk]]||Электрогорск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Elektrostal]]||Электросталь||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Elektrougli]]||Электроугли||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Elista]]||Элиста||[[Kalmykie]]
|-
|[[Engels, Saratov Oblast|Engels]]||Энгельс||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ertil, Voronezh Oblast|Ertil]]||Эртиль||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Fatezh]]||Фатеж||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Fokino, Bryansk Oblast|Fokino]]||Фокино||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Fokino, Primorsky Krai|Fokino]]||Фокино||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Frolovo]]||Фролово||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Fryazino]]||Фрязино||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Furmanov, Ivanovo Oblast|Furmanov]]||Фурманов||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gadzhiyevo]]||Гаджиево||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gagarin, Roushie|Gagarin]]||Гагарин||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Galich, Roushie|Galich]]||Галич||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gatchina]]||Гатчина||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gavrilov Posad]]||Гаврилов Посад||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gavrilov-Yam]]||Гаврилов-Ям||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gay, Orenburg Oblast|Gay]]||Гай||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gdov]]||Гдов||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gelendzhik]]||Геленджик||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Georgiyevsk]]||Георгиевск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Glazov]]||Глазов||[[Udmurtie]]
|-
|[[Golitsyno]]||Голицыно||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gorbatov (toun)|Gorbatov]]||Горбатов||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gorno-Altaysk]]||Горно-Алтайск||[[Altai Republic]]
|-
|[[Gornozavodsk, Perm Krai|Gornozavodsk]]||Горнозаводск||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Gornyak, Altai Krai|Gornyak]]||Горняк||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Gorodets]]||Городец||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gorodishche, Gorodishchensky Destrict, Penza Oblast|Gorodishche]]||Городище||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gorodovikovsk]]||Городовиковск||[[Kalmykie]]
|-
|[[Gorokhovets, Vladimir Oblast|Gorokhovets]]||Гороховец||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Goryachy Klyuch]]||Горячий Ключ||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Grayvoron]]||Грайворон||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gremyachinsk]]||Гремячинск||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Grozny]]||Грозный||[[Chechnie]]
|-
|[[Gryazi]]||Грязи||[[Lipetsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gryazovets]]||Грязовец||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gubakha]]||Губаха||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Gubkin]]||Губкин||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gubkinsky (toun)|Gubkinsky]]||Губкинский||[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Gudermes]]||Гудермес||[[Chechnie]]
|-
|[[Gukovo]]||Гуково||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gulkevichi]]||Гулькевичи||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Guryevsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Guryevsk]]||Гурьевск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Guryevsk, Kemerovo Oblast|Guryevsk]]||Гурьевск||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gusev]]||Гусев||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gusinoozersk]]||Гусиноозерск||[[Buryatie]]
|-
|[[Gus-Khrustalny (toun)|Gus-Khrustalny]]||Гусь-Хрустальный||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Gvardeysk]]||Гвардейск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Igarka]]||Игарка||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Ilansky (town)|Ilansky]]||Иланский||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Insar]]||Инсар||[[Mordovia]]
|-
|[[Inta]]||Инта||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Inza, Roushie|Inza]]||Инза||[[Ulyanovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ipatovo]]||Ипатово||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Irbit]]||Ирбит||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Irkutsk]]||Иркутск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ishim, Tyumen Oblast|Ishim]]||Ишим||[[Tyumen Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ishimbay]]||Ишимбай||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Isilkul]]||Исилькуль||[[Omsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Iskitim]]||Искитим||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Istra, Istrinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Istra]]||Истра||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ivangorod]]||Ивангород||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ivanovo]]||Иваново||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ivanteyevka, Moscow Oblast|Ivanteyevka]]||Ивантеевка||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ivdel]]||Ивдель||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Izberbash]]||Избербаш||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Izhevsk]]||Ижевск||[[Udmurtia]]
|-
|[[Izobilny]]||Изобильный||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Kachkanar]]||Качканар||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kadnikov]]||Кадников||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kalach, Voronezh Oblast|Kalach]]||Калач||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kalach-na-Donu]]||Калач-на-Дону||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kalachinsk]]||Калачинск||[[Omsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kaliningrad]]||Калининград||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kalininsk, Saratov Oblast|Kalininsk]]||Калининск||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kaltan]]||Калтан||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kaluga]]||Калуга||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kalyazin]]||Калязин||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kambarka]]||Камбарка||[[Udmurtie]]
|-
|[[Kamenka, Penza Oblast|Kamenka]]||Каменка||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kamen-na-Obi]]||Камень-на-Оби||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Kamennogorsk]]||Каменногорск||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kamensk-Shakhtinsky]]||Каменск-Шахтинский||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kamensk-Uralsky]]||Каменск-Уральский||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kameshkovo, Vladimir Oblast|Kameshkovo]]||Камешково||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kamyshin]]||Камышин||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kamyshlov]]||Камышлов||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kamyzyak]]||Камызяк||[[Astrakhan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kanash]]||Канаш||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Kandalaksha]]||Кандалакша||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kansk]]||Канск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Karabanovo]]||Карабаново||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Karabash]]||Карабаш||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Karabulak, Ingushetie|Karabulak]]||Карабулак||[[Ingushetie]]
|-
|[[Karachayevsk]]||Карачаевск||[[Karachay-Cherkessie]]
|-
|[[Karachev]]||Карачев||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Karasuk (toun)|Karasuk]]||Карасук||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kargat]]||Каргат||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kargopol]]||Каргополь||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Karpinsk]]||Карпинск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kartaly]]||Карталы||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kashin (toun)|Kashin]]||Кашин||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kashira]]||Кашира||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kasimov]]||Касимов||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kasli]]||Касли||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kaspiysk]]||Каспийск||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Katav-Ivanovsk]]||Катав-Ивановск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kataysk]]||Катайск||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kazan]]||Казань||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Kedrovy, Tomsk Oblast|Kedrovy]]||Кедровый||[[Tomsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kem, Rosuhie|Kem]]||Кемь||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Kemerovo]]||Кемерово||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Khabarovsk]]||Хабаровск||[[Khabarovsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Khadyzhensk]]||Хадыженск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Khanty-Mansiysk]]||Ханты-Мансийск||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Kharabali]]||Харабали||[[Astrakhan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kharovsk]]||Харовск||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Khasavyurt]]||Хасавюрт||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Khilok, Zabaykalsky Krai|Khilok]]||Хилок||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Khimki]]||Химки||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kholm, Kholmsky Destrict, Novgorod Oblast|Kholm]]||Холм||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kholmsk]]||Холмск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Khotkovo]]||Хотьково||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Khvalynsk]]||Хвалынск||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kimovsk]]||Кимовск||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kimry]]||Кимры||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kinel]]||Кинель||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kineshma]]||Кинешма||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kingisepp]]||Кингисепп||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirensk]]||Киренск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kireyevsk]]||Киреевск||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirillov (town)|Kirillov]]||Кириллов||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirishi]]||Кириши||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirov, Kaluga Oblast|Kirov]]||Киров||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Kirov]]||Киров||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirovgrad]]||Кировград||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirovo-Chepetsk]]||Кирово-Чепецк||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast|Kirovsk]]||Кировск||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirovsk, Murmansk Oblast|Kirovsk]]||Кировск||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirs, Roushie|Kirs]]||Кирс||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirsanov]]||Кирсанов||[[Tambov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kirzhach]]||Киржач||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kiselyovsk]]||Киселёвск||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kislovodsk]]||Кисловодск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Kizel]]||Кизел||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Kizilyurt]]||Кизилюрт||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Kizlyar]]||Кизляр||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Klimovsk]]||Климовск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Klin, Klinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Klin]]||Клин||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Klintsy]]||Клинцы||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Knyaginino]]||Княгинино||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kodinsk]]||Кодинск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Kogalym]]||Когалым||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Kokhma]]||Кохма||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kola (toun)|Kola]]||Кола||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kolchugino]]||Кольчугино||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kologriv]]||Кологрив||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kolomna]]||Коломна||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kolpashevo]]||Колпашево||[[Tomsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kolpino]]||Колпино||[[Saint Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Kommunar, Leningrad Oblast|Kommunar]]||Коммунар||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Komsomolsk, Ivanovo Oblast|Komsomolsk]]||Комсомольск||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Komsomolsk-na-Amure]]||Комсомольск-на-Амуре||[[Khabarovsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Konakovo]]||Конаково||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kondopoga]]||Кондопога||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Kondrovo]]||Кондрово||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Konstantinovsk]]||Константиновск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kopeysk]]||Копейск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Korablino, Korablinsky Destrict, Ryazan Oblast|Korablino]]||Кораблино||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Korenovsk]]||Кореновск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Korkino]]||Коркино||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Korocha]]||Короча||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]]||Королёв||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Korsakov (town)|Korsakov]]||Корсаков||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Koryazhma]]||Коряжма||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kosteryovo]]||Костерёво||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kostomuksha]]||Костомукша||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Kostroma]]||Кострома||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kotelnich]]||Котельнич||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kotelniki]]||Котельники||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kotelnikovo, Volgograd Oblast|Kotelnikovo]]||Котельниково||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kotlas]]||Котлас||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kotovo, Volgograd Oblast|Kotovo]]||Котово||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kotovsk, Russia|Kotovsk]]||Котовск||[[Tambov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kovdor]]||Ковдор||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kovrov]]||Ковров||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kovylkino]]||Ковылкино||[[Mordovia]]
|-
|[[Kozelsk]]||Козельск||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kozlovka, Kozlovsky Destrict, Chuvashie|Kozlovka]]||Козловка||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Kozmodemyansk]]||Козьмодемьянск||[[Mari El]]
|-
|[[Krasavino]]||Красавино||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnoarmeysk]]||Красноармейск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnoarmeysk, Saratov Oblast|Krasnoarmeysk]]||Красноармейск||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnodar]]||Краснодар||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnogorsk]]||Красногорск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnokamensk, Zabaykalsky Krai|Krasnokamensk]]||Краснокаменск||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Krasnokamsk]]||Краснокамск||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Krasnoslobodsk, Volgograd Oblast|Krasnoslobodsk]]||Краснослободск||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnoslobodsk, Mordovie|Krasnoslobodsk]]||Краснослободск||[[Mordovie]]
|-
|[[Krasnoturinsk]]||Краснотурьинск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnoufimsk]]||Красноуфимск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnouralsk]]||Красноуральск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnovishersk]]||Красновишерск||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Krasnoyarsk]]||Красноярск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Krasnoye Selo]]||Красное Село||[[Saunt Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Krasnozavodsk]]||Краснозаводск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Krasnoznamensk]]||Краснознаменск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnoznamensk]]||Краснознаменск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasny Kholm]]||Красный Холм||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasny Kut, Saratov Oblast|Krasny Kut]]||Красный Кут||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Krasny Sulin]]||Красный Сулин||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kronstadt]]||Кронштадт||[[Saint Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai|Kropotkin]]||Кропоткин||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Krymsk]]||Крымск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Kstovo]]||Кстово||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kubinka]]||Кубинка||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kudymkar]]||Кудымкар||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Kulebaki]]||Кулебаки||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kumertau]]||Кумертау||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Kungur]]||Кунгур||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Kupino, Novosibirsk Oblast|Kupino]]||Купино||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kurchatov, Roushie|Kurchatov]]||Курчатов||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]]||Курган||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kurganinsk]]||Курганинск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Kurilsk]]||Курильск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kurlovo]]||Курлово||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kurovskoye]]||Куровское||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kursk]]||Курск||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kurtamysh]]||Куртамыш||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kusa (toun)|Kusa]]||Куса||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kushva]]||Кушва||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kuvandyk]]||Кувандык||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kuvshinovo]]||Кувшиново||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kuybyshev, Novosibirsk Oblast|Kuybyshev]]||Куйбышев||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kuznetsk]]||Кузнецк||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kyakhta]]||Кяхта||[[Buryatie]]
|-
|[[Kyshtym]]||Кыштым||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Kyzyl]]||Кызыл||[[Tuva]]
|-
|[[Labinsk]]||Лабинск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Labytnangi]]||Лабытнанги||[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Ladushkin]]||Ладушкин||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lagan, Rosuhie|Lagan]]||Лагань||[[Kalmykie]]
|-
|[[Laishevo]]||Лаишево||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Lakhdenpokhya]]||Лахденпохья||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Lakinsk]]||Лакинск||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Langepas]]||Лангепас||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Lebedyan]]||Лебедянь||[[Lipetsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Leninogorsk, Russia|Leninogorsk]]||Лениногорск||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Leninsk, Volgograd Oblast|Leninsk]]||Ленинск||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Leninsk-Kuznetsky (ceety)|Leninsk-Kuznetsky]]||Ленинск-Кузнецкий||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lensk]]||Ленск||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Lermontov, Roshie|Lermontov]]||Лермонтов||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Lesnoy]]||Лесной||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lesosibirsk]]||Лесосибирск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Lesozavodsk]]||Лесозаводск||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Lgov, Kursk Oblast|Lgov]]||Льгов||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Likhoslavl]]||Лихославль||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Likino-Dulyovo]]||Ликино-Дулёво||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lipetsk]]||Липецк||[[Lipetsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lipki, Tula Oblast|Lipki]]||Липки||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Liski, Voronezh Oblast|Liski]]||Лиски||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Livny]]||Ливны||[[Oryol Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lobnya]]||Лобня||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lodeynoye Pole]]||Лодейное Поле||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lomonosov, Roushie|Lomonosov]]||Ломоносов||[[Saunt Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Losino-Petrovsky]]||Лосино-Петровский||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Luga, Leningrad Oblast|Luga]]||Луга||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lukhovitsy]]||Луховицы||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lukoyanov]]||Лукоянов||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Luza]]||Луза||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lyantor]]||Лянтор||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Lyskovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Lyskovo]]||Лысково||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lysva]]||Лысьва||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Lytkarino]]||Лыткарино||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lyuban (toun), Leningrad Oblast|Lyuban]]||Любань||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lyubertsy]]||Люберцы||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lyubim]]||Любим||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Lyudinovo]]||Людиново||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Magadan]]||Магадан||[[Magadan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Magas]]||Магас||[[Ingushetie]]
|-
|[[Magnitogorsk]]||Магнитогорск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Makarov, Russia|Makarov]]||Макаров||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Makaryev]]||Макарьев||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Makhachkala]]||Махачкала||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Makushino]]||Макушино||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Malaya Vishera]]||Малая Вишера||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Malgobek]]||Малгобек||[[Ingushetia]]
|-
|[[Malmyzh]]||Малмыж||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Maloarkhangelsk, Oryol Oblast|Maloarkhangelsk]]||Малоархангельск||[[Oryol Oblast]]
|-
|[[Maloyaroslavets]]||Малоярославец||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mamadysh]]||Мамадыш||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Mamonovo]]||Мамоново||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Manturovo, Kostroma Oblast|Manturovo]]||Мантурово||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mariinsk]]||Мариинск||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mariinsky Posad]]||Мариинский Посад||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Marks, Roushie|Marks]]||Маркс||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Maykop]]||Майкоп||[[Adygea]]
|-
|[[Maysky, Kabardino-Balkarie|Maysky]]||Майский||[[Kabardino-Balkarie]]
|-
|[[Mednogorsk]]||Медногорск||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Medvezhyegorsk]]||Медвежьегорск||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Medyn]]||Медынь||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Megion]]||Мегион||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Melenki]]||Меленки||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Meleuz]]||Мелеуз||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Mendeleyevsk]]||Менделеевск||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Menzelinsk]]||Мензелинск||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Meshchovsk]]||Мещовск||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mezen, Mezensky Destrict, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Mezen]]||Мезень||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast|Mezhdurechensk]]||Междуреченск||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mezhgorye]]||Межгорье||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Mglin]]||Мглин||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Miass]]||Миасс||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Michurinsk]]||Мичуринск||[[Tambov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mikhaylov, Ryazan Oblast|Mikhaylov]]||Михайлов||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mikhaylovka, Volgograd Oblast|Mikhaylovka]]||Михайловка||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mikhaylovsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Mikhaylovsk]]||Михайловск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mikhaylovsk, Stavropol Krai|Mikhaylovsk]]||Михайловск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Mikun]]||Микунь||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Millerovo, Millerovsky Destrict, Rostov Oblast|Millerovo]]||Миллерово||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mineralnyye Vody]]||Минеральные Воды||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Minusinsk]]||Минусинск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Minyar]]||Миньяр||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Mirny]]||Мирный||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mirny, Sakha Republic|Mirny]]||Мирный||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Mogocha]]||Могоча||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Monchegorsk]]||Мончегорск||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Morozovsk]]||Морозовск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Morshansk]]||Моршанск||[[Tambov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mosalsk]]||Мосальск||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Moskovsky, Moscow|Moskovsky]]||Московский||[[Moscow]]
|-
|[[Moscow]]||Москва||[[Moscow]]
|-
|[[Mozdok, North Ossetie-Alanie|Mozdok]]||Моздок||[[North Ossetie-Alanie]]
|-
|[[Mozhaysk]]||Можайск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mozhga]]||Можга||[[Udmurtie]]
|-
|[[Mtsensk]]||Мценск||[[Oryol Oblast]]
|-
|[[Murashi]]||Мураши||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Muravlenko]]||Муравленко||[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Murmansk]]||Мурманск||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Murom]]||Муром||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Myshkin]]||Мышкин||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Myski]]||Мыски||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Mytishchi]]||Мытищи||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Naberezhnye Chelny]]||Набережные Челны||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Nadym]]||Надым||[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Nakhodka]]||Находка||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Nalchik]]||Нальчик||[[Kabardino-Balkarie]]
|-
|[[Narimanov, Astrakhan Oblast|Narimanov]]||Нариманов||[[Astrakhan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Naro-Fominsk]]||Наро-Фоминск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nartkala]]||Нарткала||[[Kabardino-Balkarie]]
|-
|[[Naryan-Mar]]||Нарьян-Мар||[[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Navashino]]||Навашино||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Navoloki]]||Наволоки||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nazarovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Nazarovo]]||Назарово||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Nazran]]||Назрань||[[Ingushetia]]
|-
|[[Nazyvayevsk]]||Называевск||[[Omsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Neftegorsk, Samara Oblast]]||Нефтегорск||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Neftekamsk]]||Нефтекамск||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Neftekumsk]]||Нефтекумск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Nefteyugansk]]||Нефтеюганск||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Nelidovo]]||Нелидово||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Neman (toun)|Neman]]||Неман||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nerchinsk]]||Нерчинск||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Nerekhta]]||Нерехта||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Neryungri]]||Нерюнгри||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Nesterov]]||Нестеров||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nevel]]||Невель||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nevelsk]]||Невельск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nevinnomyssk]]||Невинномысск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Nevyansk]]||Невьянск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Neya]]||Нея||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nikolayevsk]]||Николаевск||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nikolayevsk-na-Amure]]||Николаевск-на-Амуре||[[Khabarovsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Nikolsk, Vologda Oblast|Nikolsk]]||Никольск||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nikolsk, Penza Oblast|Nikolsk]]||Никольск||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nikolskoye, Tosnensky Destrict, Leningrad Oblast|Nikolskoye]]||Никольское||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nizhnekamsk]]||Нижнекамск||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Nizhneudinsk]]||Нижнеудинск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nizhnevartovsk]]||Нижневартовск||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Nizhniye Sergi]]||Нижние Серги||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nizhny Lomov]]||Нижний Ломов||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nizhny Novgorod]]||Нижний Новгород||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nizhny Tagil]]||Нижний Тагил||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nizhnyaya Salda]]||Нижняя Салда||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nizhnyaya Tura]]||Нижняя Тура||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Noginsk]]||Ногинск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nolinsk]]||Нолинск||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Norilsk]]||Норильск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Novaya Ladoga]]||Новая Ладога||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novaya Lyalya]]||Новая Ляля||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novoaleksandrovsk]]||Новоалександровск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Novoaltaysk]]||Новоалтайск||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Novoanninsky (toun)|Novoanninsky]]||Новоаннинский||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novocheboksarsk]]||Новочебоксарск||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Novocherkassk]]||Новочеркасск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novodvinsk]]||Новодвинск||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novokhopyorsk]]||Новохопёрск||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novokubansk]]||Новокубанск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Novokuybyshevsk]]||Новокуйбышевск||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novokuznetsk]]||Новокузнецк||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novomichurinsk]]||Новомичуринск||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novomoskovsk, Roushie|Novomoskovsk]]||Новомосковск||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novopavlovsk]]||Новопавловск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Novorossiysk]]||Новороссийск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Novorzhev]]||Новоржев||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novoshakhtinsk]]||Новошахтинск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novosibirsk]]||Новосибирск||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novosil]]||Новосиль||[[Oryol Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novosokolniki]]||Новосокольники||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novotroitsk]]||Новотроицк||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novoulyanovsk]]||Новоульяновск||[[Ulyanovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novouralsk]]||Новоуральск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novouzensk]]||Новоузенск||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novovoronezh]]||Нововоронеж||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novozybkov]]||Новозыбков||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novy Oskol]]||Новый Оскол||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Novy Urengoy]]||Новый Уренгой||[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Noyabrsk]]||Ноябрьск||[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Nurlat]]||Нурлат||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Nyagan]]||Нягань||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Nyandoma]]||Няндома||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nyazepetrovsk]]||Нязепетровск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Nytva]]||Нытва||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Nyurba]]||Нюрба||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Ob, Roushie|Ob]]||Обь||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Obluchye]]||Облучье||[[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]
|-
|[[Obninsk]]||Обнинск||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Oboyan]]||Обоянь||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ochyor (toun)|Ochyor]]||Очёр||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Odintsovo]]||Одинцово||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Okha, Russia|Okha]]||Оха||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Okhansk]]||Оханск||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Oktyabrsk]]||Октябрьск||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Oktyabrsky, Bashkortostan|Oktyabrsky]]||Октябрьский||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Okulovka (toun), Novgorod Oblast|Okulovka]]||Окуловка||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast|Olenegorsk]]||Оленегорск||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Olonets]]||Олонец||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Olyokminsk]]||Олёкминск||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Omsk]]||Омск||[[Omsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Omutninsk]]||Омутнинск||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Onega, Roushie|Onega]]||Онега||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Opochka]]||Опочка||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Orekhovo-Zuyevo]]||Орехово-Зуево||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Oryol]]||Орёл||[[Oryol Oblast]]
|-
|[[Orenburg]]||Оренбург||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Orlov, Roushie|Orlov]]||Орлов||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Orsk]]||Орск||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Osa, Perm Krai|Osa]]||Оса||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Osinniki]]||Осинники||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ostashkov]]||Осташков||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ostrogozhsk]]||Острогожск||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ostrov, Pskov Oblast|Ostrov]]||Остров||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast|Ostrovnoy]]||Островной||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Otradnoye, Kirovsky Destrict, Leningrad Oblast|Otradnoye]]||Отрадное||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Otradny, Samara Oblast|Otradny]]||Отрадный||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Ozyorsk]]||Озёрск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Ozyorsk]]||Озёрск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ozherelye]]||Ожерелье||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ozyory, Moscow Oblast|Ozyory]]||Озёры||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pallasovka (toun)|Pallasovka]]||Палласовка||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Partizansk]]||Партизанск||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Pavlovo, Pavlovsky Destrict, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Pavlovo]]||Павлово||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast|Pavlovsk]]||Павловск||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pavlovsk, Saunt Petersburg|Pavlovsk]]||Павловск||[[Saunt Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Pavlovsky Posad]]||Павловский Посад||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pechora]]||Печора||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Pechory]]||Печоры||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Penza]]||Пенза||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pereslavl-Zalessky]]||Переславль-Залесский||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Peresvet]]||Пересвет||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Perevoz, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Perevoz]]||Перевоз||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Perm]]||Пермь||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Pervomaysk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Pervomaysk]]||Первомайск||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pervouralsk]]||Первоуральск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pestovo, Pestovsky Destrict, Novgorod Oblast|Pestovo]]||Пестово||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Petergof]]||Петергоф||[[Saunt Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]||Петропавловск-Камчатский||[[Kamchatka Krai]]
|-
|[[Petrov Val]]||Петров Вал||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Petrovsk, Saratov Oblast|Petrovsk]]||Петровск||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (toun)|Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky]]||Петровск-Забайкальский||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Petrozavodsk]]||Петрозаводск||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Petukhovo, Petukhovsky Destrict, Kurgan Oblast|Petukhovo]]||Петухово||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Petushki, Vladimir Oblast|Petushki]]||Петушки||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pevek]]||Певек||[[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Pikalyovo, Leningrad Oblast|Pikalyovo]]||Пикалёво||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast|Pionersky]]||Пионерский||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pitkyaranta]]||Питкяранта||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Plast (town)|Plast]]||Пласт||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Plavsk]]||Плавск||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Plyos]]||Плёс||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pochep]]||Почеп||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pochinok, Smolensk Oblast|Pochinok]]||Починок||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Podolsk]]||Подольск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Podporozhye, Leningrad Oblast|Podporozhye]]||Подпорожье||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pokachi]]||Покачи||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Pokhvistnevo, Samara Oblast|Pokhvistnevo]]||Похвистнево||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pokrov, Vladimir Oblast|Pokrov]]||Покров||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pokrovsk, Sakha Republic|Pokrovsk]]||Покровск||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Polessk]]||Полесск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Polevskoy]]||Полевской||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast|Polyarny]]||Полярный||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Polyarnye Zori]]||Полярные Зори||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Polysayevo]]||Полысаево||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Porkhov]]||Порхов||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Poronaysk]]||Поронайск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Poshekhonye]]||Пошехонье||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Povorino]]||Поворино||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pravdinsk]]||Правдинск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast|Primorsk]]||Приморск||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Primorsko-Akhtarsk]]||Приморско-Ахтарск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Priozersk]]||Приозерск||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Privolzhsk]]||Приволжск||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Prokhladny]]||Прохладный||[[Kabardino-Balkarie]]
|-
|[[Prokopyevsk]]||Прокопьевск||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Proletarsk, Rostov Oblast|Proletarsk]]||Пролетарск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Protvino]]||Протвино||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pskov]]||Псков||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Puchezh]]||Пучеж||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pudozh]]||Пудож||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Pugachyov]]||Пугачев||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pushchino]]||Пущино||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pushkin, Saunt Petersburg|Pushkin]]||Пушкин||[[Saunt Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Pushkino, Moscow Oblast|Pushkino]]||Пушкино||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pustoshka, Pustoshkinsky Destrict, Pskov Oblast|Pustoshka]]||Пустошка||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pyatigorsk]]||Пятигорск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Pytalovo]]||Пыталово||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Pyt-Yakh]]||Пыть-Ях||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Raduzhny, Vladimir Oblast|Raduzhny]]||Радужный||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Raduzhny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Raduzhny]]||Радужный||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Ramenskoye, Moscow Oblast|Ramenskoye]]||Раменское||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rasskazovo]]||Рассказово||[[Tambov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Raychikhinsk]]||Райчихинск||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Reutov]]||Реутов||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Revda, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Revda]]||Ревда||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rezh]]||Реж||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rodniki, Ivanovo Oblast|Rodniki]]||Родники||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Roshal (toun)|Roshal]]||Рошаль||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Roslavl]]||Рославль||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rossosh]]||Россошь||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rostov]]||Ростов||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rostov-on-Don]]||Ростов-на-Дону||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rtishchevo]]||Ртищево||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rubtsovsk]]||Рубцовск||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Rudnya, Rudnyansky Destrict, Smolensk Oblast|Rudnya]]||Рудня||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ruza, Ruzsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Ruza]]||Руза||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ruzayevka]]||Рузаевка||[[Mordovia]]
|-
|[[Ryazan]]||Рязань||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ryazhsk]]||Ряжск||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rybinsk]]||Рыбинск||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rybnoye, Ryazan Oblast|Rybnoye]]||Рыбное||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rylsk, Roushie|Rylsk]]||Рыльск||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Rzhev]]||Ржев||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Safonovo, Safonovsky Destrict, Smolensk Oblast|Safonovo]]||Сафоново||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Saunt Petersburg]]||Санкт-Петербург||[[Saunt Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Salair (toun)|Salair]]||Салаир||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Salavat, Roushie|Salavat]]||Салават||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Salekhard]]||Салехард||[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Salsk]]||Сальск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Samara, Roushie|Samara]]||Самара||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Saransk]]||Саранск||[[Mordovia]]
|-
|[[Sarapul]]||Сарапул||[[Udmurtia]]
|-
|[[Saratov]]||Саратов||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sarov]]||Саров||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sasovo, Ryazan Oblast|Sasovo]]||Сасово||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Satka]]||Сатка||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sayanogorsk]]||Саяногорск||[[Khakassie]]
|-
|[[Sayansk]]||Саянск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sebezh]]||Себеж||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Segezha]]||Сегежа||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Seltso]]||Сельцо||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Semikarakorsk]]||Семикаракорск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Semiluki]]||Семилуки||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Semyonov]]||Семёнов||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sengiley]]||Сенгилей||[[Ulyanovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Serafimovich]]||Серафимович||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Serdobsk]]||Сердобск||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sergach]]||Сергач||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sergiyev Posad]]||Сергиев Посад||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Serov (toun)|Serov]]||Серов||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Serpukhov]]||Серпухов||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sertolovo]]||Сертолово||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sestroretsk]]||Сестрорецк||[[Saunt Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Severobaykalsk]]||Северобайкальск||[[Buryatie]]
|-
|[[Severodvinsk]]||Северодвинск||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Severo-Kurilsk]]||Северо-Курильск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Severomorsk]]||Североморск||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Severouralsk]]||Североуральск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Seversk]]||Северск||[[Tomsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sevsk]]||Севск||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shadrinsk]]||Шадринск||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shagonar]]||Шагонар||[[Tuva]]
|-
|[[Shakhtyorsk]]||Шахтерск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shakhty]]||Шахты||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shakhunya]]||Шахунья||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shali, Chechnie|Shali]]||Шали||[[Chechnie]]
|-
|[[Sharya]]||Шарья||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sharypovo]]||Шарыпово||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Shatsk, Roushie|Shatsk]]||Шацк||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shatura]]||Шатура||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shcherbinka]]||Щербинка||[[Moscow]]
|-
|[[Shchigry, Kursk Oblast|Shchigry]]||Щигры||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shchuchye, Shchuchansky Destrict, Kurgan Oblast|Shchuchye]]||Щучье||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shchyokino]]||Щёкино||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shchyolkovo]]||Щёлково||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shebekino]]||Шебекино||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shelekhov]]||Шелехов||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shenkursk]]||Шенкурск||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shikhany]]||Шиханы||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shilka (toun)|Shilka]]||Шилка||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Shimanovsk]]||Шимановск||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shlisselburg]]||Шлиссельбург||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shumerlya]]||Шумерля||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Shumikha, Kurgan Oblast|Shumikha]]||Шумиха||[[Kurgan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast|Shuya]]||Шуя||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sibay]]||Сибай||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Sim]]||Сим||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Skopin]]||Скопин||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Skovorodino]]||Сковородино||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast|Slantsy]]||Сланцы||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Slavgorod]]||Славгород||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Slavsk]]||Славск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Slavyansk-na-Kubani]]||Славянск-на-Кубани||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Slobodskoy, Kirov Oblast|Slobodskoy]]||Слободской||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Slyudyanka]]||Слюдянка||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Smolensk]]||Смоленск||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Snezhinsk]]||Снежинск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast|Snezhnogorsk]]||Снежногорск||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sobinka]]||Собинка||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sochi]]||Сочи||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Sokol, Vologda Oblast|Sokol]]||Сокол||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sokolniki, Tula Oblast|Sokolniki]]||Сокольники||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Soligalich]]||Солигалич||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Solikamsk]]||Соликамск||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Sol-Iletsk]]||Соль-Илецк||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Solnechnogorsk]]||Солнечногорск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Soltsy]]||Сольцы||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Solvychegodsk]]||Сольвычегодск||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sorochinsk]]||Сорочинск||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sorsk]]||Сорск||[[Khakassia]]
|-
|[[Sortavala]]||Сортавала||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Sosensky]]||Сосенский||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sosnogorsk]]||Сосногорск||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Sosnovka, Kirov Oblast|Sosnovka]]||Сосновка||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sosnovoborsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Sosnovoborsk]]||Сосновоборск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast|Sosnovy Bor]]||Сосновый Бор||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Sovetsk]]||Советск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sovetsk, Kirov Oblast|Sovetsk]]||Советск||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sovetsk, Tula Oblast|Sovetsk]]||Советск||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sovetskaya Gavan]]||Советская Гавань||[[Khabarovsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Sovetsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Sovetsky]]||Советский||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Spas-Demensk]]||Спас-Деменск||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Spas-Klepiki]]||Спас-Клепики||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Spassk, Penza Oblast|Spassk]]||Спасск||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Spassk-Dalny]]||Спасск-Дальний||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Spassk-Ryazansky]]||Спасск-Рязанский||[[Ryazan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Srednekolymsk]]||Среднеколымск||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Sredneuralsk]]||Среднеуральск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sretensk]]||Сретенск||[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Staraya Kupavna]]||Старая Купавна||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Staraya Russa]]||Старая Русса||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Staritsa]]||Старица||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Starodub]]||Стародуб||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Stary Oskol]]||Старый Оскол||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Stavropol]]||Ставрополь||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Sterlitamak]]||Стерлитамак||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Strezhevoy]]||Стрежевой||[[Tomsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Stroitel, Belgorod Oblast|Stroitel]]||Строитель||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Strunino]]||Струнино||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Stupino, Stupinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Stupino]]||Ступино||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sudogda]]||Судогда||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sudzha, Kursk Oblast|Sudzha]]||Суджа||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sukhinichi]]||Сухиничи||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sukhoy Log, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sukhoy Log]]||Сухой Лог||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Suoyarvi]]||Суоярви||[[Republic o Karelie|Karelie]]
|-
|[[Surazh]]||Сураж||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Surgut]]||Сургут||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Surovikino]]||Суровикино||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sursk]]||Сурск||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Susuman]]||Сусуман||[[Magadan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Suvorov, Tula Oblast|Suvorov]]||Суворов||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Suzdal]]||Суздаль||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Svetlogorsk]]||Светлогорск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Svetlograd]]||Светлоград||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast|Svetly]]||Светлый||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Svetogorsk]]||Светогорск||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Svirsk]]||Свирск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Svobodny, Amur Oblast|Svobodny]]||Свободный||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Syasstroy]]||Сясьстрой||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Sychyovka, Sychyovsky Destrict, Smolensk Oblast|Sychyovka]]||Сычёвка||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Syktyvkar]]||Сыктывкар||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Sysert]]||Сысерть||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Syzran]]||Сызрань||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Taganrog]]||Таганрог||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Taldom]]||Талдом||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Talitsa, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Talitsa]]||Талица||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tambov]]||Тамбов||[[Tambov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tara, Omsk Oblast|Tara]]||Тара||[[Omsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tarko-Sale]]||Тарко-Сале||[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Tarusa]]||Таруса||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tashtagol]]||Таштагол||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tatarsk, Novosibirsk Oblast|Tatarsk]]||Татарск||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tavda]]||Тавда||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tayga]]||Тайга||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tayshet]]||Тайшет||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Teberda]]||Теберда||[[Karachay-Cherkessie]]
|-
|[[Temnikov]]||Темников||[[Mordovie]]
|-
|[[Temryuk]]||Темрюк||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Terek (toun)|Terek]]||Терек||[[Kabardino-Balkarie]]
|-
|[[Tetyushi]]||Тетюши||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Teykovo]]||Тейково||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tikhoretsk]]||Тихорецк||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Tikhvin]]||Тихвин||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Timashyovsk]]||Тимашёвск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Tobolsk]]||Тобольск||[[Tyumen Oblast]]
|-
|[[Toguchin]]||Тогучин||[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tolyatti]]||Тольятти||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tomari, Roushie|Tomari]]||Томари||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tommot]]||Томмот||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Tomsk]]||Томск||[[Tomsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Topki]]||Топки||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Toropets]]||Торопец||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Torzhok]]||Торжок||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tosno]]||Тосно||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Totma]]||Тотьма||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Troitsk, Moscow|Troitsk]]||Троицк||[[Moscow]]
|-
|[[Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Troitsk]]||Троицк||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Trubchevsk]]||Трубчевск||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tryokhgorny]]||Трёхгорный||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tsimlyansk]]||Цимлянск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tsivilsk]]||Цивильск||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Tuapse]]||Туапсе||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Tula, Roushie|Tula]]||Тула||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tulun]]||Тулун||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Turan, Tuva|Turan]]||Туран||[[Tuva]]
|-
|[[Turinsk]]||Туринск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tutayev]]||Тутаев||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tuymazy]]||Туймазы||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Tver]]||Тверь||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tynda]]||Тында||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tyrnyauz]]||Тырныауз||[[Kabardino-Balkarie]]
|-
|[[Tyukalinsk]]||Тюкалинск||[[Omsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Tyumen]]||Тюмень||[[Tyumen Oblast]]
|-
|[[Uchaly (toun)|Uchaly]]||Учалы||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Udachny]]||Удачный||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Udomlya]]||Удомля||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ufa]]||Уфа||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Uglegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast|Uglegorsk]]||Углегорск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Uglich]]||Углич||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ukhta]]||Ухта||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Ulan-Ude]]||Улан-Удэ||[[Buryatie]]
|-
|[[Ulyanovsk]]||Ульяновск||[[Ulyanovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Unecha]]||Унеча||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Uray]]||Урай||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Uren, Roushie|Uren]]||Урень||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Urus-Martan]]||Урус-Мартан||[[Chechnie]]
|-
|[[Uryupinsk]]||Урюпинск||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Urzhum]]||Уржум||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Usinsk]]||Усинск||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Usman, Russia|Usman]]||Усмань||[[Lipetsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Usolye, Usolsky Destrict, Perm Krai|Usolye]]||Усолье||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Usolye-Sibirskoye]]||Усолье-Сибирское||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ussuriysk]]||Уссурийск||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Ust-Dzheguta]]||Усть-Джегута||[[Karachay-Cherkessie]]
|-
|[[Ust-Ilimsk]]||Усть-Илимск||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ust-Katav]]||Усть-Катав||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ust-Kut]]||Усть-Кут||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Ust-Labinsk]]||Усть-Лабинск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Ustyuzhna]]||Устюжна||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Uvarovo, Tambov Oblast|Uvarovo]]||Уварово||[[Tambov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Uyar]]||Уяр||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Uzhur]]||Ужур||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Uzlovaya]]||Узловая||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Valday, Novgorod Oblast|Valday]]||Валдай||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Valuyki, Belgorod Oblast|Valuyki]]||Валуйки||[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Velikiye Luki]]||Великие Луки||[[Pskov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Veliky Novgorod]]||Великий Новгород||[[Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Veliky Ustyug]]||Великий Устюг||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Velizh]]||Велиж||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Velsk]]||Вельск||[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Venyov]]||Венёв||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vereshchagino, Vereshchaginsky Destrict, Perm Krai|Vereshchagino]]||Верещагино||[[Perm Krai]]
|-
|[[Vereya]]||Верея||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Verkhneuralsk]]||Верхнеуральск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Verkhny Tagil]]||Верхний Тагил||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Verkhny Ufaley]]||Верхний Уфалей||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Verkhnyaya Pyshma]]||Верхняя Пышма||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Verkhnyaya Salda]]||Верхняя Салда||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Verkhnyaya Tura]]||Верхняя Тура||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Verkhoturye]]||Верхотурье||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Verkhoyansk]]||Верхоянск||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Vesyegonsk]]||Весьегонск||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vetluga]]||Ветлуга||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vichuga]]||Вичуга||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast|Vidnoye]]||Видное||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vikhorevka]]||Вихоревка||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vilyuchinsk]]||Вилючинск||[[Kamchatka Krai]]
|-
|[[Vilyuysk]]||Вилюйск||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Vladikavkaz]]||Владикавказ||[[North Ossetie-Alanie]]
|-
|[[Vladimir]]||Владимир||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vladivostok]]||Владивосток||[[Primorsky Krai]]
|-
|[[Volchansk]]||Волчанск||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volgodonsk]]||Волгодонск||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volgograd]]||Волгоград||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volgorechensk]]||Волгореченск||[[Kostroma Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volkhov]]||Волхов||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volodarsk, Roushie|Volodarsk]]||Володарск||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vologda]]||Вологда||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volokolamsk]]||Волоколамск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volosovo, Volosovsky Destrict, Leningrad Oblast|Volosovo]]||Волосово||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volsk]]||Вольск||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Volzhsk]]||Волжск||[[Mari El]]
|-
|[[Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast|Volzhsky]]||Волжский||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vorkuta]]||Воркута||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Voronezh]]||Воронеж||[[Voronezh Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vorsma]]||Ворсма||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast|Voskresensk]]||Воскресенск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Votkinsk]]||Воткинск||[[Udmurtie]]
|-
|[[Vsevolozhsk]]||Всеволожск||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vuktyl]]||Вуктыл||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Vyatskiye Polyany]]||Вятские Поляны||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Krai|Vyazemsky]]||Вяземский||[[Khabarovsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Vyazma]]||Вязьма||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vyazniki]]||Вязники||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vyborg]]||Выборг||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vyksa]]||Выкса||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vyshny Volochyok]]||Вышний Волочёк||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vysokovsk]]||Высоковск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vysotsk]]||Высоцк||[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Vytegra]]||Вытегра||[[Vologda Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yadrin]]||Ядрин||[[Chuvashie]]
|-
|[[Yakhroma]]||Яхрома||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yakutsk]]||Якутск||[[Sakha Republic]]
|-
|[[Yalutorovsk]]||Ялуторовск||[[Tyumen Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yanaul]]||Янаул||[[Bashkortostan]]
|-
|[[Yaransk]]||Яранск||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yaroslavl]]||Ярославль||[[Yaroslavl Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yarovoye]]||Яровое||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Yartsevo, Smolensk Oblast|Yartsevo]]||Ярцево||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yasnogorsk, Tula Oblast|Yasnogorsk]]||Ясногорск||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yasny, Orenburg Oblast|Yasny]]||Ясный||[[Orenburg Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yefremov (town)|Yefremov]]||Ефремов||[[Tula Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yegoryevsk]]||Егорьевск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yekaterinburg]]||Екатеринбург||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yelabuga]]||Елабуга||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Yelets]]||Елец||[[Lipetsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yelizovo]]||Елизово||[[Kamchatka Krai]]
|-
|[[Yelnya, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast|Yelnya]]||Ельня||[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yemanzhelinsk]]||Еманжелинск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yemva]]||Емва||[[Komi Republic]]
|-
|[[Yeniseysk]]||Енисейск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Yershov, Saratov Oblast|Yershov]]||Ершов||[[Saratov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yessentuki]]||Ессентуки||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Yeysk]]||Ейск||[[Krasnodar Krai]]
|-
|[[Yoshkar-Ola]]||Йошкар-Ола||[[Mari El]]
|-
|[[Yubileyny, Moscow Oblast|Yubileyny]]||Юбилейный||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yugorsk]]||Югорск||[[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
|-
|[[Yukhnov]]||Юхнов||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yurga]]||Юрга||[[Kemerovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yuryevets, Ivanovo Oblast|Yuryevets]]||Юрьевец||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yuryev-Polsky (town)|Yuryev-Polsky]]||Юрьев-Польский||[[Vladimir Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yuryuzan, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Yuryuzan]]||Юрюзань||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yuzha]]||Южа||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]]||Южно-Сахалинск||[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|-
|[[Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk]]||Южно-Сухокумск||[[Dagestan]]
|-
|[[Yuzhnouralsk]]||Южноуральск||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zadonsk]]||Задонск||[[Lipetsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zainsk]]||Заинск||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Zakamensk]]||Закаменск||[[Buryatie]]
|-
|[[Zaozyorny, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Zaozyorny]]||Заозёрный||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Zaozyorsk]]||Заозёрск||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zapadnaya Dvina]]||Западная Двина||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast|Zapolyarny]]||Заполярный||[[Murmansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zaraysk]]||Зарайск||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zarechny, Penza Oblast|Zarechny]]||Заречный||[[Penza Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Zarechny]]||Заречный||[[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zarinsk]]||Заринск||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Zavitinsk]]||Завитинск||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zavodoukovsk]]||Заводоуковск||[[Tyumen Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zavolzhsk]]||Заволжск||[[Ivanovo Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zavolzhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Zavolzhye]]||Заволжье||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zelenodolsk, Russia|Zelenodolsk]]||Зеленодольск||[[Tatarstan]]
|-
|[[Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Zelenogorsk]]||Зеленогорск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Zelenogorsk, Saunt Petersburg|Zelenogorsk]]||Зеленогорск||[[Saunt Petersburg]]
|-
|[[Zelenograd]]||Зеленоград||[[Moscow]]
|-
|[[Zelenogradsk]]||Зеленоградск||[[Kaliningrad Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zelenokumsk]]||Зеленокумск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Zernograd]]||Зерноград||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zeya, Roushie|Zeya]]||Зея||[[Amur Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Oblast|Zheleznodorozhny]]||Железнодорожный||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Zheleznogorsk]]||Железногорск||[[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
|-
|[[Zheleznogorsk, Kursk Oblast|Zheleznogorsk]]||Железногорск||[[Kursk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky]]||Железногорск-Илимский||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zheleznovodsk]]||Железноводск||[[Stavropol Krai]]
|-
|[[Zherdevka]]||Жердевка||[[Tambov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zhigulyovsk]]||Жигулёвск||[[Samara Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zhirnovsk]]||Жирновск||[[Volgograd Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zhizdra]]||Жиздра||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zhukov, Kaluga Oblast|Zhukov]]||Жуков||[[Kaluga Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zhukovka]]||Жуковка||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast|Zhukovsky]]||Жуковский||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zima (toun)|Zima]]||Зима||[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zlatoust]]||Златоуст||[[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zlynka]]||Злынка||[[Bryansk Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zmeinogorsk]]||Змеиногорск||[[Altai Krai]]
|-
|[[Znamensk, Astrakhan Oblast|Znamensk]]||Знаменск||[[Astrakhan Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zubtsov]]||Зубцов||[[Tver Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zuyevka, Kirov Oblast|Zuyevka]]||Зуевка||[[Kirov Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zvenigorod]]||Звенигород||[[Moscow Oblast]]
|-
|[[Zvenigovo]]||Звенигово||[[Mari El]]
|-
|[[Zverevo]]||Зверево||[[Rostov Oblast]]
|}

==See an aw==
*[[Teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie]]
*[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Roushie bi population]]
*[[Leet o renamit ceeties an touns in Roushie]]
*[[Leet o ceeties in Asie]]
*[[Leet o ceeties in Europe]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/abc/001.htm List of all places in Russia (2002 census)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051017020444/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/abc/001.htm |date=2005-10-17 }}
*[http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls Russian places with 2002 census population data (Excel file)]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025233850/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls |date=2017-10-25 }}

[[Category:Leets o ceeties bi kintra|Russia, List of cities in]]
[[Category:Ceeties an touns in Roushie| ]]
[[Category:Roushie geography-related lists|Cities and towns]]
[[Category:Leets o ceeties in Europe|Russia]]
[[Category:Leets o ceeties in Roushie|*]]</text>
      <sha1>obkyabrm7dboo1bwerd1dp8354evz6x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sound Loaded</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869226</id>
      <parentid>859398</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:46:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18786" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox album|
| name       = Sound Loaded
| type       = studio
| artist     = [[Ricky Martin]]
| cover      =
| alt        =
| released   = {{Start date|2000|11|14|df=yes}}
| recorded   = Mey 29—October 2000
| venue      =
| studio     =
| genre      = [[Latin pop]], [[pop rock]], [[dance-pop]], [[warld muisic]]
| length     =
| label      = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| producer   = [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Draco Rosa]],&lt;br&gt; [[Desmond Child]], [[Emilio Estefan]],&lt;br&gt; [[George Noriega]], Randall Barlow,&lt;br&gt; Steve Morales, [[:en:Mark Taylor (producer)|Mark Taylor]], [[K.C. Porter]]
| prev_title = [[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|Ricky Martin]]
| prev_year  = 1999
| next_title = [[La Historia (Ricky Martin album)|La Historia]]
| next_year  = 2001
| misc       = {{Singles
 | name        = Sound Loaded
 | type        = Studio album
 | single1     = [[She Bangs]]
 | single1date = 19 September 2000
 | single2     = [[Nobody Wants to Be Lonely]]
 | single2date = 9 Januar 2001
 | single3     = [[:en:Loaded (Ricky Martin song)|Loaded]]
 | single3date = 7 Aprile 2001
}}
}}
{{Album reviews
|rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
|rev1score = {{rating|3.5|5}}&lt;ref&gt;[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r662598|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic review]&lt;/ref&gt;
|rev2 = [[Slant Magazine]]
|rev2score = {{rating|3|5}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=123 Slant Magazine review]&lt;/ref&gt;
|rev3 = [[Yahoo! Music]]
|rev3score = {{rating|7|10}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/l_reviews_a/16684.html/ Yahoo! Music review]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''''Sound Loaded''''' is the saxth album bi the [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] sangster [[Ricky Martin]], released bi [[Columbia Records]] on 14 November 2000. The album haes been creditit wi warldwide sales o ower aicht million copies an went Multi-Platinum in the Unitit States an several ither territories. This album is Martin's fowert mercatitd in the US, an is his seicont album in Inglis. It includes the hit singles &quot;[[She Bangs]]&quot; an &quot;[[Nobody Wants to Be Lonely]]&quot;.

When &quot;Nobody Wants to Be Lonely&quot; wis released as the album's seicont single, it wis turned intae a [[duet]] atween Martin an [[Christina Aguilera]]. Durin the single's release, the album wis sauld thegither wi the single, as Aguilera does no featur on the album version o the sang. Later shipments o the album featured the Aguilera duet in a slichtly different trackleet.

==Chairt performance==
The album haes sauld ower aicht million copies, warldwide.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sonymusic.pl/zespol_1210.html Ricky Martin Biography - Sony Music Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223095913/http://www.sonymusic.pl/zespol_1210.html |date=2011-02-23 }}. Retrieved January 26, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; That nummer includes 1,679,000 copies sauld in the Unitit States.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Pg8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=cs&amp;source=gbs_v2_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true ''Billboard'' issue dated November 4, 2006]. Retrieved January 26, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-what-the-forget-is-going-on-1005015692.story#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-what-the-forget-is-going-on-1005015692.story?page=2|title=Ask Billboard - Viva la 'Vida' singer|date=2011-01-28|accessdate=2011-01-28|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|archive-date=2012-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110031926/http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-what-the-forget-is-going-on-1005015692.story#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-what-the-forget-is-going-on-1005015692.story?page=2|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Sound Loaded'' peakit inside top ten in various kintras, includin nummer three in Australie, Spain, Canadae an Swaden, nummer fower in the Unitit States (317,000 copies sauld in the first week)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425504/beatles-top-sade-ricky-martin-offspring-on-chart.jhtml Beatles Top Sade, Ricky Martin, Offspring On Chart]. Retrieved January 27, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; an Swisserland, nummer nine in New Zealand, an nummer ten in Italy. In the Unitit Kinrick, it reached nummer fowerteen.

The album wis certifeed 3&amp;times; Platinum in Canadae, 2&amp;times; Platinum in the Unitit States, Spain an Australie, an Platinum an Gowd in mony ither kintras. Efter sellin ane million copies in Europe, it wis certifee'd Platinum bi the [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]].

The lead single, &quot;[[She Bangs]]&quot; reached nummer ane in Italy, Swaden, an on the [[Hot Latin Songs]]. The follae-up single, &quot;[[Nobody Wants to Be Lonely]]&quot; (duet wi [[Christina Aguilera]]) peakit at nummer ane in New Zealand, an the Spainyie-leid solo version, cried &quot;Sólo Quiero Amarte&quot; toppit the Hot Latin Songs for fower weeks.

==Track leetin==
{{Track listing
| extra_column    = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| title1          = [[She Bangs]]
| writer1         = [[Desmond Child]], [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Draco Rosa]], [[Glenn Monroig]], Julia Sierra, Danny López
| extra1          = Afanasieff, Rosa
| length1         = 4:41
| title2          = Saint Tropez
| writer2         = Child, Rosa
| extra2          = Child
| length2         = 4:48
| title3          = [[:en:Come to Me (Ricky Martin song)|Come to Me]]
| writer3         = Rosa, David Resnik, James Goodwin
| extra3          = [[Emilio Estefan]], Noriega
| length3         = 4:33
| title4          = [[:en:Loaded (Ricky Martin song)|Loaded]]
| writer4         = [[Jon Secada]], Rosa, [[George Noriega]]
| extra4          = Estefan, Rosa, Noriega
| length4         = 3:53
| title5          = [[Nobody Wants to Be Lonely]]
| writer5         = Child, [[Victoria Shaw (sangster)|Victoria Shaw]], [[Gary Burr]]
| extra5          = Child
| length5         = 5:05
| title6          = [[:en:Amor (Ricky Martin song)|Amor]]
| writer6         = Rosa, Randall Barlow, Liza Quintana
| extra6          = Estefan, Rosa, Barlow
| length6         = 3:27
| title7          = Jezabel
| writer7         = Child, Peter Amato
| extra7          = Child
| length7         = 3:49
| title8          = The Touch
| writer8         = [[Diane Warren]], Child
| extra8          = Child
| length8         = 4:27
| title9          = One Night Man
| writer9         = Secada, Steve Morales, [[:en:David Siegel (musician)|David Siegel]], Manny López, [[Kara DioGuardi]] 
| extra9          = Estefan, Morales
| length9         = 3:49
| title10         = She Bangs
| note10           =Spainyie version
| writer10         = Child, Afanasieff, Rosa, Monroig, Sierra, D. López
| extra10          = Afanasieff, Rosa
| length10         = 4:36
| title11          = [[Are You in It for Love]]
| writer11         = Child, [[:en:Paul Barry (songwriter)|Paul Barry]]
| extra11          = Taylor
| length11         = 4:06
| title12          = Ven a Mí (Come tae Me)
| writer12         = Rosa, D. López, Resnik, Goodwin
| extra12          = Estefan, Noriega
| length12         = 4:33
| title13          = If You Ever Saw Her
| writer13         = [[:en:Mark Taylor (producer)|Mark Taylor]], Barry
| extra13          = Taylor
| length13         = 3:50
| title14          = [[:en:Loaded (Ricky Martin song)|Dame Más]] (Loaded)
| writer14         = Secada, Rosa, Noriega, Robert Blades, Ricardo Gaitán, Alberto Gaitán
| extra14          = Estefan, Rosa, Noriega
| length14         = 3:53
| title15          = Cambia la Piel
| writer15         = Pau Donés
| extra15          = [[K.C. Porter]]
| length15         = 5:13
}}

==Chairts an certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
===Chairts===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Chairt (2000)
!Peak&lt;br /&gt;position
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;&gt;[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ricky+Martin&amp;titel=Sound+Loaded&amp;cat=a Peak positions]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|23
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ultratop|Belgian Flanders Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|32
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ultratop|Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|50
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard&quot;&gt;[http://www.billboard.com/album/ricky-martin/sound-loaded/451432#/album/ricky-martin/sound-loaded/451432 ''Billboard'' peak positions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110021807/http://www.billboard.com/album/ricky-martin/sound-loaded/451432#/album/ricky-martin/sound-loaded/451432 |date=2012-11-10 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tracklisten|Danish Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|13
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[MegaCharts|Dutch Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|38
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Finland's Official List|Finnish Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|11
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|46
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/MARTIN%2CRICKY/?type=longplay Longplay-Chartverfolgung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922085046/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/MARTIN%2CRICKY/?type=longplay |date=2013-09-22 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|17
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Albums Chart]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&amp;menu2=archivum&amp;lista=top40&amp;ev=2000&amp;het=47&amp;submit_=Keresés Hungarian Albums Chart]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|21
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Irish Albums Chart]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&amp;ct=240002&amp;arch=t&amp;lyr=2000&amp;year=2000&amp;week=46 Irish Albums Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816143254/http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&amp;ct=240002&amp;arch=t&amp;lyr=2000&amp;year=2000&amp;week=46 |date=2016-08-16 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|38
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|Italian Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|10
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Oricon|Japanese Albums Chart]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/178059/ranking/cd_album/ Ricky Martin albums sales ranking]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|11
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|9
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|11
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Polish Music Charts|Polish Albums Chart]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=6&amp;lang=en Polish Albums Chart]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|17
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Productores de Música de España|Spanish Albums Chart]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://afyvecharts.blogspot.com/2007/08/2000-albumes-2-parte.html Spanish Albums Chart]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hung&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|4
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[UK Albums Chart]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/ricky%20martin/ Top 75 Releases]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|14
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Billboard 200|US ''Billboard'' 200]]&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard&quot;/&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|4
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end chairts===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Chairt (2000)
! Position
|-
|Australian Albums Chart&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2000.htm|title=ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Albums 2000|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|26
|-
|Finnish Albums Chart&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/myydyimmat/2000/ulkomaiset/albumit|title=Myydyimmät ulkomaiset albumit vuonna 2000|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=IFPI Finland}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|106
|-
|Swiss Albums Chart&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2000|title=Swiss Year-end charts 2000|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|71
|-
! Chairt (2001)
! Position
|-
|Swedish Albums Chart&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=83&amp;dfom=20010001&amp;newi=0&amp;height=420&amp;platform=Win32&amp;browser=MSIE&amp;navi=no&amp;subframe=Mainframe|title=Årslista Album - År 2001|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening|archive-date=2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719010330/http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=83&amp;dfom=20010001&amp;newi=0&amp;height=420&amp;platform=Win32&amp;browser=MSIE&amp;navi=no&amp;subframe=Mainframe|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|34
|-
|Swiss Albums Chart&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2001|title=Swiss Year-end charts 2001|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|100
|-
|UK Albums Chart&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2001.pdf|title=The Official UK Albums Chart 2001|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|134
|-
|US ''Billboard'' 200&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sBIEAAAAMBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=pl&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=The Year in Music 2001 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2011-04-19|date=2001-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|48
|}
{{col-end}}

===Certifications===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Kintra
![[Leet o muisic recordin certifications|Certification]]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|Argentinae]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Gold&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&amp;PerDesde_AA=0&amp;PerHasta_MM=0&amp;PerHasta_AA=0&amp;interprete=ricky+martin&amp;album=&amp;LanDesde_MM=0&amp;LanDesde_AA=0&amp;LanHasta_MM=0&amp;LanHasta_AA=0&amp;Galardon=O&amp;Tipo=0&amp;ACCION2=+Buscar+&amp;ACCION=Buscar&amp;CO=5&amp;CODOP=ESOP Discos de oro y platino]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australie]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2&amp;times; Platinum&lt;ref&gt;[http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2001.htm Accreditations]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|Canadae]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3&amp;times; Platinum&lt;ref&gt;[http://cria.ca/gold/0101_g.php Canadian Certifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407091328/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0101_g.php |date=2012-04-07 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Europe]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Platinum&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/plat2000.html IFPI Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308040204/http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/plat2000.html |date=2012-03-08 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Finland]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Gold&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/kultalevyt/haku/?q=ricky%20martin&amp;national=0&amp;type=album Finnish certifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005032602/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/kultalevyt/haku/?q=ricky%20martin&amp;national=0&amp;type=album |date=2013-10-05 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Germany]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Gold&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/ Gold-/Platin-Datenbank]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|Mexico]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Platinum + Gold&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=ricky+martin&amp;titulo=&amp;disquera=&amp;certificacion=todas&amp;anio=todos&amp;categoria=todas&amp;Submitted=Buscar&amp;item=menuCert&amp;contenido=buscar Certificaciones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309125154/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=ricky+martin&amp;titulo=&amp;disquera=&amp;certificacion=todas&amp;anio=todos&amp;categoria=todas&amp;Submitted=Buscar&amp;item=menuCert&amp;contenido=buscar |date=2014-03-09 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Platinum&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp Top 40 Albums Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728094028/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |date=2009-07-28 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Norawa]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Gold&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm Søk i troféer]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Polish Music Charts|Poland]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Gold&lt;ref&gt;[http://zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php?lang=2 Polish certifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225134651/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php?lang=2 |date=2012-02-25 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Productores de Música de España|Spain]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2&amp;times; Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|accessdate=2011-01-26|edition=1st |date=Sep 2005|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Swaden]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Platinum&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725093642/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-20011.pdf År 2001]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Swisserland]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Gold&lt;ref&gt;[http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2000 Awards 2000]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[British Phonographic Industry|Unitit Kinrick]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Platinum&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx Certified awards search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006162141/https://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |date=2017-10-06 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Recording Industry Association of America|Unitit States]] 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2&amp;times; Platinum&lt;ref&gt;[http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH Gold &amp; Platinum: Searchable Database]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Ricky Martin}}
{{Ricky Martin singles}}

[[Category:2000 albums]]
[[Category:Ricky Martin albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]</text>
      <sha1>fckyur09iuyhop4tdobk8oyp1v1ojvi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abovyan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869262</id>
      <parentid>822848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:35:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7058" xml:space="preserve">:''For the veelage in Ararat Province, see [[Abovyan, Ararat]].''

{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- Basic info--&gt;
|official_name = Abovyan &lt;br /&gt; Աբովյան
|name_local =  Աբովյան

|image_skyline = Abovyan city, Armenia.JPG
|image_caption = Abovyan as viewed frae [[Nor Hachn]]
|pushpin_map            = Armenia
|mapsize                =150px
&lt;!-- Location--&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{ARM}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz]] (province)
|subdivision_name1      = [[Kotayk Province|Kotayk]]

&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|leader_title           = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name            = Vahagn Gevorgyan
|established_title      = Established
|established_date       = 1963

&lt;!-- Area and population --&gt;
|area_total_km2           = 7
|area_footnotes           =
|population_as_of         =  2011
|population_total         = 46825
|population_density_km2   = 6643

&lt;!-- General information --&gt;
|timezone               = [[UTC]]
|utc_offset             = +4
|timezone_DST           = DST
|utc_offset_DST         = +5
|coordinates            = {{coord|40|16|26|N|44|37|32|E|region:AM|display=inline}}
|elevation_m            = 1450

&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; related --&gt;
|area_code              = (+374)222
|website                = [http://www.abovyan.com Abovyan portal]
|footnotes = Sources: Population &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf Armstats:Population] {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5vfeURVt2|date =2011-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Abovyan''' or '''Abovian''' ({{lang-hy|Աբովյան}}) is a ceety in [[Armenie]] in the province o [[Kotayk Province|Kotayk]]. It is locatit 15&amp;nbsp;km northeast o [[Yerevan]] an 36&amp;nbsp;km sootheast o the province centre [[Hrazdan]]. In 2009, the estimatit population o the ceety wis 46,000, doun frae 59,000 at the 1989 census. The ceety covers an aurie o 7.08&amp;nbsp;km².

Wi a motorwey an railwey runnin throu it that connects the caipital wi the auries o the northeast, Abovyan is considered a satellite ceety o Yerevan. Tharefore, Abovyan is sometimes referred tae be the &quot;Northren Gate o Yerevan&quot;.

==History==
Abovyan wis foondit in 1963. Till 1961, the sma veelage o &quot;Elar&quot; (pairt o present-day Abovyan) wis the anerly dounset o the aurie. Accordin tae the Armenie historian [[Stepanos Orbelian]] o the 13t century, Elar wis awairdit tae '''Liparit Orbelian''', a noble o [[Orbelian Dynasty]], bi prince '''Atabek Ivane'''. In 1961, the veelage o Elar wis renamit Abovyan in the honour o the Armenie writer [[Khachatur Abovian]], an twa years later, the ceety wis formit at the same pitch.

Durin his researches in 1960, historian &quot;Mesrop Smbatiants&quot; foond king [[Argishti I]]'s [[Urartu|Urartian]] cuneiform which narrates aboot the conquest o '''Daran''' (pre-Urartian name o the present-day Abovyan aurie) o Ulusan kintra. Excavations an foond materials pruivit that the aurie wis inhabitit syne the end o the 4t century BC. Durin the excavations, the remains o a fortress, a cemetery an auld shelters wur foond wi several objects an remnants o three stages o the [[Bronze Age]] an aw.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caa.am/eng/lg.php?section=COMMUNITIES&amp;id=218 Union of Communities of Armenia:Abovyan (Kotayk)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911132434/http://www.caa.am/eng/lg.php?section=COMMUNITIES&amp;id=218 |date=2011-09-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Surb Stepanos ([[Saunt Stephen]]) medieval kirl (renovatit in 1851) lees on a nearbi hill in Elar destrict.

A sma Kurdish commonty lives in Abovyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://abovyan.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1&amp;limit=12&amp;limitstart=60 |title=Abovyan city:Kurdish Community of Abovyan city |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075413/http://abovyan.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1&amp;limit=12&amp;limitstart=60 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geografie==
Abovyan is built on Kotayk plateau atween the rivers o [[Hrazdan River|Hrazdan]], Azat an Getar at a hicht o 1450&amp;nbsp;metres abuin [[sea level]]. It is surroondit wi Geghama [[muntain range]] frae the northwast, Hatis an Gutanasar muntains frae the north, Hrazdan gorge frae the wast an the hichts o Nork frae the sooth. The climate is [[Continental climate|continental]] an dry wi relatively hot simmers an cauld winters.

Thare is a sma lake in the ceety cried &quot;Akna&quot;.

[[Arzni]] toun-resort is locatit anerly 6&amp;nbsp;km wast o Abovyan.

==Economy==
Abovyan is a rather industrialisit ceety. It haes mony well-developit factories amang which are the factories o concrete construction, stane processin an chemical productions. The ceety is hame tae ane o the leadin beer producers in the Armenie mercat, &quot;Kotayk Brewery&quot; which is awned bi '''Castle Group''' synce 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kotayk.am/main.php?lang=en&amp;page=history |title=Kotayk Brewery:History |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2013-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214073835/http://www.kotayk.am/main.php?lang=en&amp;page=history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several companies in Abovyan export the entire volume o their industrial ootput.

==Education an Sports==
[[File:Abovyan city-1.jpg|thumb|View frae the ceety]]
Abovyan haes 10 public education schuils, 9 kindergartens an 2 state intermediate colleges. It is hame tae the Abovyan University namit efter [[Levon Orbeli]] an aw. The ceety hosts 2 significant institutions o science in Armenie: The Republican Hospital o [[tuberculosis]] an the Institute o Biological Microbes o the Naitional Academy o Sciences o Armenie.

Mony cultural centres operate in the ceety, such as the cultural palace o Abovyan, the commonty creative centre o childer an teenagers, the muisical schuil, the airt schuil, the public librar an the museum o Abovyan.

[[FC Kotayk Abovian]] wis ane o the auldest clubs in Armenie. Like ither fitbaa teams in Armenie, FC Kotayk wis forcit tae default frae the Armenie fitbaa league an consequently frae profeesional fitbaa syne 2005, due tae financial crisis. Thare is an impruivit sport schuil-complex in the ceety.

The newly-foondit [[King Delux F.C.]] wur based in Abovyan an played their hame gemmes at [[Abovyan City Stadium]].

==Sister ceeties==
*{{Flagicon|France}} {{flagicon|Rhône-Alpes}} '''[[Villeurbanne]]''', [[Rhône-Alpes]], [[Fraunce]] (syne 1990)
*{{flagicon|Russia}} {{flagicon|Kaliningrad Oblast}} '''[[Kaliningrad]]''', [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Roushie]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{GEOnet2|32FA881E75993774E0440003BA962ED3}}
* {{ArmenianCensus|178}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.abovyan-city.info  Abovyan ceety new wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520205501/http://abovyan-city.info/ |date=2013-05-20 }}
* [http://www.abovyan.com Abovyan ceety wabsteid]
* [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Abovyan_City Abovyan - Armeniapedia.org]

{{Kotayk}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Kotayk Province]]
[[Category:Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1963]]</text>
      <sha1>kuq3zi2uldunnu6mbozx49bymnzk1n3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>869413</id>
      <parentid>869262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T07:25:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7184" xml:space="preserve">:''For the veelage in Ararat Province, see [[Abovyan, Ararat]].''

{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- Basic info--&gt;
|official_name = Abovyan &lt;br /&gt; Աբովյան
|name_local =  Աբովյան

|image_skyline = Abovyan city, Armenia.JPG
|image_caption = Abovyan as viewed frae [[Nor Hachn]]
|pushpin_map            = Armenia
|mapsize                =150px
&lt;!-- Location--&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{ARM}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz]] (province)
|subdivision_name1      = [[Kotayk Province|Kotayk]]

&lt;!-- Politics --&gt;
|leader_title           = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name            = Vahagn Gevorgyan
|established_title      = Established
|established_date       = 1963

&lt;!-- Area and population --&gt;
|area_total_km2           = 7
|area_footnotes           =
|population_as_of         =  2011
|population_total         = 46825
|population_density_km2   = 6643

&lt;!-- General information --&gt;
|timezone               = [[UTC]]
|utc_offset             = +4
|timezone_DST           = DST
|utc_offset_DST         = +5
|coordinates            = {{coord|40|16|26|N|44|37|32|E|region:AM|display=inline}}
|elevation_m            = 1450

&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; related --&gt;
|area_code              = (+374)222
|website                = [http://www.abovyan.com Abovyan portal]
|footnotes = Sources: Population &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf |title=Armstats:Population |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520181449/http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Abovyan''' or '''Abovian''' ({{lang-hy|Աբովյան}}) is a ceety in [[Armenie]] in the province o [[Kotayk Province|Kotayk]]. It is locatit 15&amp;nbsp;km northeast o [[Yerevan]] an 36&amp;nbsp;km sootheast o the province centre [[Hrazdan]]. In 2009, the estimatit population o the ceety wis 46,000, doun frae 59,000 at the 1989 census. The ceety covers an aurie o 7.08&amp;nbsp;km².

Wi a motorwey an railwey runnin throu it that connects the caipital wi the auries o the northeast, Abovyan is considered a satellite ceety o Yerevan. Tharefore, Abovyan is sometimes referred tae be the &quot;Northren Gate o Yerevan&quot;.

==History==
Abovyan wis foondit in 1963. Till 1961, the sma veelage o &quot;Elar&quot; (pairt o present-day Abovyan) wis the anerly dounset o the aurie. Accordin tae the Armenie historian [[Stepanos Orbelian]] o the 13t century, Elar wis awairdit tae '''Liparit Orbelian''', a noble o [[Orbelian Dynasty]], bi prince '''Atabek Ivane'''. In 1961, the veelage o Elar wis renamit Abovyan in the honour o the Armenie writer [[Khachatur Abovian]], an twa years later, the ceety wis formit at the same pitch.

Durin his researches in 1960, historian &quot;Mesrop Smbatiants&quot; foond king [[Argishti I]]'s [[Urartu|Urartian]] cuneiform which narrates aboot the conquest o '''Daran''' (pre-Urartian name o the present-day Abovyan aurie) o Ulusan kintra. Excavations an foond materials pruivit that the aurie wis inhabitit syne the end o the 4t century BC. Durin the excavations, the remains o a fortress, a cemetery an auld shelters wur foond wi several objects an remnants o three stages o the [[Bronze Age]] an aw.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caa.am/eng/lg.php?section=COMMUNITIES&amp;id=218 Union of Communities of Armenia:Abovyan (Kotayk)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911132434/http://www.caa.am/eng/lg.php?section=COMMUNITIES&amp;id=218 |date=2011-09-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Surb Stepanos ([[Saunt Stephen]]) medieval kirl (renovatit in 1851) lees on a nearbi hill in Elar destrict.

A sma Kurdish commonty lives in Abovyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://abovyan.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1&amp;limit=12&amp;limitstart=60 |title=Abovyan city:Kurdish Community of Abovyan city |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075413/http://abovyan.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&amp;Itemid=1&amp;limit=12&amp;limitstart=60 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geografie==
Abovyan is built on Kotayk plateau atween the rivers o [[Hrazdan River|Hrazdan]], Azat an Getar at a hicht o 1450&amp;nbsp;metres abuin [[sea level]]. It is surroondit wi Geghama [[muntain range]] frae the northwast, Hatis an Gutanasar muntains frae the north, Hrazdan gorge frae the wast an the hichts o Nork frae the sooth. The climate is [[Continental climate|continental]] an dry wi relatively hot simmers an cauld winters.

Thare is a sma lake in the ceety cried &quot;Akna&quot;.

[[Arzni]] toun-resort is locatit anerly 6&amp;nbsp;km wast o Abovyan.

==Economy==
Abovyan is a rather industrialisit ceety. It haes mony well-developit factories amang which are the factories o concrete construction, stane processin an chemical productions. The ceety is hame tae ane o the leadin beer producers in the Armenie mercat, &quot;Kotayk Brewery&quot; which is awned bi '''Castle Group''' synce 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kotayk.am/main.php?lang=en&amp;page=history |title=Kotayk Brewery:History |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2013-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214073835/http://www.kotayk.am/main.php?lang=en&amp;page=history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several companies in Abovyan export the entire volume o their industrial ootput.

==Education an Sports==
[[File:Abovyan city-1.jpg|thumb|View frae the ceety]]
Abovyan haes 10 public education schuils, 9 kindergartens an 2 state intermediate colleges. It is hame tae the Abovyan University namit efter [[Levon Orbeli]] an aw. The ceety hosts 2 significant institutions o science in Armenie: The Republican Hospital o [[tuberculosis]] an the Institute o Biological Microbes o the Naitional Academy o Sciences o Armenie.

Mony cultural centres operate in the ceety, such as the cultural palace o Abovyan, the commonty creative centre o childer an teenagers, the muisical schuil, the airt schuil, the public librar an the museum o Abovyan.

[[FC Kotayk Abovian]] wis ane o the auldest clubs in Armenie. Like ither fitbaa teams in Armenie, FC Kotayk wis forcit tae default frae the Armenie fitbaa league an consequently frae profeesional fitbaa syne 2005, due tae financial crisis. Thare is an impruivit sport schuil-complex in the ceety.

The newly-foondit [[King Delux F.C.]] wur based in Abovyan an played their hame gemmes at [[Abovyan City Stadium]].

==Sister ceeties==
*{{Flagicon|France}} {{flagicon|Rhône-Alpes}} '''[[Villeurbanne]]''', [[Rhône-Alpes]], [[Fraunce]] (syne 1990)
*{{flagicon|Russia}} {{flagicon|Kaliningrad Oblast}} '''[[Kaliningrad]]''', [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Roushie]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{GEOnet2|32FA881E75993774E0440003BA962ED3}}
* {{ArmenianCensus|178}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.abovyan-city.info  Abovyan ceety new wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520205501/http://abovyan-city.info/ |date=2013-05-20 }}
* [http://www.abovyan.com Abovyan ceety wabsteid]
* [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Abovyan_City Abovyan - Armeniapedia.org]

{{Kotayk}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Kotayk Province]]
[[Category:Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1963]]</text>
      <sha1>t15pscgodwmpbzctilwiyh0k9bmjnaw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amy Winehouse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869275</id>
      <parentid>857516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7519" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist
| name = Amy Winehouse
| image = AmyWinehouseBerlin2007.jpg
| caption = Amy Winehouse in Berlin in 2007
| alt = Amy Winehouse singin intae a microphone
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Amy Jade Winehouse
| birth_date = {{birth date|1983|9|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Southgate, Lunnon|Southgate]], Lunnon,&lt;br/&gt; Ingland, UK
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|7|23|1983|9|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], Lunnon,&lt;br/&gt;Ingland, UK
| genre = {{hlist|[[Soul muisic|Soul]]|[[Rhythm an blues|R&amp;B]]|[[jazz]]|[[blues]]}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|drums}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|composer|arranger}}
| years_active = 1993–2011
| label = {{hlist|[[Island Records|Island]]|[[Lioness Records|Lioness]]|[[Universal Republic Records|Universal Republic]]|[[Republic Records|Republic]]}}&lt;ref&gt;http://www.republicrecords.com/artists/&lt;/ref&gt;
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Dionne Bromfield]]|[[Mark Ronson]]|[[Tony Bennett]]|[[Zalon]]|[[:en:Tyler James (English musician)|Tyler James]]|[[Paul Weller]]|[[Lily Allen]]}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.amywinehouse.com/}}
}}
'''Amy Jade Winehouse''' (14 September 1983&amp;nbsp;– 23 Julie 2011) wis an Inglis sangster an sangwriter kent for her [[Contralto|deep contralto]] vocals an her eclectic mix o muisical genres includin [[rhythm an blues|R&amp;B]], [[soul muisic|soul]] an [[jazz]].&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/23/amy-winehouse-singer-death-london &quot;Amy Winehouse: 'She was a sweet, tiny thing with this huge great voice']. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Winehouse's 2003 debut album, ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'', wis creetically successful in the UK an wis nominatit for the [[Mercury Prize]]. Her 2006 follae-up album, ''[[Back to Black]]'', led tae sax [[Grammy Award]] nominations an five wins, teein the then record for the [[:en:Grammy Award records#Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night|maist wins bi a female airtist]] in a single nicht, an made Winehouse the first Breetish female tae win five Grammys,&lt;ref name=&quot;msnbcGrammy&quot;&gt;[http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/23100297/ns/today-entertainment/t/winehouse-dominates-grammys-wins/ Winehouse dominates Grammys with 5 wins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003190707/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/23100297/ns/today-entertainment/t/winehouse-dominates-grammys-wins/ |date=2012-10-03 }} MSNBC. Retrieved 24 July 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brother&quot;&gt;Winehouse, Alex (13 February 2008). [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3359759.ece &quot;Amy Winehouse's brother on her return to form&quot;]. ''The Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; includin three o the &quot;[[Big Four (Grammy Awards)|Big Four]]&quot;: Best New Artist, Record of the Year an Song of the Year.

In 2007 she wan a [[BRIT Awards|Brit Award]] for Best British Female Artist; she haed been nominatit for Best British Album an aw. She wan the [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] three times: ance in 2004 for Best Contemporary Song (muisically an leerically) for &quot;[[Stronger Than Me]]&quot;, ance in 2007 for Best Contemporary Song for &quot;[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]&quot;, an ance in 2008 for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for &quot;[[Love Is a Losing Game]]&quot;.

Winehouse dee'd o alcohol poisonin on 23 Julie 2011. Her album ''Back to Black'' posthumously became the UK's best-sellin album o the 21st century, at that point.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787|date=25 August 2011|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=27 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, Winehouse wis leetit at nummer 26 on [[VH1]]'s 100 Greatest Women in Music.&lt;ref name=&quot;VH1 100&quot;/&gt;

==Discografie==
{{Main|Amy Winehouse discografie}}
;Studio albums
* ''[[Frank (Amy Winehouse album)|Frank]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Back to Black]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Lioness: Hidden Treasures]]'' (2011)

==Awairds an nominations==
{{Main|Leet o awairds an nominations receivit bi Amy Winehouse}}

Amang the awairds an recognitions for ''Frank'', Winehouse earned an [[Ivor Novello Award]] for Best Contemporary Song (&quot;[[Stronger Than Me]]&quot;),&lt;ref name=Profile&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=1 February 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=29 July 2008|title=Profile: Amy Winehouse|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107052001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm|archivedate=2009-01-07|deadurl=no|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]] nomination for Best Female Solo Artist,&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3497315.stm Brits 2004: The winners] BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2011&lt;/ref&gt; an a inclusion in Robert Dimery's 2006 beuk, ''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Dimery, Robert (2006). ''1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die''. Tristan de Lancey; Universe Publishing&lt;/ref&gt; ''Back to Black'' producit numerous nominations, includin twa BRIT Awards (Best Female Solo Artist an Best British Album), sax [[Grammy Award]]s (includin five wins),&lt;ref name=&quot;msnbcGrammy&quot;/&gt; fower Ivor Novello Awards, fower [[MTV Europe Music Awards]], three [[MTV Video Music Awards]], three [[World Music Awards]], an wis nominatit for the [[Mercury Prize]] (Album of the Year) an a [[MOBO Awards]] (Best UK Female). Durin her career, Winehouse receivit 23 awairds frae 60 nominations. In Februar 2012, Winehouse wis leetit at nummer 26 on [[VH1]]'s 100 Greatest Women In Music.&lt;ref name=&quot;VH1 100&quot;&gt;[http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619004339/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list |date=2012-06-19 }} VH1. 2012 Viacom International Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{authority control}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Winehouse, Amy
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Winehouse, Amy Jade
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = English singer and songwriter
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 14 September 1983
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = London, England
| DATE OF DEATH     = 23 Julie 2011
| PLACE OF DEATH    = London, England
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Winehouse, Amy}}
[[Category:Amy Winehouse]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:2011 daiths]]
[[Category:19 Recordings airtists]]
[[Category:Alcohol-relatit daiths in Ingland]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Sylvia Young Theatre School]]
[[Category:Blue-eyed soul sangsters]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:Cremations at Golders Green Crematorium]]
[[Category:Inglis contraltos]]
[[Category:Inglis female sangsters]]
[[Category:Inglis female guitarists]]
[[Category:Inglis jazz sangsters]]
[[Category:Inglis Jews]]
[[Category:Inglis fowk convictit o assault]]
[[Category:Inglis fowk o Roushie strynd]]
[[Category:Inglis rhythm an blues sangsters]]
[[Category:Inglis soul sangsters]]
[[Category:Female jazz muisickers]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Ivor Novello Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Jazz-blues muisickers]]
[[Category:Jewish sangsters]]
[[Category:Neo soul sangsters]]
[[Category:Fowk wi bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the BRIT School]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Camden (Lunnon burgh)]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Southgate, Lunnon]]
[[Category:Republic Records airtists]]
[[Category:Sangsters frae Lunnon]]
[[Category:Torch sangsters]]
[[Category:Vocal jazz muisickers]]
[[Category:World Music Awards winners]]</text>
      <sha1>j07jkhssbsszvy98xbh57giy8pot1qi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lupita D'Alessio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869381</id>
      <parentid>851621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:53:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5687" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist
| name                = Lupita D'Alessio
| image                 = 
| background          = solo_singer
| birth_name          = Guadalupe Contreras Ramos
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1954|3|10|df=yes}}
| origin              = [[Tijuana]], [[Baja California]], [[México]]
| instrument          = Vocals
| genre               = Pop
| occupation          = Sangster, actress
| years_active        = 1973–present
| label               = [[EMI Music]]
| website                 = 
}}

'''Lupita D'Alessio''' (born Guadalupe Contreras Ramos on 10 Mairch 1954 in [[penjamo]], [[Guanajuato]]) is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] sangster an actress. She is elk-namit ''La Leona Dormida'' (a title o ane o her songs which translates tae &quot;The sleepin lioness&quot;).

She is the dochter o telly presenter Poncho D'Alessio an wis previously marriet tae actors [[Jorge Vargas]] an Sabú (frae [[Argentinae]]) as well as tae fitbawers [[Carlos Reinoso]] (frae [[Chile]]) an [[Julio Canessa]] (frae [[Uruguay]]), muisicker César Gómez and model Christian Rössen (frae Germany). She haes twa sons wi Vargas: Jorge, an actor Ernesto D'Alessio an a younger son, César, wi César Gómez.

==Biografie==
She stairtit her career in showbusiness wi her faither Poncho D'Alessio who haed a muisical show cried ''La Familia D'Alessio'' on a Tijuana telly station. She then muivit tae [[Mexico Ceety]] an released a single &quot;Mi Corazón es un Gitano&quot;, then she wis selectit tae perform the theme sang o the [[telenovela]] o [[Televisa]] titled ''[[Mundo de juguete]]''. She wis invitit tae tak roles on ''Ana del Aire'' an ither productions in the 1970s an 1980s. Lupita sang the title sang o telenovela ''Pacto de  Amor'', whaur she actit an aw.

In 1980, Lupita wis ane o the main characters in Ernesto Alonso's ''Aprendiendo a Amar'', whaur she played the role o his aulder dochter (the younger dochter wis played bi [[Erika Buenfil]]). The telenovela starred [[Susana Dosamantes]] (mither o [[Paulina Rubio]]). Lupita sang the theme sang &quot;A Mí&quot; an aw. She performit concerts on tour in [[Central Americae|Central]] an [[Sooth Americae]].

In 1986, Lupita starred in the movie ''Mentiras'' alangside Juan Ferrara, whaur she played Lupita Montero, an aspirin sangster; she performit several sangs for the soondtrack o the movie, includin &quot;Mudanzas&quot;. In 1987, she appeared in the short telenovela ''Tiempo De Amar'', alangside Fernando Allende. Her last project o the 1980s wis 1989's &quot;Quién te crees tú&quot;, the theme tae her last feenished actin project, telenovela ''Lo Blanco y lo Negro''.

In 2000, she acceptit a telnovela role in [[TV Azteca]]'s  ''Ellas, inocentes o culpables'', awtho she left the production efter a month.  She returned tae Televisa in 2002 for a guest appearance on the situation comedy ''[[La Jaula]]'' wi [[Cesar Bono]], [[Carlos Eduardo Rico]] an [[Sheyla Tadeo]].

For her wirk in telly an as a recordin airtist, D'Alessio haes her handprints an starn imbeddit on the [[Plaza de las Estrellas|Paseo de las Luminarias]] in Mexico Ceety.

In 2011, she pairticipatit as a creetic in several episodes o ''[[Parodiando]].''

==Films==
* ''Mentiras'' (1986) as Lupita Montero

==Telenovelas==
* ''Ellas, inocentes o culpables'' (2000) as Amanda
* ''Lo blanco y lo negro'' (1989) as Verónica Montes
* ''Tiempo de amar'' (1987) as Carolina Montero
* ''Aprendiendo a amar'' (1980) as Jimena
* ''Pacto de amor'' (1977) as Julia
* ''Paloma'' (1975) as Dora Luz
* ''Ana del aire'' (1974) as Consuelo
* ''Cartas sin Destino'' (1973)

==Theater==
* ''La novicia rebelde'' (&quot;[[The Sound of Music]]&quot;)

==Albums==
* ''Para Toda La Vida'' (2002)
* ''Algo Desconocido'' (1997)
* ''Cara A Cara'' (1997)
* ''Románticas'' (1996)
* ''No Me Pregunten'' (1995)
* ''Desde Mi Libertad'' (1994)
* ''La D'Alessio'' (1993)
* ''Aprendiendo a Amar''
* ''Tiempo De Amar''
* ''Gaviota del Aire''
* ''Boleros De Siempre''
* ''Soy Como Toda Mujer''
* ''Lo Blanco y Lo Negro'' (1989)
* ''Juro Que Nunca Volveré''
* ''Cuentos De Los Bosques De Viena''
* ''Discothèque''
* ''Lo mejor con la mejor''
* ''Otra vez''
* ''Que se detenga el tiempo''

==See an aw==
* [[Paquita la del Barrio]]

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.alma-latina.net/01actresses/l/lupita_dalessio.shtml Lupita D'Alessio] at the [[telenovela database]]
* {{IMDb name|id=0194982|name=Lupita D'Alessio}}
* {{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040115034142/http://mx.geocities.com/telenoveleando/BIOMUJERES2.HTML October 2009+04:07:51  Biography]
* {{es icon}} [http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/artistas/371115.html Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224051505/http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/artistas/371115.html |date=2005-12-24 }} on [[esmas.com]]
* {{es icon}} ''[http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=549923 Zarpasos y rugidos de la leona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606045634/http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=549923 |date=2011-06-06 }}'' on [[univision.com]]
* {{es icon}} [http://maxval.freeweb.hu/linkhu.html Lupita]
* {{es icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpYGnIO3dPs  D'Alessio performance in 1978]

{{Persondata &lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --&gt;
| NAME              = Dalessio, Lupita
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH     = March 10, 1954
| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
| DATE OF DEATH     =
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalessio, Lupita}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Mexican film actresses]]
[[Category:Mexican telenovela actresses]]
[[Category:Mexican female sangsters]]
[[Category:Ballad muisickers]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Tijuana]]</text>
      <sha1>szbs1l33vn0se3nqwg463cdpqk4z79l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pyla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869410</id>
      <parentid>820658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:48:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5716" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                   = Pyla
|official_name          = Πύλα ([[Greek leid|Greek]]) Pile ([[Turkis leid|Turkis]])
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = &lt;!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--&gt;
|motto                  = 
|image_skyline          = Pyla centre.jpg
|imagesize              = 300px
|image_caption          = A view frae Pyla
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|city_logo              =
|citylogo_size          =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           = 
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|pushpin_map            = Cyprus
|pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
|pushpin_map_caption    = 
|pushpin_mapsize        = 300
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Cyprus}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Destricts o Cyprus|Destrict]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Larnaca Destrict]]
|subdivision_type2      = 
|subdivision_name2      = 
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      = 
|government_type        =
|leader_title           = 
|leader_name            = 
|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|subdivision_name       = 
|subdivision_type       = {{CYP}}
|subdivision_name       = 
|established_title      = 
|established_date       = 
|established_title1     = 
|established_date1      =
|population_as_of       = 
|population_total       = 1,337
|postal_code_type       = 
|postal_code            = 
|area_code              = 
|timezone          = [[Eastren European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset        = +2   
|timezone_DST      = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST    =+3
|coordinates            = {{coord|35|1|45|N|33|41|30|E|display=inline}}
|website           = 
|statslink = 
}}
'''Pyla''' ({{Lang-el|Πύλα}}, ''Pýla''; {{Lang-tr|Pile}}) is a veelage in [[Larnaca Destrict]], [[Cyprus]]. It is ane o anerlie fower veelages locatit within the [[Unitit Naitions Buffer Zone in Cyprus|Unitit Naitions Buffer Zone]], the ither three bein [[Athienou]], [[Troulloi]] an [[Deneia]]. Pyla is locatit in the eastren pairt o the island, adjacent tae the [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] [[Sovereign Base Auries|Sovereign Base Aurie]] o [[Akrotiri an Dhekelia|Dhekelia]]. Frae a legal point o view, it is admeenistered as aw ither auries controlled bi the govrenment o the Republic o Cyprus.

The veelage is special in the respect that it is the anerlie dounset in Cyprus still inhabitit bi baith its oreeginal [[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]] an [[Turkis Cypriots|Turkis Cypriot]] inhabitants.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1025809,00.html&lt;/ref&gt; 850 o the inhabitants are Greek Cypriots an 487 are Turkis Cypriots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1416&amp;tt=graphic&amp;lang=l1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-05-25 |archive-date=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070930/http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1416&amp;tt=graphic&amp;lang=l1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The veelage haes three [[Kirk (biggin)|kirks]] an ane [[mosque]].

Pyla-[[Kokkinokremnos|Kokkinokremos]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keswani|first=Priscilla|title=Mortuary Ritual and Society in Bronze Age Cyprus|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com.cy/books?id=6k-whnDUeDgC&amp;pg=PA155&amp;lpg=PA155&amp;dq=pyla-+kokkino+kremos&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=eh17qtp_Fj&amp;sig=ESf-QKWjftrUYw5tTyIK3vxu5tM&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=lPoXUc2bFsXJtAadioFI&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=pyla-%20kokkino%20kremos&amp;f=false|page=155|quote=Still other small centers such as [[Maa Palaeokastro]] and [[Pyla Kokkinokremos]] may conceivably have been founded as outposts of other larger urban settlements like [[Kouklia]] or [[Kition]], thus constituting externally imposed foci of elite power within the surrounding countryside.}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an airchaeological steid.

==History==
Pyla is amang the auldest veelages in Cyprus. The veelage wis first inhabitit durin the Middle Ages.  
In several auld maps is markit wi the names: Pila or Pilla.

The name o the veelage is Greek which lead us tae the assumption that the veelage existit durin the Byzantine years. The name &quot;Pyla&quot; is efter the Greek wird &quot;πύλη&quot;(entrance), probably acause it wis the anerlie wey tae travel tae the plain o [[Mesaoria]].

==Pyla Tourist Aurie==
Pyla Tourist Aurie is the aurie which neebours the sea an belangs in the admeenistrative diveesion o the veelage o Pyla. 

Several o the maist luxurious hotels in Cyprus are locatit in the tourist aurie o Pyla such as: Golden Bay, Lordos an Sandy Beach. Mony restaurants, taverns, tourist shops an apairtments are locatit in the aurie an aw. 

C.T.O. (Cyprus Tourist Organisation) haes facilities in the tourist aurie o Pyla an aw.

==Sports==
Currently, Aspis FC is the anerlie fitbaa club in the veelage o Pyla.
An aw, the veelage hosts a volley baw club, namit Finikas.

==Fowk frae Pyla==
*[[Anna Vissi]]

==Gallery==
&lt;gallery perrow=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
File:Pyla.jpg|Turkish cafeteria in the centre o Pyla.
File:Cyprus-Larnaca.png|Map o Cyprus showin Larnaca destrict (bricht red).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
{{Commons category|Pyla, Cyprus}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Larnaca Destrict}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Larnaca Destrict]]</text>
      <sha1>guw7bn7sld2ggegz1qczjmd15ppd20j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jupiter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869358</id>
      <parentid>865166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:26:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5036" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg|right|200px]]
'''Jupiter''' (seembol: [[File:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♃]]; forbye cawed '''Jubiter'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Horsbroch |first1=Dauvit |title=Jubiter |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/915 |website=Scots Language Centre |access-date=4 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is the fift [[planet]] frae the [[Sun]] an the [[Solar seestem bi size|lairgest]] planet in the [[Solar Seestem|Solar System]]. It is a [[gas giant]] wi a [[mass]] ae-thoosandt that o the Sun but is twa-an-a-hauf times the mass o aw the ither planets in the Solar System pitten thegither. Jupiter is clessifee'd as a gas giant alang wi [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]] an [[Neptune]]. Thegither, thir fower planets is whiles referred tae as the [[wikt:Jovian|Jovian]] or ooter planets. The planet wis kent bi [[astronomer]]s o auncient times,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = De Crespigny | first = Rafe | title = Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling | url = http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/HuanLing_part2.pdf | work = Asian studies, Online Publications | accessdate = 1 May 2012 | quote = Xu Huang apparently complained that the  astronomy office had failed to give them  proper emphasis to the eclipse and to other portents, including the movement of the  planet Jupiter (taisui). At his instigation, Chen Shou/Yuan was summoned and questioned,  and it was under this pressure that his advice implicated Liang Ji. | archive-date = 2006-09-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907044624/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/HuanLing_part2.pdf | url-status = bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; an wis associate wi the meethology an religious beliefs o mony culturs. The [[Auncient Roum|Romans]] named the planet efter the [[Roman meethology|Roman god]] [[Jupiter (meethology)|Jupiter]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|author=Stuart Ross Taylor
|year=2001|title=Solar system evolution: a new perspective : an inquiry into the chemical composition, origin, and evolution of the solar system
|edition=2nd, illus., revised|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-64130-6|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whan viewed frae the [[Yird]], Jupiter can reach an [[apparent magnitude]] o −2.94, bricht eneuch tae cast shaidaes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/11/18/young-astronomer-captures-a-shadow-cast-by-jupiter/#.UaDO1UAoNAU |title=Young astronomer captures a shadow cast by Jupiter : Bad Astronomy |publisher=Blogs.discovermagazine.com |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2013-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; an makkin it on average the third-brichtest object in the [[nicht sky|nicht lift]] efter the [[Muin]] an [[Venus]]. ([[Maurs]] can briefly match Jupiter's brichtness at [[opposeetion (astronomy)|certaint pynts]] in its orbit.)

Jupiter is componed maistly o [[hydrogen]] wi a quarter o its mass bein [[helium]], awtho helium only comprises aboot a tent o the nummer o molecules. It micht an aa hae a rocky core o hivier elements,&lt;ref name=coreuncertainty&gt;{{cite journal
 |author=Saumon, D.; Guillot, T.
 |title = Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn
 |journal = The Astrophysical Journal
 |volume = 609
 |issue=2|pages = 1170–1180|year = 2004
 |bibcode = 2004ApJ...609.1170S |doi = 10.1086/421257
|arxiv = astro-ph/0403393 }}&lt;/ref&gt; but lik the ither gas giants, Jupiter disna hae a weel-defined solit surface. Acause o its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is that o an [[oblate spheroid]] (it haes a slicht but noticeable bulge aroond the equator). The ooter atmosphere is visibly segregatit intae several bands at different latitudes, resultin in turbulence an stairms&lt;!-- stairms? --&gt; alang thair interactin boundaries. A prominent result is the [[Great Reid Spot]], a giant stairm that is kent tae hae existit syne at least the 17t century whan it wis first seen bi [[telescope]]. Surroondin Jupiter is a faint [[planetar ring]] system an a pouerful [[magnetosphere]]. Thare are atour at least 67 muins, includin the fower lairge muins cried the [[Galilean muins]] that wis first discovered bi [[Galileo Galilei]] in 1610. [[Ganymede (muin)|Ganymede]], the lairgest o thir muins, haes a diameter greater than that o the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].

Jupiter haes been explored on several occasions bi [[robotic spacecraft]], maist notably durin the early [[Pioneer program|Pioneer]] an [[Voyager program|Voyager]] flyby missions an later bi the [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo orbiter]]. The maist recent probe tae visit Jupiter wis the [[Pluto]]-boond [[New Horizons]] spacecraft in late Februar 2007. The probe [[Gravitational slingshot|uised the gravity]] frae Jupiter tae increase its speed. Futur tairgets for exploration in the Jovian system includes the possible ice-covert liquid ocean on the muin [[Europa (muin)|Europa]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Muins o Jupiter}}
{{Jupiter spacecraft}}
{{Solar Seestem}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Jupiter|*]]
[[Category:Gas giants]]
[[Category:Planets o the Solar Seestem]]</text>
      <sha1>ro0xga9yw6821uenfw676z9m6h4pnaf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869280</id>
      <parentid>836159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:39:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3429" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Asio''
| image2 = CRW_2987.jpg
| image_width =
| image2_caption = [[Lang-eared Houlet]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Strigiformes]]
| familia = [[Strigidae]]
| genus = '''''Asio'''''
| genus_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1760
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
See text.
}}

'''''Asio''''' is a genus o [[typical houlets]], or true houlets, in the [[Strigidae]] faimily. The genus ''Asio'' contains the eared houlets, which are characterised bi feather tufts on the heid which gie the appearance o &quot;ears&quot;. This group haes representatives ower maist o the planet, an the [[Short-eared Houlet]] is ane o the maist widespread o aw bird species, breedin in [[Europe]], [[Asie]], [[North Americae|North]] an [[Sooth Americae]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Hawaii]] an the [[Galápagos Islands]]. Its geografic range extends tae aw continents except Antarctica an Australie.

These are medium-sized houlets, 30–46&amp;nbsp;cm (12–18&amp;nbsp;in) in length wi 80–103&amp;nbsp;cm (31.5–40&amp;nbsp;in) wingspans. Thay are lang winged an hae the characteristic facial disc.

The twa northren species are pairtially [[bird migration|migratory]], movin sooth in winter frae the northren pairts o thair range, or wanderin nomadically in puir [[vole]] years in search o better fuid supplies. Tropical ''Asio'' houlets are lairgely sedentary.

''Asio'' houlets are mainly nocturnal, but Short-eared Houlets are an aa [[crepuscular]]. Maist species nest on the grund, but the Lang-eared Houlet, ''[[Asio otus]]'', nests in the auld stick nests o craws, ravens an magpies (faimily [[Corvidae]]) an various hawks.  

These houlets hunt ower open fields or grasslands, takin mainly [[rodent]]s, ither smaa [[mammal]]s an some [[bird]]s.

==Species==
* [[Stygian Houlet]], '' Asio stygius''
* [[Lang-eared Houlet]], '' Asio otus''
* [[Abyssinian Houlet]], '' Asio abyssinicus''
* [[Madagascar Houlet]], '' Asio madagascariensis''
* [[Short-eared Houlet]], '' Asio flammeus''
* [[Marsh Houlet]], '' Asio capensis''
* [[Striped Houlet]], ''Asio clamator'' - eften placed in ''Pseudoscops'' or ''Rhinoptynx''

Twa [[fossil]] species are recognized nouadays:
* ''Asio brevipes'' (Glenns Ferry Late Pliocene o Hagerman, USA)&lt;!-- Auk84:115 --&gt;
* ''Asio priscus'' (Late Pliocene o Santa Rosa Island, USA)

The supposed Late Eocene/Early Oligocene eared houlet ''&quot;Asio&quot; henrici'' haes been recognized as a member o the fossil [[barn-houlet]] genus ''[[Selenornis]]''. ''&quot;Asio&quot; pygmaeus'' (often misspelt ''pigmaeus'') cannae be assigned tae a genus wioot restudy o the material. ''&quot;Asio&quot; collongensis'' (Middle Miocene o Vieux-Collonges, Fraunce) is nou placed in the genus ''[[Alasio]]''.(Mlíkovský 2002)

==References==
*Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): ''Cenozoic Birds o the Warld, Pairt 1: Europe''. Ninox Press, Prague. &lt;small&gt;{{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}}&lt;/small&gt; [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf |date=2011-05-20 }}&lt;!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 --&gt;

[[Category:Asio| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
{{Stub/Bird}}</text>
      <sha1>ak02b4m76n63ticauvmz2j8gddvcjqe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cougar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869310</id>
      <parentid>865268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10171" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|September 2020}}

{{speciesbox
| name = Cougar&lt;ref name=MSW3&gt;{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id =14000204|pages=544–45}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.3|0}}&lt;small&gt;Middle [[Pleistocene]]–[[Holocene]]&lt;/small&gt;
| image = Mountain Lion in Glacier National Park.jpg
| image_caption = A [[North American cougar]] in [[Glacier Naitional Pairk (U.S.)|Glacier Naitional Pairk]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author=Nielsen, C. |author2=Thompson, D. |author3=Kelly, M. |author4=Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. |title=''Puma concolor'' |volume=2015 (errata version published in 2016) |page=e.T18868A97216466 |year=2015 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18868/97216466 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.en |access-date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Puma
| species = concolor
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1771)&lt;ref name=&quot;Catsg2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=33−34 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| range_map = Cougar_range_map_2010.png
| range_map_caption = Cougar range
| subdivision_ranks = Subspeshies
| subdivision =
* ''[[Sooth American cougar|P. c. concolor]]''
* ''[[North American cougar|P. c. couguar]]''
}}
The '''cougar''' (''Puma concolor''), kent as the '''puma''', '''moontain lion''', '''panther''', or '''catamount''' an aa, is a lairge cat o the faimily [[Felidae]] native tae the Americas. Its [[range (biology)|range]], frae the Canadian [[Yukon]] tae the soothren [[Andes]] o Sooth Americae, is the greatest o ony lairge wild terrestrial mammal in the [[Wastren Hemisphere]].&lt;ref name=&quot;diet&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E. and Redford, Kent H. |year=1990 |title=Biogeographic variation of food habits and body size of the America puma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oecologia_1990-12_85_2/page/185 |journal=[[Oecologia]] |volume=85 |issue=2 |page=185 |doi=10.1007/BF00319400}}&lt;/ref&gt; An adaptable, [[Generalist an specialist species|generalist]] species, the cougar is foond in maist [[Americas|American]] [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] types. It is the seicont hiviest cat in the Wastren Hemisphere, efter the [[jaguar]]. Solitar bi naitur an [[nocturnal]],&lt;ref name=&quot;cougar&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070224075326/http://www.nps.gov/ccso/cougar.htm Cougars]. US National Park Service.&lt;/ref&gt; the cougar is maist closely relatit tae smawer felines an is nearer genetically tae the [[domestic cat]] than true lions.

An excellent stalk-an-ambush [[predator]], the cougar pursues a wide variety o [[prey]]. Primary fuid soorces include [[ungulate]]s such as [[deer]], [[elk]], [[Alces alces|moose]], an [[bighorn sheep]], as well as domestic cattle, horse an [[Domestic sheep|sheep]], particularly in the northren pairt o its range. It will an aa hunt species as smaa as insects an [[rodents]]. This cat prefers habitats wi dense unnerbrush an rocky auries for stalkin, but can an aa live in open auries. The cougar is [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] an survives at law population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, an abundance o prey. While lairge, it is nae always the [[apex predator]] in its range, yieldin tae the jaguar, [[grey wouf]], [[American black beir]], an [[grizzly beir]]. It is reclusive an uisually avoids fowk. [[Leet o fatal cougar attacks in North Americae bi decade|Fatal attacks on humans]] are rare, but hae been trendin upward in recent years as mair fowk enter thair territory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Med&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=McKee |first=Denise |year=2003 |title=Cougar Attacks on Humans: A Case Report |journal=Wilderness and Environmental Medicine |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=169–73 |publisher=Wilderness Medical Society|pmid=14518628 |doi=10.1580/1080-6032(2003)14[169:CAOHAC]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Excessive huntin follaein [[European colonization o the Americas]] an the ongangin human development o cougar [[habitat]] haes caused populations tae drop in maist pairts o its historical range. In particular, the cougar wis [[Local extinction|extirpatit]] in eastren North Americae in the beginnin o the 20t century, except for an isolatit [[Florida panther|subpopulation in Florida]]. However, in recent decades, breedin populations hae moved east intae the far wastren pairts o the Dakotas, Nebraska, an Oklahoma. Transient males hae been verified in [[Minnesota]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.startribune.com/local/134835873.html Shot fells elusive cougar chased out of a culvert]. StarTribune.com (December 1, 2011). Retrieved on April 29, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wisconsin]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2090026/Extinct-Sightings-cougars-rise-eastern-states.html |date=January 22, 2012 | location=London | work=Daily Mail | title=Extinct? Cougar sightings on the rise in eastern United States}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iowa,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iowadnr.gov/home/ctl/detail/mid/2822/itemid/581 Mountain Lion Shot Early Friday Morning in Monona County]. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, iowadnr.gov (December 23, 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kwwl.com/story/16385438/mountain-lion-shot-by-police-in-monona-county Mountain lion shot by police in Monona County - KWWL.com - News &amp; Weather for Waterloo, Dubuque, Cedar Rapids &amp; Iowa City, Iowa |] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625031154/http://www.kwwl.com/story/16385438/mountain-lion-shot-by-police-in-monona-county |date=2017-06-25 }}. KWWL.com. Retrieved on April 29, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Upper Peninsula]] o Michigan, an Illinois, whaur a cougar wis shot in the ceety leemits o Chicago&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cougarnet.org/centralmidwest.html |title=The Cougar Network – Using Science to Understand Cougar Ecology |publisher=Cougarnet.org |accessdate=February 16, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twitpic.com/od2y4 |title=Trail cam photo of cougar in the eastern Upper Peninsula|publisher=Twitpic.com |date=November 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 16, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.poorboysoutdoors.com/2010/05/indiana-confirms-green-county-mountain-lion/ |title=Indiana confirms mountain lion in Green County |publisher=Poorboysoutdoors.com |date=May 10, 2010 |accessdate=February 16, 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711000325/http://www.poorboysoutdoors.com/2010/05/indiana-confirms-green-county-mountain-lion/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; an, in at least ane instance, observed as far east as [[Connecticut]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/07/mountain-lion-killed-in-conn-had-walked-from-south-dakota/1|title=Mountain lion killed in Conn. had walked from S. Dakota|publisher=USA Today| date=July 26, 2011| accessdate=October 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Connecticut Mountain Lion Likely Came From The Black Hills|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/07/27/138748682/connecticut-mountain-lion-likely-came-from-the-black-hills|work=[[NPR]] News|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://northernbushcraft.com/animalTracks/cougar/notes.htm Cougar Tracks]: Hou tae identify cougar tracks in the wild
* [http://www.hdw-inc.com/cougarsounds.wav The soond o a cougar screamin]
* [http://felidaefund.org/ Felidae Conservation Fund]
* [http://www.easterncougar.org/ Cougar Rewildin Foundation, formerly &quot;Eastren Cougar Foundation&quot;]
* [http://www.eprn.homestead.com/ Eastren Puma Research Network]
* [http://www.cougarnet.org/ The Cougar Network --Uisin Science tae Unnerstaund Cougar Ecology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731190549/http://www.cougarnet.org/ |date=2018-07-31 }}
* [http://www.mountainlion.org/about_the_foundation.asp Muntain Lion Foundation – Savin Americae's Lion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153509/http://www.mountainlion.org/about_the_foundation.asp |date=2018-07-31 }}
* [http://www.savethecougar.org/ SaveTheCougar.org]: Sichtins o cougars in Michigan
* [http://www.amazonarium.com.br/docs/peopleandjaguarcomplete.pdf Fowk an Cougar/Jaguars A Guide for Coexistence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150720/http://www.amazonarium.com.br/docs/peopleandjaguarcomplete.pdf |date=2011-07-06 }}
* [http://www.cougarfund.org/ The Cougar Fund – Protectin Americae's Greatest Cat.] A Definitive Resource Aboot Cougars] Comprehensive, non-profit [[501(c)(3)]] steid wi extensive information aboot cougars, frae hou tae live safely in cougar kintra, tae science abstracts, huntin regulations, state-bi-state cougar management/policy info, an rare photos an videos o wild cougars.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q35255}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puma (genus)]]
[[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1771]]
[[Category:Mammals o Argentinae]]
[[Category:Mammals o Bolivie]]
[[Category:Mammals o Brazil]]
[[Category:Mammals o Canadae]]
[[Category:Mammals o Central Americae]]
[[Category:Mammals o Chile]]
[[Category:Mammals o Guyana]]
[[Category:Mammals o North Americae]]
[[Category:Mammals o Peru]]
[[Category:Mammals o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Fauna o the Californie chaparral an widlands]]
[[Category:Fauna o the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]]
[[Category:Mammals o Guatemala]]
[[Category:Megafauna o North Americae]]
[[Category:Megafauna o Sooth Americae]]</text>
      <sha1>mz9n1megp6wrbo2nah4teonur0ydy27</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Louisville, Kentucky</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869379</id>
      <parentid>864891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11027" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name=Louisville
| official_name            = Louisville-Jefferson Coonty&lt;br /&gt;Metro Govrenment
| settlement_type          = [[Consolidatit ceety-coonty]]
| nickname                 = Derby Ceety, River Ceety, Gateway tae the Sooth, Falls Ceety, The 'Ville&lt;ref&gt;The term &quot;The 'Ville&quot; has been used in print in The Courier-Journal 60+ times since 1999 and appears to have been popularized by a 2003 billboard campaign promoting Louisville as &quot;The best college sports town in America.&quot; See {{cite news |title=UofL's bogus billboards don't impress experts |date=September 10, 2003 |last=Forde |first=Pat |newspaper=[[The Courier-Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website                  = [http://www.louisvilleky.gov/ louisvilleky.gov]
| image_skyline            = Louisville montage.jpg
| imagesize                =
| image_caption            = From top: The Louisville [[Downtown Louisville|downtown]] skyline at night, The [[Cathedral of the Assumption in Louisville|Cathedral of the Assumption]], Louisville fireworks at [[Kentucky Derby Festival]], [[Kentucky Derby]], [[Louisville Slugger Museum &amp; Factory]], [[Fourth Street Live!]] in Downtown, [[The Kentucky Center]] for the Performing Arts.
| image_flag               = Louisville Metro Flag.png
| image_seal               = 200px-Louisville Kentucky seal.png
| image_map                = Map of Kentucky highlighting Jefferson County.svg
| mapsize                  = 250px
| map_caption              = Location in the Commonweel o [[Kentucky]]
| image_map1               =
| mapsize1                 =
| map_caption1             =
| pushpin_map              =USA
| pushpin_label            = Louisville, Kentucky
| pushpin_map_caption      = Location in the Unitit States
| subdivision_type         = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_type1        = [[US state|State]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[Leet o coonties in Kentucky|Coonty]]
| subdivision_name         = [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|23px]] United States
| subdivision_name1        = [[File:Flag of Kentucky.svg|23px]] [[Kentucky]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Jefferson Coonty, Kentucky|Jefferson]]
| established_title        = [[Municipal corporation|Founded]]
| established_date         = 1778
| established_title2       = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporation]]
| established_date2        = 1780
| named_for                = [[Louis XVI o Fraunce|Keeng Louis XVI o Fraunce]]
| government_type          =
| leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name              = [[Greg Fischer]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])
| established_date         =
| area_footnotes           =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uky.edu/KentuckyAtlas/21111.html |title=Jefferson County, Kentucky Atlas &amp; Gazetteer |publisher=Uky.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_magnitude           = 1 E9
| area_total_sq_mi         = 399
| area_land_sq_mi          = 385.09
| area_water_sq_mi         = 13
| area_total_km2           = 1032
| area_land_km2            = 997.38
| area_water_km2           = 35
| population_as_of         = 2011
| population_total         =  746,906 &lt;small&gt;(consolidatit)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;602,011 &lt;small&gt;([[Louisville-Jefferson Coonty (balance), Kentucky|balance]])&lt;/small&gt;
| population_metro         = 1,440,607
| population_density_km2   = 743.0
| population_footnotes     =&lt;ref&gt;See [[#Location, nomenclature, population and ranking|Location, nomenclature, population and ranking]] for explanation of consolidated vs. balance figures&lt;/ref&gt;
| timezone                 = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EST]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
| postal_code_type         =
| postal_code              = 402XX
| area_code                = [[Aurie code 502|502]]
| elevation_m              = 142
| elevation_ft             = 466
| coordinates              = {{coord|38|15|N|85|46|W|region:US-KY|display=inline}}
| blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processin Staundart|FIPS code]]
| blank_info               = 21-48000
| blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information Seestem|GNIS]] featur ID
| blank1_info              = 0509453
| blank2_name              = [[Demonym]]
| blank2_info              = Louisvillian
| footnotes                =
}}
'''Louisville''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Looeevil.ogg|ˈ|l|uː|iː|v|ɪ|l}}, {{IPAc-en|local|audio=Loouhvull.ogg|ˈ|l|uː|ə|v|əl}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=Luhvull.ogg|ˈ|l|ʌ|v|əl}}) is a major ceety an the lairgest [[ceety]] in the [[U.S. state]] o [[Kentucky]] an the coonty seat o [[Jefferson Coonty, Kentucky|Jefferson Coonty]].

Syne 2003, the ceety's borders hae been [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] wi those o the coonty acause o a [[consolidated ceety-coonty|ceety-coonty merger]]. The ceety's tot consolidatit population at the 2010 census wis 741,096 ([[Louisville/Jefferson Coonty metro govrenment (balance), Kentucky|Louisville's balance tot]], 602,011, excludes semi-autonomous touns an is the population leetit in maist soorces an naitional rankins). As o 2010, the [[Louisville-Jefferson Coonty, KY-IN Metropolitan Stateestical Aurie|Louisville metropolitan aurie]] (MSA) haed a population o 1,307,647 [[Table o Unitit States Metropolitan Stateestical Auries|rankin 42nt naitionally]].&lt;ref name=PopEstCBSA&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2008/CBSA-EST2008-01.csv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511101607/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2008/CBSA-EST2008-01.csv |archivedate=2011-05-11 |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]] |work=2008 Population Estimates |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=March 19, 2009 |accessdate=2009-07-29 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The metro aurie includes Louisville-Jefferson Coonty an 12 surroondin [[Coonty (Unitit States)|coonties]], aicht in Kentucky an fower in [[Soothren Indiana]]  . The [[Louisville-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN Combined Statistical Aurie|Louisville Combined Stateestical Aurie]], havin a population o 1,451,564, includes the MSA, [[Hardin Coonty, Kentucky|Hardin Coonty]] an [[LaRue Coonty, Kentucky|Larue Coonty]] in Kentucky, an [[Scott Coonty, Indiana]].

An important internal shippin port in the 19t century, Louisville the day is baist kent as the location o the [[Kentucky Derby]], the first o three annual [[thoroughbred horse racin|thoroughbred horse races]] makin up the [[Triple Croun o Thoroughbred Racin|Triple Croun]].

==Sister ceeties==
Louisville haes nine [[sister ceeties]] as of 2012:&lt;ref&gt;Sister cities designated by [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926081012/http://www.sister-cities.org/directory/USlistingsResults.cfm Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]&lt;!-- website says Directory is coming soon --&gt;. Retrieved 2006-06-01.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sclou&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sclou.org/|title=Sister Cities of Louisville, Inc.|accessdate=2009-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20121121/NEWS01/311210079/Adapazari-Turkey-Louisville-s-ninth-Sister-City |title=Adapazari, Turkey, to be Louisville's ninth Sister City |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2013-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Jiujiang]], Cheenae
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[La Plata]], [[Argentinae]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mainz]], Germany
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Montpellier]], Fraunce
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Perm]], Roushie
*{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]]
*{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]], [[Ghana]]
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Leeds, Wast Yorkshire|Leeds]], Unitit Kinrick
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Adapazari]], [[Turkey]]

In addeetion, Leeds is considered a &quot;friendship ceety&quot;. The twa ceeties hae engaged in mony cultural exchynge programs, parteecularly in the fields o [[nursin]] an [[law]], an cooperatit in several private business developments, includin the [[Frazier Internaitional History Museum]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.sclou.org/index.php?id=114 Friendship City Status].&quot; ''[http://www.sclou.org/ Sister Cities of Louisville].'' 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

On Aprile 15, 2008, it wis annoonced that Louisville wad be twinned wi the toun o [[Bushmills]] in [[Northren Ireland]]. The twa places share a tradeetion for the distillin o [[whiskey]]. The choice o Louisville came efter a sairch o U.S. ceeties, follaeed bi an [[online poll]] conductit for the public tae decide atween three finalists, which an aa includit [[Boston]] an [[Portland, Maine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Louisville tastes victory in twin search |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7347994.stm |publisher=BBC |date=April 15, 2008 |accessdate=2008-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Sister project links|Louisville, Kentucky|voy=Louisville}}
* [http://www.louisvilleky.gov/ Offeecial Wabsteid o Louisville, Kentucky]
* [http://www.gotolouisville.com/ Louisville Convention an Veesitors Bureau]
* [http://www.possibilitycity.com/ Possibility Ceety]&amp;nbsp;— Louisville's brandin campaign
* [http://www.lojic.org/ Louisville/Jefferson Coonty Information Consortium]
** [http://www.lojic.org/apps/ LOJIC interactive cairts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204225522/http://www.lojic.org/apps/ |date=2008-12-04 }}
* [http://www.metromapper.org/ Metro Mapper – Interactive Cairts for the Louisville Metro Aurie]
* [http://www.citymayors.com/government/louisville.html Ceety Mayors featur: &quot;Louisville Metro has shown other regions how mergers can change balance of power&quot;]
* ''[http://www.ket.org/cgi-local/fw_louisvillelife.exe/db/ket/dmps/programs?id=LOUL Louisville Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230144025/http://www.ket.org/cgi-local/fw_louisvillelife.exe/db/ket/dmps/programs?id=LOUL |date=2011-12-30 }}''&amp;nbsp;— weekly broadcast on [[Kentucky Eddicational Televeesion]]
* [http://www.louisvilleculturevulture.com/ Louisville Cultur Vultur: Current Calendar o Fine Cultural Performances o Classical Muisic, Opera, Ballet, Theater, an Visual Airt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828071001/http://www.louisvilleculturevulture.com/ |date=2013-08-28 }}
* [http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/browseneighborhood Images o Louisville frae the Varsity o Louisville Deegital Collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727134104/http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/browseneighborhood |date=2013-07-27 }}

[[Category:Louisville, Kentucky| ]] &lt;!-- ←This article should be at the top in its own category --&gt;
[[Category:Ceeties in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Coonty seats in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Jefferson Coonty, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Louisville metropolitan aurie]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1778]]
[[Category:Consolidatit ceety-coonties in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Kentucky populatit places on the Ohio River]]
[[Category:Places Associatit wi Thomas Edison]]</text>
      <sha1>8hkz6syjfzvzwebrva91855p3u5xllv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Japanese general election, 2012</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869349</id>
      <parentid>863587</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:04:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10259" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election
| election_name      = Japanese general election, 2012
| country            = Japan
| type               = parliamentary
| ongoing            = no
| previous_election  = Japanese general election, 2009
| previous_year      = 2009
| previous_mps       = Representatives electit in the Japanese general election, 2009
| elected_mps        = [[Representatives electit in the Japanese general election, 2012|members electit]]
| next_election      = Japanese general election, 2014
| next_year          = 2014
| seats_for_election = Aw 480 seats tae the [[Hoose o Representatives (Japan)|Hoose o Representatives o Japan]] | majority_seats =  241
| election_date      = 16 December 2012
| image1             = [[File:Abe Shinzo 2012 02.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader1            = [[Shinzō Abe]]
| leader_since1      = 26 September 2012
| party1             = Liberal Democratic Pairty (Japan)
| leaders_seat1      = [[Yamaguchi 4t destrict|Yamaguchi-4t]]
| last_election1     = 119 seats&lt;br&gt;38.68% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;26.73% (block)
| seats_before1      = 118
| seats1             = 294
| seat_change1       = {{increase}} 176
| popular_vote1      =  25,643,309 (destrict)&lt;br&gt;16,624,457 (block)
| percentage1        =  43.01% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;27.79% (block)
| image2             = [[File:Yoshihiko Noda-3.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader2            = [[Yoshihiko Noda]]
| leader_since2      = 29 August 2011
| party2             = Democratic Pairty o Japan
| leaders_seat2     = [[Chiba 4t destrict|Chiba-4t]]
| last_election2     = 308 seats&lt;br&gt;47.43% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;42.41% (block)
| seats_before2      = 230
| seats2             = 57
| seat_change2       = {{decrease}} 173
| popular_vote2      =  13,598,773 (destrict)&lt;br&gt; 9,268,653 (block)
| percentage2        =  22.81% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;15.49% (block)
| image3            = [[File:Ishihara Shintaro 1-1.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader3           = [[Shintaro Ishihara]]
| leader_since3      = 17 November 2012
| party3             = Japan Restoration Pairty
| leaders_seat3      = {{nowrap|[[Tokyo proportional representation block|Tokyo PR]]}}&lt;ref&gt;''The Japan Times'', 19 November 2012: [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20121119a2.html &quot;Shintaro Ishihara to run in Tokyo proportional representation block in Japan's general election.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130220942/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20121119a2.html |date=2012-11-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| last_election3     = ''new pairty''
| seats_before3      = 11
| seats3             = 54
| seat_change3       = {{increase}} 43
| popular_vote3      =  6,942,353  (destrict)&lt;br&gt;12,262,228 (block)
| percentage3        =  11.64% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;20.5% (block)
| image4             = [[File:Natsuo Yamaguchi-1.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader4            = [[Natsuo Yamaguchi]]
| leader_since4      = 8 September 2009
| party4             = New Komeito Pairty
| leaders_seat4      = {{nowrap|''nae contesting'' ([[Hoose o Cooncillors|Coun.]])}}
| last_election4     = 21 seats&lt;br&gt;1.11% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;11.45% (block)
| seats_before4      = 21
| seats4             = 31
| seat_change4       = {{increase}} 10
| popular_vote4      =  885,881 (destrict)&lt;br&gt;7,116,474 (block)
| percentage4        =  1.49% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;11.9% (block)
| image5             = [[File:Yoshimi Watanabe cropped.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader5            = [[Yoshimi Watanabe]]
| leader_since5      = 8 August 2009
| party5             = Your Pairty
| leaders_seat5     = [[Tochigi 3rd district|Tochigi-3rd]]
| last_election5    = 8 seats&lt;br&gt;0.87% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;4.27% (block)
| seats_before5     = 8
| seats5            = 18
| seat_change5      = {{increase}} 10
| popular_vote5      =  2,807,244 (destrict)&lt;br&gt;5,245,586 (block)
| percentage5        =  4.71% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;8.77% (block)
| image6             = [[File:Kada Yukiko 1-1.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader6            = [[Yukiko Kada]]
| leader_since6      = 28 November 2012
| party6             = Tomorrow Pairty o Japan
| leaders_seat6      = {{nowrap|''nae contestin'' ([[Shiga Prefectur|Gov.]])}}
| last_election6     = ''new pairty''
| seats_before6      = 61
| seats6             = 9
| seat_change6      = {{down}} 52
| popular_vote6      =  2,992,365 (destrict)&lt;br&gt;3,423,915 (block)
| percentage6        =  5.02% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;5.72% (block)
| image7             = [[File:Kazuo Shii cropped.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader7            = [[Kazuo Shii]]
| leader_since7      = 24 November 2000
| party7             = Japanese Communist Pairty
| leaders_seat7     = {{nowrap|[[Soothren Kanto proportional representation block|Minami-Kantō PR]]}}
| last_election7     = 9 seats&lt;br&gt;4.22% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;7.03% (block)
| seats_before7      = 9
| seats7             = 8
| seat_change7       = {{down}} 1
| popular_vote7      =  4,700,289 (destrict)&lt;br&gt;3,689,159 (block)
| percentage7        =  7.88% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;6.17% (block)
| image8             = [[File:Mizuho Fukushima cropped.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader8           = [[Mizuho Fukushima]]
| leader_since8      = 15 November 2000
| party8             = Social Democratic Pairty (Japan)
| leaders_seat8     = {{nowrap|''nae contestin'' ([[Hoose o Cooncillors|Coun.]])}}
| last_election8    = 7 seats&lt;br&gt;1.95% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;4.27% (block)
| seats_before8      = 5
| seats8             = 2
| seat_change8       = {{down}} 3
| popular_vote8      =  451,762 (destrict)&lt;br&gt;1,420,790 (block)
| percentage8        =  0.76% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;2.38% (block)
| image9             = &lt;span style=&quot;line-height:150px; vertical-align:center; text-align:center; color:{{Fowk's New Pairty/meta/color}}; font-size:38px;&quot;&gt; '''PNP'''&lt;/span&gt;
| leader9            = [[Shozaburo Jimi]]
| leader_since9      = 5 Aprile 2012
| party9             = Fowk's New Pairty
| leaders_seat9      = {{nowrap|''nae contestin'' ([[Hoose o Cooncillors|Coun.]])}}
| last_election9     = 3 seats&lt;br&gt;1.04% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;1.73% (block)
| seats_before9      = 3
| seats9             = 1
| seat_change9       = {{down}} 2
| popular_vote9      =  117,185 (destrict)&lt;br&gt;70,847 (block)
| percentage9        =  0.2% (destrict)&lt;br&gt;0.12% (block)
| map_image          = JapanGE20012.png
| map_size           = 350px
| map_caption        = [[Leet o Destricts o the Hoose o Representatives o Japan|destricts an PR destricts]] wan bi respective pairties
| title              = [[Prime Meenister o Japan|Prime Meenister]]
| posttitle          = 
| before_election    = [[Yoshihiko Noda]]
| before_party       = Democratic Pairty o Japan
| after_election     = [[Shinzo Abe]]
| after_party        = Liberal Democratic Pairty (Japan)}}

A '''[[Elections in Japan|general election]]''' wis held in [[Japan]] on 16 December 2012. Voters gae the [[Liberal Democratic Pairty (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Pairty]] a [[landslide victory]], ejectin the [[Democratic Pairty o Japan]] frae pouer efter three years. It wis the fowert worst defeat suffered bi a rulin pairty in Japanese history. 

Votin teuk place in aw [[Leet o destricts o the Hoose o Representatives o Japan|representatives' constituencies]] o [[Japan]] includin proportional blocks, in order tae appynt [[Leet o members o the Diet o Japan|Members o Diet]] tae seats in the [[Hoose o Representatives (Japan)|Hoose o Representatives]], the [[lawer hoose]] o the [[Naitional Diet|Naitional Diet o Japan]]. This wis the {{Nihongo|46t general election o members o the Hoose o Representatives|第46回衆議院議員総選挙|dai-yonjūrokkai Shūgiin giin sōsenkyo}} in Japan syne 1869. 

In Julie 2012 it wis reportit that the deputy prime meenister [[Katsuya Okada]] haed approached the Liberal Democratic Pairty tae soond them oot aboot dissolvin the hoose o representatives an hauldin the election in Januar 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T120729002608.htm | title=Okada eyes Jan. dissolution of lower house | work=Yomiuri Shimbun | date=30 July 2012 | agency=Jiji Press | accessdate=14 November 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731135653/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T120729002608.htm | archivedate=2012-07-31 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  An agreement wis reached in August tae dissolve the Diet an hauld early elections &quot;shortly&quot; follaein the passage o a bill tae raise the naitional consumption tax.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-japan-too-new-taxes-levy-political-toll/2012/08/17/c41effb0-e6b6-11e1-8f62-58260e3940a0_story.html| title=In Japan, new taxes levy political toll on Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda | work=The Washington Post | date=18 August 2012 |accessdate=20 August 2012 | author=Harlan, Chico}}&lt;/ref&gt; It wis reportit that as the result o introducin the consumption tax tae repay the [[Japan public debt]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c04cont.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-08-07 |archive-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105175153/http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c04cont.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://business.time.com/2011/04/06/a-hard-look-at-japans-debt-problem/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/business/AJ201205110051 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-08-07 |archive-date=2012-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102052451/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/business/AJ201205110051 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-04/japan-s-debt-sustains-a-deflationary-depression.html&lt;/ref&gt; the DPJ lost aroond 75% o its pre-election seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201212250101 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-08-07 |archive-date=2012-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231074337/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201212250101 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mansfieldfdn.org/backup/polls/pdf/martin_commentary.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330184342/http://mansfieldfdn.org/backup/polls/pdf/martin_commentary.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2012 elections]]
[[Category:Japanese general elections|2012]]</text>
      <sha1>dqowfnhazrb30alg3mtgbtbrncg46eg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leet o kintras bi population</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869375</id>
      <parentid>865839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:26:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="74040" xml:space="preserve">[[File:World Population.svg|thumb|right|300px|A cairt o warld population.]]

This is a leet o [[leet o sovereign states|independent kintras]] an inhabitit [[dependent territory|dependent territories]]—based on the ISO staundart [[ISO 3166-1]]—bi [[population]]. An aa gien in percent is each kintra's population compared tae the [[Warld population|population o the warld]], which accordin tae the [[Unitit States Census Bureau]] population clock is estimatit at 7.104 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html | title=U.S. &amp; World Population Clocks | publisher=Census.gov | date=2012-04-06 | accessdate=2012-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Accordin tae a separate estimate bi the [[Unitit Nations]], warld population exceedit 7&amp;nbsp;billion in October 2011.&lt;ref name=UN7bn&gt;
{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15459643 | title=Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges | date=2011-10-26 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=2011-10-27}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/31/seven-billionth-baby-born-philippines?intcmp=122 | title=World's 'seven billionth baby' is born | date=2011-10-31 | publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=2011-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/10/31/7-billion-people-is-a-serious-challenge/UPI-73301320046200 &quot;7 billion people is a 'serious challenge'&quot;]. UPI, 31 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Auries that form integral pairts o sovereign states, sic as the [[kintras o the Unitit Kinrick]], are coontit as pairt o the sovereign states concerned. Nae included are ither entities, sic as the [[European Union]],&lt;ref&gt;The European Union is a ''[[sui generis]]'' [[supranational union]] whose sovereign members delegate to it by treaty certain powers that are often exercised by sovereign states. Its combined population has been estimated at 503,491,975 on January 1, 2012, it would be ranked 3rd if it were included in the list, and it has {{#expr: 503491975 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% of the world's population&amp;nbsp;— see {{cite web | title=Total population | publisher=[[Eurostat]] | url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 | accessdate=2010-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; that are nae sovereign states, an dependent territories that dae nae hae permanent populations, sic as [[Territorial claims o Antarctica|various kintras' claims]] tae [[Antarctica]].{{ref|n1|n1}}

Figures uised in this chart are based on the maist up tae date estimate or projections&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.economist.com/node/18651512 China's Population: The Most Surprising Demographic Crisis], The Economist, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; bi the naitional [[census]] authority whaur available, an are uisually roondit aff. Whaur updatit naitional data are nae available, figurs are based on the 2013 estimates bi the Population Diveesion o the [[Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs]].&lt;ref name=unpop&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm | title=World Population Prospects| version=2012 revision | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2013 | accessdate= 2013-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acause the compiled figurs are nae collectit at the same time in every kintra, or at the same level o [[statistics|accuracy]], the resultin numerical comparisons mey creaut misleadin conclusions. Furthermair, the addeetion o figures frae aw kintras mey nae equal the warld tot.

For a graphical version o this leet, see [[leet o kintras bi population (graphical)]]. See an aa [[Leet o sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density]] an the [[leet o regional organisations bi population]].

==Kintras==
&lt;!--
PLEASE READ BEFORE EDITING!
WHEN YOU UPDATE A COUNTRY'S POPULATION - PLEASE ALSO UPDATE THE EXPRESSION NEXT TO IT (column &quot;% of world population&quot;) WITH THE SAME NUMBER EXCLUDING COMMAS (the #expr: equation).
--&gt;
'''Note:''' Aw dependent territories are shawn in ''italics''.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
|-
!Rank!!Kintra (or dependent territory)!!Population!!Date!!% o warld&lt;br /&gt;population!!Soorce
|-
| -
|align=left|[[Warld]]
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{worldpop}} round -5}}}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|100.00%
|align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popclock USCB's warld population clock]
|-
|1
|align=left|{{CHN}}&lt;ref&gt;Census figure refers to mainland [[China]], excluding its Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. The first one returned to Chinese sovereignty in mid-1997 and the second one did so on December 20, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{data Cheenae|poptoday 1}}
|align=left|[http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp Chinese Official Population Clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204051308/http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp |date=2003-12-04 }}
|-
|2
|align=left|{{IND}}
|{{data Indie|poptoday 1}}
|align=left|[http://www.indiastat.com/ Indian Official Population Clock]
|-
|3
|align=left|{{USA}}
|{{data Unitit States|poptoday 1}}
|align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popclock Official population clock]
|-
|4
|align=left|{{IDN}}
|237,641,326
|Mey 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 237641326/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&amp;tabel=1&amp;daftar=1&amp;id_subyek=12&amp;notab=1 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014161735/http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&amp;tabel=1&amp;daftar=1&amp;id_subyek=12&amp;notab=1 |date=2014-10-14 }}
|-
|5
|align=left|{{BRA}}
|193,946,886
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 193946886/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=2204&amp;id_pagina=1 Official estimate]
|-
|6
|align=left|{{PAK}}
|{{data Pakistan|poptoday 1}}
|align=left|[http://www.census.gov.pk Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211657/http://www.census.gov.pk/%20 |date=2018-12-25 }}
|-
|7
|align=left|{{NGA}}
|173,615,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 173615000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|8
|align=left|{{BGD}}
|152,518,015
|Julie 16, 2012
|{{#expr: 152518015/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121009045253/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Census2011/Bangladesh_glance.pdf Official estimate]
|-
|9
|align=left|{{RUS}}
|143,400,000
|julie 1, 2019
|{{#expr: 143400000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.htm Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326010717/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.htm |date=2014-03-26 }}
|-
|10
|align=left|{{MEX}}
|126,577,691
|Julie 1, 2019
|{{#expr: 126577691/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html Official estimate]
|-
|11
|align=left|{{JPN}}
|126,200,000
|Mey 1, 2019
|{{#expr: 126200000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Monthly official estimate]
|-
|12
|align=left|{{PHL}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (92337.852+4.881*{{Age in days|2010|5|1}}) round 0}}000}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (92337852+4881*{{Age in days|2010|5|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.popcom.gov.ph Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403061418/http://www.popcom.gov.ph/ |date=2019-04-03 }}
|-
|13
|align=left|{{VNM}}
|88,780,000
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 88780000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=508&amp;ItemID=13500 Official estimate]
|-
|14
|align=left|{{ETH}}
|86,613,986
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 86613986/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211418/http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}
|-
|15
|align=left|{{EGY}}
|83,661,000
|Januar 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 83661000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptInFigure/EgyptinFigures/Tables/English/pop/population/index.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525221856/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptInFigure/EgyptinFigures/Tables/English/pop/population/index.html |date=2013-05-25 }}
|-
|16
|align=left|{{DEU}}
|80,493,000
|September 30, 2012
|{{#expr: 80493000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html Quarterly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113161057/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html |date=2013-11-13 }}
|-
|17
|align=left|{{IRN}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (75149.669+2.531*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}}) round 0}}000}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (75149669+2531*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133 Official population clock]
|-
|18
|align=left|{{TUR}}
|75,627,384
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 75627384/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425 Official estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829011325/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425 |date=2013-08-29 }}
|-
|19
|align=left|{{COD}}
|67,514,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 67514000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|20
|align=left|{{THA}}
|65,926,261
|September 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 65926261/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925201333/http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm |date=2015-09-25 }}
|-
|21
|align=left|{{FRA}}&lt;ref&gt;Estimate not only refers to [[metropolitan France]], but also includes its separatedly listed [[overseas departments]] ''(Départements d'outre-mer'', DOM) of [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]] (from March 31, 2011) and [[Réunion]] and its [[overseas collectivities]] ''(Collectivités d'outre-mer,'' COM) of [[French Polynesia]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] and [[Wallis and Futuna]]. The population of [[metropolitan France]] alone stood at 63,822,000 in 1 July 2013, according to a monthly official estimate [www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=000436387].&lt;/ref&gt;
|65,707,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 65707000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/en/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607 Monthly official estimate]
|-
|22
|align=left|{{GBR}}
|63,705,000
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 63705000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2011-and-mid-2012/index.html Official estimate]
|-
|23
|align=left|{{ITA}}
|59,704,082
|Januar 31, 2013
|{{#expr: 59704082/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803023947/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.html |date=2013-08-03 }}
|-
|24
|align=left|{{MMR}}
|53,259,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 53259000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|25
|align=left|{{ZAF}}
|52,981,991
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 52981991/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022013.pdf Official estimate]
|-
|26
|align=left|{{KOR}}
|50,219,669
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 50219669/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/check_miplatform.jsp?orgId=101&amp;tblId=DT_1B35001&amp;vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&amp;list_id=&amp;empId=&amp;scrId=&amp;seqNo=&amp;dbkind=ETLDB&amp;lang_mode=ko_en&amp;dsu=nsi&amp;conn_path=A6 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110012919/http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/check_miplatform.jsp?orgId=101&amp;tblId=DT_1B35001&amp;vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&amp;list_id=&amp;empId=&amp;scrId=&amp;seqNo=&amp;dbkind=ETLDB&amp;lang_mode=ko_en&amp;dsu=nsi&amp;conn_path=A6 |date=2013-11-10 }}
|-
|27
|align=left|{{COL}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (42888.592+1.449*{{Age in days|2005|6|30}}) round 0}}000}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (42888592+1449*{{Age in days|2005|6|30}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |date=2012-01-14 }}
|-
|28
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|47,059,533
|Januar 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 47059533/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.es/prensa/np776.pdf Annual official estimate]
|-
|29
|align=left|{{UKR}}
|45,480,315
|Juin 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 45480315/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2013/ds/kn/kn_e/kn0613_e.html Monthly official estimate]
|-
|30
|align=left|{{TZA}}
|44,928,923
|August 26, 2012
|{{#expr: 44928923/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf 2012 census result]
|-
|31
|align=left|{{KEN}}
|44,354,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 44354000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|32
|align=left|{{ARG}}
|40,117,096
|October 27, 2010
|{{#expr: 40117096/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034527/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}
|-
|33
|align=left|{{POL}}
|38,533,299
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 38533299/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LU_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2012.pdf Official estimate]
|-
|34
|align=left|{{SDN}}
|37,964,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 37964000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|35
|align=left|{{DZA}}
|37,900,000
|Januar 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 37900000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220607/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |date=2012-03-06 }}
|-
|36
|align=left|{{IRQ}}
|35,404,000
|August 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 33330000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029160543/http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm |date=2012-10-29 }}
|-
|37
|align=left|{{CAN}}
|35,141,542
|Aprile 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 35141542/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html Official estimate]
|-
|38
|align=left|{{UGA}}
|34,131,400
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 34131400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Popn_T3_2011.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802021657/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Popn_T3_2011.pdf |date=2014-08-02 }}
|-
|39
|align=left|{{MAR}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (329500+9.7*{{Age in days|2013|7|1}}) round 0}}00}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (32950000+970*{{Age in days|2013|7|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.hcp.ma Official population clock]
|-
|40
|align=left|{{PER}}
|30,475,144
|Juin 30, 2013
|{{#expr: 30475144/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm Annual official estimate]
|-
|41
|align=left|{{MYS}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (297466.33+0.8750411*{{Age in days|2012|6|1}}) round 0}}00}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (2974663+87.50411*{{Age in days|2012|6|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=213&amp;lang=en Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145703/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=213&amp;lang=en |date=2013-12-05 }}
&lt;!-- source code at http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/populationclockNEW/BI.php --&gt;
|-
|42
|align=left|{{UZB}}
|29,559,100
|Januar 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 29559100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.uz/press/1/3399/ Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809003329/http://www.stat.uz/press/1/3399/ |date=2013-08-09 }}
|-
|43
|align=left|{{SAU}}
|29,195,895
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 29195895/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919225542/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/ |date=2012-09-19 }}
|-
|44
|align=left|{{VEN}}
|28,946,101
|October 30, 2011
|{{#expr: 28946101/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&amp;catid=121:censo-2011 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094142/http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&amp;catid=121:censo-2011 |date=2013-10-02 }}
|-
|45
|align=left|{{NPL}}
|26,494,504
|Juin 22, 2011
|{{#expr: 26494504/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }}
|-
|46
|align=left|{{AFG}}
|25,500,100
|Januar 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 25500100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003706/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }}
|-
|47
|align=left|{{PRK}}
|24,895,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 24895000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|48
|align=left|{{GHA}}
|24,658,823
|September 26, 2010
|{{#expr: 24658823/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105945/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}
|-
|49
|align=left|{{YEM}}
|24,527,000
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 24527000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&amp;id=553 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211602/http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&amp;id=553 |date=2015-09-23 }}
|-
|50
|align=left|{{MOZ}}
|23,700,715
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 23700715/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.mz/Dashboards.aspx Official estimate]
|-
|51
|align=left|{{TWN}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Political status of Taiwan|Partially recognized state]], claimed by the [[People's Republic of China]] as one of its provinces. [[Taiwan]] also includes the minor islands of [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu]], [[Pescadores]], etc.&lt;/ref&gt;
|23,344,213
|Juin 30, 2013
|{{#expr: 23344213/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 Monthly official estimate]
|-
|52
|align=left|{{CIV}}
|23,202,000
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 23202000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ins.ci/n Official estimate]
|-
|53
|align=left|{{AUS}}
&lt;!--Please do not change the following formula. It automatically calculates the estimated population each day at 00:00 UTC based on the official population clock. Changing to a different formula makes it difficult to update on the three or four occasions each year when the rate of change varies. These formulae are used in multiple articles and provide consistency.--&gt;
|{{formatnum:{{#expr: 23000527 + (86400 / 83) * {{Age in days|2013|4|24}} round 0}}}} &lt;!--AUTOUPDATES DAILY at 00:00 UTC, Australia pop clock adds 1 person every 83 seconds.--&gt;
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (23000527 + (86400 / 83) * {{Age in days|2013|4|24}}) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official population clock]
|-
|54
|align=left|{{SYR}}
|21,377,000
|December 31, 2011
|{{#expr: 21377000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Syria.html Official estimate]
|-
|55
|align=left|{{MDG}}
|20,696,070
|Julie 1, 2011
|{{#expr: 20696070/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=56 Annual official estimate]
|-
|56
|align=left|{{AGO}}
|20,609,294
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 20609294/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.ao Official estimate]
|-
|57
|align=left|{{CMR}}
|20,386,799
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 20386799/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031000/http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf |date=2018-05-17 }}
|-
|58
|align=left|{{LKA}}
|20,277,597
|Mairch 21, 2012
|{{#expr: 20277597/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result]
|-
|59
|align=left|{{ROU}}
|20,121,641
|October 20, 2011
|{{#expr: 20121641/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }}
|-
|60
|align=left|{{BFA}}
|17,322,796
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 17322796/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insd.bf/fr Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814084502/http://www.insd.bf/fr |date=2012-08-14 }}
|-
|61
|align=left|{{NER}}
|17,129,076
|December 10, 2012
|{{#expr: 17129076/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/rgph2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result]
|-
|62
|align=left|{{KAZ}}
|17,028,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 17010000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117231623/http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx |date=2014-01-17 }}
|-
|63
|align=left|{{NLD}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (167432.82+1.19*{{Age in days|2012|5|31}}) round 0}}00}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (16743282+119*{{Age in days|2012|5|31}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm Official population clock]
|-
|64
|align=left|{{CHL}}
|16,634,603
|Aprile 9, 2012
|{{#expr: 16634603/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.censo.cl/contenido/sintesis_resultados_censo_2012.pdf Final 2012 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|-
|65
|align=left|{{ECU}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (150000+6.95*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}}) round 0}}00}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (15000000+695*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121131641/http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf |date=2013-01-21 }}
|-
|66
|align=left|{{GTM}}
|15,438,384
|Juin 30, 2013
|{{#expr: 15438384/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193855/http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm |date=2011-10-07 }}
|-
|67
|align=left|{{MLI}}
|15,302,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 15302000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|68
|align=left|{{KHM}}
|15,135,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 15135000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|69
|align=left|{{MWI}}
|14,388,600
|Julie 1, 2011
|{{#expr: 14388600/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Malawi.html Official estimate]
|-
|70
|align=left|{{SEN}}
|13,567,338
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 13567338/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060113/http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html |date=2012-01-17 }}
|-
|71
|align=left|{{ZMB}}
|13,092,666
|October 16, 2010
|{{#expr: 13092666/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Zambia.html Final 2010 census result]
|-
|72
|align=left|{{ZWE}}
|12,973,808
|August 17, 2012
|{{#expr: 12973808/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060905/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf |date=2013-09-03 }}
|-
|73
|align=left|{{TCD}}
|12,825,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 12825000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|74
|align=left|{{SSD}}
|11,296,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 11296000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|75
|align=left|{{CUB}}
|11,163,934
|September 15, 2012
|{{#expr: 11163934/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20121212cifraspreliminares/resultados%20preliminares.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718202826/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20121212cifraspreliminares/resultados%20preliminares.pdf |date=2013-07-18 }}
|-
|76
|align=left|{{BEL}}
|11,156,136
|Juin 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 11156136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419074752/http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Registre/fr/statistiques_population/stat_1_f.pdf Monthly official estimate]
|-
|77
|align=left|{{GIN}}
|10,824,200
|Julie 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 10824200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat-guinee.org Official estimate]
|-
|78
|align=left|{{GRC}}
|10,815,197
|Mey 24, 2011
|{{#expr: 10815197/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817195146/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf |date=2014-08-17 }}
|-
|79
|align=left|{{TUN}}
|10,777,500
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 10777500/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023615/http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php |date=2015-09-04 }}
|-
|80
|align=left|{{PRT}}
|10,562,178
|Mairch 21, 2011
|{{#expr: 10562178/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.html Final 2011 census result]
|-
|81
|align=left|{{RWA}}
|10,537,222
|August 15, 2012
|{{#expr: 10537222/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/provisional%20results%20-%20eng.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019174254/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/provisional%20results%20-%20eng.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }}
|-
|82
|align=left|{{CZE}}
|10,512,800
|Mairch 31, 2013
|{{#expr: 10512800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.doc Official estimate]
|-
|83
|align=left|{{SOM}}&lt;ref&gt;Includes [[Puntland]] (with a population of about 3,900,000 inhabitants) and [[Somaliland]] (some 3,500,000 inhabitants).&lt;/ref&gt;
|10,496,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 10496000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|84
|align=left|{{HTI}}
|10,413,211
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 10413211/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103153/http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}
|-
|85
|align=left|{{BEN}}
|10,323,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 10323000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|86
|align=left|{{BDI}}
|10,163,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 10163000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|87
|align=left|{{BOL}}
|10,027,254
|November 21, 2012
|{{#expr: 10027254/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.bo:8081/censo2012/PDF/resultadosCPV2012.pdf 2012 census result]
|-
|88
|align=left|{{HUN}}
|9,906,000
|Januar 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 9906000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html Annual official estimate]
|-
|89
|align=left|{{SWE}}
|9,588,569
|Mey 31, 2013
|{{#expr: 9588569/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspx Monthly official estimate]
|-
|90
|align=left|{{BLR}}
|9,459,800
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 9459800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[https://archive.is/20121128000236/belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/press/demographics.php Monthly official estimate]
|-
|91
|align=left|{{DOM}}
|9,445,281
|December 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 9445281/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&amp;func=display&amp;aid=2387 Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404103147/http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&amp;func=display&amp;aid=2387 |date=2013-04-04 }}
|-
|92
|align=left|{{AZE}}
|9,235,100
|Januar 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 9235100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207012257/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml |date=2012-02-07 }}
|-
|93
|align=left|{{AUT}}
|8,464,554
|Aprile 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 8464554/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistik.at/web_de/presse/071726 Official estimate]
|-
|94
|align=left|{{HND}}
|8,385,072
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 8385072/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017031001/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 |date=2010-10-17 }}
|-
|95
|align=left|{{ARE}}
|8,264,070
|Julie 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 8264070/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008044353/http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf |date=2013-10-08 }}
|-
|96
|align=left|{{CHE}}
|8,058,100
|Mairch 31, 2013
|{{#expr: 8058100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand/01.html Quarterly official estimate]
|-
|97
|align=left|{{ISR}}
|8,051,200
|Juin 30, 2013
|{{#expr: 8051200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0713/pdf/b1.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094329/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0713/pdf/b1.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }}
|-
|98
|align=left|{{TJK}}
|8,000,000
|Aprile 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 8000000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.tj/en Official estimate]
|-
|99
|align=left|{{BGR}}
|7,282,041
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 7282041/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&amp;a1=376&amp;a2=377&amp;a3=378#cont Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113220442/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&amp;a1=376&amp;a2=377&amp;a3=378#cont |date=2012-11-13 }}
|-
|100
|align=left|{{SRB}}&lt;ref&gt;Excludes the [[Kosovo]] (1,733,872, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112084432/http://esk.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/docs/REKOS%20LEAFLET%20ALB%20FINAL.pdf 2011]).&lt;/ref&gt;
|7,241,295
|Januar 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 7241295/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225081855/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 |date=2015-12-25 }}
|-
|101
|align=left|{{HKG}}&lt;ref&gt;Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the [[People's Republic of China]] from July 1, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;
|7,173,900
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 7173900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&amp;charsetID=2&amp;displayMode=T Official estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609015356/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&amp;charsetID=2&amp;displayMode=T |date=2007-06-09 }}
|-
|102
|align=left|{{PNG}}
|7,059,653
|Julie 10, 2011
|{{#expr: 7059653/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/PapuaNewGuinea.html 2011 census result]
|-
|103
|align=left|{{PRY}}
|6,672,631
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 6672631/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.dgeec.gov.py/sub_index/Pobreza/Paraguay%20Evolucion%20de%20la%20Poblacion%20Total%20Periodo%201950-2002%20Proyeccion%202012.pdf Official estimate]
|-
|104
|align=left|{{LAO}}
|6,580,800
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 6580800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517150036/http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm |date=2012-05-17 }}
|-
|105
|align=left|{{JOR}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (62490+3.82*{{Age in days|2011|12|31}}) round 0}}00}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (6249000+382*{{Age in days|2011|12|31}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117225318/http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm |date=2012-01-17 }}
|-
|106
|align=left|{{ERI}}
|6,333,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 6333000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|107
|align=left|{{LBY}}
|6,202,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 6202000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|108
|align=left|{{TGO}}
|6,191,155
|November 6, 2010
|{{#expr: 6191155/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=14&amp;&amp;Itemid=56 Final 2010 census result]
|-
|109
|align=left|{{SLE}}
|6,190,280
|2013
|{{#expr: 6190280/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._&amp;_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173852/http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._%26_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf |date=2013-07-30 }}
|-
|110
|align=left|{{SLV}}
|6,183,000
|Juin 30, 2010
|{{#expr: 6183000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/ElSalvador.html Official estimate]
|-
|111
|align=left|{{NIC}}
|6,071,045
|Juin 30, 2012
|{{#expr: 6071045/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20año%202012%20INIDE.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20a%C3%B1o%202012%20INIDE.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }}
|-
|112
|align=left|{{DNK}}
|5,605,836
|Aprile 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 5605836/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning.aspx Quarterly official estimate]
|-
|113
|align=left|{{KGZ}}
|5,551,900
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 5551900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/KZ/Demo/demo2.pdf Annual official estimate]
|-
|114
|align=left|{{FIN}}
|5,434,357
|Mey 31, 2013
|{{#expr: 5434357/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.fi/til/vrm_en.html Monthly official estimate]
|-
|115
|align=left|{{SVK}}
|5,410,728
|Mairch 31, 2013
|{{#expr: 5410728/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031417/http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 |date=2017-02-02 }}
|-
|116
|align=left|{{SGP}}
|5,310,000
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 5310000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.singstat.gov.sg Official estimate]
|-
|117
|align=left|{{TKM}}
|5,240,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 5240000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|118
|align=left|{{NOR}}
|5,063,709
|Mairch 31, 2013
|{{#expr: 5063709/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal Quarterly official estimate]
|-
|119
|align=left|{{LBN}}
|4,822,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 4822000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|120
|align=left|{{CRI}}
|4,667,096
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 4667096/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327062704/http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx |date=2012-03-27 }}
|-
|121
|align=left|{{CAF}}
|4,616,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 4616000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|122
|align=left|{{IRL}}
|4,585,400
|Aprile 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 4585400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2012/popmig_2012.pdf Annual official estimate]
|-
|123
|align=left|{{GEO}}&lt;ref&gt;Excludes ([http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722065134/http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls |date=2014-07-22 }}) the [[Republic of Abkhazia]] (242,862, census 2011) and [[South Ossetia]] (70,000, 2006).&lt;/ref&gt;
|4,483,800
|Januar 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 4483800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&amp;p_id=152&amp;lang=eng Annual official estimate]
|-
|124
|align=left|{{NZL}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (440000+6.3*{{Age in days|2010|6|18}}) round 0}}0}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (4400000+63*{{Age in days|2010|6|18}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx Official population clock]
|-
|125
|align=left|{{COG}}
|4,448,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 4448000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|126
|align=left|{{PSE}}&lt;ref&gt;It comprises the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[West Bank]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|4,420,549
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 4420549/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population Official estimate]
|-
|127
|align=left|{{LBR}}
|4,294,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 4294000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|128
|align=left|{{HRV}}
|4,290,612
|Mairch 31, 2011
|{{#expr: 4290612/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm 2011 census result]
|-
|129
|align=left|{{BIH}}
|3,839,737
|Juin 30, 2011
|{{#expr: 3839737/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.bhas.ba/index.php?option=com_publikacija&amp;id=1&amp;lang=en&amp;Itemid= Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184402/http://www.bhas.ba/index.php?option=com_publikacija&amp;id=1&amp;lang=en&amp;Itemid= |date=2015-09-23 }}
|-
|130
|align=left|{{OMN}}
|3,831,553
|Februar 28, 2013
|{{#expr: 3831553/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ncsi.gov.om/book/mb/Mar2013/T2.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230516/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/book/mb/Mar2013/T2.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }}
|-
|131
|align=left|{{PRI}}&lt;ref&gt;Commonwealth ({{lang-es|Estado Libre Asociado}}) belonging to the [[United States]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|3,667,084
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 3667084/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/PuertoRico-Towns.html Official estimate]
|-
|132
|align=left|{{KWT}}
|3,582,054
|December 31, 2010
|{{#expr: 3582054/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kuwait.html Official estimate]
|-
|133
|align=left|{{MDA}}&lt;ref&gt;Excludes ([http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/populatia/Populatia_Republicii_Moldova_2010.pdf statistica.md.2010.pdf])  [[Transnistria]] (555,347, census 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;
|3,559,500
|Januar 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 3559500/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&amp;idc=103&amp; Official estimate]
|-
|134
|align=left|{{MRT}}
|3,461,041
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 3461041/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925151255/http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf |date=2015-09-25 }}
|-
|135
|align=left|{{PAN}}
|3,405,813
|Mey 16, 2010
|{{#expr: 3405813/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/cuadros.aspx Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307170158/http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/Cuadros.aspx |date=2011-03-07 }}
|-
|136
|align=left|{{URY}}
|3,286,314
|September 30, 2011
|{{#expr: 3286314/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112153208/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html |date=2012-01-12 }}
|-
|137
|align=left|{{ARM}}
|3,024,100
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 3024100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&amp;id=11001 Annual official estimate]
|-
|138
|align=left|{{LTU}}
|2,955,986
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 2955986/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&amp;PLanguage=1&amp;TableStyle=&amp;Buttons=&amp;PXSId=7743&amp;IQY=&amp;TC=&amp;ST=ST&amp;rvar0=&amp;rvar1=&amp;rvar2=&amp;rvar3=&amp;rvar4=&amp;rvar5=&amp;rvar6=&amp;rvar7=&amp;rvar8=&amp;rvar9=&amp;rvar10=&amp;rvar11=&amp;rvar12=&amp;rvar13=&amp;rvar14= Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&amp;PLanguage=1&amp;TableStyle=&amp;Buttons=&amp;PXSId=7743&amp;IQY=&amp;TC=&amp;ST=ST&amp;rvar0=&amp;rvar1=&amp;rvar2=&amp;rvar3=&amp;rvar4=&amp;rvar5=&amp;rvar6=&amp;rvar7=&amp;rvar8=&amp;rvar9=&amp;rvar10=&amp;rvar11=&amp;rvar12=&amp;rvar13=&amp;rvar14= |date=2010-08-19 }}
|-
|139
|align=left|{{ALB}}
|2,821,977
|October 1, 2011
|{{#expr: 2821977/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630084756/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf |date=2017-06-30 }}
|-
|140
|align=left|{{MNG}}
|2,754,685
|November 11, 2010
|{{#expr: 2754685/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.nso.mn/v3/index2.php?page=news_more&amp;id=722 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|-
|141
|align=left|{{JAM}}
|2,711,476
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 2711476/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx Annual official estimate]
|-
|142
|align=left|{{NAM}}
|2,113,077
|August 28, 2011
|{{#expr: 2113077/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html Final 2011 census result]
|-
|143
|align=left|{{LSO}}
|2,074,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 2074000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|144
|align=left|{{SVN}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (2058821+8*{{Age in days|2013|1|1}}) round 0}}}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (2058821+8*{{Age in days|2013|1|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asp Official population clock]
|-
|145
|align=left|{{MKD}}
|2,059,794
|December 31, 2011
|{{#expr: 2059794/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=2 Official estimate]
|-
|146
|align=left|{{BWA}}
|2,024,904
|August 22, 2011
|{{#expr: 2024904/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113252/http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }}
|-
|147
|align=left|{{LVA}}
|2,013,400
|Juin 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 2013400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628214416/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html |date=2013-06-28 }}
|-
|148
|align=left|{{QAT}}
|1,916,426
|Juin 30, 2013
|{{#expr: 1916426/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130220032/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm |date=2012-11-30 }}
|-
|149
|align=left|{{GMB}}
|1,849,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 1849000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|150
|align=left|{{GNB}}
|1,704,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 1704000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|151
|align=left|{{GAB}}
|1,672,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 1672000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|152
|align=left|{{GNQ}}
|1,622,000
|Julie 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 1622000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107063158/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/404.shtml |date=2019-01-07 }}
|-
|153
|align=left|{{TTO}}
|1,328,019
|Januar 9, 2011
|{{#expr: 1328019/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf 2011 census result]
|-
|154
|align=left|{{EST}}
|1,286,540
|Januar 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 1286540/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123153505/http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators |date=2012-11-23 }}
|-
|155
|align=left|{{MUS}}
|1,257,900
|Julie 3, 2011
|{{#expr: 1257900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei915/esi2011.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230510/http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei915/esi2011.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }}
|-
|156
|align=left|{{SWZ}}
|1,250,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 1250000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|157
|align=left|{{BHR}}
|1,234,571
|Aprile 27, 2010
|{{#expr: 1234571/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230515/http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }}
|-
|158
|align=left|{{TLS}}
|1,066,409
|Julie 11, 2010
|{{#expr: 1066409/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://dne.mof.gov.tl Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816060817/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/ |date=2012-08-16 }}
|-
|159
|align=left|{{DJI}}
|864,618
|Julie 1, 2011
|{{#expr: 864618/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053048/http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}
|-
|160
|align=left|{{CYP}}&lt;ref&gt;Excludes [[Northern Cyprus]] (294,906, 04 Dec 2011 Census under the auspieces of the UN observers, ([http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&amp;ArticleID=82777 North Cyprus State Planning Organization]).&lt;/ref&gt;
|862,000
|December 31, 2011
|{{#expr: 862000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/C6ECE5795EAC1ED8C2257AB70038FCD4?OpenDocument&amp;sub=1&amp;sel=1&amp;e=&amp;print Official estimate]
|-
|161
|align=left|{{FJI}}
|858,038
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 858038/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20111113144319/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf Annual official estimate]
|-
|162
|align=left|''{{REU}}'' ([[France]])
|821,136
|Januar 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 821136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate]
|-
|163
|align=left|{{GUY}}
|784,894
|Julie 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 784894/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031300/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }}
|-
|164
|align=left|{{BTN}}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: (72000+3.6*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}}) round 0}}0}}
|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|{{#expr: (720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}%
|align=left|[http://www.nsb.gov.bt/main/main.php#&amp;slider1=1 Official population clock]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|-
|165
|align=left|{{COM}}
|724,300
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 724300/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Comores.html Official estimate]
|-
|166
|align=left|{{MNE}}
|620,029
|Aprile 1, 2011
|{{#expr: 620029/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje%281%29.pdf Final 2011 census result]
|-
|167
|align=left|{{MAC}}&lt;ref&gt;Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the [[People's Republic of China]] from December 20, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;
|582,000
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 582000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/default.aspx Official estimate]
|-
|168
|align=left|{{ESH}}&lt;ref&gt;Administration is split between [[Morocco]] and the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], both of which claim the entire territory.&lt;/ref&gt;
|567,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 567000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|169
|align=left|{{SLB}}
|561,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 561000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|170
|align=left|{{LUX}}
|537,000
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 537000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=383&amp;IF_Language=fra&amp;MainTheme=2&amp;FldrName=1 Annual official estimate]
|-
|171
|align=left|{{SUR}}
|534,189
|August 13, 2012
|{{#expr: 534189/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Suriname.html Preliminary 2012 census result]
|-
|172
|align=left|{{CPV}}
|491,875
|Juin 16, 2010
|{{#expr: 491875/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolução%20da%20população%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde,%201900%20-2010.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003130545/http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde%2C%201900%20-2010.pdf |date=2012-10-03 }}
|-
|173
|align=left|{{MLT}}
|416,055
|November 20, 2011
|{{#expr: 416055/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 Preliminary 2011 census result]
|-
|174
|align=left|''{{GLP}}'' ([[France]])
|403,355
|Januar 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 403355/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate]
|-
|175
|align=left|''{{MTQ}}'' ([[France]])
|394,173
|Januar 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 394173/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate]
|-
|176
|align=left|{{BRN}}
|393,162
|Juin 20, 2011
|{{#expr: 393162/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010121333/http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf |date=2012-10-10 }}
|-
|177
|align=left|{{BHS}}
|351,461
|Mey 3, 2010
|{{#expr: 351461/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/056411800.pdf Final 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|-
|178
|align=left|{{ISL}}
|323,810
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 323810/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statice.is Official estimate]
|-
|179
|align=left|{{MDV}}
|317,280
|Julie 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 317280/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224031/http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}
|-
|180
|align=left|{{BLZ}}
|312,971
|Mey 12, 2010
|{{#expr: 312971/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051640/http://www.statisticsbelize.org.bz/dms20uc/dynamicdata/docs/20110511165337_2.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result]
|-
|181
|align=left|{{BRB}}
|274,200
|Julie 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 274200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Barbados.html Official estimate]
|-
|182
|align=left|''{{PYF}}'' ([[France]])
|268,270
|August 22, 2012
|{{#expr: 268270/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_résultats_population_légale.sflb.ashx Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193409/http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_r%C3%A9sultats_population_l%C3%A9gale.sflb.ashx |date=2014-02-21 }}
|-
|183
|align=left|{{VUT}}
|264,652
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 264652/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=158&amp;Itemid=42&amp;lang=en Annual official estimate]
|-
|184
|align=left|''{{NCL}}'' ([[France]])
|258,958
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 258958/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=158&amp;Itemid=42&amp;lang=en Annual official estimate]
|-
|185
|align=left|''{{GUF}}'' ([[France]])
|229,040
|Januar 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 229040/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate]
|-
|186
|align=left|''{{MYT}}'' ([[France]])
|212,600
|August 21, 2012
|{{#expr: 212600/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=19214&amp;reg_id=27 2012 census result]
|-
|187
|align=left|{{WSM}}
|187,820
|November 7, 2011
|{{#expr: 187820/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.sbs.gov.ws Final 2011 census result]
|-
|188
|align=left|{{STP}}
|187,356
|Mey 13, 2012
|{{#expr: 187356/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SaoTome.html 2012 census result]
|-
|189
|align=left|{{LCA}}
|166,526
|Mey 10, 2010
|{{#expr: 166526/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110830112605/http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result]
|-
|190
|align=left|''{{GUM}}'' ([[United States|USA]])
|159,358
|Aprile 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 159358/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn179.html Final 2010 census result]
|-
|191
|align=left|''{{CUW}}'' ([[Netherlands]])
|150,563
|Mairch 26, 2011
|{{#expr: 150563/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Curacao.html 2011 census result]
|-
|192
|align=left|{{VCT}}
|109,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 109000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|193
|align=left|{{KIR}}
|106,461
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 106461/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=158&amp;Itemid=42&amp;lang=en Annual official estimate]
|-
|194
|align=left|''{{VIR}}'' ([[United States|USA]])
|106,405
|Aprile 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 106405/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn180.html Final 2010 census result]
|-
|195
|align=left|{{GRD}}
|103,328
|Mey 12, 2011
|{{#expr: 103328/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614004809/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx |date=2012-06-14 }}
|-
|196
|align=left|{{TON}}
|103,036
|November 30, 2011
|{{#expr: 103036/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230502/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }}
|-
|197
|align=left|''{{ABW}}'' ([[Netherlands]])
|101,484
|September 29, 2010
|{{#expr: 101484/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113151207/http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 |date=2012-11-13 }}
|-
|198
|align=left|{{FSM}}
|101,351
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 101351/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=158&amp;Itemid=42&amp;lang=en Annual official estimate]
|-
|199
|align=left|''{{JEY}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|97,857
|Mairch 27, 2011
|{{#expr: 97857/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf 2011 census result]
|-
|200
|align=left|{{SYC}}
|90,945
|August 26, 2010
|{{#expr: 90945/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/82 Final 2010 census result]
|-
|201
|align=left|{{ATG}}
|86,295
|Mey 27, 2011
|{{#expr: 86295/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Antigua.html Preliminary 2011 census result]
|-
|202
|align=left|''{{IMN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|84,497
|Mairch 27, 2011
|{{#expr: 84497/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/IsleOfMan.html 2011 census result]
|-
|203
|align=left|{{AND}}
|76,246
|Julie 1, 2012
|{{#expr: 76246/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic=&amp;bGrafic=&amp;formules=inici&amp;any1=01/01/2000&amp;any2=01/01/2012&amp;codi_divisio=8&amp;lang=1&amp;codi_subtemes=8&amp;codi_tema=2&amp;chkseries= Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113143444/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic= |date=2017-11-13 }}
|-
|204
|align=left|{{DMA}}
|71,293
|Mey 14, 2011
|{{#expr: 71293/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}%
|align=left|[http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104411/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf |date=2019-06-08 }}
|-
|205
|align=left|''{{BMU}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|64,237
|Mey 20, 2010
|{{#expr: 64237/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520190010/http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }}
|-
|206
|align=left|''{{GGY}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|62,431
|Mairch 31, 2010
|{{#expr: 62431/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=5506&amp;p=0 Annual official estimate]
|-
|207
|align=left|''{{GRL}}'' ([[Denmark]])
|56,370
|Januar 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 56370/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&amp;theme=Population&amp;link=BE Annual official estimate]
|-
|208
|align=left|{{MHL}}
|56,086
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 56086/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=158&amp;Itemid=42&amp;lang=en Annual official estimate]
|-
|209
|align=left|''{{ASM}}'' ([[United States|USA]])
|55,519
|Aprile 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 55519/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn177.html Final 2010 census result]
|-
|210
|align=left|''{{CYM}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|55,456
|October 10, 2010
|{{#expr: 55456/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135615/http://eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport |date=2013-09-21 }}
|-
|211
|align=left|{{KNA}}
|54,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 54000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|212
|align=left|''{{MNP}}'' ([[United States|USA]])
|53,883
|Aprile 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 53883/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn178.html Final 2010 census result]
|-
|213
|align=left|''{{FRO}}'' ([[Denmark]])
|48,244
|Aprile 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 48244/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands Monthly official estimate]
|-
|214
|align=left|''{{SXM}}'' ([[Netherlands]])
|37,429
|Januar 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 37429/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SintMaarten.html Official estimate]
|-
|215
|align=left|''{{MAF}}'' ([[France]])
|36,979
|Januar 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 36979/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate]
|-
|216
|align=left|{{LIE}}
|36,842
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 36842/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331084716/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm |date=2014-03-31 }}
|-
|217
|align=left|{{MCO}}
|36,136
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 36136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.monacostatistics.mc/News/Official-population-on-December-31-2012 Annual official estimate]
|-
|218
|align=left|{{SMR}}
|32,382
|Mey 31, 2013
|{{#expr: 32382/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html# Monthly official estimate]
|-
|219
|align=left|''{{TCA}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|31,458
|Januar 25, 2012
|{{#expr: 31458/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/TurksCaicos.html 2012 census result]
|-
|220
|align=left|''{{GIB}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|29,752
|Julie 1, 2011
|{{#expr: 29752/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123433/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf |date=2018-09-28 }}
|-
|221
|align=left|''{{VGB}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|29,537
|Julie 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 29537/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.dpu.gov.vg Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020525210259/http://www.dpu.gov.vg/ |date=2002-05-25 }}
|-
|222
|align=left|''{{ALA}}'' ([[Finland]])
|28,502
|December 31, 2012
|{{#expr: 28502/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 Official estimate]
|-
|223
|align=left|''{{BES}}'' ([[Netherlands]])
|21,133
|Januar 1, 2011
|{{#expr: 21133/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/NedAntillen.html Official estimate]
|-
|224
|align=left|{{PLW}}
|20,901
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 20901/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=158&amp;Itemid=42&amp;lang=en Annual official estimate]
|-
|225
|align=left|''{{COK}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]])
|14,974
|December 1, 2011
|{{#expr: 14974/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230514/http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }}
|-
|226
|align=left|''{{AIA}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|13,452
|Mey 11, 2011
|{{#expr: 13452/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Anguilla.html Preliminary 2011 census result]
|-
|227
|align=left|''{{WLF}}'' ([[France]])
|13,135
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 13135/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=158&amp;Itemid=42&amp;lang=en Annual official estimate]
|-
|228
|align=left|{{TUV}}
|11,323
|Julie 1, 2013
|{{#expr: 11323/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=158&amp;Itemid=42&amp;lang=en Annual official estimate]
|-
|229
|align=left|{{NRU}}
|9,945
|October 30, 2011
|{{#expr: 9945/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Nauru.html 2011 census result]
|-
|230
|align=left|''{{BLM}}'' ([[France]])
|8,938
|Januar 1, 2010
|{{#expr: 8938/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate]
|-
|231
|align=left|''{{SPM}}'' ([[France]])
|6,081
|Januar 1, 2010
|0.00006%
|align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate]
|-
|232
|align=left|''{{MSR}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|4,922
|Mey 12, 2011
|0.00005%
|align=left|[http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071254/http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }}
|-
|233
|align=left|''{{SHN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|4,000
|Julie 1, 2013
|0.00004%
|align=left|UN estimate
|-
|234
|align=left|''{{SJM}}'' ([[Norawa]])
|2,655
|September 1, 2012
|0.00003%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Svalbard.html Official estimate]
|-
|235
|align=left|''{{FLK}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|2,563
|Aprile 15, 2012
|0.00003%
|align=left|[http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people 2012 census result]
|-
|236
|align=left|''{{NFK}}'' ([[Australia]])
|2,302
|August 9, 2011
|0.00002%
|align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200110/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}
|-
|237
|align=left|''{{CXR}}'' ([[Australia]])
|2,072
|August 9, 2011
|0.00002%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result]
|-
|238
|align=left|''{{NIU}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]])
|1,613
|September 10, 2011
|0.00002%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Niue.html Final 2011 census result]
|-
|239
|align=left|''{{TKL}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]])
|1,411
|October 18, 2011
|0.00001%
|align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034343/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf |date=2012-08-15 }}
|-
|240
|align=left|{{VAT}}
|800
|Julie 1, 2012
|0.00001%
|align=left|[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031317/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html |date=2017-02-02 }}
|-
|241
|align=left|''{{CCK}}'' ([[Australia]])
|550
|August 9, 2011
|0.000001%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result]
|-
|242
|align=left|''{{PCN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|66
|Julie 1, 2008
|0.0000000%
|align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Pitcairn.html 2008 census result]
|}

==See an aa==
{{Multicol}}
*[[Leet o countries bi population (Unitit Naitions)]]
*[[Leet o sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density]]
*[[Leet o continents bi population]]
*[[Leet o kintras bi refugee population]]
*[[Leet o kintras bi urban population]]
*[[Leet o regional organisations bi population]]
*[[Leet o releegious populations]]
*[[Leets o organisms bi population]]
*[[Warld population]]

'''Heestorical'''
*[[Leet o kintras bi population in 1900]]
*[[Leet o kintras bi population in 1907]]
*[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2000]]
*[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2005]]
*[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2010]]
*[[Leet o kintras bi past an futur population]] (1950–2050)

'''Ceeties:'''
*[[Warld's lairgest ceeties]]
*[[Leet o naitional caipitals bi population]]

{{Multicol-break}}
{{portal|Geografie}}

*'''Leets o kintras bi population'''
**'''Continental'''
***[[Leet o African kintras by population|Africae]]
***[[Leet o Asian kintras by population|Asie]]
***[[Leet o European kintras by population|Europe]]
***[[Leet o North American kintras by population|North Americae]]
***[[Leet o Oceanian kintras by population|Oceanie]]
***[[Leet o South American kintras by population|Sooth Americae]]
**'''Intercontinental'''
***[[Leet o Eurasian kintras bi population|Eurasie]]
***[[Leet o kintras in the Americas by population|Americas]]
***[[Leet o Arab kintras by population|Arab states]]
***[[Leet o members o the Commonweel o Naitions bi population|Commonweel o Naitions]]
***[[Leet o Laitin American kintras bi population|Latin Americae]]
***[[Leet o Middle East kintras bi population|Middle East]]
**'''Subcontinental'''
***[[Leet o Caribbean island kintras bi population|Caribbean islands]]
***[[Leet o European Union member states bi population|European Union member states]]
{{Multicol-end}}

==References an notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm United Nations Analytical Report for the 2004 revision of World Population Prospects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815065906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |date=2018-08-15 }} (the analytical report for the 2006 revision is nae available online)&amp;nbsp;— includes details of methodology and soorces uised for the population estimates abuin.

[[Category:Demografie]]
[[Category:Leets o kintras|Population]]
[[Category:Leets bi population|Kintras]]</text>
      <sha1>apfe41lj7inatwr0y66cjz5nu7sqp83</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>57193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869231</id>
      <parentid>859162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:23:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7855" xml:space="preserve">The classification seestem o the teeps o [[Human settlement|inhabitit localities]] in Roushie, the umwhile [[Soviet Union]], an some ither post-Soviet states haes certain peculiarities compared tae the classification seestems in ither kintras.

==Modren classification in Roushie==
Durin the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] time, each o the [[republics o the Soviet Union]], includin the [[Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], haed its awn legislative documents dealin wi classification o inhabitit localities.&lt;ref&gt;In the Russian SFSR, the issues of the administrative and territorial division, including the system of classification of the inhabited localities, was regulated by the Statute ''On Procedure of Resolving the Issues of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the RSFSR'', approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on August 17, 1982 ({{lang|ru|Положение &quot;О порядке решения вопросос административно-территориального устройства РСФСР&quot;, утверждённое Указом Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 17 августа 1982&amp;nbsp;г.}})&lt;/ref&gt;  efter the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union]], the task o developin an maintainin such classification in Roushie wis delegatit tae the [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subjects]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitution&quot;&gt;Airticles&amp;nbsp;71 an 72 o the [[Constitution o Roushie]] dae no name issues o the admeenistrative an territorial structur amang the tasks handled on the federal level or jointly wi the govrenments o the federal subjects. As such, aw federal subjects pass [[:en:Category:Subtemplates of Template RussiaAdmMunRef|their awn laws]] establishin the seestem o the admeenistrative-territorial diveesions on their territories.&lt;/ref&gt;  While currently there are certain peculiarities tae classifications uised in mony federal subjects, they are all still lairgely based on the seestem uised in the RSFSR.  In aw federal subjects, the inhabitit localities are classifeed intae twa major categories: urban an rural.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census&quot;&gt;See, for example, the [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls results o the 2002 population Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025233850/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls |date=2017-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Further diveesions o these categories vary slichtly frae ane federal subject tae another,&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitution&quot; /&gt; but they aw follae common trends describit belaw.

===Urban localities===
*'''[[Ceety|Ceeties]]''' an '''[[toun]]s''' ({{lang|ru|город}}, ''gorod''; pl. {{lang|ru|города}}, ''goroda'').  Ceeties an touns are classifeed bi their level o jurisdiction ([[raion|destrict]]/federal subject/federal).  While the [[Roushie leid]] haes nae separate wirds for &quot;toun&quot; an &quot;ceety&quot; (&quot;{{lang|ru|город}}&quot; is uised for baith), in translation, the wird &quot;ceety&quot; is traditionally appleed tae the urban localities wi a population o at least&amp;nbsp;100,000.

*'''[[Urban-teep dounset]]s''' ({{lang|ru|посёлок городского типа}}, ''posyolok gorodskogo tipa''; pl. {{lang|ru|посёлки городского типа}}) is a teep o smawer urban locality.  This teep o urban locality wis first introducit in the Soviet Union in 1924, wi the follaein subcategories:&lt;ref&gt;{{lang|ru|Постановление ВЦИК и СНК РСФСР от 15 сентября 1924 г. &quot;Общее положение о городских и сельских поселениях и посёлках&quot;}} (Resolution of the All-Union Executive Committee and the Soviet of People's Commissars of September 15, 1924 ''General Statute on Urban and Rural Settlements'')&lt;/ref&gt;
**Urban-teep dounset proper—maistly urban population o 3,000–12,000.
***Wirk settlement ({{lang|ru|рабочий посёлок}}, ''rabochy posyolok'')—maistly urban population occupeed in industrial manufactur.
***Suburban (dacha) settlement ({{lang|ru|дачный посёлок}}, ''dachny posyolok'')—typically, a suburban settlement wi simmer [[dacha]]s.
***Resort settlement ({{lang|ru|курортный посёлок}}, ''kurortny posyolok'')—maistly urban population occupeed in services.
In 1957, the procedurs for categorizin urban-type settlements wur further refined.&lt;ref&gt;{{lang|ru|Указ Президиума ВС РСФСР от 12 сентября 1957 г. &quot;О порядке отнесения населённых пунктов к категории городов, рабочих и курортных посёлков&quot;}} (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of September 12, 1957 ''On Procedures of Categorizing the Inhabited Localities as Cities, Work and Resort Settlements)&lt;/ref&gt;

===Rural localities===
Multiple teeps o rural localities exist, some common through the whole territory o Roushie, some specific tae certain federal subjects.  The maist common types include:
*'''[[Veelage]]s''' ({{lang|ru|деревня}}, ''derevnya''; pl. {{lang|ru|деревни}}, ''derevni'')
*'''[[Veelage#Roushie|Selo]]s''' ({{lang|ru|село}}, ''selo''; pl. {{lang|ru|сёла}}, ''syola''), an aw translatit as veelage
*'''(Landwart-teep) settlements''' ({{lang|ru|посёлок (сельского типа)}}, ''posyolok (selskogo tipa)''; pl. {{lang|ru|посёлки (сельского типа)}}).  The &quot;landwart-teep&quot; ({{lang|ru|сельского типа}}) designation is addit tae the dounsets the population o which is maistly occupeed in agricultur, while ''posyolok'' ({{lang|ru|посёлок}}) proper indicates a mix o population wirkin in agricultur an industry.
*'''[[Stanitsa]]s''' ({{lang|ru|станица}}, ''stanitsa''; pl. {{lang|ru|станицы}}, ''stanitsy'')—historically, a [[Cossack]] rural locality.  The name is still currently in uise, wi the basic meanin o &quot;veelage&quot;.
*'''[[Sloboda]]s''' ({{lang|ru|слобода}}, ''sloboda''; pl. {{lang|ru|слободы}}, ''slobody'')—historically, a settlement freed frae taxes an levies for various raisons.  The name is still currently in uise wi the basic meanin o &quot;veelage&quot;.
*'''[[Khutor]]s''' ({{lang|ru|хутор}}, ''khutor''; pl. {{lang|ru|хутора}}, ''khutora'')—translatit as &quot;[[hamlet (place)|hamlet]]&quot;, &quot;[[fermstead]]&quot;, or &quot;veelage&quot;.
*'''Pochinoks''' ({{lang|ru|починок}}, ''pochinok''; pl. {{lang|ru|починки}}, ''pochinki'')—a newly formit rural locality o ane or several faimilies.  Pochinoks are established as new dounsets an uisually grow intae lairger veelages as they develop.
*In some federal subjects, ethnic terminology is uised in the Roushie leid. Such locality teeps include {{lang|ru|аул}} (''[[aul]]''), {{lang|ru|аал}} (''aal''), an {{lang|ru|кишлак}} (''[[kishlak]]'').

==Historical terms==
*'''Krepost''' ({{lang|ru|крепость}}, a [[fortification|fort]]), a fortifeed settlement.  A [[Kremlin]], Roushie citadel, is a major ''krepost'' uisually includin a castle an surroondit bi [[posad]].  '''[[Ostrog (fortress)|Ostrog]]''', on the ither haund, wis a mair primitive kynd o ''krepost'' which coud be put up quickly athin rough waws o debarkit pointit timber.
*'''[[Posad]]''' ({{lang|ru|посад}}), a medieval suburban settlement.
*'''Mestechko''' ({{lang|ru|местечко}}, frae {{lang-pl|miasteczko}}; {{lang-yi|[[shtetl]]}}), a sma toun in [[Western Krai]] annexed durin the [[Pairtitions o Poland]]; typically wi [[Jew]]ish majority.&lt;!--&quot;mestechko&quot; is still in use--&gt;

==See an aw==
*[[Subdiveesions o Roushie]]
*[[Toun o destrict significance]]
*[[Ceety o federal subject significance]] 
*[[Leet o terms for kintra subdiveesions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Roushie|*]]

[[cv:Пурăну вырăнĕ]]</text>
      <sha1>luqd5amtzti0bwm9w61tm79y7s7x2z5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Central Americae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>57956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869299</id>
      <parentid>671749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:12:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3284" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox| bodyclass = geography
| above = Central Americae
| image = [[File:Central America (orthographic projection).svg|200px|Cairt o Central Americae]]
| label1 = Aurie
| data1  = 523,780 km2&lt;br&gt; (202,233 sq mi)&lt;ref name=a&gt;Areas and population estimates taken from the 2008 [[CIA World Factbook]], whose population estimates are as of July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
| label2 = Population
| data2  = 41,739,000 (2009 est.)&lt;ref name=a /&gt;
| label3 = Density
| data3  = {{convert|77|/km2|abbr=on}}
| label4 = Kintras
| data4  = 7
| label5 = Demonym
| data5  = [[Central American]], [[Americas|American]]
| label6 = GDP
| data6  = $107.7 billion ([[exchynge rate]]) (2006) &lt;br/&gt; $ 226.3 billion ([[purchasin pouer parity]]) (2006).
| label7 = GDP per capita
| data7  = $2,541 ([[exchynge rate]]) (2006) &lt;br/&gt; $5,339 ([[purchasin pouer parity]]) (2006).
| label8 = Leids
| data8  = [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]],  [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[Mayan leids]], [[Garifuna leid|Garifuna]],&lt;br&gt; [[Belizean Kriol leid|Kriol]], [[European leids]], an [[Mesoamerican leids|mony ithers]]
| label9 = Time Zones
| data9  = UTC - 6:00, UTC - 5:00
| label10= Lairgest ceeties (2002)
| data10 = [[Guatemala Ceety]]&lt;br/&gt;[[San Salvador]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tegucigalpa]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Managua]]&lt;br/&gt;[[San Pedro Sula]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Panama Ceety]]&lt;br/&gt;[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Santa Ana, El Salvador|Santa Ana]], [[El Salvador]]&lt;br /&gt;[[León, Nicaragua|León]]&lt;br /&gt;[[San Miguel, El Salvador|San Miguel]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Central_American_cities.htm Largest Cities in Central America], Rhett Butler.  Accessed on line January 10, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Central Americae''' ({{lang-es|América Central or Centroamérica}}) is the central [[geografie|geografic]] [[region]] o the [[Americas]]. It is the soothrenmaist, [[isthmus|isthmian]] portion o the [[Central Americae|Central America]]n [[continent]], which connects wi [[Sooth Americae]] on the sootheast.&lt;ref&gt;[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574502/Central_America.html Central America], ''MSN Encarta''.  Accessed on line January 10, 2008. 2009-10-31.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Central America&quot;, vol. 3, Micropædia, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1990, 15th ed.  ISBN 0-85229-511-1.&lt;/ref&gt; When considered pairt o the unified [[continent|continental model]], it is considered a [[subcontinent]]. Central Americae consists o seven kintras: [[Belize]], [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], an [[Panama]]. Central Americae is pairt o the [[Mesoamericae|Mesoamerica]]n [[biodiversity hetspot]], which extends frae northren Guatemala through central Panama.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/mesoamerica/Pages/default.aspx Mesoamerica], Biodiversity Hotspots, [[Conservation International]].  Accessed on line January 10, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; It is bordered bi [[Mexico]] tae the north, the Caribbean Sea tae the east, the North Paceefic Ocean tae the wast, an [[Colombie]] tae the sooth-east.

Central Americae is an aurie o {{convert|524000|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, or almaist 0.1% o the Yird's surface. As o 2009, its population wis estimatit at 41,739,000. It haes a density o 77 fowk per square kilometer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Central Americae| ]]</text>
      <sha1>436qtq1iyu31jwxpydimnpuccay96sn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inonotus hispidus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>58642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869343</id>
      <parentid>826851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:47:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1536" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| image = Inonotus-hispidus01.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Basidiomycetes]]
| subclassis = [[Incertae sedis]]
| ordo = [[Hymenochaetales]]
| familia = [[Hymenochaetaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Inonotus]]''
| species = '''''I. hispidus'''''
| binomial = ''Inonotus hispidus''
| binomial_authority = (Bull.) [[Petter_Adolf_Karsten| P. Karst.]], (1880)
| synonyms = 
''Boletus hirsutus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Boletus spongiosus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Boletus velutinus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Boletus villosus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Hemidiscia hispida''&lt;br /&gt;
''Inodermus hispidus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Inonotus hirsutus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Phaeolus endocrocinus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Phaeoporus hispidus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Polyporus endocrocinus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Polyporus hispidus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Polystictus hispidus''&lt;br /&gt;
''Xanthochrous hispidus''
}}
{{ mycomorphbox
| name            =  Inonotus hispidus
| hymeniumType    = pores
| capShape        = no
| whichGills      = NA
| stipeCharacter  = NA
| ecologicalType  = parasitic
| howEdible       = inedible
}}
'''''Inonotus hispidus''''', commonly kent as '''shaggy bracket''', is a [[fungus]] an a [[plant pathogen]].

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp Index Fungorum]
* [http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases USDA ARS Fungal Database]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820101227/http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ |date=2007-08-20 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inonotus Hispidus}}
[[Category:Plant pathogens an diseases]]
[[Category:Hymenochaetales]]
[[Category:Fungi o Europe]]</text>
      <sha1>itqrpivnoum43x4399iucjmop65qftx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Curaçao</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>59178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869312</id>
      <parentid>856905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:01:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5722" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kintra o Curaçao
| native_name = {{native name|nl|Land Curaçao}}&lt;br/&gt;{{native name|pap|Pais Kòrsou}}
| common_name = Curaçao
| image_flag = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| image_map = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=circled in reid |region=the [[Caribbean]] |region_color=licht yellae}}
| demonym = Curaçaoan
| national_anthem = ''[[Himno di Kòrsou]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|''Anthem of Curaçao''}}
| official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Dutch leid|Dutch]]|[[Papiamentu]]|[[Inglis leid|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;official-languages&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/XHTMLoutput/Actueel/Curaçao/144328.html |publisher=Government of the Netherlands |title=LANDSVERORDENING van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |language=Dutch |accessdate=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[representative democracy]] unner [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy o the Netherlands|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Willem-Alexander o the Netherlands|Willem-Alexander]]
| leader_title2 = [[Govrenor o Curaçao|Govrenor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Lucille George-Wout]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Curaçao|Prime Meenister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]]
| legislature = [[Estates o Curaçao]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Autonomy]] {{nobold|within the [[Kinrick o the Netherlands]]}}
| established_event1 = Established
| established_date1 = 10 October 2010 {{small|([[dissolution o the Netherlands Antilles]])}}
| capital = [[Willemstad]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|7|N|68|56|W|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Willemstad]]
| area_magnitude = 1_E8
| land_area_rank = 195t
| area_km2 = 444
| area_sq_mi = 171.4
| population_census = 142,180
| population_census_year = 2010
| population_estimate_rank = [[183rd]]
| population_density_km2 = 319
| population_density_sq_mi = 821
| population_density_rank = 39t
| GDP_PPP = US$2.838 billion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA GDP&quot;&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html COUNTRY COMPARISON GDP PURCHASING POWER PARITY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513083413/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html |date=2009-05-13 }}, [[Central Intelligence Agency]].&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank = 177t
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$20,567
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 46t
| GDP_nominal = US$5.08 billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA GDP&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = US$36,200
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 28t
| GDP_nominal_rank = 149th
| time_zone = [[Atlantic Staundart Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = −4
| currency = [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]
| currency_code = ANG
| drives_on = right
| HDI_rank = 7th&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;
| HDI_index = 0.890
| cctld = [[.cw]], [[.an]]&amp;nbsp;{{ref|box_a|a}}
| calling_code = [[+599|+599 9]]
| footnote_a = {{note|box_a}}Tae be discontinued.
}}
[[File:The_colorful_buildings_of_the_Handelskade_in_Willemstad,_Curaçao.jpg|left|thumb|Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]
'''Curaçao''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|jʊər|ə|s|aʊ}} {{respell|KEWR|ə-sow}}; {{lang-nl|Curaçao}};&lt;ref&gt;Dutch pronunciation: {{IPA-nl|kyrɐˈsʌu̯|}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mangold |first1=Max |title=Aussprachewörterbuch |chapter=Curaçao |editors=Dr. Franziska Münzberg |publisher=Duden Verlag |year=2005 |location=Mannheim |url=http://www.duden.de |accessdate=2011-06-16 |isbn=978-3-411-04066-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Papiamentu]]: ''Kòrsou'') is an [[island]] in the soothren [[Caribbean Sea]], aff the [[Venezuela]]n coast. The '''Kintra o Curaçao''' ({{lang-nl|Land Curaçao}};&lt;ref&gt;Formal name according to [http://www.curacao-gov.an/images/strukturafiles/Staatsregeling_18-6-10.pdf Art. 1 para 1 Constitution of Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200254/http://www.curacao-gov.an/images/strukturafiles/Staatsregeling_18-6-10.pdf |date=2011-07-22 }} (Dutch version)&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-pap|Pais Kòrsou}}),&lt;ref&gt;Formal name according to [http://www.curacao-gov.an/images/strukturafiles/konstitushon/Konstitushon_Papiamentu.pdf Art. 1 para 1 Constitution of Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902205625/http://www.curacao-gov.an/images/strukturafiles/konstitushon/Konstitushon_Papiamentu.pdf |date=2009-09-02 }} (Papiamentu version)&lt;/ref&gt; which includes the main island plus the smaa, uninhabitit island o [[Klein Curaçao]] (&quot;Little Curaçao&quot;), is a [[constituent kintra]] o the [[Kinrick o the Netherlands]]. It haes a [[population]] o ower 140,000 on an aurie o {{convert|444|km2|abbr=on}} an its caipital is [[Willemstad]].

Prior tae 10 October 2010, when the [[Netherlands Antilles]] wis [[Dissolution o the Netherlands Antilles|dissolved]], Curaçao wis admeenistered as the Island Territory o Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;English name used by the Government of Curaçao and the Government of the Netherlands Antilles (English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao)&lt;/ref&gt; (Dutch: ''Eilandgebied Curaçao'', Papiamentu: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou''), ane o five [[leet o islands o the Netherlands Antilles|island territories]] o the umwhile Netherlands Antilles.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[Category:Curaçao| ]]
[[Category:Dutch-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Kinrick o the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Islands o the Netherlands Antilles]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 2010]]
[[Category:Kintras in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Dependent territories in North Americae]]</text>
      <sha1>hy9mje4jue7ct3n51447oihawea7uav</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leanne Wood</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>60028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869371</id>
      <parentid>851535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:21:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6178" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = 
|name         = Leanne Wood
|honorific-suffix = [[Members o the Naitional Assembly for Wales|AM]]
|image        = Leanne Wood.jpg
|imagesize    = 
|alt          = 
|caption      = 
|constituency_AM = [[Sooth Wales Central]]
|assembly     = Naitional Assembly for Wales{{!}}Welsh
|majority     = 
|term_start   = 1 Mey 2003
|term_end     = 
|predecessor  = [[Pauline Jarman]]
|successor    = 
|office1          = [[Plaid Cymru|Leader o Plaid Cymru]]
|term_start1      = 16 March 2012
|term_end1        = 
|predecessor1     = [[Ieuan Wyn Jones]]
|successor1       = 
|birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1971|12|13|df=yes}}
|birth_place  = [[Rhondda]], [[Wales]]
|death_date   = 
|death_place  = 
|restingplace = 
|birthname    = 
|nationality  = 
|party        = [[Plaid Cymru]]
|otherparty   = 
|spouse       = 
|relations    = 
|children     = 
|residence    = 
|alma_mater   = 
|occupation   = 
|profession   = 
|cabinet      = 
|committees   = 
|portfolio    = 
|religion     = 
|signature    = 
|signature_alt= 
|website      = http://www.leannewood.org
|footnotes    = 
}}

'''Leanne Wood''' [[Member o the Naitional Assembly for Wales|AM]] (born 13 Dizember 1971), is a [[Wales|Welsh]] politeecian an the leader o [[Plaid Cymru]]. Born in the [[Rhondda]], Wales, she haes representit the [[Sooth Wales Central]] region as a [[Member o the Naitional Assembly for Wales]] syne 2003. She wis electit leader o Plaid Cymru on 15 Mairch 2012. Wood, a  [[socialism|socialist]], [[Republicanism in the Unitit Kinrick|republican]] an a proponent for [[Welsh unthirldom]], is the first female leader o Plaid Cymru an the first pairty leader no tae be fluent in the [[Welsh leid]].

==Early an personal life==
Born in [[Llwynypia]] Hospital on 13 Dizember 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;democracy live&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Your representatives; Leanne Wood |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/33490.stm | year=2011 |accessdate=23 July 2011 |publisher=[[BBC]] |work=[[BBC Online|BBC News Democracy Live]] website }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Debrett's&quot;&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/w/23617/Leanne+WOOD.aspx |title=Ms Leanne Wood, AM's biography |year=2011 |publisher=[[Debrett's]] |accessdate=25 July 2011 |work=[[Debrett's]] website |archive-date=2012-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911094136/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/w/23617/Leanne+WOOD.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wood wis raised an still lives in the nearbi veelage o [[Penygraig]]. She wis educatit at Tonypandy Comprehensive Schuil (now Tonypandy Commonty College), an the [[Varsity o Glamorgan]].&lt;ref name=Withers&gt;{{cite news|author=Matt Withers |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2012/03/17/she-leads-one-of-wales-biggest-parties-but-who-really-is-leanne-wood-91466-30556182/#ixzz2GLJTCzWo |title=She leads one of Wales' biggest parties... but who is Leanne Wood? |date=12 March 2012 |accessdate=28 December 2012 |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]] |location=Cardiff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Rob Jones |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/south-wales-news/rhondda/2007/01/11/people-and-places-that-helped-shape-the-tonypandy-we-know-today-91466-18459885/ |title=People and places that helped shape the Tonypandy we know today |accessdate=23 July 2011 |date=11 January 2007 |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |newspaper=[[Rhondda Leader]] |location=Pontypridd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Her private life is kept private, but she haes a lang term pairtner an a dochter, Cerys Amelia. In 2002, her then pairtner David Evans killed hissel bi takkin ower mony drogs prescribit for [[Depression (muid)|depression]] brocht on bi [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].&lt;ref name=Withers/&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.senedd.assemblywales.org/mgUserInfo.aspx?UID=185 Leanne Wood AM National Assembly for Wales profile page]
*[http://www.english.plaidcymru.org/leanne-wood-am/ Leanne Wood AM Plaid Cymru profile page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817121740/http://www.english.plaidcymru.org/leanne-wood-am/ |date=2011-08-17 }}
*[http://www.leannewood.org/ Leanne Wood AM Wabsteid]
*[http://www.leannewoodamac.blogspot.com/ Leanne Wood AM blog]
*[http://www.faslane365.org/ Faslane protest]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516082758/http://faslane365.org/ |date=2013-05-16 }}

{{s-start}}
{{S-par|wal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Leighton Andrews]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Members o the Naitional Assembly for Wales|Assembly Member]] for [[Rhondda (Naitional Assembly for Wales constituency)|Rhondda]]|years=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales election, 2016|2016]]–present}}
{{s-aft|after=Incumbent}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pauline Jarman]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member o the Naitional Assembly for Wales|Assembly Member]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Sooth Wales Central (Naitional Assembly for Wales constituency)|Sooth Wales Central]]|years=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales election, 2003|2003]]–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Neil McEvoy]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Andrew R. T. Davies]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales|Leader o the Opposeetion in the Naitional Assembly]]|years= 2016 – 2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrew R. T. Davies]]}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ieuan Wyn Jones]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader o [[Plaid Cymru]]|years=2012–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wood, Leanne}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Cooncillors in Wales]]
[[Category:Leaders o Plaid Cymru]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Rhondda]]
[[Category:Plaid Cymru Members o the Naitional Assembly for Wales]]
[[Category:Plaid Cymru politeecians]]
[[Category:Wales AMs 2003-2007]]
[[Category:Wales AMs 2007-2011]]
[[Category:Wales AMs 2011-2016]]
[[Category:Welsh atheists]]
[[Category:Welsh feminists]]
[[Category:Welsh politeecians]]
[[Category:Welsh republicans]]
[[Category:Welsh socialists]]
[[Category:Welsh-speakin fowk]]
[[Category:Welsh weemen in politics]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glamorgan]]
[[Category:Academics o Cardiff Varsity]]
[[Category:Probation an parole officers]]</text>
      <sha1>nut0rsqmim903nl82f8s40odqkhrgyh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stratovolcano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>63731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869228</id>
      <parentid>865014</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:00:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2328" xml:space="preserve">{{Fix Scots|date=September 2020}}[[Image:Vesuvius from Naples at sunset.jpg|thumb|[[Mt. Vesuvius]] is a dormant stratovolcano near Naples, Italy. It violently [[Eruption o Munt Vesuvius in AD 79|eruptit in AD 79]], whan it buried the twa Roman ceeties o Pompeii an Herculaneum.]]
A '''stratovolcano''', forby kent as a '''composite volcano''',&lt;ref&gt;{{USGS|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html|article=Principal Types of Volcanoes|accessdate=2009-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Volcanic cone|conical]] [[volcano]] biggit up bi mony layers (strata) o hairdened [[lava]], [[tephra]], [[pumice]], an [[volcanic ash]]. Unalik [[shield volcano]]es, stratovolcanoes are characterised bi a stey profile an periodic [[explosive eruption]]s an [[quiet eruption]]s, tho thare some wi collapsed craters cried [[caldera]]s. The lava that rins frae stratovolcanoes teepically cuils an hairdens afore spreadin far due tae heich viscosity. The magma furmin this lava is aften [[felsic]], haein heich-tae-intermediate levels o [[silica]] (as in [[rhyolite]], [[dacite]], or [[andesite]]), wi lesser amoonts o less-viscous [[Igneous rock#Mineralogical classification|mafic]] magma. Extensive felsic lava flows is uncommon, but haes traivelt as far as {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_garibaldi_e.php|title=Garibaldi volcanic belt: Garibaldi Lake volcanic field|work=Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes|publisher=[[Geological Survey of Canada]]|date=2009-04-01|accessdate=2010-06-27|archive-date=2009-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626082839/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_garibaldi_e.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stratovolcanoes is whiles cried &quot;composite volcanoes&quot; acause o thair composite layered structure biggit up frae sequential ootpourins o eruptive materials. Thay are amang the maist common kins o volcano, in contrast tae the less common shield volcanoes. Twa famous stratovolcanoes is [[Krakatoa]], best kent for its [[1883 eruption o Krakatoa|catastrophic eruption in 1883]] an [[Vesuvius]], famous for its [[Eruption o Munt Vesuvius in AD 79|destruction o the touns Pompeii an Herculaneum in 79 AD]]. Baith eruptions claimed thoosands o lifes.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Stratovolcanoes| ]]
[[Category:Volcanic landforms]]
{{stub}}</text>
      <sha1>jkbmvst7u61uvoooew55o8zmgcrc83k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>64065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869345</id>
      <parentid>826948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:55:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2370" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          =  Ituzaingó
|pushpin_map            = Argentina Greater Buenos Aires
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_map_caption    = Location in [[Greater Buenos Aires]]
|pushpin_mapsize        = 240
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = {{ARG}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Provinces of Argentina|Province]]
|subdivision_name1    =  [[Image:Bandera Buenos Aires.svg|24px]]  [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Partido]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Ituzaingó Partido|Ituzaingó]]
|established_title      = 
|established_date       = 
|population_as_of               = {{census-ar|2001}}
|population_total               = 104,712
|population_density_km2         =
|coordinates            = {{coord|34|40|S|58|40|W|region:AR|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m            =  28
|postal_code_type       =  [[Argentine postal code|CPA Base]]
|postal_code            = [[ISO 3166-2:AR|B]] 1714
|area_code              = +[[Telephone nummers in Argentinae|54]] 11
|website                = [http://www.mibono.gov.ar Municipality o Ituzaingó]}}
[[Image:Ciudad de ituzaingo.JPG|thumb|left|260px|San Martín Plaza, Ituzaingó.]]
'''Ituzaingó''' is the caipital o the [[Ituzaingó Partido]] in the [[Greater Buenos Aires]] metropolitan aurie, [[Argentinae]] near [[Buenos Aires]] ceety.

Ituzaingó haes been the caipital o the Ituzaingó Partido or municipality o [[Buenos Aires Province]] syne 1995, when the partido wis creatit. Biggins o mair nor three storeys wur till recently prohibitit an maist hooses are anerly ane storey heich.

The shoppin aurie near the train station connectin the ceety wi Buenos Aires Ceety (Dountoun) is locatit surroondin a square, opposite the kirk, whaur concerts, cultural events an fares are held on weekends an holidays.

==References==
* [http://www.miituzaingo.gov.ar/ Municipality o Ituzaingó]
* {{ar-mi-muni|BUE061}}
* [http://www.lavozdeituzaingo.com.ar ''La Voz De Ituzaingó''] - Local newspaper.
* {{en icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091022142328/http://geocities.com/ulysses_leal/ituzaingo.html  The Battle of Ituzaingó] - History of the battle from which the city takes its name.

{{Greater Buenos Aires}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ituzaingo, Buenos Aires}}
[[Category:Ituzaingó]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Buenos Aires Province]]</text>
      <sha1>qhmworgwq3ddsvsk79nd8b056ch0966</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Peter I Island</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>64168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869403</id>
      <parentid>868788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:04:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3640" xml:space="preserve">{{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Peter I Island
|native_name = ''Peter I Øy''
|common_name = Peter I Island
|image_flag = Flag of Norway.svg
|image_map = Antarctica Peter I Island.png
|coordinates = {{Coord|68|50|S|90|35|W|type:city}}
|government_type = [[Dependent territory]]
|leader_title1 = Admeenistration
|leader_name1 = [[Meenistry o Justice an the Polis (Norawa)|Polar Affairs Depairtment o the Norwegian Meenistry o Justice an the Polis]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Dependencies o Norawa|Norwegian dependency]]
|established_event1 = Claimed
|established_date1 = 2 Februar 1929
|established_event2 = Annexed
|established_date2 = 6 Mairch 1931
|established_event3 = Dependency
|established_date3 = 24 Mairch 1933
|established_event4 = [[Antarctic Treaty Seestem|Antarctic&amp;nbsp;Treaty]]
|established_date4 = 23 Juin 1961
|area_label = Tot
|area_km2 = 154
|area_label2 = Glaciatit
|area_data2 = 95%
|population_census = uninhabitit
}}

'''Peter I Island''' ({{lang-no|Peter I Øy}})&lt;ref name=miljostatus&gt;{{cite web |title=Peter I Øy |url=http://www.miljostatus.no/Tema/Polaromradene/Antarktis/Peter-I-Oy/ |publisher=[[Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency]] |accessdate=29 August 2011 |archivedate=2011-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928140534/http://www.miljostatus.no/Tema/Polaromradene/Antarktis/Peter-I-Oy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; is an uninhabitit [[heich island|volcanic]] [[island]] in the [[Bellingshausen Sea]], {{convert|450|km}} frae [[Antarctica]]. It is [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] as a [[Dependent territory|dependency]] o [[Norawa]], an alang wi [[Queen Maud Land]] an [[Bouvet Island]] comprises ane o the [[dependencies o Norawa|three Norwegian dependent territories]] in the [[Antarctic]] an [[sub-Antarctic]]. Peter I Island is {{convert|11|by|19|km}} lang an {{convert|156|km2}}. The tawest peak is the [[Ultra prominent peak|ultra]] an {{convert|1640|m|adj=on|sp=us}} tae [[Lars Christensen Peak]].{{Citation needed}} Nearly aw o the island is covered bi a [[glacier]] an it is surroondit maist o the year bi [[pack ice]], makin it inaccessible almaist aw year roond. Thare is little life on the island apart frae seabirds an [[pinniped|seals]].{{Citation needed}}

The island wis first sichted bi [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] on 21 Januar 1821 an wis named for [[Peter I o Roushie]].{{Citation needed}} Nae till 2 Februar 1929 did onyane set fit on the island, when [[Nils Larsen]] an [[Ola Olstad]]'s [[Seicont Norvegia expedeetions|Seicont ''Norvegia'' Expedeetion]], financed bi [[Lars Christensen]], wis successfu.{{Citation needed}} Thay claimed it for Norawa, who annexed it in 1931 an made it a dependency in 1933. The next landing occurred in 1948 and the island has been subject to some scientific research and a limited amount o tourism. The island acame subject tae the [[Antarctic Treaty]] in 1961.{{Citation needed}} Syne 1987, thare haes been an automatit meteorological station on the island. Three [[DX-pedeetion]]s hae veesitit the island an thare are sporadic landins bi tourists.{{Citation needed}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peter I Island}}
[[Category:Peter I Island| ]]
[[Category:Volcanoes o Antarctica]]
[[Category:Volcanoes o the Soothren Ocean]]
[[Category:Muntains o Antarctica]]
[[Category:Shield volcanoes]]
[[Category:Territorial claims in Antarctica]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1929]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in Norawa]]
[[Category:Islands o Antarctica]]
[[Category:Uninhabitit islands o Norawa]]
[[Category:Peter the Great]]
[[Category:Holocene volcanoes]]</text>
      <sha1>su6mdeqacu5ubss2rnqgy1d22hynasr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alfred Hitchcock</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>64366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869273</id>
      <parentid>865071</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:02:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3852" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name                      = Sir Alfred Hitchcock&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|KBE]]&lt;/small&gt;
| image                     = Hitchcock, Alfred 02.jpg
| image_size                =
| alt                       =
| caption                   = Studio publicity photo, circa 1955.
| birth_name                = Alfred Joseph Hitchcock
| birth_date                = {{birth date|1899|08|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place               = [[Leytonstone]], [[Essex]], Ingland
| death_date                = {{death date and age|1980|04|29|1899|08|13|df=yes}}
| death_place               = {{nowrap|[[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air, Californie]], Unitit States}}
| death_cause               = [[Renal failure]]
| other_names               = Hitch&lt;br /&gt;The Master o Suspense
| occupation                = Film director, film producer
| years_active              = 1921–76
| religion                  = Roman Catholic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4686649.ece |location=London |work=The Times |first=Fiona |last=Hamilton |title=PM hails Christian influence on national life |deadurl=no |accessdate=25 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| spouse                    = [[Alma Reville]] &lt;small&gt;(m. 1926–1980; his death)&lt;/small&gt;
| alma_mater                = [[Salesian College (Lunnon)|Salesian College]],&lt;br/&gt;[[St Ignatius' College]]
| children                  = [[Patricia Hitchcock]]
}}
'''Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock''', [[Knight Commander o the Maist Excellent Order o the Breetish Empire|KBE]] (13 August 1899 – 29 Aprile 1980)&lt;ref name=&quot;senses&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last= Mogg |first= Ken |title= Alfred Hitchcock |url= http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/05/hitchcock.html |work= Senses of Cinema |publisher= Sensesofcinema.com |accessdate= 18 July 2010 |archive-date= 2010-03-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100328022641/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/05/hitchcock.html |url-status= bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; wis an Inglis &lt;!--as per [[MOS:BIO]] --&gt; film director an producer.&lt;ref name=&quot;WVobit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= Obituary |work=[[Variety Obituaries|Variety]] |publisher=Variety |date= 7 May 1980}}&lt;/ref&gt; He pioneered mony techniques in the [[suspense]] an [[psychological thriller]] genres. Efter a successful career in [[Cinema o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish cinema]] in baith [[silent film]]s an early [[soond film|talkies]], renowned as Ingland's best director, Hitchcock moved tae [[Cinema o the Unitit States|Hollywid]] in 1939&lt;ref name=&quot;Life&quot;&gt;''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', 19 June 1939, p. 66: [http://books.google.com/books?id=b0kEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA66&amp;lpg=PA66&amp;dq=alfred+hitchcock+englands+best+director+starts+work+in+hollywood&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=zLFR62HJHG&amp;sig=p6sH_Vuhm-VRZmTJyG__NgbPKSo&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=xqxtUPiQCYGX0QX9vIGgCg&amp;ved=0CFUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&amp;q=alfred%20hitchcock%20englands%20best%20director%20starts%20work%20in%20hollywood&amp;f=false ''Alfred Hitchcock: England's Best Director starts work in Hollywood'']. Retrieved 4 October 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hitchcock, Alfred}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1980 daiths]]
[[Category:19t-century Inglis fowk]]
[[Category:Alfred Hitchcock| ]]
[[Category:BAFTA fellaes]]
[[Category:Daiths frae renal failur]]
[[Category:Inglis film directors]]
[[Category:Inglis film producers]]
[[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]]
[[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]]
[[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Inglis televeesion directors]]
[[Category:German-leid film directors]]
[[Category:Horror film directors]]
[[Category:Knichts Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at St Ignatius' College, Enfield]]
[[Category:Silent film directors]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Leytonstone]]
[[Category:Edgar Awaird winners]]</text>
      <sha1>klao90tn7ktpdv6o8e5lrym1cycpitj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unitit States Secretar o State</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869238</id>
      <parentid>822144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:05:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2507" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox US Cabinet
| post                = Secretar o State
| body                = the Unitit States o Americae
| flag                = Flag of the United States Secretary of State.svg
| flagsize            = 130px
| flagcaption         = Flag o the Secretar o State
| insignia            = Seal of the United States Department of State.svg
| insigniasize        = 120px
| insigniacaption     = Seal o the Depairtment o State
|image               = Mike Pompeo official CIA portrait.jpg
|incumbent           = [[Mike Pompeo]]
|acting              =
|incumbentsince      = Apryle 26, 2018
| department          = [[Unitit States Depairtment o State|U.S. Depairtment o State]]
| member_of           = [[Unitit States Cabinet|Cabinet]]
| reports_to          = The [[President of the United States|Preses]]
| seat                = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| appointer           = The [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]]
| appointer_qualified = wi [[Unitit States Senate|Senate]] [[advice an consent]]
| termlength          = No fixed term
| constituting_instrument = {{UnitedStatesCode|22|2651}}
| formation           = Julie 27, 1789
| first               = [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| succession          = Fowert&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Unitit States presidential line o succession|presidential line o succession]])&lt;/small&gt;
| deputy              = [[Deputy Secretar o State]]
| salary              = [[Executive Schedule|Executive Schedule, level 1]]
| website             = {{URL|http://www.state.gov/}}
}}
The '''Secretar o State''' is a senior offeecial o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal govrenment]] o the [[Unitit States|Unitit States o Americae]] headin the [[Unitit States Depairtment o State|U.S. Depairtment o State]], principally concerned wi [[foreign affairs]] an is considered tae be the U.S. govrenment's equivalent o a ''[[foreign meenister|Meenister for Foreign Affairs]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf &quot;Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094902/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }}, Protocol and Liaison Service, [[United Nations]]. Retrieved November 2, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm NATO Member Countries], [[NATO]]. Retrieved November 2, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Unitit States Secretaries o State| ]]
[[Category:Cabinet o the Unitit States|State]]</text>
      <sha1>9u9vhrsy9xlg3815yv11i9j6ysz8blb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Preses o the Unitit States</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65017</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869408</id>
      <parentid>850417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16243" xml:space="preserve">{{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}}
{{Infobox political post
|post = Preses
|body = the&lt;br/&gt;Unitit States o Americae
|flag = Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg
|flagsize = 110px
|flagcaption = [[Seal o the Preses o the Unitit States|Presidential Seal]]
|insignia = Flag of the President of the United States.svg
|insigniasize = 120px
|insigniacaption = [[Flag o the Preses o the Unitit States|Presidential Staundart]]
|image = Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg
|incumbent = [[Joe Biden]]
|incumbentsince = {{start date |2021|01|20}}
|department = [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States#Executive branch|Executive branch o the U.S. Govrenment]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Executive Office o the Preses o the Unitit States|Executive Office o the Preses]]
|style = [[Mr. Preses (teetle)|Mr. Preses/Madam Preses]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Informal)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF|title=How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President|date=August 2, 1891|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html|title=USGS Correspondence Handbook - Chapter 4|publisher=Usgs.gov|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2012-11-15|archive-date=2012-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[The Honourable#Unitit States|The Honorable]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Formal)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm|title=Models of Address and Salutation|publisher=Ita.doc.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2010|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203123/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Excellency#Unitit States|His Excellency]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094902/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }}, Protocol and Liaison Service, [[Unitit Naitions]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim|work=WhiteHouse.gov|accessdate=July 19, 2011|author=The White House Office of the Press Secretary|date=September 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Exchange of Letters|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020|publisher=Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations|accessdate=July 19, 2011|date=September 1978|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203120/https://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(diplomatic, ootside the U.S.)&lt;/small&gt;
|member_of = [[Unitit States Cabinet|Cabinet]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Domestic Policy Cooncil|Domestic Policy Cooncil]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Naitional Economic Cooncil|Naitional Economic Cooncil]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Unitit States Naitional Security Cooncil|Naitional Security Cooncil]]
|residence = [[The White Hoose]]
|seat = [[Washington, D.C.]]
|appointer = [[Electoral College (Unitit States)|Electoral College]]
|termlength = Fower years
|termlength_qualified = renewable ance
|constituting_instrument = [[Unitit States Constitution]]
|formation = March 4, 1789
|first = [[George Washington]]&lt;br/&gt;Aprile 30, 1789
|salary = $400,000 annually &lt;small&gt;(2001-)&lt;/small&gt;
|website = [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ The White Hoose]
}}

The '''Preses o the Unitit States o Americae''' ('''POTUS''')&lt;ref&gt;Safire, William, [http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm &quot;On language: POTUS and FLOTUS,&quot; New York Times, October 12, 1997]. Retrieved January 8, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; is the [[heid o state]] an [[heid o govrenment]] o the [[Unitit States]]. The preses leads the [[Executive (govrenment)|executive branch]] o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal govrenment]] an is the [[Commander-in-chief#Unitit States|commander-in-chief]] o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]]. The person in this poseetion is the leader o the kintra which haes the [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)#Leets|lairgest economy]] an the [[Leet o kintras bi militar expenditures#SIPRI Yearbook 2013 .E2.80.93 World.27s top 15 military spenders|lairgest militar]], wi command authority ower the [[Leet o states wi nuclear weapons#Statistics|lairgest active nuclear arsenal]]. The preses is frequently describit as the maist pouerfu person in the warld.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html|title=The World's Most Powerful People|work=Forbes|accessdate=September 4, 2010|first1=Michael|last1=Noer|first2=Nicole|last2=Perlroth|date=November 11, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lasentinel.net/The-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html|title=The Most Powerful Man in the World is a Black Man – The Los Angeles Sentinel|publisher=Lasentinel.net|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world|location=London|title=Who should be the world's most powerful person?|date=January 3, 2008|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Jon Meacham|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html|title=Meacham: The History of Power|work=Newsweek|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Fareed Zakaria|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html|title=The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama|work=Newsweek|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Leet o Preses o the Unitit States==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! # !! Name !! Took Office !! Left Office !! Party !! Vice President(s)
|-
|align=center| 1 ||  [[File:Gilbert Stuart Vaughn Portrait of George Washington.jpg|100px]] [[George Washington]] || 1789 || 1797 || ''Nae party'' || [[John Adams]]
|- bgcolor=#E6E6AA 
|align=center| 2 || [[File:Johnadams.jpg|100px]] [[John Adams]] || 1797 || 1801 || [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]] || [[Thomas Jefferson]]
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC 
|align=center| 3 || [[File:02 Thomas Jefferson 3x4.jpg|100px]] [[Thomas Jefferson]] || 1801 || 1809 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Aaron Burr]] an [[George Clinton (politeecian)|George Clinton]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;Died while [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC 
|align=center| 4 || [[File:Chester Harding - James Madison - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Madison]] || 1809 || 1817 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Elbridge Gerry]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt;
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center| 5 || [[File:John Vanderlyn - James Monroe - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Monroe]] || 1817 || 1825 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Daniel D. Tompkins]]
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC 
|align=center| 6 || [[File:George Caleb Bingham - John Quincy Adams - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[John Quincy Adams]] || 1825 || 1829 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[John C. Calhoun]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
|align=center| 7 || [[File:Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl.jpg|100px]] [[Andrew Jackson]] || 1829 || 1837 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John C. Calhoun]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;b&quot;&gt;Resigned as Vice Preses.&lt;/ref&gt; an [[Martin Van Buren]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
|align=center| 8 || [[File:Mb8.gif|100px]] [[Martin Van Buren]] || 1837 || 1841 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Richard Mentor Johnson]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC 
|align=center| 9 || [[File:William Henry Harrison.jpg|100px]] [[William Henry Harrison]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;c&quot;&gt;Died of natural causes.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1841 || 1841 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || [[John Tyler]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC 
| 10 || [[File:John Tyler by George P. A. Healy.JPG|100px]] [[John Tyler]] || 1841 || 1845 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;d&quot;&gt;Democrat on Whig ticket.&lt;/ref&gt; || ''none''
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 11 || [[File:JamesKnoxPolk.png|100px]] [[James K. Polk]] || 1845 || 1849 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[George M. Dallas]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC 
| 12 || [[File:Zachary Taylor 2.jpg|100px]] [[Zachary Taylor]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;c&quot; /&gt; || 1849&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;i&quot;&gt;Was not sworn into office on the day he was expected to be.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1850 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || [[Millard Fillmore]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC 
| 13 || [[File:Millard Fillmore 1840.jpg|100px]] [[Millard Fillmore]]|| 1850 || 1853 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || ''none''
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 14 || [[File:FranklinPierce.png|100px]] [[Franklin Pierce]] || 1853 || 1857 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[William R. King]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;e&quot;&gt;Died while Vice Preses, not replaced.&lt;/ref&gt;
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 15 || [[File:JamesBuchanan.jpg|100px]] [[James Buchanan]] || 1857 || 1861 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John C. Breckinridge]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 16 || [[File:Abrahamlincoln.jpg|100px]] [[Abraham Lincoln]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;f&quot;&gt;Assassinated.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1861 || 1865 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Hannibal Hamlin]] an [[Andrew Johnson]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF  
| 17 || [[File:Washington Bogart Cooper - Andrew Johnson (after 1866) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]][[Andrew Johnson]] || 1865 || 1869 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;g&quot;&gt;Democrat who ran on Union ticket with Republican Lincoln.&lt;/ref&gt; || ''none''
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 18 || [[File:Thomas Le Clear - Ulysses S. Grant - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] || 1869 || 1877 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Schuyler Colfax]] an [[Henry Wilson]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;e&quot; /&gt;
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 19 || [[File:Rutherford B. Hayes at NPG.jpg|100px]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] || 1877 || 1881 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[William A. Wheeler]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 20 || [[File:Ole Peter Hansen Balling - James Garfield - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Garfield]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;f&quot; /&gt; || 1881 || 1881 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Chester A. Arthur]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 21 || [[File:Chester A. Arthur by Ole Peter Hansen Balling.JPG|100px]] [[Chester A. Arthur]] || 1881 || 1885 ||  [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''none''
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 22 || [[File:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|100px]] [[Grover Cleveland]] || 1885 || 1889 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;e&quot; /&gt;
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 23 || [[File:Benjamin Harrison by Eastman Johnson (1895).jpg|100px]] [[Benjamin Harrison]] || 1889 || 1893 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Levi P. Morton]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 24 || [[File:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|100px]] [[Grover Cleveland]] || 1893 || 1897 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Adlai E. Stevenson]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 25 || [[File:August Benziger - William McKinley - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[William McKinley]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;f&quot; /&gt; || 1897 || 1901 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Garret A. Hobart]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;e&quot; /&gt; then [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 26 || [[File:TRSargent.jpg|100px]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || 1901 || 1909 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Charles W. Fairbanks]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 27 || [[File:Joaquin Sorolla Portrait of President Taft.jpg|100px]] [[William Howard Taft]] || 1909 || 1913 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[James S. Sherman]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;e&quot; /&gt;
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 28 || [[File:William Orpen Woodrow Wilson.jpg|100px]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] || 1913 || 1921 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Thomas R. Marshall]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 29 || [[File:Wh29.gif|100px]] [[Warren G. Harding]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;c&quot; /&gt; || 1921 || 1923 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Calvin Coolidge]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 30 || [[File:Calvin Coolidge.jpg|100px]] [[Calvin Coolidge]] || 1923 || 1929 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Charles G. Dawes]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 31 || [[File:Herberthoover.jpg|100px]] [[Herbert Hoover]] || 1929 || 1933 ||  [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Charles Curtis]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 32 || [[File:Froosevelt.jpeg|100px]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;c&quot; /&gt; || 1933 || 1945 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John Nance Garner]] an [[Henry A. Wallace]] an [[Harry S. Truman]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 33 || [[File:HarryTruman.jpg|100px]] [[Harry S. Truman]] || 1945 || 1953 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || ''None'' then [[Alben W. Barkley]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 34 || [[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || 1953 || 1961 ||  [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Richard Nixon]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 35 || [[File:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|100px]] [[John F. Kennedy]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;f&quot; /&gt; || 1961 || 1963 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 36 || [[File:Lyndon B. Johnson.jpg|100px]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] || 1963 || 1969 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || ''None'' then [[Hubert H. Humphrey]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 37 || [[File:Richard Nixon - Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Richard Nixon]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;h&quot;&gt;Resigned.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1969 || 1974 ||  [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Spiro Agnew]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;b&quot; /&gt; then ''None'' then [[Gerald Ford]] 
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 38 || [[File:GeraldFord.jpg|100px]] [[Gerald Ford]] || 1974 || 1977 ||  [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Nelson Rockefeller]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 39 || [[File:Jimmy Carter.jpg|100px]] [[Jimmy Carter]] || 1977 || 1981 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Walter Mondale|Walter F. Mondale]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 40 ||[[Ronald Reagan]] || 1981 || 1989 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[George H. W. Bush]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 41 || [[File:Former President of the United States George H. W. Bush, in 2010.tiff|100px]] [[George H. W. Bush]] || 1989 || 1993 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Dan Quayle|James Danforth Quayle III]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 42 || [[File:Clinton 2k15.tif|100px]] [[Bill Clinton]] || 1993 || 2001 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Al Gore|Albert A. Gore, Jr.]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 43 || [[File:Bush 2k14.tif|100px]] [[George W. Bush]] || 2001 || 2009 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Dick Cheney|Richard B. Cheney]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 44 || [[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|100px]] [[Barack Obama]] || 2009 || 2017 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Joe Biden|Joseph R. Biden]]
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 
| 45 || [[File:Donald Trump Pentagon 2017.jpg|100px]] [[Donald Trump]] || 2017 || 2021 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Mike Pence]]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF 
| 46 || [[File:Joe Biden official portrait 2013.jpg|100px]] [[Joe Biden|Joseph R. Biden]] || 2021 ||  || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Kamala Harris]]
|}

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Preses O The Unitit States}}
[[Category:Preses o the Unitit States| ]]
[[Category:Presidency o the Unitit States| ]]</text>
      <sha1>92ieu8j2rudj0y5744vzs2td3brtphe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Central Intelligence Agency</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869300</id>
      <parentid>869023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:12:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6103" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name     = Central Intelligence Agency&lt;br /&gt;— CIA —
|abbreviation    = CIA
|motto           = &quot;The Work of a Nation. The Center o Intelligence.&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Unoffecial Motto: &quot;And you shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free.&quot; (John 8:32)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html |title=CIA Observes 50th Anniversary of Original Headquarters Building Cornerstone Laying – Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=September 18, 2012 |archive-date=2010-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324152925/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|nativename_a    =
|nativename_r    =
|logo            = Flag of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.svg
|logo_width      = 200px
|logo_caption    = Flag o the Central Intelligence Agency
|seal            = Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg|140px
|seal_width      = 200px
|seal_caption    = Seal o the Central Intelligence Agency
|formed          = {{Start date and years ago|1947|9|18}}
|preceding1      = '''[[Office o Strategic Services]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html |title=''History of the CIA'', CIA official Web site |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2020-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222180616/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|preceding2      =
|dissolved       =
|superseding     =
|jurisdiction    =
|headquarters    = [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]]&lt;br/&gt;{{nowrap|[[Langley, Virginie|Langley]], [[Fairfax Coonty, Virginie]], U.S.}}
|original_hq     = CIA Heidquarters, Langley, Virginie
[[McLean, Virginie]], Unitit States {{Coord|38.951796|N|77.146586|W|scale:10000}}
|employees       = [[Classified information|Classified]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/faqs/index.html#employeenumbers|work=cia.gov|title=CIA Frequently Asked Questions|date=July 28, 2006|accessdate=2008-07-04|archive-date=2019-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501081639/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/faqs/index.html#employeenumbers|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21,575{{r|wp20130829}}
|budget          =  [[Classified information|Classified]] ($14.7 billion, as o 2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;wp20130829&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |date=August 29, 2013 |accessdate=August 29, 2013 |first=Barton |last=Gellman |coauthors=Greg Miller |work=''[[The Washington Post]]''|title=U.S. spy network’s successes, failures and objectives detailed in ‘black budget’ summary}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/cia-budget-unnecessary-secret
|title=CIA Budget: An Unnecessary Secret
|authorlink=Dave Kopel |first=Dave |last=Kopel
|date=July 35, 1997
|accessdate=2007-04-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html
|title=Cloak Over the CIA Budget
|date=November 29, 1999
|accessdate=2008-07-04
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|minister2_name  =
|minister2_pfo   =
|chief1_name     = [[John O. Brennan]]
|chief1_position = [[Director o the Central Intelligence Agency|Director]]
|chief2_name     = [[Avril Haines]]
|chief2_position = [[Deputy Director o the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director]]
|parent_agency   = None ([[Independent agencies o the Unitit States govrenment|independent]])
|child1_agency   =
|child2_agency   =
|website         = {{URL|http://www.cia.gov/|www.CIA.gov}}
|footnotes       =
}}
The '''Central Intelligence Agency''' ('''CIA''') is ane o the principal [[US intelligence community#Members|intelligence-gatherin agencies]] o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|Unitit States federal govrenment]]. The CIA's [[George Bush Center for Intelligence|heidquarters]] is in [[Langley, Virginie]], a few mile wast o Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDPmap&quot;&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US5148376&amp;_bucket_id=50&amp;tree_id=420&amp;context=saff&amp;_lang=en&amp;_sse=on &quot;McLean CDP, Virginia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430122937/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US5148376&amp;_bucket_id=50&amp;tree_id=420&amp;context=saff&amp;_lang=en&amp;_sse=on |date=2011-04-30 }}. [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Retrieved on September 1, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Its employees operate frae U.S. embassies an mony ither locations aroond the warld.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.asp | title = Presence, not Performance | publisher = United States Airforce Magazine Online | accessdate = April 25, 2011 | archive-date = 2006-11-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061107055655/http://www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.asp | url-status = bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.pdf | title = PRESENCE, Not Performance | author = Adam J. Hebert | publisher = www.afa.org | accessdate = 2011-04-26 | archive-date = 2006-11-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061107135112/http://www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.pdf | url-status = bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; The anly [[Independent agencies o the Unitit States govrenment|independent]] U.S. intelligence agency, it reports tae the [[Director o Naitional Intelligence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL34231.pdf |title=Director of National Intelligence Statutory Authorities: Status and Proposals |author=Richard A. Best, Jr. |work=Congressional Research Service |date=December 11, 2012 |accessdate=September 3, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1947 establishments in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Govrenment agencies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency| ]]
[[Category:Unitit States intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:McLean, Virginie]]</text>
      <sha1>33qy432i2zzlv3vndiagzqq7kljaw9b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lauryn Hill</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869370</id>
      <parentid>864865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:19:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5029" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist
| name                = Lauryn Hill
| image               = Lauryn Hill 2012.jpg
| image_size          = 200px
| landscape           = &lt;!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --&gt;
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Hill performing at RBC Royal Bank Bluesfest, in Ottawa, 2012
| background          = solo_singer
| birth_name          = 
| native_name         = 
| native_name_lang    = 
| alias               = {{flatlist|
* Ms. Hill
* L. Boogie
}}
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1975|5|26|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = {{nowrap|[[East Orange]], [[New Jersey]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]]}}
| origin              = 
| death_date          = &lt;!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --&gt;
| death_place         = 
| genre               = {{flatlist|
* [[Contemporary R&amp;B]]
* [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]]
* [[neo soul]]
* [[reggae fusion]]
}}
| occupation          = {{flatlist|
* Singer-songwriter
* [[rapper]]
* record producer
* actress
}}
| instrument          = {{flatlist|
* Vocals
* guitar
}}
| years_active        = 1991–present
| label               = {{flatlist|
* [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
* [[Ruffhouse Records|Ruffhouse]]
}}
| associated_acts     = {{flatlist|
* [[The Fugees]]
}}
| website             = {{URL|lauryn-hill.com}}
| notable_instruments = Voice
}}

'''Lauryn Noelle Hill''' (born 26 Mey 1975) is an American [[sangster-sangwriter]], [[rapper]], [[record producer]], an [[actress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Lauryn Hill | url = http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-h/laurynhill_main.htm | publisher = Rockonthenet.com |accessdate=January 23, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She began her career while still in heich schuil as a member o the [[Fugees]]. She rose tae greater fame when she released her first solo album, ''[[The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Checkoway|first=Laura|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/22713461/inside_the_miseducation_of_lauryn_hill|title=Inside &quot;The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill&quot;|work=Rolling Stone|date=August 26, 2008|accessdate=January 23, 2012|archive-date=2009-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302014927/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/22713461/inside_the_miseducation_of_lauryn_hill|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album receivit creetical acclaim, wan mony awairds, includin five [[Grammy Awards]], an wis commercially successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Raftery|first=Brian|title=Lauryn Hill – Biography|publisher=Allmusic|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p222973|pure_url=yes}}|accessdate=January 23, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; efter the release o her debut album, she teuk a fower-year break. In 2002, Hill released ''[[MTV Unplugged No. 2.0]]'', a album wi mair personal content that wis recordit live, maistly solo wi a acoustic guitar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ruhlmann|first=William|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mtv-unplugged-no-20-r588369|title=MTV Unplugged No. 2.0|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=January 23, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In recent years, she recordit sangs for soondtracks an haes performit on several muisic festivals. Hill haes sax childer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Lauryn Hill Welcomes Sixth Child | url = http://www.blackcelebkids.com/2011/07/24/exclusive-lauryn-hill-welcomes-son/ | publisher = Blackcelebkids.com | date = July 23, 2011 | accessdate = January 23, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-03-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315191811/http://www.blackcelebkids.com/2011/07/24/exclusive-lauryn-hill-welcomes-son/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discografie ==
* ''[[The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill]]'' (1998)
* ''[[MTV Unplugged No. 2.0]]'' (2002)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.lauryn-hill.com/ Offeecial wabsteid]
* {{IMDb name|id=0005012|name=Lauryn Hill}}
* [http://www.mtv.com/artists/lauryn-hill Lauryn Hill] at [[MTV]]

{{Persondata
| NAME              = Hill, Lauryn 
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = L. Boogie, Ms. Hill
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American singer, rapper, songwriter, record producer, actress
| DATE OF BIRTH     = May 26, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = East Orange, New Jersey, United States
| DATE OF DEATH     =
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hill, Lauryn}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:African-American actresses]]
[[Category:African-American female rappers]]
[[Category:American female guitarists]]
[[Category:American humanitarians]]
[[Category:American rhythm an blues sangster-sangwriters]]
[[Category:American soul sangsters]]
[[Category:American soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:American fowk convictit o tax crimes]]
[[Category:American tax resisters]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:American hip hop sangsters]]
[[Category:Neo soul sangsters]]
[[Category:Fowk frae East Orange]]
[[Category:Rappers frae New Jersey]]
[[Category:African-American female guitarists]]
[[Category:Feminist muisickers]]
[[Category:African-American feminists]]
[[Category:Lauryn Hill| ]]
[[Category:Fugees members]]</text>
      <sha1>c5zinlvta7p95j79mz5xzetjhacom68</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zone 1 o Milan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869255</id>
      <parentid>852623</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:07:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3761" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = Zona 1 di Milano
|other_name             =
|native_name            =  
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = Zona o Milan
|motto                  =
|image_skyline          = Milano piazza Duomo.jpg
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = Piazza del Duomo
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_map              =Municipio 1 in Milan.svg
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            =Location o Zone 1 of Milan
|pushpin_map            =
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption    =
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       ={{flag|Italy}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Regions o Italy|Region]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Lombardy]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Provinces o Italy|Province]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Province o Milan|Milan]] (MI)
|subdivision_type3      = [[Communes o Italy|Comune]]
|subdivision_name3      = [[Milan]]
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            = 
|established_title      =  
|established_date       = 
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 9.62
|area_land_km2            = 
|population_as_of               =2006
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               =107,087
|population_density_km2         =11074
|timezone =[[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST =  [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|coordinates            = 
|elevation_footnotes    = 
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_ft           = 
|postal_code_type       = 
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
}}
The '''Zone 1 o Milan''' (in [[Italian leid|Italian]]: '''Zona 1 di Milano''') is ane o the 9 admeenistrative [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Milan|zones]] o [[Milan]], [[Italy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{it icon}} [http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/contentlibrary/In+Comune/In+Comune/I+Consigli+di+Zona/ The 9 city councils of Milan (municipal website)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709014520/http://comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fcontentlibrary%2FIn+Comune%2FIn+Comune%2FI+Consigli+di+Zona%2F |date=2013-07-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The zone includes the historical center and the city's main tourist sights.

==Subdivesion==
The zone includes the follaein quairters: [[Brera (destrict o Milan)|Brera]], Centro storico, Conca del Naviglio, Guastalla, [[Porta Sempione]] and [[Porta Tenaglia]].

==Notable places==
* [[Piazza del Duomo, Milan|Piazza del Duomo]] an the [[Milan Cathedral|cathedral]]
* [[Via Montenapoleone]] luxury shoppin destrict
* [[Parco Sempione]] the main pairk in the ceety centre
* [[Brera (destrict o Milan)|Brera]] destrict

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commonscat-inline|Zones of Milan}}
*{{it icon}} [http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/contentlibrary/In+Comune/In+Comune/I+Consigli+di+Zona/Zona+1/ Zone 1 of Milan (municipal website)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317232941/http://comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fcontentlibrary%2FIn+Comune%2FIn+Comune%2FI+Consigli+di+Zona%2FZona+1%2F |date=2015-03-17 }}

{{Destricts o Milan}}
{{coord|45.471282|9.184999|type:landmark_source:itwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Zones o Milan]]</text>
      <sha1>6kvjyeiirdaqmap1biq95v49472dj62</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tongeren</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869234</id>
      <parentid>865031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:45:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2646" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Belgium Municipality
|name=Tongeren
|picture=Ambiorix.jpg|picture-legend=The statue o Ambiorix at the Tongeren Great Mercat
|map=Tongeren Limburg Belgium Map.png
|map-legend=Location of Tongeren in Limburg
|arms=Coat_of_arms_of_Tongeren.jpg
|flag=
|region={{BE-REG-FLE}}
|community={{BE-NL}}
|province={{BE-PROV-LI}}
|arrondissement=[[Arrondissement o Tongeren|Tongeren]]
|nis=73083
|pyramid-date=01/01/2006
|0-19=19,90
|20-64=61,20
|65=
|foreigners=
|foreigners-date=
|mayor=[[Patrick Dewael]], actin mayor [[Carmen Willems]] (baith [[VLD]])
|majority=[[Patrick Dewael]], actin mayor [[Carmen Willems]] (baith [[VLD]])
|postal-codes=3700
|telephone-area=012
|web=[http://www.tongeren.be/ www.tongeren.be]
|coordinates = {{coord|50|47|N|05|28|E|region:BE|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Tongeren''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈtɔŋərə(n)}}, {{lang-fr|Tongres}}, {{lang-de|Tongern}}) is a [[ceety]] an [[Arrondissement o Tongeren|municipality]] locatit in the [[Provinces o Belgium|Belgian province]] o [[Limburg (Belgium)|Limburg]], in the sootheastren corner o the [[Flemish region]] o Belgium. Tongeren is the auldest toun in [[Belgium]], as the anly Roman admeenistrative caipital within the kintra's borders. As a Roman ceety, it wis inhabitit bi the [[Tungri]], an kent as ''Atuatuca Tungrorum'', it wis the admeenistrative centre o the ''Civitas Tungrorum'' destrict. The ceety is a member o the [[Maist Auncient European Touns Network]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Members&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |title=diktyo |first= |last=MAETN |work=classic-web.archive.org |year=1999 |accessdate=19 May 2011 |archive-date=2005-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022022345/http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Internaitional relations==

===Twin touns — Sister ceeties===
Tongeren is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Arlon]], Belgium
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Tournai|Doornik]], Belgium
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Heerlen]], Netherlands
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Kalisz]], Poland
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Maastricht]], Netherlands
|
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Nijmegen]], Netherlands
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cologne]], Germany
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Trier]], Germany
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bavay]], Fraunce
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Metz]], Fraunce
|}

It is an aa a pairtner ceety o:
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roum]], Italy

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Municipalities o Limburg (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Belgium]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Belgium]]
[[Category:Roman steids in Belgium]]</text>
      <sha1>etytrjmjh7htzkp1aweymniyuw9yz9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Santiago Camotlán</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869218</id>
      <parentid>865324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5569" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Settlement
&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|name          = Santiago Camotlán
|settlement_type        = [[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] an toun
|other_name             =
|native_name            =  &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               = 
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          =
|imagesize              =
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           =
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = Location o the municipality in Oaxaca
|pushpin_map            = Mexico
|pushpin_label_position =above
|pushpin_mapsize        =
|pushpin_map_caption    =Location in Mexico
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Mexico}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Mexico|State]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Oaxaca]]
|subdivision_type2      = 
|subdivision_name2      =
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|established_title      = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date       = 
&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                = 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 332.99
&lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               =2005
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 3,089 
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
|timezone               = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]]
|utc_offset             = -6 
|timezone_DST           = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]]
|utc_offset_DST         = -5
|coordinates            = {{coord|17|27|N|96|11|W|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    = 
|elevation_m            = 1,380
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                = 
|footnotes              =
}}
'''Santiago Camotlán''' is a toun an [[Municipalities o Oaxaca|municipality]] in [[Oaxaca]] in sooth-wastren [[Mexico]]. 
It is pairt o the [[Villa Alta Destrict]] in the centre o the [[Sierra Norte de Oaxaca|Sierra Norte Region]].&lt;ref name=INF&gt;{{cite web|title=Santiago Camotlán|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5y8lkpmhl|work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal]]|accessdate=June 12, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113172630/http://www.webcitation.org/5y8lkpmhl|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The municipality covers a aurie o 332.99&amp;nbsp;km² at a elevation o 1,380 metres abuin sea level.
The terrain is muntainous, wi the valley wattered bi the Cajonos River. 
The climate is wairm an humid.
Flora include encino, llavito, yazachi, cedar, greta, ocotal, hichipil, yatulita, stick eagle cacatillo, gladiolus, agape.
Fauna include peacock, pheasant, hawk, leopard, tapir, chimpanzee, badger, wild boar, wild cat, fox, skunk, deer, marten, armadillo, brocket deer, fish, penguins, otters an crabs.&lt;ref name=INF/&gt;

As o 2005, the municipality haed 691 hoosehaulds wi a total population o 3,089 o whom 2,461 spoke a indigenous leid.
75% o the inhabitants are fermers, growin corn, beans an coffee.
A smaw nummer raise cattle.
The forest resources are no exploitit.&lt;ref name=INF/&gt;
The Union o Indigenous Commonties o the Isthmus Region, a cooperative foondit in 1982, assists in production an distribution o the local products, notably coffee, unner a [[fair trade]] label.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://www.gpiatlantic.org/conference/reports/2103uciri.pdf
 |title= Union of Indigenous Communities of the Isthmus Region
 |publisher= GPIAtlantic
 |accessdate= 2010-07-18
 |archive-date= 2011-06-08
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213528/http://www.gpiatlantic.org/conference/reports/2103uciri.pdf
 |url-status= dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Villa Alta Destrict}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santiago Camotlan}}
[[Category:Municipalities o Oaxaca]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]]


{{Oaxaca-geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>qimbbq6m45ijyzs427uajgiqdv4r19p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jacobitism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869347</id>
      <parentid>842923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:59:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1543" xml:space="preserve">'''Jacobitism''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|eɪ|ˈ|k|ɒ|b|aɪ|t|ɪ|s|m}}; {{lang-ga|Seacaibíteachas}}, {{lang-gd|Seumasachas}}) wis the political movement in Great Britain an Ireland tae restore the Roman Catholic [[Hoose o Stuart|Stuart]] King [[James II o Ingland|James II o England]] an his heirs tae the thrones o England, Scotland an Ireland&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-03-01|title=Scottish History - The Jacobites|url=http://www.biggrowl.co.uk/JACOBITE.HTM|access-date=2021-01-31|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2010-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301165420/http://www.biggrowl.co.uk/JACOBITE.HTM|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The movement began in 1688 efter the deposition of James II and VII. He wis replaced by his daughter Mary II jointly wi hur husband an first cousin William o Orange. The Stuarts bided in the European mainland efter that, occasionally tryin tae take back the throne wi the help o France or Spain. The maist important places fur Jacobitism wur Ireland an Scotland, especially the Scottish Highlands. Whereas in England, support fur Jacobitism wis strangest in the north, wi some support in Wales an aw&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Jacobite Heritage|url=http://jacobite.ca/|access-date=2021-01-31|website=jacobite.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Jacobitism wis favoured by many Catholics, as it wis hoped that the Stuarts would end bad laws. In Scotland, the cause became a lang lastin romantic memory. 


== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Jacobite pretenders]]
[[Category:Poleetical theories]]

{{stub/scotpol}}</text>
      <sha1>a0becwwn6sjezwqim1xltp65t3jn9zi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Věra Chytilová</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869244</id>
      <parentid>865045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:34:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1776" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
|image = Vera Chytilova.jpg
|imagesize =
| name        = Věra Chytilová
| birth_date   = February 2, 1929
| birth_place  = [[Ostrava]], [[Czechoslovakie]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|2014|3|12|1929|2|2|mf=y}}
| death_place  = Prague
| othername   =
| occupation  = [[Film director]]
| yearsactive = 1962 – 2011
| spouse = Jaroslav Kučera
}}

'''Věra Chytilová''' ([[2 Februar]] [[1929]] – [[12 Mairch]] [[2014]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.novinky.cz/kultura/330177-zemrela-vera-chytilova.html|title=Zemřela Věra Chytilová|date=12 March 2014|publisher=[[novinky.cz]]|language=Czech|accessdate=12 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; wis an [[avant-garde]] [[Czech people|Czech]] [[movie director]]. She wis kent for haer wirks in ''[[Daises (movie)|Daises]]'', ''[[Wolf's Hole]]'', ''[[A Hoof Here, a Hoof There]]'', an ''[[The Inheritance or Fuckoffguysgoodday]]''.

Chytilová wis born in [[Ostrava]], [[Czechoslovakie]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Buffalo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=VERA CHYTILOVA BIOGRAPHY|url=http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~cgkoebel/courses/vera.html|publisher=MS. Buffalo|accessdate=25 April 2012|archive-date=2008-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401073412/http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~cgkoebel/courses/vera.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Ither wabsteids==
*{{IMDb name|0161615}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chytilova, Vera}}
[[Category:Věra Chytilová|*]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2014 daiths]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Ostrava]]
[[Category:Czech film directors]]
[[Category:Czechoslovak film directors]]
[[Category:Czech screenwriters]]
[[Category:Academy o Performin Arts in Prague alumni]]
[[Category:Czech weemen film directors]]
[[Category:Recipients o Medal o Meerit (Czech Republic)]]</text>
      <sha1>234sze8ax842480wmfpsmukhfrf6y2f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wet saison</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869246</id>
      <parentid>822441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:42:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="694" xml:space="preserve">{{Weather}}
[[Image:Cairns climate.png|right|thumb|Rainfall distribution bi month in [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]], [[Australie]].]]
The '''weet saison''', '''monsoon saison''' or '''rainy saison''' is the time o year when maist o a region's average annual [[rainfaw]] occurs. It uisually lasts ane or mair months.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (2009). [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1 Rainy season.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218100442/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1 |date=2012-02-18 }} American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Saisons]]</text>
      <sha1>k49uacvnmciei36t2yu6lajf1wwek37</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gonghang-dong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869334</id>
      <parentid>835965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3842" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Korean settlement
| title           = Gonghang-dong
| img             = 
| imgwidth = 
| imgcaption      = 
| hangul          = {{linktext|공|항|동}}
| hanja           = {{linktext|空|港|洞}}
| rr              = Gonghang-dong
| mr              = Konghang-tong
| area_km2        = 10.84
| pop             = 23292
| popnote         = &lt;ref name=&quot;encyber&quot; /&gt;
| popyear         = 2001
| popden_km2      = 2149
| popdennote      = 
| divs            = 
| map             = 
|mapcaption       = 
}}

'''Gonghang-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Gangseo-gu, Seoul|Gangseo-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. The name ''gonghang'' leeterally means &quot;airport,&quot; which is due tae [[Gimpo Internaitional Airport]] (김포공항, {{IPA-ko|kimpʰo ɡoŋhaŋ}}) locatit in the aurie.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyber&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=732175&amp;contentno=732175|title=공항동 (Gonghang-dong 空港洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-19|language=Korean}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangseo-gu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/intro/history.jsp?dcode=GH0 |publisher=Gangseo-gu official site |title=The origin of Gonghang-dong |accessdate=2008-04-19 |language=Korean |archive-date=2013-02-18 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130218213759/http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/intro/history.jsp?dcode=GH0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Korean Air]]'s heidquairters, Korean Airport Service, Ltd., an Air Total Service are locatit in Gonghang-dong.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.koreanair.com/local/na/gd/eng/au/ci/eng_au_ci_ov.jsp Company Info / Overview].&quot; ''[[Korean Air]]''. Accessed September 20, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.hanjin.co.kr/English_html/aboutus/hjgroup.jsp Company Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120801144256/http://www.hanjin.co.kr/English_html/aboutus/hjgroup.jsp |date=2012-08-01 }}.&quot; ''[[Hanjin]]''. Retrieved on November 19, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

In addeetion, the umwhile heidquairters o the [[Aviation an Railwey Amshach Investigation Buird]] is in Gonghang-dong.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://araib.mltm.go.kr/USR/WPGE0201/m_34586/DTL.jsp Office Location].&quot; () [[Aviation an Railwey Amshach Investigation Buird]]. Retrieved on February 15, 2012. &quot;Main Office:281, Gonghang-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Republic. of Korea 157-815&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The facility ance hoosed the heidquairters o the predecessor agency [[Korea Aviation Amshach Investigation Buird]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060518132314/http://152.99.129.24/eng/rct/Final%20report-English2005.4.15.pdf KAIB/AAR F0201].&quot; [[Korea Aviation Amshach Investigation Buird]]. 4/168. Retrieved on June 18, 2009.&quot;281   Goonghang-Dong Gangseo-Gu, Seoul Republic of Korea&quot; and &quot;The main office is located near Gimpo International Airport, and the flight recorder analysis and wreckage laboratories are located inside the airport.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The heidquairters o the ARAIB agency are nou in [[Sejong Ceety]].

== See an aw ==
{{Portal|Seoul}}
*[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/english/index.html Gangseo-gu offeecial wabsteid]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{ko}} [http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/portal/introduc/main4_map.jsp Gangseo-gu map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030041347/http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/portal/introduc/main4_map.jsp |date=2004-10-30 }} at the Gangseo-gu offeecial wabsteid
*{{ko}} [http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/index.jsp Resident offices o Gangseo-gu] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121204164202/http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/index.jsp |date=2012-12-04 }}

{{Gangseo-gu, Seoul}}
[[Category:Neebourheids o Gangseo-gu, Seoul]]

{{coord missing|Sooth Korea}}</text>
      <sha1>ligez8od20jm3i38brpj5098pumxu4k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gwahae-dong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869338</id>
      <parentid>826355</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:03:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2321" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Korean settlement
| title           = Gwahae-dong
| img             = 
| imgwidth = 
| imgcaption      = 
| hangul          = {{linktext|과|해|동}}
| hanja           = {{linktext|果|海|洞}}
| rr              = Gwahae-dong
| mr              = Kwahae-tong
| divs            = 
| map             = 
|mapcaption       = 
}}

'''Gwahae-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Gangseo-gu, Seoul|Gangseo-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is a legal dong (법정동 {{linktext|法|定|洞}}) managit bi its admeenistrative dong (행정동 {{linktext|行|政|洞}}), [[Gonghang-dong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;encyber&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763921&amp;contentno=763921|title=과해동 (Gaehwa-dong 果海洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-19|language=Korean}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Aviation an Railwey Amshach Investigation Buird]] (ARAIB) haes its FDR/CVR Analysis an Wreckage Laboratory on the property o [[Gimpo Internaitional Airport]] in Gwahae-dong.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://araib.mltm.go.kr/USR/WPGE0201/m_34586/DTL.jsp Office Location].&quot; () [[Aviation an Railwey Amshach Investigation Buird]]. Retrieved on February 15, 2012. &quot;Main Office:281, Gonghang-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Republic. of Korea 157-815&quot; and &quot;CVR/FDR analysis and wreckage laboratory : Gimpo International Airport 274 Gwahae-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Korea 157-711&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== See an aw ==
{{Portal|Seoul}}
*[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/english/index.html Gangseo-gu offeecial wabsteid]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{ko}} [http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/portal/introduc/main4_map.jsp Gangseo-gu map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030041347/http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/portal/introduc/main4_map.jsp |date=2004-10-30 }} at the Gangseo-gu offeecial wabsteid
*{{ko}} [http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/index.jsp Resident offices o Gangseo-gu] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121204164202/http://www.gangseo.seoul.kr/dong/index.jsp |date=2012-12-04 }}

{{Gangseo-gu, Seoul}}
[[Category:Neebourheids o Gangseo-gu, Seoul]]

{{coord missing|Sooth Korea}}</text>
      <sha1>m8s7iqyq5gapu2wtr940dpd9ax52jp1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Snooker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>74183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869224</id>
      <parentid>854336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:39:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="73303" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}}

{{short description|Cue sport}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox sport
| image     = Snooker table selby.JPG
| imagesize = 300px
| caption   = Three-time warld champion [[Mark Selby]] playin a practice game
| union     = [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association|WPBSA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[International Billiards an Snooker Federation|IBSF]]
| first     = 1870 i Indie
| contact   = Non-contact
| category  = [[Cue sports|Cue sport]]
| equipment = Snooker table, [[Billiard ball#Snooker|snooker balls]], [[cue stick]], triangle, chalk
| venue = Snooker table
| olympic   = [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] recognition&lt;ref name=&quot;Snookerolympic&quot; /&gt;
| IWGA       = [[2001 Warld Games|2001]]{{snds}}present
}}

'''Snooker''' (pronountit {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|s|n|uː|k|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|s|n|ʊ|k|ər}})&lt;ref name=&quot;Macmillan British&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Macmillan American&quot; /&gt; i a [[cue sports|cue sport]] tha originatit amang [[Breetish Armie]] officer stationed i [[Indie]] i the second hauf o the 19t century. It is played on a rectangular table covered wi a green cloth (or &quot;baize&quot;), wi pockets at each o the fower corners an i the middle o each lang side. Usin a {{Ill|cue stick|en}} an 21 coloured bawls, players must strike the white bawl (or &quot;cue bawl&quot;) tae pot or pocket tha remainin bawls i the correct sequence, accumulatin pynts fur each pot. An individual gemme (or frame), is won bi the player scorin the maist pynts. A match i won whan a player wins a predetermined batch o frames.

Snooker gained identity in 1884 whan armie officer {{ill|Sir Neville Chamberlain|en|Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain}}, stationed in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]], devised a set o rules that combined {{ill|pyramid|en|pyramid pool}} an {{ill|black puil|en|black pool}}. The wird ''snooker'' wis a lang-uised military term fur inexperienced or first-year personnel. The gemme grew i popularity i the United Kingdom, an the {{ill|Billiards Association an Control Club|en}} wis formed i 1919. It i noo governed bi the [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association]] (WPBSA).

The [[Warld Snooker Championship]] haes taken place syne [[1927 Warld Snooker Championship|1927]]. {{Ill|Joe Davis|en}}, a key figure i the early growthe o the sport, won the championship 15 straucht times atween 1927 an 1946. The &quot;modern era&quot; began in 1969 efter the broadcaster [[BBC]] commissioned the snooker telly show ''[[Pot Black]]'' an later began tae air the Warld Championship in [[1978 Warld Snooker Championship|1978]]. Key figures i the gemme war [[Ray Reardon]] i the 1970s, [[Steve Davis]] i the 1980s, an [[Stephen Hendry]] i the 1990s, each winnin sax or mair Warld championships. Syne 2000, [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] haes won the maist warld titles, wi five. Top professional players noo compete regularly aroond the warld an earn millions o pounds on the [[Warld Snooker Tour]], which features players frae across the warld.

== History ==
[[File:Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain.png|thumb|right|upright|[[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]], a Breetish Army officer who devised the gemme an its rules in the late 19t century]]
The origin o snooker dates back tae the latter hauf o the 19t century.&lt;ref name=&quot;origins&quot; /&gt; In the 1870s, [[English billiards]] wis a popular activity amang [[Breetish Army]] officers stationed i [[Indie]], an several variations o the gemme war devised durin this time.&lt;ref name=&quot;origins&quot; /&gt; Ane variation that originatit a the officers' mess o the 11t [[Devonshire Regiment]] in 1875&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage2008&quot; /&gt; combined the rules o twa [[pocket billiards]] games: {{ill|pyramid|en|pyramid pool}} an {{ill|black puil|en|black pool}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neville Chamberlain disambiguation&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FullHistory&quot; /&gt; The umwhile wis played wi 15 reid coloured bawls poseetioned i a triangle, while the latter involved the pottin o designatit bawls.&lt;ref name=&quot;FullHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shamos 1994&quot; /&gt; The gemme wis developit i 1884 whan its first set o rules wis finalised bi [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]],{{efn|not the [[Neville Chamberlain|Prime Minister]] o the same name}} an English army officer who helped develop an popularise the gemme at Stone House in [[Ooty]] on a table biggit bi Burroughes &amp; Watts that wis brocht ower bi boat.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph2014&quot; /&gt;

The wird ''snooker'' wis a slang term fur first-year cadets an inexperienced military personnel, but Chamberlain wad eften uise it fur the performance o ane o his fellae officers a the table.&lt;ref name=&quot;origins&quot; /&gt; In 1887, snooker wis gien its first definit reference i England i a copy o ''[[Sporting Life (Breetish newspaper)|Sporting Life]]'' which caused a growthe in popularity.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage2008&quot; /&gt; Chamberlain came out as the gemme's inventor in a letter tae ''[[The Field (magazine)|The Field]]'' published on 19 Mairch 1938, 63 years efter the fact.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage2008&quot; /&gt;

Snooker grew i popularity across the Indian colonies an the United Kingdom, but it remained a gemme mainly fur the gentry, an mony gentlemen's clubs that haed a billiards table wad nae allou non-members inside tae play.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage2008&quot; /&gt; Tae accommodate the growin interest, smawer an mair open snooker-specific clubs war formed.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage2008&quot; /&gt; In 1919, the Billiards Association an the Billiards Control Buird merged tae form the [[Billiards Association an Control Club]] (BA&amp;CC) an a new, staundart set o rules fur snooker first became offeecial.{{sfn|Gadsby|Williams|2012|p=8}}

In [[1927 Warld Snooker Championship|1927]] the first [[Warld Snooker Championship]] wis organised bi [[Joe Davis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;origins&quot; /&gt;{{efn|The event wis known then a the Professional Snooker Championship.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProfessionalChampionship&quot; /&gt;}} Davis, a professional [[English billiards]] an snooker player, moved the gemme frae a pastime tae a professional activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;CnVTimeline&quot; /&gt; Davis won every warld championship until 1946, whan he retired frae the championships.&lt;ref name=&quot;5J29x&quot; /&gt; The gemme went inna a decline throu the 1950s an 1960s wi little interest generatit ootside o thae who played.&lt;ref name=&quot;FullHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;smhday6&quot; /&gt; In 1959, Davis introduced a variation o the gemme kent as &quot;[[Snooker Plus]]&quot; tae try tae improve the gemme's popularity bi addin twa extra colours, but this failed tae gain interest.&lt;ref name=&quot;day1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Glasgow Herald]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p3dAAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=dKMMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2895%2C8253550 |date=27 October 1959 |page=10 |title=Snooker Plus |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505071329/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p3dAAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=dKMMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2895,8253550 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=27 October 1959 |page=17 |title=J Davis launches Snooker Plus}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 1969, [[David Attenborough]] commissioned the snooker telly series ''[[Pot Black]]'' tae demonstrate the potential o colour telly, wi the green table an multi-coloured bawls bein ideal fur showin off the advantages o colour broadcastin.&lt;ref name=&quot;FullHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;news_BBCS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cue China&quot; /&gt; The series became a ratings success an wis fur a time the second-maist popular shaw on [[BBC Twa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FCS-PB&quot; /&gt; Interest i the gemme increased an the [[1978 Warld Snooker Championship]] wis the first tae be fully televised.&lt;ref name=&quot;commonwealth&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OTT-40&quot; /&gt; The gemme quickly became a mainstream gemme i the [[United Kingdom]],&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianThatch&quot; /&gt; [[Ireland]] an much o the Commonwealth, an haes enjoyed much success syne the late 1970s, wi maist o the rankin toornaments bein televised.&lt;ref name=&quot;FullHistory&quot; /&gt; Bi the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] a tot o 18.5&amp;nbsp;million viewer watched the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] atween [[Dennis Taylor]] an [[Steve Davis]], a record viewership fur the United Kingdom fur ony broadcast efter midnight.&lt;ref name=&quot;dsoH1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;inde_Grea&quot; /&gt; In the early 2000s, a ban on tobacco advertisin led tae a decrease i the nummer o professional tournamen,&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianSponsor&quot; /&gt; wi professional toornaments bein cut tae anly 15 events i 2003, frae 22 i 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;snoo_WWWS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;snoo_WWWS_GThzD&quot; /&gt; Houiver, the popularity o the gemme in Asia, wi emergin talents sic as [[Liang Wenbo]] an mair established players sic as [[Ding Junhui]] an [[Marco Fu]], boosted the sport i the Far East.&lt;ref name=&quot;BeebDing2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeebDing1&quot; /&gt; Bi 2007, the BBC dedicated 400 oors tae snooker coverage, compared tae juist 14 minutes 40 years earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;gE3Ec&quot; /&gt;

In 2010, promoter [[Barry Hearn]] gained a controllin interest in Warld Snooker Ltd. an the [[Warld Snooker Tour]], pledgin tae revitalise the &quot;moribund&quot; professional gemme.&lt;ref name=&quot;fUEoB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;peHgu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theg_Barr&quot; /&gt; Syne this time, the nummer o professional toornaments haes increased, wi 44 events i the 2019/20 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;snoo_Cale&quot; /&gt; Events hae been made tae be mair suitable fur telly broadcasts an aw, sic a the [[Snooker Shoot-Out]], a timed, ane-{{cuegloss|frame}} toornament.&lt;ref name=&quot;worl_2019&quot; /&gt; Prize money fur professional events haes increased an aw, wi tap players makin several million pounds durin thair careers.&lt;ref name=&quot;IFuYf&quot; /&gt; The winner o the [[2020 Warld Snooker Championship]] will receive £500,000 out o a tot fund o £2,395,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prize&quot; /&gt;

== Rules ==
=== Objective ===
[[File:Snooker table drawing 2.svg|thumb|Snooker table wi bawls placed i thair startin poseetion. At the stairt o the gemme, the cue ball (white) mai be placed anywhere i the semicircle, kent as the &quot;D&quot;.]]
[[File:To pot the red.jpg|thumb|A gemme played on a hauf-size table. The player i strikin at the cue ball tae pot a reid ball intae the corner pocket.]]

The objective o the gemme i tae score mair pynts than ane's opponent bi pottin bawls in the correct order. At the stairt o a frame, the bawls are poseetioned as shawn i Figure A, an the players then tak turns hittin shots bi strikin the &quot;cue bawl&quot; wi the [[cue stick]], thair aim bein tae pot ane o the reid bawls (or &quot;red&quot;) intae a pocket an tharebi score a pynt. Failure tae mak contact wi the reid constitutes a fowl shot.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt; If the striker pots a reid, thay must then pot ane o the sax &quot;colours&quot;. If the player successfully pots a colour, the value o that ball i added tae the player's score, an the ball i returned tae its startin poseetion on the table. Efter that, the player must pot anither reid, then anither colour, in sequence. This process continues until the striker fails tae pot the desired ball, at which pynt the opponen comes tae the table tae play the next shot.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt; The act o scorin sequentially in this manner i tae mak a brak (see scorin ablo).&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Snooker break.ogv|thumb|Computer simulation o a snooker brak-off shot]]

The gemme continues in this manner until all reds are potted an anly the sax colours are left on the table.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt; At this pynt the colours must be potted in the order frae least tae maist valuable bawl, as per the table tae the right. The shots are: yellow (twa pynts), green (three pynts), brown (fower pynts), blue (five pynts), pink (sax pynts) an black (seiven pynts), the balls nae bein returned tae play.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt; Whan the final ball i potted, the player wi mair pynts wins.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt; If the scores are equal whan all the balls hae been potted, the black i placed back on its spot as a [[tiebreaker]]. In this situation, cried re-spotted black, the black ball i placed on its designated spot an the cue ball is played as ball in haund. The referee then tosses a coin an the winner decides which player goes first. The frame continues until ane o the players pots the black ball or commits a foul.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt; A player mey concede a frame while on strike an aw if he or she thinks thare are nae eneuch pynts available on the table tae beat the opponen's score. In professional snooker this i a common occurrence.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rule_Snoo&quot; /&gt;
Professional an competitive amateur matches are officiated bi a referee. The referee replaces the colours on the table whan necessar an calls out how mony pynts the player haes scored durin a brak an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scorboard&quot; /&gt; Professional players uisually play the gemme in a sportin manner, declarin fouls which thay hae committed but the referee haes missed,&lt;ref name=&quot;belf_Mark&quot; /&gt; acknowledgin good shots frae thair opponent, an holdin up a haund tae apologise fur fortunate shots, kent as &quot;flukes&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;belf_Mark&quot; /&gt;

=== Scorin ===
Pynts in snooker are gained frae pottin the correct balls in sequence. The tot nummer o consecutive pynts (excludin fouls) that a player amasses durin ane veesit tae the table is kent as a brak. A player attainin a brak o 15, fur ensaumple, coud hae reached it bi pottin a reid then a black, then a reid then a pink, afore failin tae pot the next reid. A [[maximum brak]] in snooker is achieved bi pottin all reds wi blacks then all colours, yieldin 147 pynts; this is eften kent as a &quot;147&quot; or juist as a &quot;maximum&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC147&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Colour
! Value
|-
|Red
|bgcolor=&quot;#ff0000&quot; style=&quot;width:2ex;&quot;|
|1 pynt
|-
|Yellow
|bgcolor=&quot;#ffff00&quot;|
|2 pynts
|-
|Green
|bgcolor=&quot;#00c000&quot;|
|3 pynts
|-
|Brown
|bgcolor=&quot;#996633&quot;|
|4 pynts
|-
|Blue
|bgcolor=&quot;#0000ff&quot;|
|5 pynts
|-
|Pink
|bgcolor=&quot;#fb5f87&quot;|
|6 pynts
|-
|Black
|bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|
|7 pynts
|}

Pynts mey be scored in a gemme whan a player's opponent fouls an aw. A foul can occur fur various reasons, maist commonly fur failin tae hit the correct ball (e.g. hittin a colour first whan the player wis attemptin tae hit a reid), or fur sendin the cue bawl inna pocket. The umwhile mey occur whan the player fails tae escape frae a &quot;snooker&quot;&amp;nbsp;– a situation in that the previous player leaves the cue ball poseetioned sic that no legal bawl can be struck directly withoot obstruction bi an illegal bawl. Pynts gained frae a foul vary frae a minimum o fower tae a maximum o seiven if the black bawl i involved.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt;

A foul shot that leaves no valid shot fur the opponent can leave them a &quot;free bawl&quot;. A free bawl allows a player tae uise ony ither coloured ball in place o the shot thay war supposed tae play. Doin sae wi all 15 reid bawls in play can result in a brak exceedin a maximum, wi the heichest possible bein a [[Maximum brak#Breaks exceedin 147|155 break]], achieved via the opponen leavin a free bawl, wi the black bein potted as the additional colour, an then pottin 15 reds an blacks wi the colours.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot; /&gt; {{ill|Jamie Cope|en}} haes the distinction o bein the first player in snooker history tae post a verified 155 brak, achieved in a practice frame in 2005, wi ither players sic as {{ill|Alex Higgins|en}} claimin tae hae made a seemilar brak an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;belf_Alex&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pund_147I&quot; /&gt;

Ane gemme, frae the balls in thair startin poseetion until the last bawl i potted, is cried a &quot;frame&quot;. A match generally consists o a predetermined nummer o frames an the player who wins the maist frames wins the match. Maist professional matches require a player tae win five frames, an are cried &quot;best-of-nine&quot; in reference tae the maximum possible nummer o frames. toornament finals are uisually best-o-17 or best-o-19, while the warld championship uses langer matches&amp;nbsp;– rangin frae best-o-19 in the qualifiers an the first roond up tae best-o-35 fur the final (first tae 18), an is played ower fower sessions o play held ower twa days.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCWSN1&quot; /&gt;

== Governance an tournaments ==
The [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association]] (WPBSA, kent as Warld Snooker forby), fountit in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association,&lt;ref name=&quot;wpbsafounding&quot; /&gt; i the governin body fur the professional competeetion.&lt;ref name=&quot;biggestbreak&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;infighting2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;infighting3&quot; /&gt; The amateur gemme (includin youth competeetion) is governed bi the [[International Billiards an Snooker Federation]] (IBSF).&lt;ref name=&quot;ibsf&quot; /&gt; Events held specifically fur women an events fur seniors are handled bi warld Snooker unner [[warld Women's Snooker]] an the [[warld Seniors Tour]], respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;LANCS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;J3Vse&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;worl_WPBS&quot; /&gt;

=== Tournaments ===
==== Professional ====
Professional snooker players play on the Warld Snooker Tour. Events on the Tour are anly open tae players on the Tour an selected amateur players, but maist events require qualification. Players can qualify fur the Tour aither bi bein heich eneuch on the warld rankins frae prior seasons, winnin continental championships, or throu the [[Challenge Tour (snooker)|Challenge Tour]] or {{ill|Q School|de}} events.&lt;ref name=&quot;qualifortour&quot; /&gt; Players on the Tour generally gain twa-year participation fur the events.&lt;ref name=&quot;qualifortour&quot; /&gt;

The Tour haes an offeecial warld rankins scheme an aw, wi anly players on the Tour receivin a rankin. {{ill|rankin points|en|Snooker warld rankins}}, earned bi players throu thair performances ower the previous twa seasons, determine the current warld rankins.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSrankinchart&quot; /&gt; A player's rankin determines what level o qualification he or she requires fur specific toornaments. The elite o professional snooker are generally regartit as the &quot;top-16&quot; rankin players.&lt;ref name=&quot;top16-1&quot; /&gt; Thay are nae required tae pre-qualify fur some o the toornaments, sic as the [[Shanghai Masters (snooker)|Shanghai Masters]], the [[Masters (snooker)|Masters]] an the Warld Snooker Championship.&lt;ref name=&quot;top16-2&quot; /&gt; Certaint ither events, sic as thae in the [[Coral Cup (snooker)|Coral Cup series]], uise the ane-year rankin leet tae qualify; thir uise the results o the current season tae denote participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;news_Cora&quot; /&gt; Currently, the Tour contains 125 players, wi players aither in the tap-64 on the offeecial rankin leet, or finishin as ane o the tap aicht prize money earners durin the maist recent season, guaranteed a tour place fur the next season, this bein assessed efter the Warld Championship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.wpbsa.com/tour-survival-2019-five-to-go/ |title=Tour Survival 2019: Five to Go |publisher=warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association |date= |website=wpbsa.com |access-date=7 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:warld Snooker Championship Trophy edited.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Warld Snooker Championship]] trophy]]
The auldest professional snooker toornament is the Warld Championship,&lt;ref name=&quot;wsc1&quot; /&gt; held annually syne 1927 (except durin [[Warld War II]] an atween 1958 an 1963).&lt;ref name=&quot;warld Snooker list&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vDR55&quot; /&gt; The toornament haes been held at the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]], England, syne 1977, an wis sponsored bi [[Imperial Tobacco|Embassy]] frae 1976 tae 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianSponsor&quot; /&gt; Syne the ban on advertisin tobacco products, the championships hae been sponsored bi bettin companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;sponsor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Np1Uq&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cgzeF&quot; /&gt;

The Warld Championship i the maist heichly valued prize in professional snooker&lt;ref name=&quot;wcvalue&quot; /&gt; i terms o financial reward (£500,000 fur the winner, formerly £300,000), rankin pynts an prestige.&lt;ref name=&quot;wcprizemoney&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;earnings_and_era_dominance&quot; /&gt; It is televised extensively in the UK bi the [[BBC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_deal&quot; /&gt; an gains significant coverage in Europe on [[Eurosport]]&lt;ref name=&quot;eurosport_deal&quot; /&gt; an in East Asia on [[CCTV-5]].&lt;ref name=&quot;worl_Tour&quot; /&gt; The Warld Championships is pairt o the [[Triple Crown (snooker)|Triple Crown]] alang wi the [[UK Championship (snooker)|UK Championship]] an the non-rankin Masters.&lt;ref name=&quot;dottmasters&quot; /&gt; Thir events are valued bi some players as the maist prestigious, an are some o the auldest competitions an aw. Winnin all three events is a difficult task, an haes anly been done bi 11 players.&lt;ref name=&quot;top16-1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dottmasters&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;QqJ6D&quot; /&gt;

Wi some events havin been criticised fur matches takin too lang,&lt;ref name=&quot;yawn&quot; /&gt; an alternative series o timed toornaments haes been organised bi {{ill|Matchroom Sport|en}} chairman {{ill|Barry Hearn|en}}. The shot-timed {{ill|Premier League Snooker|en}} wis established, wi seiven players invitit tae compete at regular United Kingdom venues, televised on [[Sky Sports]].&lt;ref name=&quot;earnings_and_era_dominance&quot; /&gt; Players haed twinty-five seconds tae tak each shot, wi five time-outs per player per match. While some success wis achieved wi this format, it generally dinna receive the same amount o press attention or status as the regular rankin toornaments.&lt;ref name=&quot;yawn&quot; /&gt; This event haes been taken oot o the tour syne 2013, whan the {{ill|Champion o Champions|en|Champion o Champions (snooker)}} wis established.&lt;ref name=&quot;en.e_O'Su&quot; /&gt; The Champion o Champions sea players qualify bi virtue o winnin ither events in the season, wi 16 champions competin.&lt;ref name=&quot;cham_Cham&quot; /&gt;{{efn|Under certain circumstances, some runners-up participate at the event.&lt;ref name=&quot;cham_Cham&quot; /&gt;
}}

In 2015, the Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association submitted an unsuccessful bid fur snooker tae be played at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghz8N&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eN1gH&quot; /&gt; Anither bid haes been put forrit fur [[2024 Summer Olympics]] throu the Warld Snooker Federation, foondit in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;KpBpW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;T9wCo&quot; /&gt; A trial fur the format fur cue sports tae be played at the 2024 games wis put forrit at the {{ill|2019 Warld Team Trophy|en|2019 warld Team Trophy (cue sports)}}, featurin [[nine-ball]] an [[carom billiards]] an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;azbi_Inau&quot; /&gt; Snooker haes been contested at the [[Warld Games]] syne 2001, an wis included as an event at the 2019 Africaen Games.&lt;ref name=&quot;jtHKc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eN7hQ&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1074080/snooker-to-feature-as-medal-event-at-2019-african-games-in-morocco |title=Snooker to feature as medal event at 2019 African Games in Morocco |date=11 January 2019 |publisher=Inside the Games |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802213523/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1074080/snooker-to-feature-as-medal-event-at-2019-african-games-in-morocco |first=Michael |last=Pavitt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Criticisms ===
Several players, sic as Ronnie O'Sullivan, [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] an {{ill|Steve Davis|en}}, hae warned that thare are too mony toornaments durin the season, an that players risk burnin out.&lt;ref name=&quot;JrHL1&quot; /&gt; In 2012, O'Sullivan played fewer toornaments in order tae spend mair time wi his childer, an ended the 2012–13 season ranked 19t in the warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;JrHL1&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, he dinna play ony toornament in 2013 except the Warld Championship, which he won.&lt;ref name=&quot;JrHL1&quot; /&gt; O'Sullivan haes suggestit that a &quot;breakaway tour&quot; wi fewer events wad be beneficial tae the sport, but as o 2019 no sic tour haes been organised.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc._Ronn&quot; /&gt;

Some leagues hae allowed clubs tae refuse tae accept women players in toornaments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bIhfn&quot; /&gt; League committee leadership defended the practice, saying, &quot;If we lose two o these clubs [wi the men-only policies] we would lose four teams an we can't afford to lose four teams otherwise we would hae no league.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A Warld Women's Snooker spokesperson said, &quot;It is disappointin an unacceptable that in 2019 that players such as {{ill|Rebecca Kenna|en}} hae been the victim o antiquated discriminatory practices.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The [[All-Party Parliamentary Group]] said, &quot;The group believes that bein prevented frae playin in a club because o gender is archaic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Equipment ==
[[File:London - Royal Automobile Club - 3024.jpg|thumb|right|Cue-tip chalk, cue, white chalk-buird chalk, an a slidin score-keeper]]
The [[#Equipment|Accessories]] uised fur snooker include chalk fur the tip o the cue, rests o various sorts uised fur playin shots that canna be played bi haund, a triangle tae rack the reds, an a scoreboard. Ane drawback o snooker on a full-size ({{convert|12|×|6|ft|cm|abbr=on|disp=sqbr|0}}) table i the size o the room ({{convert|22|x|16|ft|m|disp=sqbr}}), which i the minimum required fur comfortable cuein room on all sides.&lt;ref name=&quot;roomsize&quot; /&gt; This leemits the nummer o locations in which the gemme can easy be played. While puil tables are common tae mony pubs, snooker tends tae be played aither in private surroundins or in public snooker halls. The gemme can be played on smawer tables usin fewer reid bawls an aw. Variant table sizes include {{convert|10|×|5|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|9|×|4.5|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|8|×|4|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|6|×|3|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}} (the smallest fur realistic play) an {{convert|4|×|2|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}. Smawer tables can come in a variety o styles, sic as fold-away or dining-table convertible.&lt;ref name=&quot;snoo_Pool&quot; /&gt;

A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an [[abacus]] an records the score fur each frame in units an twenties an the frame scores. Thay are teepically attached tae a wall bi the snooker table. A semple scorin bead is whiles uised an aw, cried a &quot;scorin string&quot;, or &quot;scorin wire&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scorboard&quot; /&gt; Each bead (segment o the string) represents a single pynt. Snooker players teepically muive ane or several beads wi thair cue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scorboard&quot; /&gt;

The playin surface, 356.9&amp;nbsp;cm (11&amp;nbsp;feet 8.5&amp;nbsp;inches) bi 177.8&amp;nbsp;cm (5&amp;nbsp;feet 10&amp;nbsp;inches) fur a staundart full-size table, wi sax pocket holes, ane at each corner an ane at the centre o each o the langer side cushions.&lt;ref name=&quot;equipment&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cuesport equipment |author= |work=ActiveSG |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Billiards-and-Snooker/How-To-Play/Billiards-and-Snooker-for-Beginners/Cuesport-equipment |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fully oo cloth is uisually green, wi a directional nap runnin frae the baulk end o the table towards the end wi the black bawl spot. The cloth is eften cried &quot;baize&quot;; awtho true baize is a lawer quality cloth whiles uised on puil tables. The nap will affect the direction o the cue ball dependin on which direction the cue ball is shot an on whether left or right side (spin) is placed on the ball. Even if the cue bawl is hit in exactly the same wey, the nap will cause a different effect dependin on whether the bawl is hit doun table (towards the black ball spot) or up table (towards the baulk line). The cloth on a snooker table i nae vacuumed, as this can destroy the nap. The cloth is brushed in a straucht line frae the baulk end tae the far end wi multiple brush strokes that are straucht in direction (i.e. nae across the table). Some table men will then drag a dampened cloth wrapped aroond a short piece o buird (lik a [[Dimensional lumber#Dimensional lumber|twa bi fower]]), or straucht back o a brush tae collect ony remainin fine dust an help lay the nap doun. The table is then ironed. Strachan cloth, uised in offeecial snooker toornaments, i 100% oo. Some ither cloths include a smaw percentage o nylon.&lt;ref name=&quot;ILdhT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cues Cues&quot; /&gt;

== Notable players ==
{{See an aw|Century break#List o players wi over 100 century breaks|l2=List o snooker players wi over 100 century breaks}}

In the professional era that began wi [[Joe Davis]] i the 1930s an continues until the present day, a relatively smaw nummer o players hae succeeded at the tap level.&lt;ref name=&quot;number1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hardwork&quot; /&gt; Joe Davis wis warld champion fur twinty years, retirin unbeaten efter claimin his fifteenth warld title in 1946 whan the toornament wis reinstated efter the [[Second Warld War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Joe Davis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Chris |title=Player Profile – Joe Davis OBE |publisher=Chris Turner's Snooker Archive |url=http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Players/DavisJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510053844/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Players/DavisJ.html |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=15 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Davis wis unbeaten in Warld Championship play, an wis anly ever beaten fower times in his entire life, wi all fower defeats comin efter his Warld Championship retirement an inflicted bi his ain brither {{ill|Fred Davis|en|Fred Davis (snooker player)}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joe Davis&quot; /&gt; He did lose matches in handicapped toornaments, but on level terms thir fower defeats war the anly losses o his entire career.&lt;ref name=&quot;2QWfZ&quot; /&gt; He wis warld billiards champion an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joe Davis&quot; /&gt; It is regarded as heichly unlikely that anyone will ever dominate the gemme tae this level again.&lt;ref name=&quot;tw9Wu&quot; /&gt;

Efter Davis retired frae Warld Championship play, the next dominant force wis his younger brither Fred Davis, who haed lost the {{ill|1940 Warld Snooker Championship|en|1940 warld Snooker Championship}} final tae Joe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joe Davis&quot; /&gt; Bi 1947, Fred Davis wis deemed ready bi his brither tae tak ower the mantle, but lost the warld final tae the Scotsman [[Walter Donaldson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Davis just misses warld record |work=Western Daily Press |date=22 October 1947 |access-date=18 March 2016 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000513/19471022/013/0002 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Davis an Donaldson wud contest the next fower finals. Efter the abandonment o the Warld Championship in 1953, wi the 1952 final boycotted bi Breetish professionals, the [[Warld Professional Match-play Championship]] became the unofficial warld championship.&lt;ref name=&quot;D80WD&quot; /&gt; Fred Davis won the event every year until its penultimate ane, in 1957, which he dinna enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Chris |title=warld Professional Championship |url=http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/warld.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416080933/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/warld.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |work=cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk |publisher=Chris Turner's Snooker Archive |access-date=24 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[John Pulman]] wis the maist successfu player o the 1960s, whan the [[1964–68 warld Snooker Championships|warld championship]] wis contested on a challenge basis.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSC1964&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=warld Championship 1964 |url=http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-warld-championship-1964.asp |publisher=Global Snooker |access-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310181405/http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-warld-championship-1964.asp |archive-date=2011-03-10 |url-status=dead |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Houiver, whan the toornament reverted tae a knockout formula in 1969, he dinna prosper. [[Ray Reardon]] became the dominant force in the 1970s, winnin sax titles (1970, 1973–1976 an 1978), wi [[John Spencer (snooker player)|John Spencer]] winnin three.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Nunns |first=Hector |title=Before the Crucible |url=http://www.inside-snooker.com/snooker/2014/4/8/before-the-crucible |publisher=Inside Snooker |access-date=29 January 2016 |date=8 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204210827/http://www.inside-snooker.com/snooker/2014/4/8/before-the-crucible |archive-date=4 February 2016 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=24 April 1976 |page=15 |title=Snooker – Reardon's a class above rest}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Steve Davis]]' first warld title in 1981 made him anly the 11t warld champion syne 1927, includin the winner o the boycotted 1952 title, Horace Lindrum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=21 April 1981 |page=1 |title=Champion at 23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=7 April 1981 |page=10 |title=Snooker – Davis can beat the system}}&lt;/ref&gt; Davis wad win sax warld Championships (1981, 1983, 1984 an 1987–1989), an competit in the maist watched snooker match ever, the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] final wi [[Dennis Taylor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1985 bbf&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=1985: The black ball final |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=4 May 2011 |date=18 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928235825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Stephen Hendry]] became the 14t in 1990 an dominated throu the 1990s, winnin seiven titles (1990, 1992–1996 an 1999).&lt;ref name=&quot;cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Snooker&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=warld Championship – Roll o Honour |url=http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-tournaments-archive-warld-championship-roll-of-honour.asp |publisher=Global Snooker |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222034318/http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-tournaments-archive-warld-championship-roll-of-honour.asp |archive-date=22 February 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] is the closest tae dominance in the modren era, havin won the title on five occasions in the 21st century (2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 an 2013).&lt;ref name=&quot;cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk&quot; /&gt; [[Mark Williams]] haes won three times (2000, 2003 an 2018) an [[John Higgins]] fower times (1998, 2007, 2009 an 2011), but syne the beginnin o the century, thare haes nae been a dominant force lik in previous decades, an the modren era haes seen mony players playin tae a seemilar staundart, insteid o ane player raisin the bar. Davis, fur ensaumple, won mair rankin toornaments than the rest o the tap-64 players put thegither bi 1985. Bi retainin his title in 2013, O'Sullivan became the first player tae successfully defend the Warld Championship syne Hendry in 1996 ([[Mark Selby]] wad dae this in 2017 an aw).&lt;ref name=&quot;warld Champions&quot; /&gt;

== Relatit pages ==
* [[2019-20 snooker season]]
* [[Ladies warld Snooker Championship]]&lt;!--Should be integrated into the main text, with information on women in the sport; this article is pretty much a sausage party. The words &quot;women&quot; or &quot;woman&quot; appear nowhere in it other than this comment.--&gt;

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Snookerolympic&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Snooker bids to be included in 2020 Olympics in Tokyo |author= |newspaper=BBC Sport |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/30942350 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808061802/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/30942350 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Macmillan British&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pronunciation of ''snooker'' |work=Macmillan Dictionary |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/snooker |publisher=Macmillan Publishers&lt;!--&quot;Publishers&quot; should not be removed; this is a different company than the US-based Macmillan Publishing, since 1896.--&gt; |location=London, UK |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415162427/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/snooker |archive-date=15 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Macmillan American&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=American pronunciation of ''snooker'' |work=Macmillan Dictionary |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/snooker |publisher=op. cit. |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512225433/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/snooker |archive-date=12 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Neville Chamberlain disambiguation&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Moreman |first1=T. R. |chapter=Chamberlain, Sir Neville Francis Fitzgerald (1856–1944), army officer and inventor of snooker |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/73766}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;earnings_and_era_dominance&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Where does Ronnie rank? |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=21 February 2005 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4283589.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601033451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4283589.stm |archive-date=1 June 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;BeebDing2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=China in Ding's hands |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=22 January 2007 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6288739.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827174441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6288739.stm |archive-date=27 August 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;origins&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-vernacular-11-snooker-1089731.html |first=Chris |last=Maume |title=Sporting Vernacular 11. Snooker |work=The Independent |date=25 April 1999 |access-date=25 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083228/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-vernacular-11-snooker-1089731.html |archive-date=11 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.snookerheritage.co.uk/normans-articles/days-of-old/origins-of-snooker/ |title=Origins of Snooker |first=Peter |last=Clare |date=2008 |publisher=Snooker Heritage |access-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103150005/http://snookerheritage.co.uk/normans-articles/days-of-old/origins-of-snooker/ |archive-date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph2014&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/Ooty-India-back-in-time-to-the-birthplace-of-snooker/ |title=Ooty, India: back in time to the birthplace of snooker |date=16 June 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |first=Martin |last=Hughes-Games |access-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321074803/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/Ooty-India-back-in-time-to-the-birthplace-of-snooker/ |archive-date=21 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;CnVTimeline&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cues n Views – History Page, timeline |last=Smith |first=John A |work=cuesnviews.co.uk |date= |access-date=24 February 2007 |url=http://www.cuesnviews.co.uk/Snooker/timeline.htm |language= |quote=Joe Davis will reinvent this after-dinner pastime and become warld champion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216115629/http://www.cuesnviews.co.uk/Snooker/timeline.htm |archive-date=10 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;news_BBCS&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pot Black returns |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=27 October 2005 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4382776.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117104945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4382776.stm |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Cue China&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=2008 Summer Journey – TIME |author= |magazine=TIME.com |date=19 June 2008 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815672,00.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813223355/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815672,00.html |archive-date=13 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;FCS-PB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Frank |last=Callan |title=Pot Black Ratings |work=FCSnooker.co.uk |date=15 March 2007 |url=http://www.fcsnooker.co.uk/general%20interest/pot_black.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315035635/http://www.fcsnooker.co.uk/general%20interest/pot_black.html |archive-date=15 March 2007 |access-date=13 November 2017 |quote=Surprisingly, the programme raced to second place in the BBC2 ratings }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615125823/http://www.fcsnooker.co.uk/general%20interest/pot_black.html |date=2011-06-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;commonwealth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=warld Championships 2002 {{!}} Take snooker to the warld |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=5 May 2002 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/warld_champs_2002/1959780.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225160919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/warld_champs_2002/1959780.stm |archive-date=25 February 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OTT-40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/features/bbc2/forty2.htm |title=1978&amp;nbsp;– The warld Snooker Championships |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427132655/http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/features/bbc2/forty2.htm |archive-date=27 April 2006 |date=27 April 2006 |quote=By 1977, though, a new lighting system had been devised, allowing the players to be seen clearly without problems and, the following year, Aubrey Singer agreed to cover the warld Championships all the way through, with an hour of highlights every day for 16 days |access-date=24 February 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427132655/http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/features/bbc2/forty2.htm |date=2006-04-27 }})&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianThatch&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Paul MacInnes: Can an alice band save snooker? |last=MacInnes |first=Paul |work=the Guardian |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/feb/10/football.newsstory |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722062340/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/feb/10/football.newsstory |archive-date=22 July 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianSponsor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Snooker: warld championship finds new sponsors |author= |work=the Guardian |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/19/snooker.gdnsport31 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325161804/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/19/snooker.gdnsport31 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;BeebDing1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Could Ding be snooker's saviour? |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=4 April 2005 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4408523.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127141717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/4408523.stm |archive-date=27 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wsrulessnooker&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Official Rules of the Games of Snooker and English Billiards |url=http://www.wpbsa.com/sites/default/files/uploads/official_rules_edited_05.11.14_web_version_1.pdf |publisher=[[warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|The warld Professional Billiards &amp; Snooker Association Limited]] |date=November 2014 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084316/http://www.wpbsa.com/sites/default/files/uploads/official_rules_edited_05.11.14_web_version_1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rule_Snoo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Snooker for beginners |author= |work=Snooker rules and refereeing |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://www.rulesofsnooker.com/snooker-for-beginners.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013735/http://www.rulesofsnooker.com/snooker-for-beginners.html |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC147&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ding compiles maximum at Masters |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=14 January 2007 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6260923.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207225605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6260923.stm |archive-date=7 February 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;belf_Alex&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Alex Higgins: A 155 break impossible? Not for Higgy – BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |author= |newspaper=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/alex-higgins/alex-higgins-a-155-break-impossible-not-for-higgy-28548775.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508102333/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/alex-higgins/alex-higgins-a-155-break-impossible-not-for-higgy-28548775.html |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pund_147I&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=147 Is Not Snooker's Maximum Break |author= |work=Pundit Arena |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://punditarena.com/uncategorized/bbarry/147-is-not-snookers-maximum-break/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013406/http://punditarena.com/uncategorized/bbarry/147-is-not-snookers-maximum-break/ |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCWSN1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=warld title victory delights Dott |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=2 May 2006 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307030914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |archive-date=7 March 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;belf_Mark&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mark Allen pockets £70k Scottish Open title with a 'nice fluke' – BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |author= |newspaper=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/snooker/mark-allen-pockets-70k-scottish-open-title-with-a-nice-fluke-37632011.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013259/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/snooker/mark-allen-pockets-70k-scottish-open-title-with-a-nice-fluke-37632011.html |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;roomsize&quot;&gt;Peter Ietswaart, {{cite web |url=http://www.thurstonsnooker.co.uk/Pages/Snookerfaq.html |author=Ietswaart, Peter |title=Thurston Snooker Table makers |quote=Recommended room size for full size table 22&amp;nbsp;ft × 16&amp;nbsp;ft |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503151323/http://www.thurstonsnooker.co.uk/Pages/Snookerfaq.html |archive-date=3 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;snoo_Pool&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pool Table Room Size Guide – Snooker &amp; Pool Table Company Ltd |author= |work=snookerandpooltablecompany.com |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.snookerandpooltablecompany.com/room-size-guide.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051405/https://www.snookerandpooltablecompany.com/room-size-guide.html |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Scorboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/snooker/Scoreboard.html |title=What is Scoreboard in Snooker? Definition and Meaning |publisher=sportsdefinitions.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060047/http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/snooker/Scoreboard.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wpbsafounding&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=WPBSA v TSN |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=16 February 2001 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1174311.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030101203136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1174311.stm |archive-date=1 January 2003 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;biggestbreak&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Snooker's biggest break |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=7 December 2000 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1059298.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217035813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1059298.stm |archive-date=17 December 2003 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;infighting2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Snooker authorities survive bid |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=13 November 2002 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2459069.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526051838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2459069.stm |archive-date=26 May 2004 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;infighting3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Snooker at the crossroads |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=14 November 2002 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2478413.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040711122138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2478413.stm |archive-date=11 July 2004 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ibsf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ibsf.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=18&amp;Itemid=120 |title=About Us |work=IBSF.info |publisher=[[International Billiards and Snooker Federation]] |date=2017 |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812003050/http://www.ibsf.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=18&amp;Itemid=120 |archive-date=12 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WSrankinchart&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.warldsnooker.com/pdfs/WSAPointsSchedule0910.pdf |title=Professional Tour rankin points |publisher=warld Snooker |access-date=25 January 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;top16-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/5234798.stm |title=Swail targeting place in top 16 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 August 2006 |access-date=25 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;top16-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2000/uk_championship_snooker/1039775.stm |title=The Seeds of Success |publisher=BBC Sport |date=24 November 2000 |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018072104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2000/uk_championship_snooker/1039775.stm |archive-date=25 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wsc1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |title=warld title victory delights Dott |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307030914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |archive-date=7 March 2007 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2 May 2006 |access-date=25 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sponsor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/7544214.stm |title=Huge financial blow hits snooker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413043257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/7544214.stm |archive-date=13 April 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wcvalue&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010420/ai_n14386503 |title=Doherty sets out to regain greatest prize |publisher=The Independent |date=20 April 2001 |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-date=2008-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222063748/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010420/ai_n14386503 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wcprizemoney&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4873966.stm |title=warld's best ready for Crucible |publisher=BBC Sport |date=13 April 2006 |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424051120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4873966.stm |archive-date=13 April 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_deal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4378346.stm |title=Snooker signs five-year BBC deal |publisher=BBC Sport |date=26 October 2005 |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223074307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4378346.stm |archive-date=26 October 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eurosport_deal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,,1762954,00.html |title=Eurosport pots TV snooker rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901023629/http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,,1762954,00.html |archive-date=1 September 2007 |publisher=he Guardian |date=27 April 2006 |access-date=25 February 2007 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dottmasters&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sport.independent.co.uk/general/article2154851.ece |title=An email conversation with Graeme Dott: 'We need an Abramovich to take the game to a new level |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119182025/https://sport.independent.co.uk/general/article2154851.ece |archive-date=19 November 2007 |publisher=The Independent |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=25 February 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119182025/https://sport.independent.co.uk/general/article2154851.ece |date=2007-11-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;yawn&quot;&gt;Ronay, B. {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,1932634,00.html |author=Ronay, B |title=Too dull to miss |publisher=The Guardian |date=27 October 2006 |access-date=25 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-47710362 |title=Snooker player quits over 'men-only' rule |date=26 March 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812185051/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-47710362 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-47726687 |title=MPs call for end to men-only snooker clubs |date=27 March 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812183542/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-47726687 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Cues Cues&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cuescues.co.uk/snooker-cloth/Hainsworth-Smart-Snooker-Cloth?product_id=168 |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=Cues Cues |title=Tournament Grade 9ft Pool Snooker Cloth Set – Choose Your Colour |archive-date=2013-07-20 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130720150135/http://www.cuescues.co.uk/snooker-cloth/Hainsworth-Smart-Snooker-Cloth?product_id=168 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;number1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/1980218.stm |title=O'Sullivan in exalted company |publisher=BBC Sport |date=10 May 2002 |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030827090701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/1980218.stm |archive-date=11 May 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;hardwork&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/special_events/snooker/newsid_3986000/3986151.stm |title=Putting in the practice |author=Hunter, Paul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215033918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/special_events/snooker/newsid_3986000/3986151.stm |archive-date=15 December 2015 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=5 November 2004 |access-date=25 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;warld Champions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.warldsnooker.com/warld_championship10_history.htm?tid=154 |title=warld Snooker Championship&amp;nbsp;– History |publisher=warld Snooker |access-date=9 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528154608/http://www.warldsnooker.com/warld_championship10_history.htm?tid=154 |archive-date=28 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dsoH1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=1985: The black ball final |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=18 April 2003 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030924005037/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm |archive-date=24 September 2003 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gE3Ec&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/sports/othersports/16spencer.html |title=John Spencer, 71, Dies; Helped Popularize Snooker |date=16 July 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423040650/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/sports/othersports/16spencer.html |archive-date=23 April 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;fUEoB&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Barry Hearn wins vote to take control of warld Snooker |author= |work=BBC |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/8712167.stm |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923132449/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/8712167.stm |archive-date=23 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;peHgu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Barry Hearn: warld Snooker chief on how he saved the sport |author= |newspaper=BBC Sport |date=27 November 2013 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/25108165 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034358/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/25108165 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Np1Uq&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4614824.stm |title=Crucible event gets new sponsor |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 January 2006 |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213033340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4614824.stm |archive-date=16 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;cgzeF&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.warldsnooker.com/ws_announcements-54293.htm |title=warld Snooker Announcements: Betfred.com Named Title Sponsor for the warld Snooker Championship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619152931/http://www.warldsnooker.com/ws_announcements-54293.htm |archive-date=19 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ghz8N&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Snooker bids to be included in 2020 Olympics in Tokyo |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/30942350 |access-date=24 January 2015 |work=BBC Sport |date=23 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123151806/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/30942350 |archive-date=23 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eN1gH&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Olympic Games: Snooker misses out on 2020 Tokyo place |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/33223492 |work=BBC Sport |date=22 June 2015 |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805182507/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/33223492 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;KpBpW&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Reuters staff |title=Snooker among cue sports targeting Paris 2024, federation chief says |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-olympics-snooker/snooker-among-cue-sports-targeting-paris-2024-federation-chief-says-idUKKBN1D82AO |work=Reuters |date=8 November 2017 |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509014255/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-olympics-snooker/snooker-among-cue-sports-targeting-paris-2024-federation-chief-says-idUKKBN1D82AO |archive-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;T9wCo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.warldsnookerfederation.org/about/ |website=warldsnookerfederation |publisher=warld Snooker Federation |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509013512/https://www.warldsnookerfederation.org/about/ |archive-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JrHL1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/snooker-ronnie-osullivan-warns-of-players-burning-out-7718621.html |title=Snooker: Ronnie O'Sullivan warns of players burning out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044231/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/snooker-ronnie-osullivan-warns-of-players-burning-out-7718621.html |archive-date=9 December 2017 |publisher=The Independent |date=7 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;bIhfn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-47732213 |title='You're a girl, you can't play snooker at the Crucible' |last=Horsburgh |first=Lynette |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808232844/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-47732213 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ILdhT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wsptextiles.com/strachan-snooker-cloths |title=Strachan snooker cloths – WSP Textiles – Billiard and Tennis cloths |author=Milliken Industrials Limited – Woollen Speciality Products |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209060450/http://www.wsptextiles.com/strachan-snooker-cloths |archive-date=9 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2QWfZ&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Fred |date=1979 |title=Talking Snooker |location=London |publisher=A and C Black |isbn=0-7136-1991-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tw9Wu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Everton |first=Clive |date=1986 |title=The History of Snooker and Billiards |publisher=Partridge Press |location=Haywards Heath |page= |isbn=1-85225-013-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;D80WD&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Everton |first=Clive |date=1982 |title=Guinness Book of Snooker |publisher=Guinness warld Records Limited |isbn=978-0-85112-256-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ProfessionalChampionship&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Professional snooker |work=Dundee Courier |date=13 November 1926 |access-date=21 January 2016 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000568/19261113/110/0006 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;smhday6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZvlXAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=uOcDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5826%2C3589905 |date=11 March 1968 |page=12 |title=Snooker win to Pulman |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301135415/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZvlXAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=uOcDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5826%2C3589905 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;FullHistory&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Full History of Snooker – WPBSA |author= |work=WPBSA |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.wpbsa.com/about/history/full-history-of-snooker/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810132854/http://www.wpbsa.com/about/history/full-history-of-snooker/ |archive-date=10 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;inde_Grea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Great Sporting Moments: Dennis Taylor defeats Steve Davis 18–17 at the |work=The Independent |date=12 July 2009 |access-date=4 September 2019 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/great-sporting-moments-dennis-taylor-defeats-steve-davis-18-17-at-the-crucible-1741225.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;snoo_WWWS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WWW Snooker: Tournament Diary 1998/99 |author= |work=snooker.org |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/Trn/9899/diary9899.shtml |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213172612/http://www.snooker.org/Trn/9899/diary9899.shtml |archive-date=13 February 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;snoo_WWWS_GThzD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WWW Snooker: The 2003/2004 Season |author= |work=snooker.org |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/trn/0304/ |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67oAU7qAv?url=http://www.snooker.org/trn/0304/ |archive-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;theg_Barr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Barry Hearn wins vote to take control of warld Snooker |author= |work=the Guardian |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/jun/02/barry-hearn-warld-snooker |quote= }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;snoo_Cale&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Calendar 2019/2020 – snooker.org |work=snooker.org |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?season=2019&amp;template=2 |language=no |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;worl_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2019 BetVictor Shoot Out – warld Snooker |author= |work=warld Snooker |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.warldsnooker.com/tickets/2019-snooker-shoot-out/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711043029/http://www.warldsnooker.com/tickets/2019-snooker-shoot-out/ |archive-date=11 July 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Prize&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2019–2020 Season Summary |author= |work=warldsnooker.com |date= |access-date=30 July 2019 |url=http://www.warldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Click-here-for-the-full-prize-money-schedule-2.pdf |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719025727/http://www.warldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Click-here-for-the-full-prize-money-schedule-2.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;5J29x&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=7 October 1946 |page=8 |title=Billiards and Snooker – J Davis retires}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Shamos 1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Shamos |first1=Mike |title=Pool |url=https://archive.org/details/poolhistorystrat0000sham |url-access=registration |date=1994 |publisher=Friedman Fairfax |location=New York City |ref=Shamos 1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/poolhistorystrat0000sham/page/50 50]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;IFuYf&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=warld Snooker prize money increase highlights growth, says Barry Hearn |author= |newspaper=BBC Sport |date=8 July 2019 |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/48909960 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829000907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/48909960 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;qualifortour&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Main Tour Qualification 2019/20 – WPBSA |author= |work=WPBSA |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.wpbsa.com/main-tour-qualification-2019-20/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407182559/https://www.wpbsa.com/main-tour-qualification-2019-20/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;news_Cora&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Coral Cup: warld Grand Prix first on the agenda for new competition |author= |work=Coral News |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://news.coral.co.uk/other/snooker/coral-cup-snooker/coral-cup-warld-grand-prix-first-on-the-agenda-for-new-competition.html |quote= }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;warld Snooker list&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=History of the warld Snooker Championship |url=http://www.warldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomwarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0,,13165~2306123,00.html |work=warldsnooker.com |publisher=[[warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |access-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315202302/http://www.warldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomwarldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0%2C%2C13165~2306123%2C00.html |archive-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;worl_Tour&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tournament Broadcasters 2019–20 – warld Snooker |author= |work=warld Snooker |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.warldsnooker.com/tournaments-broadcasters-2019-20/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628205251/http://www.warldsnooker.com/tournaments-broadcasters-2019-20/ |archive-date=28 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;en.e_O'Su&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=O'Sullivan excited by new Champion of Champions event |author= |work=ESPN.co.uk |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://en.espn.co.uk/snooker/sport/story/258923.html |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721145126/http://en.espn.co.uk/snooker/sport/story/258923.html |archive-date=21 July 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;cham_Cham&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Champion of Champions Qualifying Criteria Confirmed – Champion of Champions Snooker |author= |work=Champion of Champions Snooker |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.championofchampionssnooker.co.uk/champion-champions-qualifying-criteria-confirmed/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013150233/http://www.championofchampionssnooker.co.uk/champion-champions-qualifying-criteria-confirmed/ |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;azbi_Inau&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Inaugural warld Team Trophy Sees 24 of the Best Cuesports Champions Assemble in Paris |author= |work=azbilliards.com |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.azbilliards.com/news/stories/14452-inaugural-warld-team-trophy-sees-24-of-the-best-cuesports-champions-assemble-in-paris/ |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085806/https://www.azbilliards.com/news/stories/14452-inaugural-warld-team-trophy-sees-24-of-the-best-cuesports-champions-assemble-in-paris/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc._Ronn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ronnie O'Sullivan 'ready to go' with breakaway snooker tour |author= |work=BBC Sport |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/46419267 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820190307/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/46419267 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;vDR55&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Embassy warld Championship |url=http://www.snookerscene.co.uk/page.php?id=36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124071753/http://www.snookerscene.co.uk/page.php?id=36 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |publisher=Snooker Scene |access-date=9 May 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124071753/http://www.snookerscene.co.uk/page.php?id=36 |date=2013-01-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;QqJ6D&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Eric |first=Hayton |title=The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker: The Complete Record &amp; History |year=2004 |publisher=Rose Villa Publications |location=London |isbn=0-9548549-0-X |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;jtHKc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Billiards/Snooker/Men/ |url=http://www.pref.akita.jp/tiiki/wg2001/result_/eng/re0130.html |publisher=warld Games 2001 Akita |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020319022044/http://www.pref.akita.jp/tiiki/wg2001/result_/eng/re0130.html |archive-date=19 March 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eN7hQ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Snooker Results (Men) |url=http://sports123.com/snk/results/mwg-2001.html |publisher=Sports123.com |access-date=23 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222050119/http://sports123.com/snk/results/mwg-2001.html |archive-date=22 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LANCS&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Women's Billiards. Association Formed to Control the Championships. |url= |magazine=Lancashire Evening Post |location=p.10 |publisher= |date=1 October 1931 |access-date= |via=The Breetish Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 21 August 2019.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;worl_WPBS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WPBSA warld Seniors Tour – warld Snooker |author= |work=warld Snooker |date=3 May 2018 |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.warldsnooker.com/wpbsa-warld-seniors-tour/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003113215/http://www.warldsnooker.com/wpbsa-warld-seniors-tour/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;J3Vse&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=No interference |url= |magazine=Gloucestershire Echo |location=p.5 |publisher= |date=30 November 1933 |access-date= |via=The Breetish Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 21 August 2019.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Snooker's warld Champions: Masters of the Baize |first1=Paul |last1=Gadsby |first2=Luke |last2=Williams |year=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-78057-715-9 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category}}
{{Wiktionary|en}}
* [http://www.cuesports.club/ Cuesports.club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317012610/http://www.cuesports.club/ |date=2019-03-17 }}
* [http://www.warldsnooker.com/ Warld Snooker Limited]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.wpbsa.com/ Warld Professional Billiards &amp; Snooker Association]
* [http://www.ibsf.info/ International Billiards &amp; Snooker Federation]
* [http://www.ebsa.tv/ European Billiards &amp; Snooker Association]
* [http://www.sinucasinuca.com.br/historia/ History of Billiards in Brazil]

[[Category:Snooker| ]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Indoor sports]]
[[Category:Sports originating in South Asia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]</text>
      <sha1>2bqtiw9gh0p120n07yodyy705743vtu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nintendo 64</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869396</id>
      <parentid>864937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:19:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3291" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Information appliance 
|title = Nintendo 64
|logo = 
|image = [[File:N64-Console-Set.jpg|border|frameless|250px]]
|caption = Nintendo 64 charcoal gray console wi blank gemme cartridge an gray controller
|manufacturer = [[Nintendo]]
|type = [[Video gemme console]]
|generation = [[History o video gemme consoles (fift generation)|Fift generation]]
|releasedate = {{Vgrelease|JP|Juin 23, 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;release dates&quot;&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://www.lycos.com/info/nintendo-64-roms--games.html|title=Nintendo 64 Roms: Games|publisher=[[Lycos]]|archive-date=2008-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317021341/http://www.lycos.com/info/nintendo-64-roms--games.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;|NA|September 29, 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;release dates&quot;/&gt;|EU|Mairch 1, 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;release dates&quot;/&gt;|AUS|Mairch 1, 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;release dates&quot;/&gt;|BR|December 10, 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;release dates&quot;/&gt;}}
|discontinued = {{Vgrelease|JP|Aprile 30, 2002|EU|Mey 16, 2003|AUS|2003|NA|November 30, 2003}}
|CPU = 64-bit 93.75&amp;nbsp;[[Hertz|MHz]] [[NEC]] [[R4300i|VR4300]]
|GPU = 62.5&amp;nbsp;MHz [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] [[RCP (chip)|RCP]]
|media = [[Nintendo 64 Game Pak]]
|storage = 64 MB Cartridge [[battery (electricity)|battery]], 256 Kb (32 KB) [[Controller Pak]]
|onlineservice = [[Nintendo 64DD#Randnet|RANDnetDD]] &lt;small&gt;(Japan anly)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[SharkWire Online]] &lt;small&gt;(third-pairty)&lt;/small&gt;
|unitssold=Warldwide: 32.93 million&lt;ref name=&quot;sales&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e0912.pdf|title=Consolidated Sales Transition by Region|accessdate=2010-02-14|date=2010-01-27|publisher=Nintendo|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nXieXX2B?url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e0912.pdf|archivedate=2010-02-14|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Japan: 5.54 million&lt;br /&gt;North Americae: 20.63 million&lt;br /&gt;Europe &amp; Australie: 6.75 million
|topgame=''[[Super Mario 64]]'', 11.62 million &lt;small&gt;(as o Mey 21, 2003)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ownt.com/qtakes/2003/gamestats/gamestats.shtm|title=All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games|accessdate=2008-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221044930/http://www.ownt.com/qtakes/2003/gamestats/gamestats.shtm|archivedate=2006-02-21|date=2003-05-21|url-status=live}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221044930/http://www.ownt.com/qtakes/2003/gamestats/gamestats.shtm |date=2006-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''[[Mario Kart 64]]'', 9 million
|predecessor = [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]]
|successor = [[GameCube]]
|controllers = [[Nintendo 64 controller]]s
}}
The {{nihongo|'''Nintendo 64'''|ニンテンドー64|Nintendō Rokujūyon}}, stylised as '''NINTENDO&lt;sup&gt;64&lt;/sup&gt;''' an aften referred tae as '''N64''', is [[Nintendo]]'s third hame [[video gemme console]] for the internaitional mercat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nintendo 64|*]]
[[Category:Nintendo consoles|64]]
[[Category:Fift-generation video gemme consoles]]
[[Category:1996 introductions]]
[[Category:1997 introductions]]
[[Category:Jynt venturs]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments]]
[[Category:2003 disestablishments]]
[[Category:1990s toys]]
[[Category:2000s toys]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1996]]</text>
      <sha1>hz2mi6ypkspy485yln73k5cpc397o24</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gugi-dong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869336</id>
      <parentid>851194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:01:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3521" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Korean settlement
| title           = Gugi-dong
| img             = 
| imgwidth = 
| imgcaption      = 
| hangul          = 구기동
| hanja           = {{linktext|舊|基|洞}}
| rr              = Gugi dong
| mr              = kugi tong
| divs            = 
| map             = 
|mapcaption       = 
}}

'''Gugi-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Jongno-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is a legal dong (법정동 {{linktext|法|定|洞}}) admeenistered unner its admeenistrative dong (행정동 {{linktext|行|政|洞}}), [[Pyeongchang-dong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;encyber&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763364&amp;contentno=763364|title=구기동 (Gugi-dong 舊基洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-23|language=Korean}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eddication==
[[Lycée International Xavier]] is locatit in this ''dong''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.xavier.sc.kr/wp/english/?page_id=4496 Contact].&quot; [[Lycée International Xavier]]. Retrieved on 22 May 2014. &quot;23, BIBONG-GIL (151, GUGI-DONG), JONGNO-GU, 110-804 SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA&quot; - [http://xavier.sc.kr/wp/?page_id=4778 Address in Korean]: &quot;서울특별시 종로구 비봉길 23 (구기동 151) (우)110-804&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; It muivit thare frae [[Hyehwa-dong]] in Mey 2005.&lt;ref name=Hist&gt;&quot;[http://www.xavier.sc.kr/wp/english/?page_id=3457 School History]&quot; (). [[Lycée International Xavier]]. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See an aw ==
*[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&amp;contentno=139888|title=종로구 (Jongno-gu 鍾路區)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-22|language=Korean|archive-date=2012-12-04|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121204161724/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&amp;contentno=139888|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |title=Chronicle of Beopjeong-dong and Haengjeong-dong |publisher=[[Guro-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-09 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |title=Mapo Information |work=The chart of Beopjeong-dong assigned by Haengjeong-dong (행정동별 관할 법정동 일람표) |publisher=[[Mapo-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-09 |archive-date=2007-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105043941/http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |url-status=dead }}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.jongno.go.kr/english/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid in Inglis]
*{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid]
*{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 Status quo o Jongno-gu bi admeenistrative dong] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20040223070100/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 |date=2004-02-23 }} 
*{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/cvmp/aa_pyeongchang/index.html Pyeongchang-dong Resident office] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20040510001717/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/cvmp/aa_pyeongchang/index.html |date=2004-05-10 }} 

{{Jongno-gu}}

{{coord missing|Sooth Korea}}

[[Category:Neebourheids o Jongno-gu]]</text>
      <sha1>4x9yak5y70ivau4x9o6ojbfz1lh3q7r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hyehwa-dong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869341</id>
      <parentid>851276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:36:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4038" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Korean settlement
| title           = Hyehwa-dong
| img             = 
| imgwidth = 
| imgcaption      = 
| hangul          = 혜화동
| hanja           = {{linktext|惠|化|洞}}
| rr              = Hyehwa dong
| mr              = Hyehwa tong
| area_km2        = 0.72
| pop             = 12012
| popnote         = &lt;ref name=&quot;encyber&quot; /&gt;
| popyear         = 2001
| popden_km2      = 
| popdennote      = 
| divs            = 
| map             = 
|mapcaption       = 
}}

'''Hyehwa-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Jongno-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;encyber&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=732208&amp;contentno=732208|title=혜화동 (Hyehwa-dong 惠化洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-23|language=Korean}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hyehwa-dong is a vibrant neebourheid, wi colourful nichtlife an walkin streets that are closed aff tae traffec in the fore-nichts. The aurie haes coffee shops, restaurants, basketbaw courts wi numerous fuid choices includin a American style diner similar tae Johnny Rockets (Platters), an is a lairge theatre destrict. It is adjacent tae the [[Seoul Naitional Varsity Hospital]], wi mony young fowk near this neebourheid. 

==Attractions==
* PMC Daehangno Jayu Theater - muisical ''Polaroid'' wur played frae 3 tae 24 August 2008, starrin [[:en:Andy Lee (South Korean singer)|Andy]] o [[Shinhwa]] an umwhile [[Miss Korea]] [[Honey Lee]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.koreaherald.com/specialreport/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20080705000016 &quot;Musicals: Polaroid&quot;]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Korea Herald''. 5 July 2008. Retrieved 2012-04-10&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eddication==
[[Lycée International Xavier]] wis locatit in this ''dong''. It muivit tae [[Gugi-dong]] in Mey 2005.&lt;ref name=Hist&gt;&quot;[http://www.xavier.sc.kr/wp/english/?page_id=3457 School History]&quot; (). [[Lycée International Xavier]]. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See an aw ==
*[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&amp;contentno=139888|title=종로구 (Jongno-gu 鍾路區)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-22|language=Korean|archive-date=2012-12-04|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121204161724/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&amp;contentno=139888|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |title=Chronicle of Beopjeong-dong and Haengjeong-dong |publisher=[[Guro-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-09 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |title=Mapo Information |work=The chart of Beopjeong-dong assigned by Haengjeong-dong (행정동별 관할 법정동 일람표) |publisher=[[Mapo-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-09 |archive-date=2007-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105043941/http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |url-status=dead }}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.jongno.go.kr/english/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid in Inglis]
*{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid]
*{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 Status quo o Jongno-gu bi admeenistrative dong] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20040223070100/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 |date=2004-02-23 }} 
*{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=13 Hyehwa-dong Resident office] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20040415024638/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=13 |date=2004-04-15 }} 

{{Jongno-gu}}

{{coord missing|Sooth Korea}}

[[Category:Neebourheids o Jongno-gu]]</text>
      <sha1>d3gogk8mfaf5083do8flwonapioliqa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>K-pop</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869359</id>
      <parentid>854344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9630" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisic genre
|[[Contemporar R&amp;B|R&amp;B]] • [[Bubblegum pop]]
| color=black 
| bgcolor=#87CEEB
| stylistic_origins  = [[Rhythm an blues]] • [[Jazz]] • [[Fowk muisic|Fowk]] • [[Dance muisic|Dance]] • [[Clessical muisic|Clessical]] • [[Rock an roll]] • [[Synthpop]] • [[Korean muisic]]
| cultural_origins  = Nominally early 1990s, Sooth Korea (ruits tracit tae the 1960s)
| instruments       = [[Singin|Vocals]] • [[Rappin]] • [[Drum machine]] • [[Drum pad]] • [[Drum kit|Drums]] • [[Bass guitar|Electric bass]] • [[Keybuird graith|Keybuirds]] • [[Piano]] • [[Sampler (muisical graith)|Sampler]] • [[Muisic sequencer|Sequencer]] • [[Synthesizer]]
| derivatives       =
| subgenrelist      = 
| subgenres         = 
| fusiongenres      = 
| regional_scenes   = 
| local_scenes      = [[Seoul]]
| other_topics      = [[Muisic o Korea]]&lt;br /&gt;[[C-pop]] • [[J-pop]] • [[Mandopop]]
}}
'''K-pop''' (a abbreviation o '''Korean pop''';&lt;ref name=&quot;mediasia&quot; /&gt; {{lang-ko|가요}} ''kayo'')&lt;ref name=&quot;mediasia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Medi@sia: global media/tion in and out of context |last=Holden |first=Todd Joseph Miles |last2=Scrase |first2= Timothy J. |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-415-37155-1 |page=144 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=h5rBuzQudXYC&amp;pg=PA144|quote=Since the 1990s, the term “K-pop” has become popularized to refer to Korean popular music, being widely used throughout East and Southeast Asia.}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[muisic genre|muisical genre]] oreeginatin in [[Sooth Korea]] that is characterisit bi a wide variety o [[audiovisual]] elements. Awtho it comprises aw genres o &quot;popular muisic&quot; athin Sooth Korea, the term is mair aften uised in a narraeer sense tae describe a modren form o Sooth Korean [[pop muisic]] coverin maistly [[dance-pop]], [[pop ballad]], electronic, rock, hip-hop, R&amp;B, etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naver&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=K-Pop|url=http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=1083184|publisher=[[Naver]]|work=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]]|accessdate=11 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1992, modren K-pop wis ushered in wi the formation o [[Seo Taiji &amp; Boys]], whose successfu experimentation wi different [[Leet o muisic styles|muisic styles]] haed spairkit a [[paradigm shift]] in the [[muisic industry]] o Sooth Korea.&lt;ref name=BP&gt;{{cite news|last=Rothman|first=Lily|title=Beyond PSY: 5 Essential K-Pop Tracks|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/04/12/beyond-psy-5-essential-k-pop-tracks/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=2013-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the integration o foreign muisical elements haes nou acome a common practice in the K-pop industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Dae Ryun Chang and Kyongon Choi|title=What Marketers Can Learn from Korean Pop Music|url=http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2011/07/what_marketers_can_learn_from.html|work=Havard Business Review|accessdate=19 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bi tappin intae [[social netwirkin service]]s an the video sharin platform [[YouTube]], the K-pop industry's ability tae secure a sizable owerseas audience haes facilitatit a noticeable rise in the global proliferation o the genre.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;Yoon, Lina. (2010-08-26) &quot;[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2013227,00.html K-Pop Online: Korean Stars Go Global with Social Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907161956/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2013227,00.html |date=2012-09-07 }}&quot;. ''Time''. Retrieved 2011-02-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Syne the mid-2000s, the K-pop muisic mercat haes experienced dooble deegit growthe rates. In the first hauf of 2012, it grossed nearly US$3.4 billion,&lt;ref name=&quot;billboardrevenue&quot;/&gt; an wis recognisit bi [[Time (magazine)|Time]] magazine as &quot;South Korea's Greatest Export&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=South Korea’s Greatest Export: How K-Pop’s Rocking the World|url=http://world.time.com/2012/03/07/south-koreas-greatest-export-how-k-pops-rocking-the-world/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=28 April 2013|date=2012-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

First gainin popularity in [[East Asie]] in the late 1990s, K-pop entered the [[Japan]]ese muisic mercat towards the turn o the 21st century. In the late 2000s, it grew frae a muisical genre intae a [[subcultur]] amang teenagers an young adults o East an [[Sootheast Asie]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.economist.com/node/15385735 South Korea’s pop-cultural exports]&quot;, ''The Economist''&lt;/ref&gt; Currently, the spread o K-pop tae ither regions o the warld, via the [[Korean wave]], is seen in pairts o [[Laitin Americae]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Anjani Trivedi|title=Forget Politics, Let’s Dance: Why K-Pop Is a Latin American Smash |url=http://world.time.com/2013/08/01/forget-politics-lets-dance-why-k-pop-is-a-latin-american-smash/|accessdate=9 January 2014|publisher=[[Time (magazine)]]|date=Aug 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Marlon Bishop|title=Meet Latin America's Teenage Korean Pop Fanatics|url=http://www.npr.org/2013/12/15/251021326/meet-latin-america-s-teenage-korean-pop-fanatics|accessdate=9 January 2014|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=December 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=South Korea's K-pop spreads to Latin America|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gxOWILlKeDQpqipMWx9fIFnKMVEA?docId=CNG.2675b7fded96e2e3c9f9668042c6fbc4.551|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302233351/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gxOWILlKeDQpqipMWx9fIFnKMVEA?docId=CNG.2675b7fded96e2e3c9f9668042c6fbc4.551|archivedate=2013-03-02|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Northeast Indie]],&lt;ref name=&quot;afpindia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Anugya Chitransh|title=‘Korean Wave’ takes Indian kids in its sway|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/india/32005319_1_korean-drama-korean-wave-korean-tv|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=9 January 2014|date=Jun 3, 2012|archive-date=2013-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704080549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/india/32005319_1_korean-drama-korean-wave-korean-tv|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[North Africae]],&lt;ref name=&quot;kpopcairo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Korean pop culture spreads in Cairo|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/korean-pop-culture-spreads-cairo|work=Egypt Independent|accessdate=14 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Egyptian-Korean ties endorsed through pop idol competition|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-korean-ties-endorsed-through-pop-idol-competition|publisher=[[Egypt Independent]]|accessdate=2011-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Middle East]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Middle East: Korean pop 'brings hope for peace'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-23606319|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=7 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Natalie Long|title=Infinite lead K-Pop invasion in Dubai|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/infinite-lead-k-pop-invasion-in-dubai-1.1264255|date=December 7, 2013|publisher=[[Gulf News]]|accessdate=9 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eastren Europe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=K-pop Comes to Poland|url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/23936/article|publisher=[[The Warsaw Voice]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mjrkpop&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=James Russell|first=Mark|title=The Gangnam Phenom|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/27/the_gangnam_phenom|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|quote=First taking off in China and Southeast Asia in the late 1990s, but really spiking after 2002, Korean TV dramas and pop music have since moved to the Middle East and Eastern Europe, and now even parts of South America.|accessdate=11 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[immigrant]] [[Ethnic enclave|enclave]]s o the [[Wastren warld]].&lt;ref name=&quot;latimeskpop&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=K-pop enters American pop consciousness|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/29/entertainment/la-ca-kpop-20120429/2|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=24 March 2013|quote=The fan scene in America has been largely centered on major immigrant hubs like Los Angeles and New York, where Girls' Generation sold out Madison Square Garden with a crop of rising K-pop acts including BoA and Super Junior.|first=August|last=Brown|date=2012-04-29|archive-date=2013-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105164619/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/29/entertainment/la-ca-kpop-20120429/2|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorker&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Seabrook|first=John|title=Cultural technology and the making of K-pop|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/08/121008fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all|work=[[The New Yorker]]|accessdate=4 March 2013|quote=The crowd was older than I’d expected, and the ambience felt more like a video-game convention than like a pop concert. About three out of four people were Asian-American, but there were also Caucasians of all ages, and a number of black women.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;huffingtonpost&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Chen|first=Peter|title='Gangnam Style': How One Teen Immigrant Fell For K-Pop Music|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/09/going-gangnam-how-one-tee_n_2529142.html|work=[[Huffington Post]]|accessdate=4 March 2013|quote=It is common for Chinese teens in the U.S. to be fans of K-pop, too.|date=2013-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theoneshots&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Black is the New K-Pop: Interview With 'Black K-Pop Fans'|url=http://www.theoneshots.com/2013/02/black-is-the-new-k-pop-interview-with-black-k-pop-fans/|publisher=The One Shots|accessdate=4 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K-pop}}
[[Category:K-pop| ]]
[[Category:Sooth Korean youth cultur]]</text>
      <sha1>g9fi27mvidab3ur9rtx894fbggmkhot</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Claudio Pizarro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869306</id>
      <parentid>867938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:37:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13821" xml:space="preserve">{{spanish name 2|Pizarro|Bosio}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name        = Claudio Pizarro
| image       = Pizarro training FC Bayern (cropped).jpg
| caption     = Pizarro wi [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] in 2015
| fullname    = Claudio Miguel Pizarro Bosio&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA Club World Cup Morocco 2013: List of Players&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
| title = FIFA Club World Cup Morocco 2013: List of Players
| url = http://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2013/pdf/FCWC_2013_SquadLists.pdf
| publisher = FIFA
| format = PDF
| page = 5
| date = 7 December 2013
| accessdate = 7 December 2013
| archive-date = 2018-12-24
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224185413/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2013/pdf/FCWC_2013_SquadLists.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| height      = {{convert|1.84|m|ftin|abbr=on}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbayern.telekom.de/en/teams/profis/00389.php|title=Claudio Pizarro Bayern profile|publisher=Bayern Munchen|accessdate=16 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1978|10|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Callao]], [[Peru]]
| currentclub = [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]
| clubnumber = 14
| position    = [[Forrit (association fitbaw)|Striker]]
| youthyears1 = 1991–1995
| youthclubs1 = [[Academia Deportiva Cantolao|Cantolao]]
| years1 = 1996–1997
| clubs1 = [[Deportivo Wanka|Deportivo Pesquero]]
| caps1 = 41
| goals1 = 11
| years2 = 1997–1999
| clubs2 = [[Alianza Lima]]
| caps2 = 44
| goals2 = 26
| years3 = 1999–2001
| clubs3 = [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]
| caps3 = 56
| goals3 = 29
| years4 = 2001–2007
| clubs4 = [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
| caps4 = 174
| goals4 = 71
| years5 = 2007–2009
| clubs5 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
| caps5 = 21
| goals5 = 2
| years6 = 2008–2009
| clubs6 = → [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]] (loan)
| caps6 = 26
| goals6 = 17
| years7 = 2009–2012
| clubs7 = [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]
| caps7 = 77
| goals7 = 43
| years8 = 2012–2015
| clubs8 = [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
| caps8 = 50
| goals8 = 16
| years9 = 2015–2017
| clubs9 = [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]
| caps9 = 47
| goals9 = 15
| years10 = 2017–2018
| clubs10 = [[1. FC Köln]]
| caps10 = 16
| goals10 = 1
| years11 = 2018–
| clubs11 = [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]
| caps11 = 33
| goals11 = 5
| nationalyears1 = 1999–2016 | nationalteam1 = [[Peru naitional fitbaw team|Peru]] | nationalcaps1 = 85 | nationalgoals1   = 20
| club-update = 23:35, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 29 March 2016
}}
'''Claudio Miguel Pizarro Bosio''' ({{IPA-es|ˈklauðjo piˈsaro}}; born 3 October 1978) is a [[Peruvian]] [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] [[Forrit (association fitbaw)|striker]] who plays for [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]. He is kent for his scorin ability an heiders.

On 23 October 2010, Pizarro surpassed the 133 goals record previously reached bi [[Giovane Élber]], makkin him the top foreign scorer in German fitbaw history, when he scored wi his team, [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]] against [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/543797/artikel_Keine-Erfolgserlebnisse-fuer-die-Sorgenkinder.html | title = Keine Erfolgserlebnisse für die Sorgenkinder | date = 23 October 2010 | accessdate = 23 October 2010|work=[[Kicker (sports magazine)|kicker]] | language = German}}&lt;/ref&gt; As o Mey 2014, Pizarro is the nint heichest goalscorer in the history o the [[Bundesliga]] wi 176 goals.&lt;ref name=&quot;torlist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.worldfootball.net/alltime_goalgetter/bundesliga/tore/1/ |title = Germany » Bundesliga » Rekordtorjäger » rank 1 - 50 | accessdate = 10 May 2014 |publisher = worldfootball.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal==
Pizarro wis born in [[Callao]], [[Peru]] an raised in the [[Santiago de Surco]] destrict o caipital ceety [[Lima]]. He wis born tae Patricia Bosio an Claudio Pizarro Dávila, a naval officer. He haes a sister, Patricia, an brither, [[Diego Pizarro|Diego]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.bundesliga.de/en/liga/news/2008/index.php?f=0000104832.php | title = Karla, Diego, horses and the &quot;100&quot; | date = 26 August 2008 | accessdate = 21 August 2011 | publisher = Bundesliga | archive-date = 2008-09-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080912173632/http://www.bundesliga.de/en/liga/news/2008/index.php?f=0000104832.php | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Younger brither, Diego, wis a youth player for [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/0,1518,498032,00.html | title = Ein Dreikäsehoch für die Bayern | language = German | accessdate =18 September 2009 | work = [[Der Spiegel]] | date = 4 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; an he is currently playin for [[Cienciano]].

Pizarro is marriet tae his teenage sweethert, Karla Salcedo, an thay hae twa sons, Claudio an Gianluca, an ane dochter, Antonella.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.werder.de/english/team/spieler/pizarro.php | title = Claudio Pizarro | publisher = Werder Bremen | accessdate = 18 September 2009 | date = 19 August 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pizarro co-awns a [[Horse racin|race horse]] cried 'Crying Lightning' wi [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] player [[Joey Barton]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/racing/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=racing/10/06/01/RACING_Leicester_Comments.html|accessdate=3 February 2011|title=Comedy Looks No Joke|work=[[Sporting Life (British newspaper)|Sporting Life]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Januar 2011 the horse competit at the [[Nad Al Sheba Racecourse]] in [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/racing/article-1345991/Newcastle-star-Joey-Bartons-horse-Crying-Lightening-break-new-ground-Dubai.html|accessdate=16 April 2013|date= 11 January 2011|title=Newcastle star Joey Barton's horse Crying Lightening to break new ground in Dubai|last=Milnes|first=David| work = [[Daily Mail]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Statistics==

===Club===
''Correct as o 17 Mey 2014''.&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|pid=5170|Claudio Pizarro|accessdate=16 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pizarro Chelsea stats|url=http://www.bounder.friardale.co.uk/Appearances/Pf-Pz.htm#644|publisher=Bounder.Friardale.co.uk|accessdate=16 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/players/cpizarro-in-ec.html |title=Claudio Pizarro – Matches in European Cups |accessdate=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!Colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Club performance!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Cup!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League Cup!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Continental!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ither!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tot
|-
!Saison!!Club!!Diveesion!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
!Colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Peru!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[CONMEBOL|South Americae]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ither!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tot
|-
|[[1996 Torneo Descentralizado|1996]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Deportivo Wanka|Deportivo Pesquero]]||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Peruvian Primera División|Primera División]]||17&lt;sup&gt;[[#notes gs1|1]]&lt;/sup&gt;||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||rowspan=&quot;4&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||rowspan=&quot;4&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||17||3
|-
|[[1997 Torneo Descentralizado|1997]]||25||8||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||25||8
|-
|[[1998 Torneo Descentralizado|1998]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Alianza Lima]]||22||7||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||||0||22||7
|-
|[[1999 Torneo Descentralizado|1999]]||22||18||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||22||18
|-
!Colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Germany!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[DFB-Pokal]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[DFB-Ligapokal]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[UEFA|Europe]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ither&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;Includes [[2001 UEFA Super Cup]] an [[2001 Intercontinental Cup]]&lt;/ref&gt;!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tot
|-
|[[1999–2000 Bundesliga|1999–2000]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]||rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|[[Bundesliga]]||25||10||5||2||0||0||9||3||rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||39||15
|-
|[[2000–01 Bundesliga|2000–01]]||31||19||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||5||4||37||23
|-
|[[2001–02 Bundesliga|2001–02]]||rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]||30||15||4||0||0||0||14||4||2||0||50||19
|-
|[[2002–03 Bundesliga|2002–03]]||31||15||6||2||1||0||7||2||rowspan=&quot;5&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||45||19
|-
|[[2003–04 Bundesliga|2003–04]]||31||11||4||1||1||0||7||0||43||12
|-
|[[2004–05 Bundesliga|2004–05]]||23||11||5||6||0||0||7||4||35||21
|-
|[[2005–06 Bundesliga|2005–06]]||26||11||5||5||1||0||6||1||38||17
|-
|[[2006–07 Bundesliga|2006–07]]||33||8||2||0||0||0||10||4||45||12
|-
!Colspan=&quot;3&quot;|England!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[FA Cup]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Football League Cup|League Cup]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[UEFA|Europe]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[2007 FA Community Shield|CS]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tot
|-
|[[2007–08 Premier League|2007–08]]||[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]||[[Premier League]]||21||2||4||0||4||0||2||0||1||0||32||2
|-
!Colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Germany!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[DFB-Pokal]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[UEFA|Europe]]!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ither!!Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tot
|-
|[[2008–09 Bundesliga|2008–09]]||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]||rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Bundesliga]]||26||17||5||4||rowspan=&quot;6&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||15||7||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||46||28
|-
|[[2009–10 Bundesliga|2009–10]]||26||16||4||1||10||11||0||0||40||28
|-
|[[2010–11 Bundesliga|2010–11]]||22||9||2||2||5||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||29||14
|-
|[[2011–12 Bundesliga|2011–12]]
|29||18||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||29||18
|-
|[[2012–13 Bundesliga|2012–13]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
|20||6||2||3||6||4||0||0||28||13
|-
|[[2013–14 Bundesliga|2013–14]]
|17||10||2||1||5||0||2||0||26||11
|-
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Tot!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Peru!!86!!36!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!!!0!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!86!!36
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Germany!!370!!176!!47!!27!!3!!0!!106!!47!!2!!0!!530!!250
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ingland!!21!!2!!4!!0!!4!!0!!2!!0!!1!!0!!32!!2
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Career tot!!477!!214!!51!!27!!7!!0!!108!!47!!3!!0!!648!!289
|}
&lt;div id=&quot;notes gs1&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;Includes '''1'''(?) [[1996 Torneo Descentralizado#Liguilla|playoff (liguilla)]] match.&lt;/small&gt;

===Internaitional===
&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=3 | [[Peru naitional fitbaw team|Peru naitional team]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|1999||11||3
|-
|2000||8||0
|-
|2001||6||2
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||8||3
|-
|2004||6||2
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||2||1
|-
|2007||10||2
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0
|-
|2010||0||0
|-
|2011||6||2
|-
|2012||5||1
|-
|2013||4||3
|-
!Tot||71||19
|}

==Honours==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Bayern Munich
* [[Bundesliga]]: [[2002–03 Bundesliga|2002–03]], [[2004–05 Bundesliga|2004–05]], [[2005–06 Bundesliga|2005–06]], [[2012–13 Bundesliga|2012–13]], [[2013–14 Bundesliga|2013–14]]
* [[DFB-Pokal]]: [[2002–03 DFB-Pokal|2002–03]], [[2004–05 DFB-Pokal|2004–05]], [[2005–06 DFB-Pokal|2005–06]], [[2012–13 DFB-Pokal|2012–13]], [[2013–14 DFB-Pokal|2013–14]]
* [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2001 Intercontinental Cup|2001]]
* [[DFB-Ligapokal]]: [[DFB-Ligapokal|2004]]
* [[DFL-Supercup]]: [[2012 DFL-Supercup|2012]]
* [[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2012–13 UEFA Champions League|2012–13]]
* [[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2013 UEFA Super Cup|2013]]
* [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]: [[2013 FIFA Club World Cup|2013]]

;Werder Bremen
*[[DFB-Pokal]]: [[2008–09 DFB-Pokal|2008–09]]
*[[DFL-Supercup]]: 2009

;Individual
*2005 Best Iberoamerican Football Player in Europe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.hispanicprwire.com/news.php?l=es&amp;cha=5&amp;id=5300 | title = Fox Sports Trophy 2005 | language = Spanish | accessdate = 30 April 2011 | work = [[PR Newswire|Hispanic PR Wire]] | archive-date = 2007-05-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070502052351/http://www.hispanicprwire.com/news.php?l=es&amp;id=5300&amp;cha=5 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:List of UEFA Cup and Europa League top scorers|UEFA Europa League top scorer]]: [[UEFA Europa League 2009-2010|2010]]
* DFB-Pokal top scorer: [[2004-05 DFB-Pokal|2005]], [[2005-06 DFB-Pokal|2006]]
*Top foreign scorer in German fitbaw history&lt;ref name=&quot;torlist&quot;/&gt;
*Nint aw-time top scorer in Bundesliga&lt;ref name=&quot;torlist&quot;/&gt;
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;n&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commons category}}
*{{FIFA player|4050}}
*{{UEFA player|51675}}
*[http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/claudio-pizarro Premier League profile]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{German Cup top scorers}}
{{UEFA Europa League top scorers}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title=Peru squads
|bg=white
|fg=#D91023
|bordercolor=#D91023
|list1=
{{Peru squad 1999 Copa América}}
{{Peru squad 2004 Copa América}}
{{Peru squad 2007 Copa América}}
{{Peru squad 2015 Copa América}}
}}
{{SV Werder Bremen squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pizarro, Claudio}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Callao]]
[[Category:Peruvian fitbawers]]
[[Category:Peru internaitional fitbawers]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Germany]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]]
[[Category:Deportivo Pesquero fitbawers]]
[[Category:Alianza Lima fitbawers]]
[[Category:FC Bayern Munich fitbawers]]
[[Category:SV Werder Bremen players]]
[[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]]
[[Category:Bundesliga players]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:1999 Copa América players]]
[[Category:2004 Copa América players]]
[[Category:Academia Deportiva Cantolao players]]
[[Category:2007 Copa América players]]
[[Category:SV Werder Bremen players]]</text>
      <sha1>5skzo0vtbopyt0n6hcbrl577e595evl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boeing 747</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>78813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869292</id>
      <parentid>850053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:31:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34951" xml:space="preserve">{{Fixscots}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name= Boeing 747
 |image= Ba b747-400 g-bnle arp.jpg &lt;!-- In flight images are preferable for the Infobox of aircraft. Discuss changes on the Talk page, thanks. --&gt;
 |caption= [[British Airways]] [[Boeing 747-400]] durin takoff |alt= A British Airways 747-400 in white, blue an reid livery during takoff wi its landin gear retractin.
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type= [[Wide-body aircraft|Wide-body]], lang-range [[jet airliner]]
 |national origin= Unitit States
 |manufacturer= [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes]]
 |designer= &lt;!--only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders--&gt;
 |first flight= 9 Februar 1969&lt;ref name=ucfc747/&gt;
 |introduced=22 Januar 1970 wi [[Pan American World Airways]]&lt;ref name=Time_Jumbo-Gremlins&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878184,00.html &quot;Jumbo and the Gremlins.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127015913/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878184,00.html |date=2008-01-27 }} ''TIME'', February 2, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
 |status= In service
| primary user = [[British Airways]] &lt;!--Limit one (1) primary user--&gt;
| more users = [[Lufthansa]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Korean Air]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Atlas Air]] &lt;!-- Limit is THREE (3) in 'more users' field, four (4) total users with primary user. Please separate with &lt;br&gt;.--&gt;
 |produced= 1968–present
| number built = 1,548 {{as of|December 2018|lc=on|df=us}}&lt;ref name=747_O_D_summ/&gt;
 |unit cost= 747-100: US$24&amp;nbsp;million (1967) &lt;br /&gt;747-200: US$39&amp;nbsp;million (1976) &lt;br /&gt;747-300: US$83&amp;nbsp;million (1982) &lt;br /&gt;747-400: US$228–260&amp;nbsp;million (2007)&lt;br /&gt;747-8I: US$351.4&amp;nbsp;million&lt;ref name=prices&gt;[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/prices/ &quot;Boeing Commercial Airplanes prices.&quot;] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: August 8, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;747-8F: US$352&amp;nbsp;million
 |variants with their own articles= [[Boeing 747SP]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Boeing 747-400]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Boeing 747-8]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Boeing VC-25]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Boeing E-4]]
 |developed into= [[Boeing YAL-1]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter]]
}}
|}
The '''Boeing 747''' is an American [[wide-bouk aircraft|wide-bouk]] commercial [[jet airliner]] an [[cargae aircraft]], aften referred tae bi its oreeginal nickname, &quot;Jumbo Jet&quot;. Its distinctive &quot;hump&quot; upper deck alang the forrit pairt o the aircraft haes made it ane o the maist recognisable aircraft,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/747-worlds-airliner-180951414/?all&amp;no-ist |title=747: The World's Airliner |work=Air &amp; Space Magazine |last=Negroni |first=Christine |date=July 2014 |accessdate=January 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; an it wis the first wide-bouk airplane produced. Manufacturt bi [[Boeing]]'s [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes|Commercial Airplane]] unit in the Unitit States, the 747 wis oreeginally enveesioned tae hae 150 per cent greater capacity than the [[Boeing 707]],&lt;ref&gt;Branson, Richard. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989780-2,00.html &quot;Pilot of the Jet Age.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122601/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989780-2,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} ''Time'', December 7, 1998. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; a common lairge commercial aircraft o the 1960s. First flewn commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 year.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm &quot;A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney.&quot;] ''BBC,'' October 25, 2007. Retrieved: August 3, 2010. Quote: &quot;The superjumbo's advent ends a reign of nearly four decades by the Boeing 747 as the world's biggest airliner.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

The fower-ingine 747 uises a [[dooble-deck aircraft|dooble-deck]] confeeguration for pairt o its lenth an is available in passenger, frauchter an ither versions. Boeing designed the 747's hump-lik upper deck tae serve as a first–cless loonge or extra seatin, an tae allou the aircraft tae be easily convertit tae a cargae cairier bi remuivin seats an instawin a front cargae door. Boeing expectit [[Supersonic transport|supersonic airliners]]—the development o that wis annoonced in the early 1960s—tae render the 747 an ither [[subsonic airliner]]s obsolete, while the demand for subsonic cargae aircraft wad remeen robust weel intae the futur.&lt;ref&gt;Orlebar 2002, p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; Tho the 747 wis expectit tae acome obsolete efter 400 war sauld,&lt;ref&gt;Haenggi 2003, pp. 14–15.&lt;/ref&gt; it exceedit creetics' expectations wi production surpassin 1,000 in 1993.&lt;ref name=Sutter_p259&gt;Sutter 2006, p. 259.&lt;/ref&gt; Bi Januar 2018, 1,543 aircraft haed been biggit, wi 11 o the 747-8 variants remeenin on order.&lt;ref name=&quot;747_O_D_summ&quot;&gt;[http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=747&amp;optReportType=AllModels&amp;cboAllModel=747&amp;ViewReportF=View+Report &quot;747 Model Orders and Deliveries data.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928195003/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=747&amp;optReportType=AllModels&amp;cboAllModel=747&amp;ViewReportF=View+Report |date=2018-09-28 }} ''The Boeing Company'', November 2017. Retrieved: January 1, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;  {{As of|2017|01}}, the 747 haes been involved in 60 [[huil loss]]es, resultin in {{formatnum:{{#expr:2865+857}}}} fatalities.&lt;ref name=ASNstats&gt;{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/type/type-stat.php?type=104 |title= Boeing 747 Statistics |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Boeing 747-400|747-400]], the maist common variant in service, haes a heich-subsonic [[cruise speed]] o [[Mach nummer|Mach]] 0.85–0.855 (up tae {{convert|570|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}}) wi an intercontinental range o 7,260&amp;nbsp;[[nautical mile]] (8,350&amp;nbsp;[[Mile#Statute mile|statute mile]] or 13,450&amp;nbsp;[[kilometre|km]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_400_prod.html &quot;Technical Characteristics&amp;nbsp;– Boeing 747-400&quot;], ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: April 29, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; The 747-400 can accommodate 416 passengers in a teepical [[Traivel cless|three-cless layoot]], 524 passengers in a teepical twa-cless layoot, or 660 passengers in a heich-density ae-cless confeeguration.&lt;ref name=&quot;747sp&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120522123248/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/misc/A20WE-Rev-45.pdf &quot;747.&quot;] ''The Boeing Company.'' Retrieved: Januar 9, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; The newest version o the aircraft, the [[Boeing 747-8|747-8]], is in production an received certification in 2011. Deliveries o the 747-8F frauchter version begoud in October 2011; deliveries o the 747-8I passenger version begoud in Mey 2012.

==Development==

===Backgrund===
In 1963, the [[Unitit States Air Force]] stairtit a series o study projects on a verra lairge strategic transport aircraft. Awtho the [[C-141 Starlifter]] wis bein introduced, thay believed that a muckle lairger an mair capable aircraft wis needit, especially the capability tae cairy outsized cargae that wad nae fit in ony existin aircraft. Thir studies led tae ineetial requirements for the CX-Heavy Logistics seestem (CX-HLS) in Mairch 1964 for an aircraft wi a laid capacity o {{convert|180000|lb|kg|sigfig=3}} an a speed o Mach 0.75 ({{convert|500|mph|km/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on|disp=or}}), an an unrefueled range o {{convert|5000|nmi|km|sigfig=2}} wi a peylaid o {{convert|115000|lb|kg|sigfig=3}}. The peylaid bay haed tae be {{convert|17|ft|m|sigfig=3}} wide bi {{convert|13.5|ft|m|sigfig=3}} heich an {{convert|100|ft|m|sigfig=2}} lang wi access throu duirs at the front an rear.&lt;ref name=&quot;Norton_C-5&quot;&gt;Norton 2003, pp. 5–12.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Production===
The 747 wis conceived while air traivel wis increasin in the 1960s.&lt;ref name=Norris_Wagner_p13&gt;Norris and Wagner 1997, p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The era o commercial jet transportation, led bi the enormous popularity o the [[Boeing 707]] an [[Douglas DC-8]], haed revolutionised lang-distance traivel.&lt;ref name=Norris_Wagner_p13/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/images/commercial/707-03.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124513/http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/images/commercial/707-03.html |archivedate=January 11, 2012 |title=Boeing Multimedia Image Gallery 707|publisher=The Boeing Company |dead-url=yes |accessdate=December 8, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even afore it lost the CX-HLS contract, Boeing wis asked bi [[Juan Trippe]], preses o [[Pan American World Airways]] (Pan Am), ane o thair maist important airline customers, tae big a passenger aircraft mair nor twice the size o the 707. In this time, airport congestion, waurened bi increasin nummers o passengers cairied on relatively smaw aircraft, becam a problem that Trippe thocht coud be addressed bi a lairger new aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/innovators/jtrippe.html &quot;Innovators: Juan Trippe.&quot;] ''PBS''. Retrieved: December 17, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1965, [[Joe Sutter]] wis transferred frae Boeing's [[Boeing 737|737]] development team tae manage the design studies for the new airliner, awready assigned the model nummer 747.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutter_p80-4&quot;&gt;Sutter 2006, pp. 80–84.&lt;/ref&gt; Sutter ineetiatit a design study wi Pan Am an ither airlines, tae better unnerstaund thair requirements. At the time, it wis widely thocht that the 747 wad eventually be supersedit bi [[supersonic transport]] aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/852087.stm &quot;Air travel, a supersonic future?.&quot;] ''BBC News'', July 17, 2001. Retrieved: December 9, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Boeing respondit bi designin the 747 sae that it coud be adaptit easily tae cairy fraucht an remeen in production even if sales o the passenger version declined. In the frauchter role, the clear need wis tae support the [[Conteenerisation|conteenerised shippin]] methodologies that war bein widely introduced at aboot the same time. Staundart shippin conteeners are {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} squerr at the front (slichtly heicher due tae attachment pynts) an available in {{convert|20|and|40|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} lenths. This meant that it wad be possible tae support a 2-wide 2-heich stack o conteeners twa or three ranks deep wi a fuselage size seemilar tae the earlier CX-HLS project.

[[File:Iran Air Boeing 747-200 cockpit Sharifi.jpg|thumb|An [[Iran Air]] 747-200, shawin the early-production 747 cockpit, locatit on the upper deck |alt= A view o an early-production 747 cockpit]]
In Apryle 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 747-100 aircraft for US$525&amp;nbsp;million. In the ceremonial 747 contract-signin banquet in Seattle on Boeing's 50t Anniversary, Juan Trippe predictit that the 747 wad be &quot;... a great weapon for peace, competing with [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental missiles]] for mankind's destiny&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfpsBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31|title=The Airbus A380: A History|last=Simons|first=Graham|year=2014|page=31|isbn=9781783030415}}&lt;/ref&gt; As launch customer,&lt;ref name=ucfc747&gt;Rumerman, Judy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121007143215/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Boeing_747/Aero21.htm &quot;The Boeing 747.&quot;] ''U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission,'' 2003. Retrieved: April 30, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=infoplease&gt;Noland, David. [http://www.infoplease.com/spot/boeing747.html &quot;Passenger Planes: Boeing 747.&quot;] &quot;Info please.&quot; (''[[Pearson Education]]''). Retrieved: April 30, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; an acause o its early involvement afore placin a formal order, Pan Am wis able tae influence the design an development o the 747 tae an extent unmatched bi a single airline afore or syne.&lt;ref name=Irving_p359&gt;Irving 1994, p. 359.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Entry intae service===
On 15 Januar 1970, [[First Leddy o the United States]] [[Pat Nixon]] christened Pan Am's first 747, at [[Washington Dulles Internaitional Airport|Dulles Internaitional Airport]] (later Washington Dulles Internaitional Airport) in the presence o Pan Am chairman [[Najeeb Halaby]].

The 747 enjoyed a fairly smuith introduction intae service, owercomin concerns that some airports wad nae be able tae accommodate an aircraft that lairge.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html &quot;Breaking the Ground Barrier.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122523/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} ''TIME'', September 8, 1967. Retrieved: December 19, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho technical problems occurred, thay war relatively minor an quickly solved.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html &quot;Jumbo Beats the Gremlins.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008023207/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html |date=2016-10-08 }} ''TIME'', July 13, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Efter the aircraft's introduction wi Pan Am, ither airlines that haed bocht the 747 tae stay competitive begoud tae put thair awn 747s intae service.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html &quot;Ready or Not, Here Comes Jumbo.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008021608/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html |date=2016-10-08 }} ''TIME'', January 19, 1970. Retrieved: December 19, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Boeing estimatit that hauf o the early 747 sales war tae airlines desirin the aircraft's lang range raither nor its peylaid capacity.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Bruce A. &quot;Boeing Shuns Very Large Jets While Aiming for Longer Range.&quot; ''Aviation Week and Space Technology'', January 1, 2001, pp. 28–29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/A380Buescher.pdf 747X vs A380 &quot;How to Reduce Congestion (PDF).&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216064540/http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/A380Buescher.pdf |date=February 16, 2008 }} ''Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering'', Virginia Tech. Retrieved: December 10, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  While the 747 haed the lawest potential operatin cost per seat, this coud anerly be achieved whan the aircraft wis fully laidit; costs per seat increased rapidly as occupancy declined. A moderately laidit 747, ane wi anly 70 percent o its seats occupied, uised mair nor 95 percent o the fuel needit bi a fully occupied 747.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2003/87-7972-489-2/html/kap09_eng.htm &quot;Airline reporting on fuel consumption.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220020946/http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mst.dk%2Fudgiv%2FPublications%2F2003%2F87-7972-489-2%2Fhtml%2Fkap09_eng.htm |date=December 20, 2007 }} ''Miljominsteriet (Danish Environmental Protection Agency)''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanetheless, mony banner-carriers purchased the 747 due tae its prestige &quot;even if it made na sense economically&quot; tae operate. In the 1970s an 1980s, thare wis eften ower 30 regularly scheduled 747s at [[John F. Kennedy Internaitional Airport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/boeing-747-deathwatch-how-boeings-new-777x-will-kill-its-jumbo-jet-predecessor-once-queen-skies|title=Boeing 747 On Deathwatch: How Boeing's New 777X Will Kill Its Jumbo Jet Predecessor, Once The Queen Of The Skies|date=May 4, 2013|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[recession o 1969-1970]] greatly affectit Boeing. For the year an a hauf efter September 1970 it anerly sauld twa 747s in the warld, an did nae sell ony tae an American carrier for awmaist three years.&lt;ref name=&quot;heppenheimer1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Space Shuttle Decision |publisher=NASA |author=Heppenheimer, T. A. |year=1998 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/contents.htm | pages=302=303}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whan economic problems in the US an ither kintras efter the [[1973 ile creesis]] led tae reduced passenger traffeck, several airlines foond thay did nae hae eneuch passengers tae flee the 747 economically, an thay replaced them wi the smawer an recently introduced [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] an [[Lockheed L-1011|Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] [[trijet]] wide bouks&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html &quot;Planes for Rough Weather.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122847/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} ''TIME'', August 3, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; (an later the [[Boeing 767|767]] an [[Airbus A300|A300]]/[[Airbus A310|A310]] [[twinjet]]s). Haein tried replacin coach seats on its 747s wi pianae baurs in an attempt tae attract mair customers, American Airlines eventually relegatit its 747s tae cargo service an in 1983 exchynged them wi Pan Am for smawer aircraft;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.is/20120526202629/http://www.aa.com/i18n/amrcorp/corporateInformation/facts/history.jsp &quot;American Airlines History.&quot;] ''American Airlines''. Retrieved: June 3, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Delta Air Lines]] an aw remuived its 747s frae service efter several years.&lt;ref&gt;Davies 1990, p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt; Later, Delta acquired 747s again in 2008 as pairt o its merger wi [[Northwest Airlines]], awtho it reteert the 747-400 fleet in December 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.delta.com/final-747-flight-now-scheduled-monday|title=Final 747 flight now scheduled for Monday|website=Delta News Hub|language=en|access-date=May 10, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:UpperdeckcabinDLB744.jpg|thumb|Later 747 models featurt a stretched upper deck.]]
Internaitional flichts bipassin tradeetional hub airports an laundin at smawer ceeties becam mair common ootthrou the 1980s, sicweys erodin the 747's oreeginal mercat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040211224743/http://www.boeing.com/news/speeches/2003/piasecki_030324.html &quot;Turning Today's Challenges into Opportunities for Tomorrow.&quot;] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 10, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Mony internaitional cairiers conteena'd tae uise the 747 on [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]] routes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aboulafia |first=Richard |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&amp;id=news/2004sb05.xml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112160220/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&amp;id=news%2F2004sb05.xml |archivedate=January 12, 2012 |title=Commercial Transport Market Still in Rough Shape |date=March 1, 2004 |work=Aviation Week and Space Technology |dead-url=yes |accessdate=December 10, 2007 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Japan, 747s on domestic routes war confeegurt tae cairy nearly the maximum passenger capacity.&lt;ref&gt;Wallace, James. [http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/A380-buyer-keeps-mum-about-possible-luxuries-1164814.php &quot;A380 buyer keeps mum about possible luxuries aboard cruise ship of the skies.&quot;] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', January 24, 2005. Retrieved: June 3, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Design==
[[File:Boeing 747 cutaway.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Boeing 747-200 cutawey]]

The Boeing 747 is a lairge, wide-bouk (twa-aisle) airliner wi fower weeng-mounted engines. Its weengs hae a heich [[swept weeng|sweep]] angle o 37.5 degrees for a fest, efficient cruise&lt;ref name=Sutter_p93&gt;Sutter 2006, p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt; o Mach&amp;nbsp;0.84 tae 0.88, dependin on the variant. The sweep an aw reduces the weengspan, allouin the 747 tae uise existin [[hangar]]s.&lt;ref name=ucfc747/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bowers 1989, p. 508.&lt;/ref&gt; Its seatin capacity is ower 366 wi a 3–4–3 seat arrangement (a cross section o 3 seats, an aisle, 4 seats, anither aisle, an 3 seats) in economy cless an a 2–3–2 layout in first cless on the main deck. The upper deck haes a 3–3 seat arrangement in economy cless an a 2–2 layoot in first cless.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 19, 2006 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619025715/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |archivedate=June 19, 2006 |df=mdy }} ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 19, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619025715/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |archivedate=June 19, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Boeing 747-409F Prague airport 2015 3.jpg|left|thumb|[[China Airlines]] 747-400F wi the neb cargae duir appen]]
Raised abuin the main deck, the cockpit creauts a hump. This raised cockpit allous front laidin o cargo on fraucht variants.&lt;ref name=Sutter_p93/&gt; The upper deck ahint the cockpit provides space for a lounge an/or extra seatin. The &quot;stretched upper deck&quot; becam available as an alternative on the 747-100B variant an later as staundart beginnin on the 747-300. The upper deck wis stretched mair on the 747-8. The 747 cockpit ruif section an aw haes an escape hatch frae that crew can exit in the events o an emergency if thay canna dae sae throu the cabin.

The 747's maximum takaff wecht ranges frae 333,400&amp;nbsp;kg (735,000&amp;nbsp;poonds) for the 439,985&amp;nbsp;kg (-100 tae 970,000&amp;nbsp;lb) for the -8. Its range haes increased frae 5,300&amp;nbsp;nautical miles (6,100&amp;nbsp;mi, 9,800&amp;nbsp;km) on the -100 tae 8,000&amp;nbsp;nmi (9,200&amp;nbsp;mi, 14,815&amp;nbsp;km) on the -8I.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071210173616/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_classics.html &quot;Boeing 747-100/200/300 Technical Specifications.&quot;] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/747-8_fact_sheet.html &quot;Boeing 747-8 Technical Specifications.&quot;] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

The 747 haes redundant structurs alang wi fower redundant hydraulic seestems an fower main laundin gears ilk wi fower wheels; thir provide a guid spreid o support on the grund an safety in case o tyre blaw-oots. The main gear are redundant sae that laundin can be performed on twa opponin laundin gears if the ithers are nae functionin properly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutter_p128-31&quot;&gt;Sutter 2006, pp.&amp;nbsp;128–131.&lt;/ref&gt; The 747 an aw haes split control surfaces an wis designed wi sophisticatit treeple-slottit [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] that minimise laundin speeds an allou the 747 tae uise staundart-lenth runweys.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutter_p121-2&quot;&gt;Sutter 2006, pp. 121–122.&lt;/ref&gt;

For transportation o spare ingines, the 747 can accommodate a non-functionin fift-pod ingine unner the aircraft's port weeng atween the inner functionin ingine an the fuselage.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ai182.shtml &quot;Special Report:Air India Flight 182.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007035356/http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ai182.shtml |date=October 7, 2009 }} ''airdisaster.com''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/Jdb-txt/SC/05/03/2005BCSC0350.htm &quot;Her Majesty the Queen Against Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri.&quot;] ''Supreme Court of British Columbia''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; This fift ingine munt pynt is an aw uised bi [[Virgin Orbit]]'s [[LauncherOne]] programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Virgin Orbit performs LauncherOne aircraft flight tests - SpaceNews.com |url=https://spacenews.com/virgin-orbit-performs-launcherone-aircraft-flight-tests/ |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=SpaceNews.com |date=28 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Virgin Orbit's 747-400, dubbed Cosmic Girl, cairies the orbital-cless racket tae cruise altitude, whaur the racket is deployed an then cairies its smaw satellite peylaid the rest o the wey tae space.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bergin |first1=Chris |title=Cosmic Girl takes LauncherOne on its first captive carry flight test – NASASpaceFlight.com |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/11/cosmic-girl-launcherone-first-captive-carry-test/ |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=NASASpaceflight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Accidents an incidents==
The 747 haes been involved in 146 [[aviation accidents an incidents]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Type=104 |title= Boeing 747 occurrences |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |date= August 30, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; includin 61 accidents an [[huil loss]]es&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?field=typecode&amp;var=104%&amp;cat=%1&amp;sorteer=datekey&amp;page=1 |title= Boeing 747 hull-loss occurrences |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |date= August 29, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; that resultit in {{#expr:2865+857}} fatalities.&lt;ref name=ASNstats/&gt;  The last crash wis [[Turkish Airlines Flicht 6491]] in Januar 2017. Thare war an aw 24 daiths in 32 [[aircraft hijackin]]s,&lt;ref name=ASNstats/&gt; sic as [[Pan Am Flight 73]] whaur a Boeing 747-121 wis hijacked bi fower terrorists an resultit in 20 daiths.&lt;ref name=ASN_Pan_Am&gt;{{cite web |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860905-0 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-121 N656PA Karachi-Quaid-E-Azam International Airport |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |date= August 30, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Few crashes hae been attributit tae design flaws o the 747. The [[Tenerife airport disaster]] resultit frae pilot error an communications failyie, while the [[Japan Airlines Flight 123]] an [[China Airlines Flight 611]] crashes stemmed frae improper aircraft repair. [[United Airlines Flight 811]], that suffered an [[uncontrolled decompression|explosive decompression]] mid-flicht on 24 Februar 1989, led the [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) tae issue a recommendation that 747-200 cargo duirs seemilar tae thae on the Flicht 811 aircraft be modifee'd. [[Korean Air Lines Flicht 007]] wis shot doun bi a Soviet fechter aircraft in 1983 efter it haed strayed intae Soviet territory, causin U.S. Preses Ronald Reagan tae authorise the then-strictly militar [[global poseetionin seestem]] (GPS) for ceevilian uise.&lt;ref name=KAL007&gt;[http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/02/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html#axzz3z8AmijAm &quot;United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology.&quot;] ''america.gov,'' February 3, 2006. Retrieved: January 9, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Accidents due tae design deficiencies includit [[TWA Flight 800]], whaur a 747-100 explodit in mid-air on 17 Julie 1996, probably due tae sparkin electricity weirs inside the fuel tank;&lt;ref name=TWA_800_final&gt;{{cite journal|title=Aircraft Accident Report: In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 |journal=Ntsb/aar-00/03 |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf |format=PDF |date=August 23, 2000 |pages= |accessdate=June 24, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615201201/http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf |archivedate=June 15, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; this findin led the FAA tae propone a rule requirin installation o an [[inertin seestem]] in the centre fuel tank o maist lairge aircraft that wis adoptit in Julie 2008, efter years o resairch intae solutions.  At the time, the new saufty seestem wis expectit tae cost US$100,000 tae $450,000 per aircraft an wecht approximately {{convert|200|lb|kg}}.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121621918865158639 &quot;Airlines Ordered to Cut Fuel-Tank Explosion Risk.&quot;] ''Wall Street Journal'', July 17, 2008, p. B5. Note: Cargo aircraft and smaller regional jets and commuter aircraft are not subject to this rule.&lt;/ref&gt; [[El Al Flicht 1862]] crashed efter the fuse pins for an ingine breuk aff shortly efter tak-aff due tae metal fatigue. Insteid o drappin awey frae the wing, the ingine knocked aff the adjacent ingine an damaged the weeng.&lt;ref name=ASN_Bijlmer&gt;{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19921004-2 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-258F 4X-AXG Amsterdam |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |date= |accessdate=December 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Specifications==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! Model
! [[Boeing 747SP|747SP]]&lt;ref name=&quot;100/200/300startup&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= 747-100/-200/-300/-SP |publisher= Boeing |work= Startup |date= 2007 |url= http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/747-100_-200_-300_-SP_passenger.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 747-100&lt;ref name=&quot;100/200/300startup&quot;/&gt;
! 747-200B&lt;ref name=&quot;100/200/300startup&quot;/&gt;
! 747-300&lt;ref name=&quot;100/200/300startup&quot;/&gt;
! [[747-400]]ER&lt;ref name=400startup&gt;{{cite web |title= 747-400 |publisher= Boeing |work= Startup |date= May 2010 |url= http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/747-400-passenger.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! [[Boeing 747-8|747-8]]&lt;ref name=&quot;acaps747-8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/acaps/747_8.pdf |title= 747-8 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning |date= December 2012 |publisher= Boeing}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Cockpit crew
| colspan=4 | Three
| colspan=2 | Twa
|-
| Teepical seats
| 276 (25F 57J 194Y)
| colspan=2 | 366 (32F 74J 260Y)
| 400 (34F 76J 290Y)
| 416 (23F 78J 315Y)
| 467 (24F {{#expr:50+37}}J 356Y)
|-
| Exit leemit&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeCert&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= Type Certificate Data Sheet NO. A20WE |publisher= FAA |date= February 27, 2015 |url= http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/75d4c3215c58345386257df9007c3763/$FILE/A20WE_Rev_57.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|split nummers denote different leemits dependin on exit teeps instawed}}
| 400
| colspan=2 | 440/550
| colspan=2 | 550/660
| colspan=2 | 495/605
|-
| Cargae
| {{Convert|{{#expr:3500+400}}|ft3|m3}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{convert|6,190|ft3|m3|abbr=on}}, 30×LD1
| 5,655&amp;nbsp;ft³ (160.1 m³)
| {{Convert|{{#expr:5705+640}}|ft3|m3|abbr=on}}
|-
&lt;!--Dimensions--&gt;
| Lenth
| 184&amp;nbsp;ft 9 in (56.3 m)
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 231&amp;nbsp;ft 10 in (70.66 m)
| 250&amp;nbsp;ft 2 in (76.25 m)
|-
| Cabin weenth
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | {{convert|{{#expr:(54+24.75)*2+82}}|in|cm|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=400startup/&gt;
|-
| Weengspan
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 195&amp;nbsp;ft 8&amp;nbsp;in (59.6&amp;nbsp;m)
| 211&amp;nbsp;ft 5&amp;nbsp;in (64.4&amp;nbsp;m)
| 224&amp;nbsp;ft 7&amp;nbsp;in (68.4&amp;nbsp;m)
|-
| Weeng aurie
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 5,500&amp;nbsp;ft² (511&amp;nbsp;m²)
| {{convert|525|m2|ft2|abbr=on|order=flip}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121230173833/http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |dead-url= yes |archive-date= December 30, 2012 |publisher= Lufthansa |title= Premiere of Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental |date= February 13, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230173833/http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |date=2012-12-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{convert|554|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}&lt;ref name=&quot;FlightDesc747-8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-boeing-747-8-technical-description-amp-cutaway-378866/ |title= Boeing 747-8 technical description &amp; cutaway |work= Flight Global |date= November 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Weeng sweep
| colspan=6 | 37.5°&lt;ref name=Centennial&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej0RBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT670 |title= Boeing 747: A History |author= Martin Bowman |publisher= Pen and Sword |date= 2014|isbn= 9781473838239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar04-44.pdf |title= Statistical Data for the Boeing-747-400 Aircraft in Commercial Operations |date= January 2005 |publisher= FAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1991/1991%20-%202350.PDF |title= Commercial aircraft of the world |work= Flight International |date= September 4, 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Aspect ratio
| colspan=4 | {{#expr:59.6/(511/59.6)round1}}
| {{#expr:64.4/(525/64.4)round1}}
| {{#expr:68.5/(554/68.5)round1}}
|-
| Tail hicht
| 65&amp;nbsp;ft 5 in (19.9 m)
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 63&amp;nbsp;ft 5&amp;nbsp;in (19.3&amp;nbsp;m)
| 63&amp;nbsp;ft 8&amp;nbsp;in (19.4&amp;nbsp;m)
| 63&amp;nbsp;ft 6&amp;nbsp;in (19.4&amp;nbsp;m)
|-
&lt;!--Weights--&gt;
| [[Maximum takaff wecht|MTOW]]
| {{Convert|700,000|lb|t|abbr=on}}
| {{Convert|735,000|lb|t|abbr=on}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{Convert|833,000|lb|t|abbr=on}}
| 910,000&amp;nbsp;lb (412.76&amp;nbsp;t)
| 987,000&amp;nbsp;lb (447.696&amp;nbsp;t)
|-
| [[Operatin emptie wecht|OEW]]
| {{Convert|337100|lb|t|abbr=on}}
| {{Convert|379500|lb|t|abbr=on}}
| {{Convert|375100|lb|t|abbr=on}}
| {{Convert|384000|lb|t|abbr=on}}
| 412,300&amp;nbsp;lb (187.01&amp;nbsp;t)
| 485,300&amp;nbsp;lb (220.128&amp;nbsp;t)
|-
| Fuel&lt;br /&gt;capacity
| {{convert|50,359|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| {{convert|48,445|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{convert|53,985|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| {{convert|63,705|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| {{convert|63,034|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}}
|-
&lt;!--Engines--&gt;
| [[Turbofan]] ×4
| colspan=4 | [[Pratt &amp; Whitney JT9D]]-7 or [[Rolls-Royce RB211]]-524 or [[GE CF6]]
| [[Pratt &amp; Whitney PW4000|PW4000]] / [[GE CF6|CF6]] / [[Rolls-Royce RB211|RB211]]
| [[General Electric GEnx|GEnx-2B67]]
|-
| Thrust ×4
| {{convert|46,300|-|56,900|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| {{convert|43,500|-|51,600|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| {{convert|46,300|-|54,750|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| {{convert|46,300|-|56,900|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| {{convert|62,100|-|63,300|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| {{convert|66,500|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}}
|-
&lt;!--Performance--&gt;
| [[V speeds|MMo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TypeCert&quot;/&gt;
| colspan=5 | Mach 0.92
| colspan=1 | Mach 0.9
|-
| [[Cruise speed|Cruise]]
|
| colspan=3 | econ. 907&amp;nbsp;km/h (490 kt), max. 939&amp;nbsp;km/h (507kt)&lt;ref name=&quot;Airliners100/200specs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/boeing-747-100-200/97 |title= Boeing 747-100/200 |work= Aircraft Technical Data &amp; Specifications |publisher= Airliners.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Airliners300specs&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/boeing-747-300/99
|title= Boeing 747-300 |work= Aircraft Technical Data &amp; Specifications |publisher= Airliners.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| colspan=2 | {{convert|0.855|Mach|32,000|knots km/h|0}}
|-
| Range
| {{convert|5830|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|JT9D, 276 passengers}}
| {{convert|4620|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=100/200range|JT9D, 366 passengers an baggage}}
| {{convert|6560|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=100/200range}}
| {{convert|6330|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|400 passengers an baggage}}
| {{convert|7670|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=400range|PW4000, 416 passengers an baggage}}
| {{convert|7730|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|410 passengers an baggage}}&lt;ref name=RangeRev&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-revises-obsolete-performance-assumptions-415293/ |title= Boeing revises &quot;obsolete&quot; performance assumptions |work= FlightGlobal |date= August 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Takaff
| {{convert|9,250|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|10650|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|10900|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|10900|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| 10,700&amp;nbsp;ft (3,260 m)
| {{convert|10200|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|}

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Boeing aircraft]]
[[Category:Boeing 747]]
[[Category:Unitit States airliners 1960–1969]]
[[Category:Quadjets]]</text>
      <sha1>qfjuln08uuh2g0b8gsp2lcgo0szhhyy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zedd</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>78980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869254</id>
      <parentid>862887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:04:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6192" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist| &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name            = Zedd
| image           = [[File:Zedd 2014 Divergent Premiere (cropped).jpg|220px]]
| caption         = Zedd at the film premiere of ''[[Divergent (film)|Divergent]]'' on 18 March 2014
| background      = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name      = Anton Zaslavski
| birth_date      = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|9|2}}&lt;br&gt;[[Saratov]], [[Soviet Union]]
| origin          = [[Kaiserslautern]], [[Germany]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic: Zedd (Biography)&quot;/&gt;
| genre           = [[Electro house]], [[progressive house]], [[complextro]], [[dubstep]]
| occupation      = [[Record producer|Producer]], [[Disc jockey|DJ]], [[muisicker]]
| years_active    = 2002–present
| circle   =  [[Lady Gaga]]
| label           = [[Interscope]], [[OWSLA]], [[Dim Mak Records]]
| website         = {{url|http://zedd.net}}
|associated_acts = [[Porter Robinson]], [[Skrillex]], [[Ariana Grande]], [[Ellie Goulding]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Hayley Williams]], [[Matthew Koma]], [[Foxes (sangster)|Foxes]], [[Miriam Bryant]], Lucky Date, [[Nicky Romero]], Dioramic}}
''' Anton Zaslavski ''' (born 2 September 1989), kent primarily bi his stage name '''Zedd''', is a [[Roushies|Roushie]]-[[Germans|German]] [[muisicker]], [[electronic dance muisic|electronic muisic]] [[record producer|producer]] an [[Disc jockey|DJ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic: Zedd (Biography)&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/zedd-mn0002782403/biography| title=Allmusic: Zedd (Biography) | work=[[AllMusic]] | publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]] | accessdate=1 September 2013 | author=Heaney, Gregory}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Greenburg&gt;{{cite web|last=O'Malley Greenburg|first=Zach|title=Zedd Ahead: Meet The Next Big Star Of Electronic Music|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2013/08/14/zedd-ahead-meet-the-next-big-star-of-electronic-music/|work=Forbes|accessdate=7 December 2013|date=14 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He primarily produces in the [[electro hoose]] genre,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.easyloverecords.com/zeddinterview/ |title=ELR™ Exclusive Interview w/ Zedd &amp;#124; EasyLove Records™ &amp;#124; Electronic Music Blog |publisher=Easyloverecords.com |date=19 November 2010 |accessdate=7 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6H6PZ1cBP?url=http://www.easyloverecords.com/zeddinterview/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; but haes branched oot, drawin influences frae [[progressive hoose]], [[dubstep]], an [[clessical muisic]].

==Discografie==
*''[[Clarity (Zedd album)|Clarity]]'' (2012)

==Awairds an nominations==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Year
!Ceremony
!Recipient
!Category
!Result
|-
|2013
|Popdust
|Zedd
|Next Pop Superstar of 2013
|{{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://popdust.com/tournaments/vote-now-help-decide-the-next-pop-superstar-of-2013/|title=VOTE NOW! Help Decide The Next Pop Superstar of 2013!|publisher=popdust.com|accessdate=10 August 2013|archive-date=2015-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303094339/http://popdust.com/tournaments/vote-now-help-decide-the-next-pop-superstar-of-2013/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|[[2013 MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Awards]]
|Zedd
|Artist Tae Watch
|{{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1710689/vma-nominations-list-2013.jhtml|title=2013 Video Music Award Nominations: Get The Full List!|publisher=MTV|accessdate=27 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|[[American Music Awards of 2013|American Music Awards]]
|Zedd
|Favorite Electronic Music Artist
|{{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hypable.com/2013/11/24/american-music-awards-2013-nominees-winners-complete-list/|title=‘American Music Awards’ 2013 nominees, winners – complete list}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2014
|[[56th Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]]
|&quot;[[Clarity (Zedd song)|Clarity]]&quot; (feat. [[Foxes (sangster)|Foxes]])
|Best Dance Recording
|{{won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees?genre=49|title=Grammy Awards 2014 Nominations, Dance Genre|access-date=2014-07-23|archive-date=2012-06-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/685sMDkaL?url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees?genre=49|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[1st iHeartRadio Music Awards|iHeartRadio Music Awards]]
|&quot;Clarity&quot;
|EDM Song o the Year
|{{nominated}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[2014 Billboard Music Awards|Billboard Music Awards]]
|Zedd
|Top Dance/Electronic Artist
|{{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2014-winners/ |title=2014 Winners |publisher=Billboard Music Awards |date= |accessdate=2014-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Clarity&quot;
|Top Dance/Electronic Song
|{{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2014-winners/ |title=2014 Winners |publisher=Billboard Music Awards |date= |accessdate=2014-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Clarity (Zedd album)|Clarity]]
|Top Dance/Electronic Album
|{{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2014-winners/ |title=2014 Winners |publisher=Billboard Music Awards |date= |accessdate=2014-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat|Zedd}}
* {{twitter|zedd|Zedd}}
* [http://soundcloud.com/zedd Zedd Soundcloud]
* [http://www.beatport.com/artist/zedd/126776/tracks Zedd Beatport]
* [http://owsla.com/artists/zedd/ Zedd OWSLA]
* [http://www.easyloverecords.com/zeddinterview/ Zedd Interview]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602034805/http://www.easyloverecords.com/zeddinterview/ |date=2013-06-02 }} Interview wi Zedd

{{Persondata
| NAME              = Zaslavski, Anton
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Zedd
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = EDM Producer
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 23 September 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = Roushie
| DATE OF DEATH     =
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaslavski, Anton}}
[[Category:Interscope Records airtists]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:21st-century muisickers]]
[[Category:German DJs]]
[[Category:German electronic muisickers]]
[[Category:German house muisickers]]
[[Category:German record producers]]
[[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Kaiserslautern]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Saratov]]
[[Category:Roushie emigrants tae Germany]]
[[Category:Synthpop muisickers]]</text>
      <sha1>rf9hxf76b5x3vl0wpqx17rnfc12zv9d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pohang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869406</id>
      <parentid>851996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:17:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18551" xml:space="preserve">{{for|the destrict o Chongjin in North Korea|Pohang-guyok}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = {{raise|0.1em|Pohang}}
| native_name             = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|포항시}}}}
| native_name_lang        = ko
| settlement_type         = [[Leet o ceeties in Sooth Korea|Municipal Ceety]]
| translit_lang1          = Korean
| translit_lang1_type1    = Hangul
| translit_lang1_info1    = {{linktext|포|항|시}}
| translit_lang1_type2    = Hanja
| translit_lang1_info2    = {{linktext|浦|項|市}}
| translit_lang1_type3    = {{nowrap|Revised Romanization}}
| translit_lang1_info3    = Pohang-si
| translit_lang1_type4    = {{nowrap|McCune-Reischauer}}
| translit_lang1_info4    = P'ohang-si
| image_skyline           = Korea-Pohang-Goryongpo Beach-01.jpg
| imagesize               = 
| image_caption           = A view o Guryongpo Beach
| image_map               = North Gyeongsang-Pohang.svg
| mapsize                 = 
| map_caption             = Location in Sooth Korea
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Sooth Korea}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions o Korea|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Yeongnam]]
| population_blank1_title = Dialect
| population_blank1       = [[Gyeongsang dialect|Gyeongsang]]
| area_total_km2          = 1127.24
| population_as_of        = 2011 Jul
| population_total        = 520,305
| population_density_km2  = 461.6
| parts_type              = [[Admeenistrative diveeesions o Sooth Korea|Admeenistrative diveesions]]
| parts                   = 2 ''gu'', 19 ''dong'', 4 ''eup'', 10 ''myeon''
| image_blank_emblem      = 
| blank_emblem_type       = 
}}
'''Pohang''' is a [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea|ceety]] in [[North Gyeongsang Province]], Sooth Korea, an a main [[seaport]] in the [[Daegu-Gyeongbuk]] region. The biggit-up aurie o Pohang is locatit on the alluvium o the mooth o the [[Hyeongsan River]]. The ceety is dividit intae twa wairds (&quot;[[Gu]]&quot;), [[Buk-gu, Pohang|Buk-gu]] (Northren Waird) an [[Nam-gu, Pohang|Nam-gu]] (Soothren Waird).

The ceety haes the lairgest population o Gyeongbuk an it haes the 3rd widest laund o [[Sooth Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;First is [[Andong]], an 2nt is [[Gyeongju]].&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
The earliest evidence o human occupation in the Pohang aurie is frae the [[Mumun Pottery Period]] (1500–300 BC). Airchaeologists hae unyirdit smaw veelages an megalithic burials (dolmens) frae this period. Still a smaw fishin veelage at the dawn o the 20t hunderyear, the earliest steps toward developin Pohang intae a place o greater significance wur taken in 1930 wi the construction o a modren harbour. Pohang grew rapidly efterwaird, attainin the designation o a toun in 1931 an then earnin the status o a ceety in 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldportsource.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/KOR_Port_of_Pohang_1487.php WPS - Port of Pohang contact information]. Worldportsource.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pohang's road airteries an shippin port made it a place o strategic significance durin the [[Korean War]]. An unopposed laundin o UN forces at Pohang on 18 Julie 1950 wis the first lairge-scale amphibious operation syne Warld War II, an the region aroond Pohang saw [[:en:Battle of P'ohang-dong|fierce clashes]] atween Sooth Korea's [[:en:3rd Infantry Division (South Korea)|3rd Infantry Division]] an North Korea's [[:en:5th Division (North Korea)|5t Infantry Diveesion]] durin August–September 1950.

Bi the 1960s, Pohang wis a smaw coastal ceety wi a population o 50,000.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~kocsea/pohang.htm KASTN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164606/http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~kocsea/pohang.htm |date=2011-06-04 }}. Cs.virginia.edu (1996-02-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.&lt;/ref&gt; The next major development in Pohang's growthe came in 1968 wi the inauguration o the steel maker [[POSCO]], an the local plant's commencement o production in 1972. The introduction o hivy industry tae the ceety brocht the local economy tae a blend o airn, steel, shipbiggin an fisheries throu the end o the 20t century.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldportsource.com&quot;/&gt;

The early 21st century an the age o [[globalization]] haes brocht new economic challenges tae companies sic as POSCO, giein rise tae beliefs that Pohang wad be wise tae no be owerly reliant on hivy industry tae maintain its prosperity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://esri.handong.edu/korean/download.php?id=209&amp;sid=8e8361e216e22553cc306b08f4598736 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-24 |archive-date=2018-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145611/http://esri.handong.edu/korean/download.php?id=209&amp;sid=8e8361e216e22553cc306b08f4598736 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Silla Dynasty : Toehwa-hyeon, Jidap-hyeon, Geunoji-hyeon, Haeah-hyeon.

Goryeo Dynasty: Re-titled tae Heunghae-gun, Janggi-hyeon, Yeongil-hyeon, Cheongha-hyeon.

1896.08.04 : Fower coonties, Heunghae, Cheongha, Yeonil, an Janggi wur established due tae the practice o 13-Do seestem

1914.03.01 : Fower coonties unifee'd as Yeongil-gun (18 myeons)

1931.04.01 : Pohang-myeon promotit tae Pohang-eup (1 eup, 17 myeons)

1934.04.01 : Jukbuk an Juknam-myeon unifee'd as Jukjang-myeon, Janggi. Bongsan-myeon unifee'd as Jihaeng-myeon (1 eup, 15 myeons)

1938.10.01 : Hyeongsan-myeon incorporatit intae Pohang-eup (1 eup, 14 myeons)

1942.10.01 : Changju-myeon promotit tae Guryongpo-eup (2 eups, 13 myeons)

1949.08.15 : Pohang-eup promotit tae Pohang-si (1 si, 1 eup, 13 myeons, 1 branch office)

1956.07.08 : Heunghae, Gokgang-myeon incorporatit intae Uichang-myeon (1 si, 1 eup, 12 myeons)

1957.10.29 : Abolition o Daljeon-myeon, incorporatit intae Heunghae/Yeonil (1 si, 1 eup, 11 myeons)

1967.03.01 : Establishment o Gibuk branch office o Gigye-myeon

1973.07.01 : Uichang-myeon promotit tae Uichang-eup (1 si, 2 eups, 10 myeons, 3 branch offices)

1980.12.01 : Yeonil, Ocheon-myeon promotit tae eups (1 si, 4 eups, 8 myeons, 3 branch offices)

1982.09.01 : Separation o Haedo 1/2 dong, Sangdae 1/2 dong

1986.04.01 : Daebo, Gibuk branch office promoted tae myeon (1 si, 4 eups, 10 myeons, 1 branch office)

1995.01.01 : Starts as unitit Pohang-si (1 si, 2 gus, 4 eups, 10 myeons, 25 dongs, 1 branch office)

1998.09.01 : Unification o Gwaso-dong (1 si, 2 gus, 4 eups, 10 myeons, 19 dongs, 1 branch office)

2006.12.26 : Muivit intae the new biggin in Daejam-dong

==Geografie an climate==
The mean temperatur in the cauldest month, Januar, is relatively mild at 1.8&amp;nbsp;°C. The wairmest month is August, when the mean temperatur is 25.7&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&amp;stn=138&amp;norm=M&amp;x=27&amp;y=5&amp;obs=TA&amp;mm=5&amp;dd=23 평년값자료(30년) &gt; 국내기후자료 &gt; 기후자료 &gt; 날씨 &gt; 기상청]. Kma.go.kr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.&lt;/ref&gt; On average, Pohang receives 1,152mm o precipitation per year. The driest month is Dizember, when the ceety receives a scant 25.7mm o precipitation on average. Housomeivver, the mean amoont o precipitation for the wettest month, August, is 227.4mm.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&amp;stn=138&amp;norm=M&amp;x=38&amp;y=14&amp;obs=RN&amp;mm=5&amp;dd=23 평년값자료(30년) &gt; 국내기후자료 &gt; 기후자료 &gt; 날씨 &gt; 기상청]. Kma.go.kr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
|location = Pohang (1981–2010)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan high C = 6.5
|Feb high C = 8.6
|Mar high C = 12.7
|Apr high C = 18.9
|May high C = 23.2
|Jun high C = 25.5
|Jul high C = 28.7
|Aug high C = 29.4
|Sep high C = 25.3
|Oct high C = 21.4
|Nov high C = 15.2
|Dec high C = 9.2
|year high C = 18.7
|Jan mean C = 1.8
|Feb mean C = 3.8
|Mar mean C = 7.9
|Apr mean C = 13.8
|May mean C = 18.2
|Jun mean C = 21.4
|Jul mean C = 24.9
|Aug mean C = 25.7
|Sep mean C = 21.6
|Oct mean C = 16.6
|Nov mean C = 10.3
|Dec mean C = 4.4
|year mean C = 14.2
|Jan low C = -2.0
|Feb low C = -0.3
|Mar low C = 3.7
|Apr low C = 9.2
|May low C = 13.8
|Jun low C = 17.9
|Jul low C = 22.0
|Aug low C = 22.9
|Sep low C = 18.4
|Oct low C = 12.5
|Nov low C = 6.1
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C = 10.4
|Jan precipitation mm = 36.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 40.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 60.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 68.9
|May precipitation mm = 85.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 141.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 203.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 227.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 177.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 43.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 41.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 25.7
|year precipitation mm = 1152.0
|Jan humidity = 49.1
|Feb humidity = 51.8
|Mar humidity = 57.0
|Apr humidity = 57.9
|May humidity = 64.6
|Jun humidity = 73.9
|Jul humidity = 78.7
|Aug humidity = 78.8
|Sep humidity = 75.9
|Oct humidity = 65.5
|Nov humidity = 57.6
|Dec humidity = 51.0
|year humidity = 63.5
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 5.4
|Feb precipitation days = 6.2
|Mar precipitation days = 8.7
|Apr precipitation days = 8.0
|May precipitation days = 8.8
|Jun precipitation days = 9.7
|Jul precipitation days = 13.4
|Aug precipitation days = 12.6
|Sep precipitation days = 10.9
|Oct precipitation days = 6.6
|Nov precipitation days = 5.7
|Dec precipitation days = 4.3
|Jan sun = 188.7
|Feb sun = 176.4
|Mar sun = 189.9
|Apr sun = 214.0
|May sun = 223.9
|Jun sun = 183.7
|Jul sun = 161.1
|Aug sun = 170.3
|Sep sun = 154.5
|Oct sun = 193.7
|Nov sun = 182.8
|Dec sun = 190.4
|year sun = 2229.6
|source = Korea Meteorological Administration&lt;ref name= KMA&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&amp;stn=138&amp;norm=M&amp;x=28&amp;y=7&amp;obs=0&amp;mm=5&amp;dd=23
|publisher=Korea Meteorological Administration
|accessdate=2011-05-23
|title=평년값자료(1981–2010) 포항(138) }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=May 2011}}

==Admeenistrative Organization==

'''Heid office: 1 heid office, 4 office, 6 team, 25 depairtment'''

'''Executive office: 1 office 7 experts'''

'''Direct organisations: three mids an sax depairtments'''

'''Business offices: 11 offices an 7 depairtments'''

'''Nam-gu an Buk-gu office: 12 depairtments Eup, Myeon an Dong: 4 Eup, 10 Myeon an 15 Dong'''

'''(The nummer o public offeecials: 1,960)'''

*Mayor
*Globalization strategy heidquairter
*Sel-govrenin Admeenistration Bureau
*Economy &amp; Industries Bureau
*Welfare environment office
*Construct an Urban Plannin Bureau
*Nam-gu &amp; Buk-gu Public Halth Centers
*Agricultural Technology Centre
*Construction Environs Office
*Watter Supply Office
*Ither Centers
 
Cultur &amp; Airts Center

Municipal librar

Municipal airt gallery

Agricultural product wholesale mercat management office

Weemen's cultur center

Pairk management office

Vehicle Registration Office

==Transportation==
The ceety is servit bi several trains a day frae [[Seoul]] an [[Daegu]]. Pohang is the terminus for a nummer o ferry routes servin the adjacent [[Sea o Japan]] (East Sea), includin the main tourist route for [[Ulleung Island]] an [[Liancourt Rocks]]. It is the northren terminus o the [[Donghae Nambu Line]] sooth tae [[Busan]] an aw.

Pohang is the hame o [[POSCO]] (the Pohang Steel Company), ane o the lairgest steel producers in the warld, an a host o relatit industries.

Several flichts per day tae Seoul [[Gimpo Internaitional Airport]] are available at [[Pohang Airport]].

Local transportation is servit bi anerly ceety buses. Thay run aboot 20 different weys o the ceety an some o thaim reach tae the muntain fowk. An aw, the buses are classifee'd intae 2 kynds – ane is Ilban-bus (normal bus) an the ither is Jwaseok-bus (full o seats an a little mair expensive than Ilban-bus). Thay run 15~25 minutes intervals alang thair awn wey. The bus routes are leetit in baith [http://bis.ipohang.org/Guide/LineGuide/# Korean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612154911/http://bis.ipohang.org/Guide/LineGuide |date=2011-06-12 }} an [http://eng.ipohang.org/home/eng/travelers_Info/page.wscms English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216001813/http://eng.ipohang.org/home/eng/travelers_Info/page.wscms |date=2009-12-16 }} but the Korean version is interactive, an thusly mair helpful.

Thare are twa main bus terminals - Shiwae (시외) an Gosok (고속) which roughly translate intae interceety/ceety an express. The Shiwae bus terminal (시외버스터미널) acts as the cross-kintra bus terminal an aw frae which you can easily traivel tae nearbi metropolitan ceeties sic as Daegu an Busan (~1.5 hrs each dependin on traffec). Frae Gosok bus terminal ane can traivel tae Seoul, Gwangju, Seosan, Masan, an Daejeon.

Pohang is servicit bi twa train stations an w - Pohang station (포항역) an Hyoja station (효자역). Pohang station is anerly a 5 minute walk frae Jukdo Mercat. Times an destinations are available on the [http://info.korail.com/2007/eng/eng_index.jsp Korail website]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216195141/http://info.korail.com/2007/eng/eng_index.jsp |date=2012-02-16 }} which is in Inglis an Korean.

==Eddication==

===Varsities wi graduate schuils===
*[[Pohang Varsity o Science an Technology]] (POSTECH)
*[[Handong Global Varsity]]

===Ither institutes o heicher eddication===
*[[Pohang College]]
*[[Sunlin College]]

==Cultur==
Thoosans flock tae see the [[firewirks]] festival at Bukbu Beach each simmer. Fowk traivel frae aw ower the kintra tae watch the show.
The Cultur &amp; Airts Centre, opened in 1995, haulds performances an exhibitions in its various galleries an theatres.

==Sport==
The ceety is hame tae the [[Pohang Steelers]] in [[K League Classic]]

==Points o interest==
The Jukdo Market is a lairge, bustlin tradeetional mercat near the centre o the [[ceety]], close tae the [[port]]. It is weel kent throuoot Korea as a important seafuid mercat. Thare are a lairge nummer o raw-fish restaurants in the mercat. The [[fish]] is cheaper than [[Seoul]] or [[Daegu]].

Bukbu Beach is locatit in Duho-dong in the northren pairt o the ceety's biggit-up aurie. The beach front haes been the focus o commercial developments sic as bars, restaurants, an budget accommodations cried ''Yeogwan''. A nummer o [[beaches]] on the Sea o Japan can be foond juist north o the biggit-up aurie, includin Chilpo an Wolpo.

Homigot, a pynt o laund juttin oot intae the Sea o Japan, is locatit tae the east o urban Pohang in Daebo-myeon. Homigot is ane o the eastmaist pynts on the Korean peninsula an as sic serves ivery year as a gatherin place for thoosans tae greet Korea's first sunrise o the New Year. The beach is hame tae the famous Haunds of Harmony sculptur an aw.

Bogyeongsa is a major [[Buddhist temple]] nestled in a steep green valley at the fuit o Munt Naeyeon (710 m) in Songna-myeon, a aurie in the extreme northren pairt o Pohang. Yeonsan Watterfaw is locatit nearbi in the same muntain valley. Thare are hikin trails leadin frae the temple up intae the muntains. Bogyeongsa haes a nummer o muntain hermitages in the vicinity an aw.

Oeosa is a temple locatit in the extreme soothren pairt o Pohang, juist inside the muntains sooth o the coastal plain formit bi the Naengcheon River. It is locatit at the fuit o Mt. Unjae (481 m) in a steep valley in Daesong-myeon. Signs placit in an aroond Oeosa claim that the temple wis foondit bi [[Wonhyo]], the well-travelled [[Silla]] monk.

==Notable fowk==
* [[Lee Myung-bak]], umwhile [[Preses o Sooth Korea]]
* [[Cho Hee-il]] (kent in the Wast as Hee Il Cho), taekwondo grandmaister (9t dan) an author
* Lee Ho-yang (kent in the Wast as [[Shinsadong Tiger]]), componer an record producer
* [[Song Ji-hyo]] (kent in the Wast as Mong-ji), actress an variety starn.

==Shoppin==
The main dountoun shoppin aurie is atween Yukgeori (육거리) an Ogeori (오거리) which translate tae 6-wey intersection an 5-wey intersection. The streamlet boardwalk shoppin aurie opens an ends wi Pohang Station an Yukgeori, respectively. This shoppin aurie haes several stores, restaurants, an a few bars includin Converse, Shoemarker, Skin Food, ABC Mart, Redface, [[The North Face]], a cinema, Starbucks, Mr. Pizza, Whistler Bar, Beethoven Bar, Mindy's Bar, an etc.

===Groceries===
Pohang haes a few major grocer stores includin twa Home Plus locations, twa GS Supermercats, an twa E-marts. Ane [http://maps.google.com/maps/place?cid=9535532728816287532&amp;q=home+plus+pohang&amp;hl=en&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=src:pplink&amp;ei=1YzFS6WkMo2CkQWMi7WMDA Home Plus] is bi the Shiwae bus terminal an the [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;g=Korea+경상북도+포항시+남구+송도동+410-1&amp;q=home+plus+pohang&amp;btnG=Search+Maps ither] is closer tae Jukdo Mercat. Jukdo mercat is a open mercat whaur you can purchase claes, fish, produce, an a plethora o items. The ane GS supermercat is in [http://maps.google.com/maps/place?cid=9529835218832101606&amp;q=gs+supermarket+pohang&amp;hl=en&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=src:pplink&amp;ei=aIzFS__3IYOQkQXW8cCADw Jukdo-dong] whareas the ither is in [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;g=Korea+경상북도+포항시+남구+송도동+410-1&amp;q=home+plus+pohang&amp;btnG=Search+Maps Duho-dong].  E-marts are locatit in [http://maps.google.com/maps/place?cid=7922596542427957227&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=src:ppiwlink&amp;ei=4I3FS7nJBMuikAXvi8ycCA&amp;dtab=0 I-dong] an in [http://maps.google.com/maps/place?cid=4664755896662429273&amp;q=e-mart+pohang&amp;hl=en&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=src:ppiwlink&amp;ei=zI3FS9TgEIKfkQXK0uxA&amp;dtab=0 Indeok-dong].

== Admeenistrative destricts ==
* [[Buk-gu, Pohang|Buk-gu]] (North Waird)
* [[Nam-gu, Pohang|Nam-gu]] (Sooth Waird)

==Sister ceeties==
Pohang is a [[sister ceety]] o the follaein ceeties aroond the warld.

*{{flagicon|China}} [[Hunchun]], Cheenae
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gwangyang]], Sooth Korea
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Suwon]], Sooth Korea
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]] [[Nowon-gu]], Sooth Korea
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Long Beach, Californie|Long Beach]], Unitit States
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pittsburg, Californie|Pittsburg]], Unitit States
*{{flagicon|Japan}}  [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]], Japan

===Umwhile friendly co-operative ceety===
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} – [[North Shore City]], New Zealand (August 2008-November 2010)

==See an aw==
* [[Leet o ceeties in Sooth Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://eng.ipohang.org/ Ceety govrenment wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050123203509/http://eng.ipohang.org/ |date=2005-01-23 }}

{{North Gyeongsang}}
{{Metropolitan ceeties o Sooth Korea}}

{{Coord|36|01|56|N|129|21|54|E|region:KR-47_type:city(516105)_source:dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Ceeties in North Gyeongsang Province]]
[[Category:Pohang| ]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Sooth Korea]]</text>
      <sha1>pfb4mfarbzqpqyo2kmpkesxd1jv637t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phra Khanong Destrict</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>82685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869404</id>
      <parentid>837779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:08:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6307" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name   = Phra Khanong
| native_name     = พระโขนง
| native_name_lang= th
| settlement_type = [[Leet o destricts o Bangkok|Khet]]
| image_skyline   = Phrakhanongwatmahabut.jpg
| image_alt       = 250px
| image_caption   = Phra Khanong Canal View frae Wat Maha But famous in the legend o [[Mae Nak]].
| image_map       = Amphoe 1009.svg
| map_caption     = Khet location in [[Bangkok]]
| pushpin_map     =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type  = [[Kintra]]
| subdivision_name  = {{flag|Thailand}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Thailand|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bangkok]]
| subdivision_type2 = Seat
| subdivision_name2 = Bang Chak
| subdivision_type3 = ''[[Khwaeng]]''
| subdivision_name3 = 1
| subdivision_type4 = 
| subdivision_name4 = 
| established_title = Amphoe established
| established_date  = 
| population_total       = 98957
| population_as_of       = 2004
| population_density_km2 = {{formatnum:7,075|R}} 
| area_total_km2         = {{formatnum:13.986|R}}
| leader_title           = 
| leader_name            = 
| blank_name_sec1        = [[Postal code]]
| blank_info_sec1        = 10260&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Mu 2-6 of Bang Chak: 10250&lt;/small&gt;
| blank_name_sec2        = [[Geocode]]
| blank_info_sec2        = 1009
| timezone               = [[Time in Thailand|THA]]
| utc_offset             = +7
| coordinates       = {{coord|13|42|8|N|100|36|6|E|type:adm2nd_region:TH|display=inline,title}}
| website   =
| footnotes = 
}}

'''Phra Khanong''' ({{lang-th|พระโขนง}}; {{IPA-th|pʰráʔ kʰà.nǒːŋ|IPA}}) is ane o the [[Leet o destricts o Bangkok|50 destricts]] (Khet) o [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. Its neebour, clockwise frae north, are [[Suan Luang Destrict|Suan Luang]], [[Prawet Destrict|Prawet]], an [[Bang Na Destrict]]s o [[Bangkok]], [[Phra Pradaeng Destrict]] o [[Samut Prakan Province]] (athort [[Chao Phraya River]]), [[Khlong Toei Destrict|Khlong Toei]] an [[Watthana Destrict|Watthana]] o Bangkok.

==History==
Phra Khanong wis a [[amphoe]] o Nakhon Khuean Khan back in 1902. Nakhon Khuean Khan wis renamit tae Phra Pradaeng in 1914. In 1927 Phra Khanong wis transferred frae the then Phra Pradaeng province tae Bangkok. It wis ance vera big but it haes syne been split intae several smaw destricts. The destricts Khlong Toei, Watthana, Suan Luang, Prawet an Bang Na wur aw ance pairt o Phra Khanong. Khlong Toei (later split oot Watthana) an Prawet (later separate oot Suan Luang) destricts wur carvit oot o Phra Khanong in 1989. Bang Na wis the last destrict tae left Phra Khanong in 1998.

Even tho the admeenistration haes been chyngit, mony surroondin auries are still aften referred tae as Phra Khanong. The Phra Khanong station o [[Bangkok Skytrain]], opened in 1999, is actually ootside the Phra Khanong destrict an locatit insteid in the Phra Khanong Nuea sub-destrict o Watthana destrict.

The wird '''Khanong''' oreeginates frae [[Khmer leid]] an means [[eyebrou]] but it wis speculatit that it mey be frae ''Khanon'' (ขนอน) meanin [[customhoose]]. The aurie haes been a important gatewey frae the sea for a vera lang time an the history o Phra Pradaeng datit back tae ower 1,000 years ago when the aurie wis still ruled bi [[Khmer Empire]].

The shrine dedicatit tae [[Mae Nak Phra Khanong]] at Wat Mahabut wis situatit in the Phra Khanong destrict till a 1997 boondar chynge placit it in neebourin Suan Luang destrict.

==Admeenistration==
The destrict haes anerly ane sub-destrict (''Kwaeng'').
{|
||1.||Bang Chak&amp;nbsp;||บางจาก
|}

==Places==
'''Wat Thammamongkhon''' (วัดธรรมมงคล) is a laundmerk in Phra Khanong. The temple haes the tawest [[stupa|chedi]] o its kynd in Thailand namit '''Phra Wiriya Mongkhon Maha Chedi''' (พระวิริยะมงคลมหาเจดีย์). It is a square chedi biggit tae the style o [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Indie]]. On the tap is decoratit wi 17&amp;nbsp;kg o gowd an 1,063 diamonds. It hooses lairge [[jade]] Buddha an [[Kuan Yin]] images an aw.

'''Wat Wachiratham Sathit''' (วัดวชิรธรรมสาธิต), formally cried '''Wat Thung''' (วัดทุ่ง), is a important temple tae the local commonty. Events are held during [[Songkran (Thailand)|Songkran]] festival in Apryle.

'''Piyarom Sports Club''' is a lairge sport facility for baith indoor an ootdoor sports. Tennis, badminton, squash, bowlin, soummin are amang the activities.

==Transportation==
The [[BTS Skytrain]] route extension haes been completit, wi 2 new stations in Phra Khanong destrict: Bang Chak an Punnawithi. It opened for public service in August 2011.

==Education==
[[File:Wells International School - Front.jpg|thumb|[[Wells International School]] On Nut Campus]]
The [[Anglo Singapore International School]] haes its Campus 64 in the destrict.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://anglosingapore.ac.th/contact-us/ Contact Information]&quot; (). [[Anglo Singapore International School]] Campus 64. Retrieved on May 27, 2014. &quot;Anglo Singapore International School – Campus 64 Sukhumvit 64, Bangchak, Prakanong, Bangkok 10260, Thailand&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wells International School]] operates its On Nut Campus, wi primar an seicontar clesses, in Phra Khanong Destrict.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://wells-school.com/contact-us/ Contact Us].&quot; [[Wells International School]]. Retrieved on 7 March 2013. &quot;Wells International School On Nut Campus (G1 – G12) 2209 Sukhumvit Road, Bangchak Prakhanong, Bangkok  10260&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://203.155.220.217/phrakhanong/ Offeecial wabsteid o the destrict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314192719/http://203.155.220.217/phrakhanong/ |date=2006-03-14 }} (Thai anerly)
* [http://www.bma.go.th/bmaeng/phrakhanong/ BMA wabsteid wi the touristical landmarks of Phra Khanong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906010200/http://www.bma.go.th/bmaeng/phrakhanong/ |date=2005-09-06 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.bmamasstransit.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=5&amp;Itemid=32 BTS route extension plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910222956/http://www.bmamasstransit.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=5&amp;Itemid=32 |date=2011-09-10 }} (Thai anly)

{{Khet Bangkok}}

[[Category:Destricts o Bangkok]]</text>
      <sha1>ia25jy8aqntdmjplbi9utm4s5tk5ft5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>4 Vesta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>84155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869260</id>
      <parentid>859029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:29:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6068" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox planet
|discovery=yes
|physical_characteristics = yes
|bgcolour=#99cccc
|name=4 Vesta
|symbol=[[File:Vesta symbol (bold).svg|24px|⚶]]
|image=[[File:Vesta full mosaic.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Composite greyscale image o Vesta taken bi the [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'' spacecraft]].
|discoverer=[[Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers]]
|discovered=29 March 1807
|pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɛ|s|t|ə}}
|adjectives= Vestan, ''Vestian''
|named_after = [[Vesta (meethology)|Vesta]]
|mp_category=[[Main belt]] ([[Vesta faimily]])
|orbit_ref =&lt;ref name=&quot;jpldata&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4 Vesta
  |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4
  |accessdate=1 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|epoch=2010-Jul-23 ([[Julian date|JD]] {{val|2455400.5}})
|aphelion=2.571 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] (384.72 [[Giga|Gm]])
|perihelion={{val|2.1526|u=AU}} (321.82 Gm)
|semimajor=2.362 AU (353.268 Gm)
|eccentricity={{val|0.08862}}
|period=3.63 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]] ({{val|1325.85|u=d}})
|inclination=7.134° tae [[Ecliptic]]&lt;br&gt;5.56° tae [[Invariable plane]]&lt;ref name=meanplane&gt;{{cite web
  |date=3 April 2009
  |title=The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter
  |url=http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif
  |accessdate=10 April 2009
  |archive-date=2009-05-14
  |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5glwILykY?url=http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif
  |url-status=dead
  }} (produced with [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=2008-12-20 }} written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also [[Invariable plane]])&lt;/ref&gt;
|asc_node=103.91°
|arg_peri=149.84°
|mean_anomaly=307.80°
|avg_speed=19.34&amp;nbsp;km/s
| p_orbit_ref =&lt;ref name=Vesta-POE&gt;{{cite web
  |title=AstDyS-2 Vesta Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements
  |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy
  |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&amp;n=4
  |accessdate=1 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p_semimajor = {{val|2.3615126}}
| p_eccentricity = {{val|0.0987580}}
| p_inclination = {{val|6.3923416|u=°}}
| p_mean_motion = 99.188833
| perihelion_rate = {{val|36.872897}}
| node_rate = {{val|-39.597863}}
| satellites = None
| allsatellites=yes
|dimensions= {{nowrap|(572.6&amp;thinsp;×&amp;thinsp;557.2&amp;thinsp;×&amp;thinsp;446.4)&amp;thinsp;±&amp;thinsp;0.2&amp;nbsp;km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Russell2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
  |author=Russell, C. T.; et al.
  |title=Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm
  |journal=Science
  |volume=336
  |issue=6082
  |page=684
  |year=2012
  |doi=10.1126/science.1219381 |bibcode =  2012Sci...336..684R}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;525.4±0.2&amp;nbsp;km ([[Geometric mean|mean]])
|mass={{val|2.59076|0.00001|e=20|u=kg}}&lt;!-- (1.30)E-10 solar masses --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Russell2012&quot;/&gt;
|density=3.456 g/cm³&lt;ref name=&quot;Russell2012&quot;/&gt;
|surface_grav={{Gr|0.259|262.7|2}} [[Acceleration|m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;0.025 ''[[g-force|g]]''
|escape_velocity= {{V2|0.259|262.7|2}} &amp;nbsp;km/s
|rotation={{val|0.2226|u=d}} (5.342 h)&lt;ref name=&quot;jpldata&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lc&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  |last=Harris |first=A. W.
  |author2=Warner, B. D.; Pravec, P.; (Eds.)
  |title=Asteroid Lightcurve Derived Data. EAR-A-5-DDR-DERIVED-LIGHTCURVE-V8.0.
  |publisher=[[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]]
  |year=2006
  |url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/lc.html
  |accessdate=2013-12-26 |archiveurl = http://sbn.psi.edu/pds/asteroid/EAR_A_5_DDR_DERIVED_LIGHTCURVE_V13_0/data/lc_details.tab |archivedate = 28 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|spectral_type=[[V-type asteroid]]&lt;ref name=&quot;jpldata&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tax&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  |last=Neese
  |first=C.
  |author2=Ed.
  |title=Asteroid Taxonomy EAR-A-5-DDR-TAXONOMY-V5.0
  |publisher=[[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]]
  |year=2005
  |url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/taxonomy.html
  |accessdate=2013-12-25
  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905083536/http://www.psi.edu/pds/asteroid/EAR_A_5_DDR_TAXONOMY_V5_0/data/taxonomy05.tab
  |archivedate=2006-09-05
  |url-status=live
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| magnitude = 5.1&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasachoff1983&quot;&gt;{{cite book
  |author=Menzel, Donald H.; and Pasachoff, Jay M.
  |year=1983
  |title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets
  |edition=2nd
  |publisher=Houghton Mifflin
  |page=391
  |location=Boston, MA
  |isbn=0-395-34835-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; to 8.48
| abs_magnitude=3.20&lt;ref name=&quot;jpldata&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iras&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last        = Tedesco
 |first       = E. F.
 |author2     = Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D.
 |title       = Infra-Red Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) Minor Planet Survey. IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0.
 |publisher   = [[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]]
 |year        = 2004
 |url         = http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html
 |accessdate  = 15 March 2007
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311123634/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html
 |archivedate = 2007-03-11
 |url-status  = live
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|albedo=0.423&amp;nbsp;([[geometric albedo|geometric]])&lt;ref name=&quot;iras&quot;/&gt;
|angular_size = 0.70″&lt;!-- Horizons 2047-Jun-14 --&gt; tae 0.22″
|single_temperature=''min:'' 85 [[Kelvin|K]] (−188 °C)&lt;br&gt;''max:'' 270 K (−3 °C)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller01&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
  |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet108/chapter4_bul108.pdf
  |author=Mueller, T. G.
  |author2=Metcalfe, L.
  |title=ISO and Asteroids
  |journal=European Space Agency (ESA) bulletin
  |volume=108
  |page=38
  |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Vesta''', [[minor-planet designation]] '''4 Vesta''', is ane o the lairgest [[asteroid]]s in the [[Solar Seestem]], wi a mean [[diameter]] o {{convert|525|km}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Russell2012&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{MinorPlanets Navigator|3 Juno|5 Astraea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vesta}}
[[Category:Vesta|*]]
[[Category:Main Belt asteroids]]
[[Category:Asteroids named frae Roman meethology]]
[[Category:V-type asteroids]]
[[Category:Asteroids veesitit bi spacecraft]]
[[Category:Possible dwarf planets]]
[[Category:1800s in science]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1807]]</text>
      <sha1>o1ymxpctzohxzojb2mz7aslspp2784d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2 Pallas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>84157</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869259</id>
      <parentid>859207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:28:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7295" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox planet
| bgcolour=#BCD1F1
| name=2&amp;nbsp;Pallas
| symbol=[[Image:Pallas symbol (bold).svg|24px|⚴]]
| physical_characteristics = yes
| image= [[Image:Potw1749a Pallas crop.png|275px]]
| caption= 
| discovery=yes
| discoverer=[[Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers]]
| discovered=Mairch 28, 1802
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|l|ə|s}} {{respell|PAL|əs}}
| named_after = [[Athena|Pallas Athena]]
| note = yes
| mp_category=[[main belt]] &lt;br&gt; ([[Pallas faimily]])
| adjectives=Palladian {{IPAc-en|p|æ|ˈ|l|eɪ|d|i|ə|n}}&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Palladian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| orbit_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.lowell.edu/pub/elgb/astorb.html |title=Introduction to astorb.dat |publisher=Ftp.lowell.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-06-25 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jpldata&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2 Pallas
  |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2
  |accessdate=2009-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| epoch=2010-Jul-23 ([[Julian day|JD]] {{val|2455400.5}})
| semimajor=2.772 AU (414.7 Gm)
| perihelion=2.132 AU (318.9 Gm)
| aphelion={{val|3.412|ul=AU}} (510.4 Gm)
| eccentricity=0.231
| period=4.62 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]] ({{val|1685.87|u=d}})
| inclination=34.841° tae [[Ecliptic]]&lt;br&gt;34.21° tae [[Invariable plane]]&lt;ref name=meanplane&gt;{{cite web|date=2009-04-03|title=The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter|url=http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif|accessdate=2009-04-10|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5glwILykY?url=http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif|archivedate=2009-05-14|url-status=live}} (produced with [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=2008-12-20 }} written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also [[Invariable plane]]). Retrieved 2009-04-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
| asc_node=173.12°
| arg_peri=310.15°
| mean_anomaly=96.15°
| avg_speed=17.65 km/s
| p_orbit_ref = &lt;ref name=Pallas-POE&gt;{{cite web
  |title=AstDyS-2 Pallas Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements
  |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy
  |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&amp;n=2
  |accessdate=2011-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p_semimajor = {{val|2.7709176}}
| p_eccentricity = {{val|0.2812580}}
| p_inclination = {{val|33.1988686|u=°}}
| p_mean_motion = 78.041654
| perihelion_rate = -1.335344
| node_rate = −46.393342
| satellites = None
| allsatellites=yes
| dimensions=582&amp;thinsp;×&amp;thinsp;556&amp;thinsp;×&amp;thinsp;{{val|500|18|u=km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Hubble&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;544 km ([[Geometric mean|mean]])&lt;ref name=jpldata/&gt;
| mass={{val|2.11|0.26|e=20|u=kg}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Baer2007&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
  |last=Baer |first=James|author2=Steven R. Chesley
  |title=Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris
  |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
  |volume=100|issue=2008|pages=27–42
  |doi=10.1007/s10569-007-9103-8
  |date=2008|bibcode= 2008CeMDA.100...27B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| density=≈&amp;thinsp;{{val|2.8|u=g/cm³}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Hubble&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
  |title=Hubble takes a look at Pallas: Shape, size, and surface
  |journal=39th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX). Held March 10–14, 2008, in League City, Texas.
  |year=2008 |volume=1391 |page=2502
  |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/2502.pdf
  |format=PDF|accessdate=2008-08-24
  |bibcode=2008LPI....39.2502S
  |last1=Schmidt
  |first1=B.E.
  |last2=Thomas
  |first2=P.C.
  |last3=Bauer
  |first3=J.M.
  |last4=Li
  |first4=J.-Y.
  |last5=McFadden
  |first5=L.A.
  |last6=Parker
  |first6=J.M.
  |last7=Rivkin
  |first7=A.S.
  |last8=Russell
  |first8=C.T.
  |last9=Stern
  |first9=S.A.
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081004004057/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/2502.pdf| archivedate= 4 October 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| surface_grav=≈&amp;thinsp;0.18&amp;nbsp;m/s² / .018''g''
| escape_velocity=≈&amp;thinsp;0.32&amp;nbsp;km/s
| axial_tilt=likely {{val|78|13|u=°}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Torppa2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Torppa, J.|display-authors=et al
 | title=Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data
 | journal=Icarus|year=2003
 | volume=164|issue=2|pages=346–383
 | bibcode=2003Icar..164..346T
 | doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rotation={{val|0.32555|u=d}}&lt;br&gt;({{val|7.8132|u=h}})&lt;ref name=&quot;lc&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
 |editor-last= Harris |editor-first= A. W. |editor2= Warner, B. D.; Pravec, P.
 |title= Asteroid Lightcurve Derived Data. EAR-A-5-DDR-Derived-Lightcurve-V8.0.
 |publisher= [[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]] |year= 2006
 |url= http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/lc.html
 |accessdate= 2007-03-15 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070128183706/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/lc.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2007-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| spectral_type=[[B-type asteroid]]&lt;ref name=&quot;tax&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
 |editor-last= Neese |editor-first= C.
 |title= Asteroid Taxonomy. EAR-A-5-DDR-Taxonomy-V5.0.
 |publisher= [[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]]
 |year= 2005
 |url= http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/taxonomy.html
 |accessdate= 2007-03-15 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220044/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/taxonomy.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2007-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| magnitude = 6.49&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasachoff1983&quot;&gt;
{{cite book
 | author=Menzel, Donald H.|author2= Pasachoff, Jay M.
 | year=1983
 | title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets
 | url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetostar00menz_0| edition=2nd
 | publisher=Houghton Mifflin
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetostar00menz_0/page/391 391]
 | location=Boston, MA
 | isbn=0-395-34835-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tae 10.65
| abs_magnitude=4.13&lt;ref name=&quot;iras&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
 |last= Tedesco |first= E. F. |author2= Noah, P. V.|author3= Noah, M.|author4= Price, S. D.
 |title= IRAS Minor Planet Survey. IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0.
 |publisher= [[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]] |year= 2004
 |url= http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html
 |accessdate= 2007-03-15 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311123634/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2007-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| albedo=0.159 ([[geometric albedo|geometric]])&lt;ref name=&quot;iras&quot;/&gt;
| angular_size = 0.629″ tae 0.171″&lt;ref name=opp1608&gt;Calculated with [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&amp;body_group=sb&amp;sstr=2 JPL Horizons] for 1608-Feb-15&lt;/ref&gt;
| single_temperature=≈&amp;thinsp;164&amp;nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]]&lt;br&gt;''max:'' ≈&amp;thinsp;265&amp;nbsp;K (−8&amp;nbsp;°C)
}}
'''Pallas''', [[minor-planet designation]] '''2 Pallas''', is the seicont [[asteroid]] tae hae been discovered (efter [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]), an it is ane o the lairgest asteroids in the [[Solar Seestem]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{MinorPlanets Navigator|1 Ceres|3 Juno}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pallas}}
[[Category:Palladian asteroids]]
[[Category:Asteroids named frae Greek meethologie]]
[[Category:B-type asteroids]]
[[Category:Possible dwarf planets]]
[[Category:1802 in science]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1802]]
[[Category:Main Belt asteroids]]</text>
      <sha1>eux03hwstie4lc8rkhs6mzbfsqs58zs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ceres (dwarf planet)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>84161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869301</id>
      <parentid>865258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:13:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10269" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox planet
| bgcolour = #FFFFC0
| name = Ceres
| symbol= [[File:Ceres symbol (bold).svg|24px|⚳]]
| image = [[File:Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg|250px]]
| caption  = A view o Ceres in naitural colour, picturt bi the ''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]'' spacecraft in Mey 2015.&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;This image wis taken bi the ''Dawn'' spacecraft on 2 Mey 2015, during a &quot;rotation chairacterisation&quot; orbit, {{convert|13,642|km|mi}} abuin the surface o Ceres. Veesible at centre an centre richt are twa [[Bricht spots on Ceres|bricht spots]], a phenomenon common on Ceres, in Oxo an [[Haulani (crater)|Haulani]] craters respectively. [[Ahuna Mons]] is an aa veesible in the image as a noticeable, bluff hill, seen juist richt o bottom.&lt;/ref&gt;
| discovery = yes
| discovery_ref =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Schmadel |first=Lutz |authorlink=Lutz D. Schmadel |title=Dictionary of minor planet names |url=http://books.google.com/?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&amp;pg=PA15 |edition=5th |year=2003 |publisher=Springer |location=Germany |isbn=978-3-540-00238-3 |page=15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| discoverer = [[Giuseppe Piazzi]]
| discovered = 1 Januar 1801
| designations = yes
| mp_name = '''1 Ceres'''
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪər|iː|z}} {{respell|SEER|eez}}
| named_after = [[Ceres (meethology)|Cerēs]]
| alt_names = A899 OF; 1943 XB
| adjectives = Cererian {{IPA|/sɨˈrɪəri.ən/}}&lt;br&gt;or Cererean {{IPA|/sɛrɨˈriːən/}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Simpson1979&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=D. P. |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell Ltd |year=1979 |edition=5th |location=London |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6 |page=883 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| mp_category = [[dwarf planet]]&lt;br&gt;[[main belt]]
| orbit_ref =&lt;ref name=&quot;jpl_sbdb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ceres |title=1 Ceres |publisher=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |accessdate=3 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69fuVB1N8?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ceres |archivedate=2012-08-04 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| epoch = 2013-Nov-04&lt;br&gt;([[Julian day|JD]] {{val|2456600.5}})
| aphelion = {{val|445280000|u=km}} &lt;br&gt;({{val|2.9765|ul=AU}})
| perihelion = {{val|382520000|u=km}} &lt;br&gt;({{val|2.5570|u=AU}})
| semimajor = {{val|413910000|u=km}} &lt;br&gt;({{val|2.7668|u=AU}})
| eccentricity = {{val|0.075797}}
| period = 4.60&amp;nbsp;[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]&lt;br&gt;1680.99&amp;nbsp;d
| synodic_period = 466.7&amp;nbsp;[[Julian day|d]]&lt;br&gt;1.278&amp;nbsp;[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]
| inclination = {{val|10.593|u=°}} tae [[Ecliptic]]&lt;br&gt;9.20° tae [[Invariable plane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;meanplane&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 April 2009 |title=The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter |url=http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif |accessdate=10 April 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5glwILykY?url=http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif |archivedate=2009-05-14 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }} (produced with [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301111520/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=2008-03-01 }} written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also [[Invariable plane]])&lt;/ref&gt;
| arg_peri = {{val|72.2921|u=°}}
| asc_node = {{val|80.3276|u=°}}
| mean_anomaly = {{val|10.557|u=°}}
| avg_speed = {{val|17.882|u=km/s}}
| p_orbit_ref =&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceres-POE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=AstDyS-2 Ceres Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&amp;n=1 |accessdate=1 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62D4xP3TU?url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6 |archivedate=2011-10-05 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p_semimajor = {{val|2.7670962}}
| p_eccentricity = {{val|0.1161977}}
| p_inclination = {{val|9.6474122|u=°}}
| p_mean_motion = 78.193318
| perihelion_rate = {{val|54.070272}}
| node_rate = {{val|-59.170034}}
| satellites = None
| allsatellites=yes
| physical_characteristics = yes
| mean_radius = 476.2 ± ?? km&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA.ceres&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric |title=Ceres |work=NASA fact sheet |publisher=NASA |date=2014-04-02 |accessdate=2014-05-04 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208141426/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| equatorial_radius = {{val|487.3|1.8|u=km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=P. C. |last1=Thomas |author2=Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L. A.; ''et al.'' |title=Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape |year=2005 |journal=Nature |volume=437 |pages=224–226 |doi=10.1038/nature03938 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..224T |pmid=16148926 |issue=7056 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| equatorial_diameter = {{val|975.6|1.8|u=km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas2005&quot; /&gt;
| polar_radius = {{val|454.7|1.6|u=km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas2005&quot; /&gt;
| surface_area = {{val|2850000|u=km2}}
| mass={{val|9.43|0.07|e=20|u=kg}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Benoit |last1=Carry |author2=''et al.'' |title=Near-Infrared Mapping and Physical Properties of the Dwarf-Planet Ceres |year=2007 |journal=Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics |volume=478 |issue=1 |pages=235–244 |url=http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/people/conrad/nsfGrantRef/2007-arXiv-Benoit.Carry.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078166 |bibcode=2008A&amp;A...478..235C |arxiv=0711.1152 |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-date=2008-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530130946/http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/people/conrad/nsfGrantRef/2007-arXiv-Benoit.Carry.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; 9.47±??&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA.ceres&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{val|0.00015|u=[[Yird mass|Yirds]]}}&lt;br&gt;0.0128 [[Muin]]s
| density={{val|2.077|0.036|u=g/cm3}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas2005&quot; /&gt; 2.09±??&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA.ceres&quot; /&gt;
|surface_grav = 0.28 [[Acceleration|m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA.ceres&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;0.029 [[g-force|''g'']]
| escape_velocity={{V2|0.943|476.2|2}}&amp;nbsp;km/s&lt;ref name=&quot;fact2&quot;&gt;Calculated based on the known parameters&lt;/ref&gt;
| sidereal_day = {{val|0.3781|u=d}}&lt;br&gt;{{val|9.074170|0.000002|u=h}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Chamberlain2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Matthew A. |author2=Sykes, Mark V.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A. |year=2007 |title=Ceres lightcurve analysis – Period determination |journal=Icarus |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=451–456 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.025 |bibcode=2007Icar..188..451C }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| right_asc_north_pole = {{RA|19|24}} &lt;br&gt;291°&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas2005&quot; /&gt;
| declination = 59°&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas2005&quot; /&gt;
| axial_tilt = ≈&amp;thinsp;3°&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomas2005&quot; /&gt;
| albedo={{val|0.090|0.0033}} ([[geometric albedo|V-band geometric]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2006&quot; /&gt;
| temperatures = yes
| temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]]
| min_temp_1 = ?
| mean_temp_1 = ≈&amp;thinsp;168&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Angelo, Joseph A., Jr |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy |publisher=Infobase |location=New York |isbn=0-8160-5330-8 |page=122 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| max_temp_1 = 235&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=&quot;Saint-Pe1993&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Saint-Pé |first1=O. |author2=Combes, N.; Rigaut F. |title=Ceres surface properties by high-resolution imaging from Earth |year=1993 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=271–281 |journal=Icarus |doi=10.1006/icar.1993.1125 |bibcode=1993Icar..105..271S }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| spectral_type=[[C-type asteroid|C]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivkin2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rivkin |first1=A. S. |author2=Volquardsen, E. L.; Clark, B. E. |title=The surface composition of Ceres:Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays |journal=Icarus |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=563–567 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.022 |url=http://irtfweb.ifa.hawaii.edu/~elv/icarus185.563.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=8 December 2007 |bibcode=2006Icar..185..563R }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| magnitude = 6.64&lt;ref name=&quot;Pasachoff1983&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Menzel, Donald H.; and Pasachoff, Jay M. |year=1983 |title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets |edition=2nd |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, MA |isbn=978-0-395-34835-2 |page=391 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tae 9.34&lt;ref name=&quot;fact3&quot;&gt;APmag and AngSize generated with [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&amp;body_group=sb&amp;sstr=1 Horizons](Ephemeris: Observer Table: Quantities = 9,13,20,29) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204223838/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1 |date=2021-02-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| abs_magnitude ={{val|3.36|0.02}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jian-Yang |author2=McFadden, Lucy A.; Parker, Joel Wm. |title=Photometric analysis of 1 Ceres and surface mapping from HST observations |journal=Icarus |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=143–160 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.012 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506000054 |accessdate=8 December 2007 |bibcode=2006Icar..182..143L }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| angular_size = 0.854″ &lt;!-- Horizons 1636-Feb-11 --&gt; to 0.339″
}}
'''Ceres''' ([[minor-planet designation]] '''1 Ceres'''; seembol: [[File:Ceres symbol (bold).svg|16px|⚳]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22  |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪər|iː|z}} ({{respell|SEER|eez}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ceres |work=Dictionary.com |publisher=Random House, Inc. |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ceres |accessdate=26 September 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62D65VxlL?url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ceres |archivedate=2011-10-05 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; is the lairgest object in the [[asteroid belt]], which lies atween the orbits o [[Maurs]] an [[Jupiter]].

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Minor planets navigator|PageName=1 Ceres||2 Pallas|state=autocollapse}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ceres (Dwarf Planet)}}
[[Category:Asteroids named frae Roman meethology|Ceres]]
[[Category:Asteroids tae be visitit bi spacecraft|Ceres]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1801|18010101]]
[[Category:Ceres (dwarf planet)| ]]
[[Category:C-type asteroids|000001]]</text>
      <sha1>ee6hx5i9vontcxj1n6xngrw7l3ncqvb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>16 Psyche</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>84187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869257</id>
      <parentid>858001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:15:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3267" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox planet
| discovery=yes
| physical_characteristics = yes
| bgcolour=#FFFFC0
| name=16 Psyche
| image=[[File:16Psyche (Lightcurve Inversion).png|250px]]
| caption=A three-dimensional model o 16 Psyche based on its licht curve.
| symbol=[[File:Psyche symbol (bold).svg|24px]]
| discoverer=[[Annibale de Gasparis]]
| discovered=Mairch 17, 1852
| pronounced ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|k|iː}} {{Respell|SY|kee}}
| alt_names=''none''
| named_after = [[Cupid an Psyche|Psychē]]
| mp_category=[[Asteroid belt|Main belt]]
| orbit_ref=&lt;ref name=jpldata&gt;{{cite web
| date=2008-09-19 last obs
| title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 16 Psyche
| url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=16
| accessdate=2008-12-04
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| epoch=October 22, 2004 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2453300.5)
| semimajor={{nowrap|2.921 AU (436.921 Gm)}}
| perihelion={{nowrap|2.513 AU (375.958 Gm)}}
| aphelion={{nowrap|3.328 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] (497.884 [[Giga|Gm]])}}
| eccentricity=0.140
| period=4.99 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]] (1823.115 d)
| inclination=3.095°
| asc_node=150.352°
| arg_peri=228.047°
| mean_anomaly=323.379°
| avg_speed=17.34&amp;nbsp;km/s
| dimensions=240×185×145&amp;nbsp;km&lt;ref name=Baer&gt;{{cite web
| year=2011
| title=Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations
| publisher=Personal Website
| author=Jim Baer
| url=http://home.earthlink.net/~jimbaer1/astmass.txt
| accessdate=2012-04-14
| archive-date=2013-10-21
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021074442/http://home.earthlink.net/~jimbaer1/astmass.txt
| url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;186&amp;nbsp;km ([[Geometric mean]])&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|253.2 ± 4&amp;nbsp;km ([[IRAS]])}}&lt;ref name=jpldata/&gt;
| mass=2.27{{e|19}} kg&lt;ref name=Baer/&gt;
| density=6.49 ± 2.94&amp;nbsp;g/cm³&lt;ref name=Baer/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
3.3&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0.7&amp;nbsp;g/cm³&lt;ref name=&quot;Lupishko1999&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
| last = Lupishko
| first = D. F.
| title=On the bulk density and porosity of M-type asteroid 16 Psyche
| journal=Solar System Research
| year=2006
| volume=40
| issue=3
| pages=214–218
| bibcode=2006SoSyR..40..214L
| doi=10.1134/S0038094606030051
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| surface_grav=~0.06&amp;nbsp;m/s²{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
| escape_velocity=~0.13&amp;nbsp;km/s{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
| rotation=0.1748 d (4.196 h)&lt;ref name=jpldata/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PDS lc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/lc.html |title=PDS lightcurve data |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-date=2009-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409225219/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/lc.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| spectral_type=[[M-type asteroid|M]]&lt;ref name=jpldata/&gt;
| magnitude = 9.22 &lt;!-- Ephemeris 2099-Aug-13 --&gt; tae 12.19
| abs_magnitude=5.90&lt;ref name=jpldata/&gt;
| albedo=0.120&amp;nbsp;([[geometric albedo|geometric]])&lt;ref name=jpldata/&gt;
| single_temperature=~160 [[kelvin|K]]&lt;br&gt;''max:'' ~280&amp;nbsp;K (+7&amp;nbsp;°C){{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
}}
'''16 Psyche''' is ane o the [[Leet o notable asteroids#Lairgest bi mass|ten maist massive]] [[Asteroid belt|main-belt]] [[asteroid]]s.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Minor planets navigator|15 Eunomia|17 Thetis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Psyche}}
[[Category:Main Belt asteroids]]
[[Category:Asteroids named frae Greek meethologie]]
[[Category:M-type asteroids]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1852]]</text>
      <sha1>37orlhszrttkgefw86cfee44ic5s4ds</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Municipality o Cerklje na Gorenjskem</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869389</id>
      <parentid>828899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T00:57:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4373" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = Municipality o Cerklje na Gorenjskem
| official_name           =
| native_name             = Občina Cerklje na Gorenjskem
| native_name_lang        = sl&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[Municipalities o Slovenie|Municipality]]
| image_skyline           =
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           =
| image_shield            =
| shield_alt              =
| nickname                =
| motto                   =
| image_map               = Obcine Slovenija 2006 Cerklje na Gorenjskem.svg
| map_alt                 =
| map_caption             = Location o the Municipality o Cerklje na Gorenjskem in Slovenie
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         =
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|46|15|N|14|29|E|region:SI_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           =
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Slovenie}}
| established_title       =
| established_date        =
| founder                 =
| seat_type               = &lt;!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --&gt;
| seat                    =
| government_footnotes    =
| leader_party            =
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = Franc Čebulj
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          =
| total_type              =
| area_total_km2          = 78
| area_note               =
| elevation_footnotes     =
| elevation_m             =
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, census of 2002]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 6,369
| population_as_of        = 2002
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      =
| population_note         =
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +01
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +02
| postal_code_type        =
| postal_code             =
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               =
| iso_code                =
| website                 = &lt;!-- [http://www.example.com example.com] --&gt;
| footnotes               = Source: [[Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia]], census of 2002.
}}
The '''Municipality o Cerklje na Gorenjskem''' ({{lang-sl|Občina Cerklje na Gorenjskem}}) is a [[Municipalities o Slovenie|municipality]] in [[Slovenie]]. The seat o the municipality is the toun o [[Cerklje na Gorenjskem]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cerklje.si/ Cerklje na Gorenjskem municipal site] {{sl icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Airport==
[[Ljubljana Airport]] is locatit in the veelage o [[Zgornji Brnik]] in the municipality. [[Adria Airways]] haes its heid office on the airport property.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.adria.si/en/article.cp2?cid=69A01D0D-86C5-5BDE-86C0-46EA851F7763&amp;linkid=top-article Contacts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414134636/http://www.adria.si/en/article.cp2?cid=69A01D0D-86C5-5BDE-86C0-46EA851F7763&amp;linkid=top-article |date=2011-04-14 }}.&quot; Adria Airways. Retrieved on 22 September 2010. &quot;Adria Airways d.d. Zgornji Brnik 13h SI-4210 Brnik Slovenia.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.adria.si/media/bin?bin.svc=obj&amp;bin.id=276957AE-0A36-F43D-27B0-4B920A9F6BF5 Where can you find us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304015521/http://www.adria.si/media/bin?bin.svc=obj&amp;bin.id=276957AE-0A36-F43D-27B0-4B920A9F6BF5 |date=2012-03-04 }}.&quot; Adria Airways. Retrieved on 22 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

==See an aw==
*[[Krvavec Ski Resort]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* {{commonscat-inline|Cerklje na Gorenjskem municipality|Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem}}
* [http://www.geopedia.si/Geopedia_en.html#T105_L408_F12_x462315_y123559_s12_b4 Municipality  of Cerklje na Gorenjskem on Geopedia]
* [http://www.cerklje.si/ Municipality o Cerklje na Gorenjskem offeecial page] {{sl icon}}

{{Cerklje na Gorenjskem}}
{{Municipalities o Slovenie}}

[[Category:Municipalities o Slovenie|Cerklje na Gorenjskem]]
[[Category:Municipalities in Upper Carniola|Cerklje na Gorenjskem]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Slovenie]]</text>
      <sha1>ploxdms5qxgkmtasm3cpsf5rrbptcub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wyclef Jean</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869249</id>
      <parentid>854046</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:50:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2655" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name       = Wyclef Jean
| image      = Wyclefjean2 (300dpi).jpg
| caption    = Wyclef Jean in 2008
| image_size = 250
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Nel Ust Wyclef Jean
| alias      = {{hlist|Wyclef|Nel|Clef|Toussaint St. Jean}}
| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|1969|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Croix-des-Bouquets]], [[Haiti]]
| instrument = {{hlist|[[Vocals]]|[[guitar]]|[[piano]]|[[drums]]}}
| genre      = {{hlist|[[Hip hop muisic|Hip hop]]|[[reggae fusion]]|[[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]]|[[soul muisic|soul]]|[[neo soul]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Rappin|Rapper]]|[[singin|singer]]|[[sangwriter|songwriter]]|[[record producer]]|[[actor]]}}
| years_active = 1993–present
| label      = Refugee La Republique Records
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Fugees]]|[[Akon]]|[[Mary J. Blige]]|[[Doug E. Fresh]]|[[Flo Rida]]|[[Shakira]]|[[Anastacia]]|[[DJ King Assassin]]|[[Carlos Santana|Santana]]|[[Sean Paul]]|[[Young Thug]]|Pras|Papa Reu}}
| website    = {{URL|wyclef.com}}
}}
'''Nel Ust Wyclef Jean''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|aɪ|k|l|ɪ|f|_|ˈ|ʒ|ɒ|n}}; {{IPA-ht|wajklɛf ʒã}}; born October 17, 1969)&lt;ref name=&quot;time1&quot;&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2012369,00.html Wyclef Dumped From Haiti's Presidential Ballot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216122318/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2012369,00.html |date=2012-02-16 }}, time.com, August 21, 2010.&lt;br&gt;&quot;''Before he announced on August 5 that he was running for President of Haiti, Wyclef Jean was still listing his age as only 37 year auld. But after declaring himself a presidential candidate, the Haitian hip-hop star also decided to come clean and confirm that he was really 40''.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; is a Haitian rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jean, Wyclef}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Male guitarists]]
[[Category:Record producers]]
[[Category:Shuitin survivors]]
[[Category:Berklee College of Music alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia Records airtists]]
[[Category:Haitian emigrants tae the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Haitian human richts activists]]
[[Category:Haitian muisickers]]
[[Category:Haitian rappers]]
[[Category:Hip hop sangsters]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae New Jersey]]
[[Category:Fowk frae North Caldwell, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Ouest Depairtment]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Saddle River, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Fowk frae South Jersey, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Rappers frae New York Ceety]]
[[Category:Rappers frae New Jersey]]
[[Category:Wyclef Jean]]
[[Category:Fugees members]]</text>
      <sha1>3m3gs87fa0t9ww10q5bd945mtjxlf2m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>De Graff, Kansas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>88525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869313</id>
      <parentid>435130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:12:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1790" xml:space="preserve">'''De Graff''' is a [[Unincorporatit aurie|unincorporatit commonty]] in Lincoln Township, [[Butler Coonty, Kansas]], [[Unitit States|USA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{GNIS|474396|name=De Graff, Kansas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
De Graff haed a post office frae 1887 till 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county:BU | title=Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961 (archived) | publisher=Kansas Historical Society | accessdate=5 June 2014 | archive-date=2013-10-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009125851/http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county:BU | url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Graff wis a station an shippin point on the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o8X5krq3fP8C&amp;pg=PA504#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc. | publisher=Standard Publishing Company | author=Blackmar, Frank Wilson | year=1912 | pages=504}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Climate==
The climate in this aurie is characterisit bi het, humid simmers an generally mild tae ceul winters.  Accordin tae the [[Köppen Climate Clessification]] seestem, De Graff haes a [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical climate]], abbreviatit &quot;Cfa&quot; on climate maps.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=640241&amp;cityname=DeGraff%2C+Kansas%2C+United+States+of+America&amp;units= Climate Summary for De Graff, Kansas]&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==

{{Butler Coonty, Kansas}}

{{coord|37|58|52|N|96|51|46|W|type:city_region:US-KS_source:GNIS-enwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Butler Coonty, Kansas]]
[[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Kansas]]</text>
      <sha1>jxdo7h86vvv7vrzz3nspn92nve2pkce</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>89291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869230</id>
      <parentid>780341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:11:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6733" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = São Francisco de Paula
|native_name            = Serrano or Franciscano
|nickname               = ''São Chico'' (Saunt Francis)
|motto                  = 
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|image_seal             =
|pushpin_map            = Brazil
|mapsize                = 
|pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Brazil
|subdivision_type       = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
|subdivision_name       = [[Brazil]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Regions o Brazil|Region]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Sooth Region, Brazil|Sooth]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[States o Brazil|State]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Rio Grande do Sul|State o Rio Grande do Sul]]
|leader_title           = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name            = Antonio Juarez Hampel Schlichting (PTB)
|established_title      = Foondit
|established_date       = 21 Mey 1878
|area_magnitude         = 
|area_total_km2         = 3273.498
|area_total_sq_mi       = 
|area_land_km2          = 
|area_land_sq_mi        = 
|area_water_km2         = 
|area_water_sq_mi       = 
|area_water_percent     = 
|area_urban_km2         = 
|area_urban_sq_mi       = 
|area_metro_km2         = 
|area_metro_sq_mi       = 
|population_as_of       = 2010
|population_note        = 
|population_total       = 20540
|population_footnotes   =&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2006/POP_2006_DOU.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density_km2 = 6.27
|population_density_sq_mi = 
|population_metro       = 
|population_density_metro_km2 = 
|population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
|population_urban       = 
|timezone               = [[UTC-3]]
|utc_offset             = -3
|timezone_DST           = [[UTC-2]]
|utc_offset_DST         = -2
|coordinates            = {{coord|29|26|40|S|50|34|50|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m            = 907
|elevation_ft           = 
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|website                = [http://www.saofranciscodepaula.rs.gov.br/ São Francisco de Paula City Hall]
|footnotes              = 
}}

'''São Francisco de Paula''' is a ceety locatit in the [[Serra Gaúcha]] o the state o [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Brazil]].  The municipality covers aboot 3,289.7&amp;nbsp;km² an sits aboot 112&amp;nbsp;km frae [[Porto Alegre]].  Ceety population estimate for 2004 is 19,968.  The municipality wis oreeginally creatit on 1902-12-23.

The ceety is a tourist destination an is a link alang twa offeecial scenic tourist routes: the [[Região das Hortênsias]] an the [[Rota Romântica]].

== Climate ==
São Francisco de Paula featurs a [[Oceanic climate|Oceanic Climate]] teep [[Cfb]], wi humid, ceul tae wairm simmers an humid cauld winters. The experience o snawfaws on winters can occur ivery winter in few days atween Julie an August. It´s the wettest place in Rio Grande do Sul wi mair nor 2100&amp;nbsp;mm o rain precipitation per year.

&lt;!--Infobox begins--&gt;{{Weather box
|metric first= Yes
|single line = Yes
|open        = Yes
|location = São Francisco de Paula&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(1961&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;2014)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|temperature colour = pastel

&lt;!--Temperaturas máximas, las récord son opcionales--&gt;
|Jan high C = 24.9    |Jan record high C =   
|Feb high C = 24.2    |Feb record high C = 
|Mar high C = 23.0    |Mar record high C = 
|Apr high C = 19.9    |Apr record high C = 
|May high C = 17.6    |May record high C = 
|Jun high C = 16.3    |Jun record high C = 
|Jul high C = 16.3    |Jul record high C = 
|Aug high C = 17.3    |Aug record high C = 
|Sep high C = 18.1    |Sep record high C = 
|Oct high C = 20.0    |Oct record high C = 
|Nov high C = 22.0    |Nov record high C = 
|Dec high C = 23.3    |Dec record high C = 
|year high C = 20.2       |year record high C =

|Jan mean C = 19.8
|Feb mean C = 19.4
|Mar mean C = 18.2
|Apr mean C = 15.2
|May mean C = 12.9
|Jun mean C = 11.7
|Jul mean C = 11.3
|Aug mean C = 12.3
|Sep mean C = 13.4
|Oct mean C = 15.0
|Nov mean C = 16.8
|Dec mean C = 18.0
|Year mean C = 15.3

&lt;!--Temperaturas mínimas, las récord son opcionales--&gt;
|Jan low C = 14.8    |Jan record low C =  
|Feb low C = 14.7    |Feb record low C =  
|Mar low C = 13.5    |Mar record low C =   
|Apr low C = 10.5    |Apr record low C =  
|May low C =  8.3    |May record low C =  
|Jun low C =  7.1    |Jun record low C =  
|Jul low C =  6.4    |Jul record low C =  
|Aug low C =  7.4    |Aug record low C =  
|Sep low C =  8.7    |Sep record low C =  
|Oct low C = 10.1    |Oct record low C =  
|Nov low C = 11.6    |Nov record low C =  
|Dec low C = 12.7    |Dec record low C =   
|Year low C = 10.5   |year record low C =

 &lt;!--Precipitación (lluvia, nieve y granizo)--&gt;
 &lt;!--**** Precipitation ****--&gt;
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 187.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 182.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 182.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 169.0
|May precipitation mm = 165.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 191.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 170.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 170.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 201.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 188.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 139.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 166.0
|Year precipitation mm = 2110.0

&lt;!--Días de lluvias --&gt;
|Jan rain days = 
|Feb rain days = 
|Mar rain days = 
|Apr rain days = 
|May rain days = 
|Jun rain days = 
|Jul rain days = 
|Aug rain days = 
|Sep rain days = 
|Oct rain days = 
|Nov rain days = 
|Dec rain days = 
|Year rain days =

&lt;!--Días de nevadas --&gt;
|Jan snow days =  
|Feb snow days =  
|Mar snow days =  
|Apr snow days =  
|May snow days =  
|Jun snow days =  
|Jul snow days =  
|Aug snow days =  
|Sep snow days =  
|Oct snow days =  
|Nov snow days =  
|Dec snow days =  
|Year snow days = 
|source = Climate Data.&lt;ref name=&quot;Climatologia_SãoFcoPaulaRS&quot; &gt;{{cite web |url= http://pt.climate-data.org/location/43836/ |title= Town Climate: São Francisco de Paula |publisher= Climate Data |language= portuguese |accessdate= October 13, 2014 |archive-date= 2015-07-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150717033400/http://pt.climate-data.org/location/43836/ |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{gallery
|title=São Francisco de Paula
|width=180
|height=120
|lines=3
|align=center
|File:São Francisco de Paula 24.jpg|São Francisco de Paula
|File:São Francisco de Paula 25.jpg|São Francisco de Paula
|File:São Francisco de Paula 26.jpg|São Francisco de Paula
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
*[http://www.saochico.com.br/ São Francisco de Paula offeecial steid] ''(in Portuguese)''

{{Rota Romântica}}
{{Municipalities o Rio Grande do Sul}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sao Francisco De Paula}}
[[Category:Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul]]</text>
      <sha1>3zi4u93cgu5e8acsid3bkj0qsywsg41</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>90064</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869241</id>
      <parentid>857824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:14:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6117" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox university
|name           = Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles
|motto          = ''[[Fiat lux]]'' ([[Laitin]])
|mottoeng       = [[Let thare be licht]]
|image          = [[File:The University of California UCLA.svg|200px]]
|caption        = UCLA offeecial seal
|established    = 1882/1919 (acame the third UC campus)
|calendar       = Quarter
|type           = [[Public varsity|Public]]&lt;br&gt;[[Research]]&lt;br&gt;[[Flagship varsity|Flagship]]&lt;br&gt;[[Land-grant varsity|Land grant]]
|endowment      = $3.23 billion (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ucop.edu/investment-office/_files/report/UC_Annual_Endowment_Report_FY2013-2014.pdf |title=Annual Endowment Report, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2014; p.4 |publisher=Chief Investment Officer of the Regents of the University of California|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|budget         = US$4.65 billion (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.apb.ucla.edu/Campus%26UCBgt/July2012BudgetBriefing.pdf |title=2012-2013 Budget Planning, Update for UCLA Senior Management; p.9 |accessdate=2013-11-23 |publisher=UCLA Office of Academic Planning and Budget |format=PDF |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203083826/http://www.apb.ucla.edu/Campus%26UCBgt/July2012BudgetBriefing.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|staff          = 26,139
|faculty        = 4,016&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ucla.edu/about.html |title=UCLA Gateway |accessdate=2007-05-16 |year=2007 |work=Official site |archive-date=2007-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514234123/http://www.ucla.edu/about.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|chancellor     = [[Gene D. Block]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ucla.edu/chancellor/ |title=Gene D. Block |accessdate=2007-05-16 |author=UCLA |year=2007 |work=UCLA |archive-date=2003-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031218170508/http://www.ucla.edu/chancellor/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|provost        = Scott L. Waugh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ucla.edu/administration.html |title=UCLA Administration |accessdate=2007-05-20 |date= |work=Official site |archive-date=2007-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514234752/http://www.ucla.edu/administration.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|students       = 43,239 (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;Enrollment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Enrollment|url=http://www.aim.ucla.edu/enrollment2.aspx|website=UCLA AIM/Academic Planning and Budget|publisher=UCLA|accessdate=16 November 2014|ref=enrollment|archive-date=2017-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015434/http://www.aim.ucla.edu/enrollment2.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|undergrad      = 29,633 (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;Enrollment&quot;/&gt;
|postgrad       = 12,212 (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;Enrollment&quot;/&gt;
|city           = [[Los Angeles]]
|state          = [[Californie]]
|country        = Unitit States
|coor           = {{Coord|34|04|20.00|N|118|26|38.75|W|type:edu_region:US-CA|display=it}}
|campus         = [[Urban aurie|Urban]]&lt;br&gt; 419 acres (1.7 km²)&lt;ref name=&quot;Campus Facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://finreports.universityofcalifornia.edu/index.php?file=10-11/pdf/fullreport_1011.pdf |format=PDF |title=UC Financial Reports – Campus Facts in Brief |pages=8–9 |&lt;!-- date=2010-11 --&gt; |publisher=University of California |accessdate=November 17, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|former_names   = State Normal School at Los Angeles (1882-1919)&lt;br&gt;University of California Southern Branch (1919–1927)&lt;br&gt;University of California at Los Angeles (1927–1958)
|colors         = [[UCLA Blue]] &amp; [[UCLA Gold]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://brand.ucla.edu/brand/digital/brand-colors/ |title=UCLA Brand Guidelines |access-date=2015-02-28 |archive-date=2015-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313192641/http://brand.ucla.edu/brand/digital/brand-colors/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{color box|#3284bf}}&amp;nbsp;{{color box|#FFE800}}
|nickname       = [[UCLA Bruins|Bruins]]
|mascot         = Joe Bruin&lt;br&gt;Josephine Bruin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.english.ucla.edu/ucla1960s/6263/bear.htm |title=Bruin Bear |accessdate=2007-05-20 |author=Ho, Melanie |year=2005 |work=UCLA English department |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070219034235/http://www.english.ucla.edu/ucla1960s/6263/bear.htm |archivedate = February 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|athletics      = [[Naitional Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Diveesion I (NCAA)|Diveesion I]] – [[Pacific-12|Pac-12]]
|sports         = 22 varsity teams&lt;ref name=&quot;Sports&quot;&gt;[http://www.uclabruins.com UCLA Bruins Official Athletic Site]. UCLABruins.com (2013-09-20). Retrieved on 2013-11-27.&lt;/ref&gt;
|nobel_laureates= [[Nobel Prize laureates bi varsity affiliation|13]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nobel.universityofcalifornia.edu/list.html |title=University of California Nobel Laureates |accessdate=13 May 2013 |publisher=[[University of California]] |archive-date=2013-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316124306/http://nobel.universityofcalifornia.edu/list.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|affiliations   = [[Varsity o Californie]]&lt;br&gt;[[Association o American Varsities|AAU]]&lt;br&gt;[[Association o Public an Land-grant Varsities|APLU]]&lt;br&gt;[[Association o Paceefic Rim Varsities|Paceefic Rim]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wastern Association o Schuils an Colleges|WASC]]
|free_label     = Newspaper
|free           = ''[[Daily Bruin]]''
|website        = [http://www.ucla.edu ucla.edu]
|logo           = [[File:University of California, Los Angeles logo.svg|200px]]
}}
The '''Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles''' ('''UCLA''') is a [[public varsity|public]] [[research]] varsity locatit in the [[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]] neighborhuid o [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], Unitit States.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varsity O Californie, Los Angeles}}
[[Category:Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles| ]]
[[Category:Association o Public an Land-Grant Varsities]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1919]]
[[Category:Schuils accreditit bi the Wastren Association o Schuils an Colleges]]
[[Category:Varsities an colleges in Californie|Californie Los Angeles, Varsity o]]
[[Category:Varsity o Californie]]
[[Category:Westwood, Los Angeles]]</text>
      <sha1>66lv4xh9slpqcqe22a4j1obh4byhjum</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jedi Cooncil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>91272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869420</id>
      <parentid>559992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T09:23:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Timeousbeastie</username>
        <id>78784</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pit in eemage.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="372" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jedi Order Emblem.svg|alt=Emblem o the Jedi Order|thumb|Emblem o the Jedi Order]]
The '''Jedi Heich Cooncil''' (or '''Jedi Cooncil''') is a feectional institution frae the ''[[Star Wars]]'' film series. The Jedi Cooncil are the strangest members o the Jedi Order, an are electit tae lead the [[Jedi]].

[[Category:Star Wars organisations]]
[[Category:Jedi|Cooncil]]</text>
      <sha1>ejvreqa49fmeve5d0g1gb4q5yhytqe4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leet o wather records</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869376</id>
      <parentid>866576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="118760" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''leet o wather records''', a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories.

==Temperatur==

===Measurin condeetions===
The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees &quot;in the shade&quot;).&lt;ref name=running2011 /&gt; The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods.

Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=running2011&gt;p. 855-857, [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth], David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'', July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  A grund temperature o 84&amp;nbsp;°C (183.2&amp;nbsp;°F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.&lt;/ref&gt; A grund temperatur o 93.9&amp;nbsp;°C (201&amp;nbsp;°F) wis recordit in [[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]], [[USA]] on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.&lt;ref&gt;A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100&amp;nbsp;°C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.&lt;ref&gt;[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031&lt;1096:EMLST&gt;2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7&amp;nbsp;°C (159.3&amp;nbsp;°F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]].  The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.)  Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.&lt;ref name=running2011 /&gt;

Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2&amp;nbsp;°C (−136&amp;nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}.  Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Heat===

====Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent====
[[File:Koppen World Map BWh.png|280px|thumb|A warld cairt shawin auries wi [[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''BWh'' (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C (122&amp;nbsp;°F) during the hettest saisons.]]

==== Africae{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at [[Semara]], [[Wastren Sahara]] on 13 Julie 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;reliably&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|publisher=Weather Underground|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan {{convert|51.3|C|F}} wis recordit at [[Ouargla]], [[Algerie]] on 5 Julie 2018.&lt;ref name=watts2018/&gt;}} ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Algerie}}
|{{convert|51.3|C|F}}
|[[El Bayadh]], [[El Bayadh Province]] / [[Ouargla]], [[Ouargla Province]]
|{{Dts|2 September 1979}}&lt;ref name=AlgeriaCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf |title=Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC |publisher=Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement |year=2010 |language=French |page=27 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;/{{Dts| 5 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=watts2018&gt;{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |archivedate=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |title=Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 July 2018 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Botswana}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Maun, Botswana|Maun]]
|{{Dts|7 Januar 2016}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html|title=Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{convert|47.2|C|F}}
|[[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]]
|{{Dts|1984}}&lt;ref name=burkinaclimatechange&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf |title=Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) |publisher=Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie |language=French |page=11 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{convert|47.6|C|F}}
|[[Faya-Largeau]]
|{{Dts|22 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cyprus-weather.org/temperature-breaks-all-records/|title=Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus|author=|first=|date=7 August 2010|website=|publisher=Weather Underground|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{convert|36.0|C|F}}
|[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport|Hahaya Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|15 November 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 |title=NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2018 |accessdate=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}}
|{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Lavumisa]]
| ?&lt;ref name=swazilandrecords&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=6 |date=December 1992 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|{{convert|43.8|C|F}}
|[[Navrongo]]
|{{Dts|26 Mairch 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{convert|45|C|F}}
|[[Koundara]], [[Boké Region]]
|{{Dts|29 Mairch 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{convert|49.5|C|F}}
|[[Diffa]]
|{{Dts|7 September 1978}}&lt;ref name=nigerCC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |title=Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques |publisher=Republique de Niger |page=8 |accessdate=6 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Nigerie}}
|{{convert|46.4|C|F}}
|[[Yola, Nigerie|Yola]]
|{{Dts|3 Apryle 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Réunion}}
|{{convert|36.9|C|F}}
|[[Le Port, Réunion|Le Port]]
|{{Dts|6 Mairch 2004}}&lt;ref name=reunionrecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |archivedate=1 January 2019 | url=http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |title=Climat de la Réunion |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sooth Africae}}
|{{convert|50|C|F}}
|[[Dunbrody, Eastren Cape|Dunbrody]], [[Eastren Cape]]
|{{Dts|3 November 1918}}&lt;ref name=&quot;saws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |archivedate=17 May 2017|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |title=What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? | publisher=[[South African Weather Service]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{convert|49.7|C|F}}
|[[Dongola]]
|{{Dts|25 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Tunisie}} 
|{{convert|55|C|F}}
|[[Kebili]]
|{{Dts|7 Julie 1931}}&lt;ref name=bams&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli |author2=Randall S. Cerveny |author3=Christopher C. Burt |author4=Philip Eden |author5=David Parker |author6=Manola Brunet |author7=Thomas C. Peterson |author8=Gianpaolo Mordacchini |author9=Vinicio Pelino |author10=Pierre Bessemoulin |author11=José Luis Stella |author12=Fatima Driouech |author13=M.M Abdel wahab |author14=Matthew B. Pace |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|year=2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2 |pages=199–204|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Wastren Sahara}}
|{{convert|50.7|C|F}}
|[[Semara]]
|{{Dts|13 Julie 1961}}&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Zambie}}
|{{convert|42.4|C|F}}
|[[Mfuwe]], [[Eastren Province, Zambie|Eastren Province]]
|{{Dts|13 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== Antarcticae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Antarcticae}} (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S)
| {{convert|19.8|C|F}}
| [[Signy Resairch Station]], [[Sooth Orkney Islands]]
|{{Dts|30 Januar 1982}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}} (mainland an adjynin islands)
|{{convert|17.5|C|F}}
|[[Esperanza Base]], [[Trinity Peninsula]]
|{{Dts|24 Mairch 2015}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists
| title = Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings | last = Mccarthy | first = Tom | work = The Guardian | date = 31 March 2015 | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland &amp; adjoining islands): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}} ([[Antarctic Plateau]] &gt; {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}})
|{{convert|-7.0|C|F}}
| Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}})
|{{Dts|28 December 1989}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau&gt;2500m): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sooth Pole]]
|{{convert|-12.3|C|F}}
|[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]]
|{{Dts|25 December 2011}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Antarctic Sun&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |title=Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day |publisher=United States Antarctic Program |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Asie ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|{{convert|49.9|C|F}}
|[[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]]
|{{Dts|August 2009}}&lt;ref name=&quot;afghan record&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVGaAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA48|title=Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws|last=inc|first=Ibp|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-7835-8|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Armenie}}
|{{convert|43.7|C|F}}
|[[Meghri]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2011}}&lt;ref name=ArmeniaCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf |title=Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection |year=2015 |page=3 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Armeniarecordhigh&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html |title=Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius |publisher=Hetq Online |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{convert|46.0|C|F}}
|[[Julfa, Azerbaijan (ceety)|Julfa]] an [[Ordubad]]
|?&lt;ref name=azhydromet&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mahmudov |first1=Rza |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archivedate=24 May 2007 |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{convert|45.1|C|F}}
|[[Rajshahi]]
|{{Dts|30 Mey 1972}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |title=Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years |work=Asian Tribune |date=27 April 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |archive-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|{{convert|40|C|F}}
|[[Phuentsholing]]
|{{Dts|27 August 1997}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Passang Norbu|title=The heat has got into the Himalayas|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Kuensel|date=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|archivedate=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cambodie}}
|{{convert|42.6|C|F}}
|[[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]]
|{{Dts|15 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |title=Exceptional Heat Wave 2016 |work=[[Meteo France]] |accessdate=29 April 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428202234/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cheenae}}
|{{convert|50.5|C|F}}
|[[Erbao Tounship]], [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]]
|{{Dts|10 Julie 2017}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572543886818701&amp;wfr=spider&amp;for=pc|title=50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录|work=baijiahao.baidu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}
|{{convert|39.0|C|F}}
|[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]]
|{{Dts|22 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Macau}}
|{{convert|39.0|C|F}}
|[[Coloane]]
|{{Dts|22 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Indie}}
|{{convert|51.0|C|F}}
|[[Phalodi]], [[Rajasthan]]
|{{Dts|19 May 2016}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/indian-summer-makes-history-phalodi-in-rajasthan-boils-at-51c/|title=Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C|work=Skymet Weather}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Indonesie}}
|{{convert|39.5|C|F}}
|[[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka Regency]], [[Wast Java]] /&lt;br&gt;[[Semarang]], [[Central Java]]
|{{Dts|December 2006}} /&lt;br&gt;27 October 2015&lt;ref name=wu20151027&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|title=Indonesia ties all-time national heat record|accessdate=31 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200547/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|archivedate=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|{{convert|54|C|F}}
|[[Ahvaz]] Airport (OIAW)
|{{Dts|29 Juin 2017}}.&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samenow2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Samenow |first1=Jason |title=Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/|publisher=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=23 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |accessdate=30 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{convert|53.8|C|F}}
|[[Basra]]
|{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=Samenow2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Tapper2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tapper |first1=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c |title=Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|{{convert|54|C|F}}
|[[Tirat Zvi]]
|{{Dts|21 Juin 1942}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ims&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |date=21 June 1942 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|The temperature has been reported as {{convert|54|C|F}}, however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.&lt;ref name=&quot;htoe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|website=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=7 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200557/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{convert|41.1|C|F}}
|[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]], [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]]
|{{Dts|23 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=&quot;JMA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rankall.php?prec_no=&amp;block_no=&amp;year=&amp;month=&amp;day=&amp;view=|title=former National Rankings|accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{convert|50|C|F}}
|Jordan University Agriculture Research Center
|{{Dts|6 September 2002}}&lt;ref name=Jordanrecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة |script-title=ar:القيم المتطرفة |publisher=Jordanian Meteorological Department |language=Arabic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{convert|53.9|C|F}}
|[[Mitribah]]
|{{Dts|21 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618130839/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |archivedate=18 June 2019 |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=18 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019/&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|?
|?&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2055:country-profile&amp;lang=kg |title=Country profile |website=mineconom.gov.kg |publisher=Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic |accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2055:country-profile&amp;lang=kg |archivedate=20 December 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{convert|42.3|C|F}}
|[[Seno, Laos|Seno]]
|{{Dts|12 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=meteofranceasia/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Malaysie}}
|{{convert|40.1|C|F}}
|[[Chuping]]
|{{Dts|9 Apryle 1998}}&lt;ref name=&quot;climate stats 01&quot;&gt;{{cite news| title=General Climate Information| url=http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| publisher=Malaysia Meteorological Department| accessdate=30 June 2010| archive-date=2015-11-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]]
|{{Dts|16 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Khongor, Darkhan-Uul|Khongor]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 1999}}&lt;ref name=MARCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |title=Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia |pages=36–37 |date=September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2016 |archive-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{convert|47.2|C|F}}
|[[Myinmu]]
|{{Dts|14 Mey 2010}}&lt;ref name=Myint2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Myint |first1=Yee |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html |title=Heat takes its toll |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Soe2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Soe |first1=Kyaw |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html |title=Warnings of strong El Niño through June |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{convert|46.0|°C|°F}}
|[[Chisapani, Bardiya|Chisapani]]
| ?&lt;ref name=faoNepal&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Nepal/Nepal.htm |title=Nepal |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=24 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024140133/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Nepal/nepal.htm |archivedate=24 October 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{convert|50.8|C|F}}
|[[Buraimi]],&lt;br&gt;[[Sohar]], &lt;br&gt;[[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]]
|{{Dts|Julie 1990}}, &lt;br&gt;{{Dts|Mey 2009}}, &lt;br&gt;{{Dts|30 Mey 2017}}&lt;ref name=jfwu17&gt;Jeff Masters, [https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/historic-heat-wave-sweeps-asia-middle-east-and-europe Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe], 6 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{convert|53.7|C|F}}
|[[Turbat]]
|{{Dts|28 Mey 2017}}&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{convert|42.2|C|F}}
|[[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan Valley]]
|{{Dts|12 Apryle 1912}}, 11 Mey 1969&lt;ref name=PhilippinesCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Government of the Philippines |date=29 December 2014 |page=6 |accessdate=24 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{convert|50.4|C|F}}
|[[Doha]]
|{{Dts|14 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie)
|{{convert|42.3|C|F}}
|[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]], [[Amur Oblast]]
|{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |title=Wunder Blog |publisher=Weather Underground |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041822/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabie}}
|{{convert|52.0|C|F}}
|[[Jeddah]]
|{{Dts|23 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2010062476182 |deadurl=yes |title=saudigazette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2010062476182 |archivedate=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{convert|37.0|C|F}}
|[[Tengah, Singapore|Tengah]]
|{{Dts|17 Apryle 1983}}&lt;ref name=MSSrecords&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature |title=Historical Extremes |publisher=[[Meteorological Service Singapore]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sooth Korea}}
|{{convert|41.0|C|F}}
|[[Hongcheon]], [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)|Gangwon Province]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2018}}&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&amp;sid1=103&amp;sid2=248&amp;oid=421&amp;aid=0003514221|title=한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 |publisher=[[news1]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sirie}}
|{{convert|49.4|C|F}}
| ?
| ?&lt;ref name=SyriaCC&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf |title=Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic |publisher=Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs |pages=18–20 |date=April 2010|accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Tianxiang]], [[Hualien Coonty]]
|{{Dts|9 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=watts2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wunderground&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018|title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018|work=[[Wunderground]]|accessdate=20 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{convert|44.6|C|F}}
|[[Mae Hong Son]]
|{{Dts|28 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{convert|49.0|C|F}}
|[[Cizre]], [[Şırnak Province]]
|{{Dts|27 August 1961}}&lt;ref name=&quot;DMIGM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/sss.aspx?s=sicaklikenleri2|title=Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |accessdate=10 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{convert|50.1|C|F}}
|[[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], [[Karakum Desert]]
|{{Dts|28 Julie 1983}}&lt;ref name=TurmenistanCC&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCD&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archivedate=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}}
|{{convert|52.1|C|F}}
|[[Al Jazeera Mairch Gate]]
|{{Dts|Julie 2002}}&lt;ref name=Leon&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ponce de Leon |first1=Janice |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=Debunking weather myths in the UAE |publisher=Gulf News |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=UAErecordhigh&gt;{{cite news |last1=Croucher |first1=Martin |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level |publisher=The National |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{convert|43.4|C|F}}
|[[Huong Khe Destrict]]
|{{Dts|20 Apryle 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505153741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archivedate=2019-05-05 |title=Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April |publisher=The Washington Post |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Europe ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Albanie}}
|{{convert|43.9|C|F}}
|[[Tirana]]
|{{Dts|1973}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/gbpfred/extreme-temperatures-across-the-world?tsId=1000890|title=Extreme Temperatures across the World|publisher=[[knoema.com|knoema]]|accessdate=26 July 2019 |date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Austrick}}
|{{convert|40.5|C|F}}
|[[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]]
|{{Dts|8 August 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg|title=Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg|publisher=[[Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]]|accessdate=9 August 2013 |date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Belaroushie}}
|{{convert|38.9|C|F}}
|[[Gomel]]
|{{Dts|7 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{convert|41.8|C|F}}
|[[Begijnendijk]], [[Flemish Brabant]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;|Part of the [[July 2019 European heat wave]]}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref name=Belgium1&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren |title=Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk  |publisher=VRTNWS|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{convert|46.2|C|F}}
|[[Mostar]]
|{{Dts|31 Julie 1901}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Federal Hydrometeorological Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |title=Federal Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=28 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofrance&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bulgarie}}
|{{convert|45.2|C|F}}
|[[Sadovo]], [[Plovdiv Province]]
|{{Dts|5 August 1916}}&lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf |title=Bulgaria Second National Communication |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Croatie}}
|{{convert|42.8|C|F}}
|[[Ploče]]
|{{Dts|5 August 1981}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cro&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Croatia Sixth National Communication |format=PDF |accessdate=19 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|{{convert|45.6|C|F}}
|[[Nicosia]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{convert|40.4|C|F}}
|[[Dobřichovice]], [[Prague-Wast Destrict]]
|{{Dts|20 August 2012}}&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ |title=Česká republika – Česká nej |publisher=atlasceska.cz |accessdate=20 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{convert|36.4|C|F}}
|[[Holstebro]], [[Midtjylland]]
|{{Dts|10 August 1975}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dmi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |archivedate=26 April 2017 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |title=Vejrekstremer i Danmark |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=25 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Estonie}}
|{{convert|35.6|C|F}}
|[[Võru]]
|{{Dts|11 August 1992}}&lt;ref name=autogenerated3&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en |title=Weather records |publisher=Estonian Weather Services |accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{convert|37.2|C|F}}
|[[Joensuu Airport]], [[Liperi]]
|{{Dts|29 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref name=fmirecords&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia |title=Lämpötilaennätyksiä |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |language=Finnish |accessdate=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Fraunce}}
|{{convert|46.0|C|F}}
|[[Vérargues]], [[Hérault]]
|{{Dts|28 Juin 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofrance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |title=C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin |publisher=Météo France |language=French |accessdate=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{convert|42.6|C|F|abbr=}}
|[[Lingen, Germany|Lingen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/wetter-sammlung-100.html|title=Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort|website=www1.wdr.de|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|{{convert|48.0|C|F}}
|[[Athens]] {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|A temperatur o {{convert|48.7|C|F}} haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in [[Tatoi]], houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;meteoclub1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |title=Τα χαμηλότερα και υψηλότερα ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας στην Ελλάδα |publisher=Meteoclub.gr |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Dts|10 Julie 1977}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive | title=Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|accessdate=2 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{convert|41.9|C|F}}
|[[Kiskunhalas]]
|{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;met.hu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service |publisher=Met.hu |accessdate=7 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}
| {{convert|30.5|C|F}}
| Teigarhorn, [[Djúpivogur]]
|{{Dts|22 Juin 1939}}&lt;ref name=&quot;iceland&quot;&gt;Einarsson, Markús. [http://en.vedur.is/media/loftslag/myndasafn/frodleikur/Einarsson.pdf Climate of Iceland] pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&amp;ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021152/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&amp;ew_0_a_id=309709 |date=2009-06-29 }} ''[[Iceland Review]]'' 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{convert|33.3|C|F}}
|[[Kilkenny Castle]], [[Coonty Kilkenny]]
|{{Dts|26 Juin 1887}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Met Éireann&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online |publisher=Met.ie |date=2 January 1979 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{convert|47.0|C|F}}
|[[Foggia]], [[Apulie]] {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|A disputit record temperatur o 48.5&amp;nbsp;°C (119.3&amp;nbsp;°F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in [[Catenanuova]], Sicily.&lt;ref name=Italy1/&gt;}}
|{{Dts|25 Juin 2007}}&lt;ref name=Italy1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |title=BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C|publisher=Meteogiornale |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=8 May 2014|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Italy&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/ |title=Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C|publisher=CentroMeteoToscana |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/|archivedate=12 May 2014|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Latvie}}
|{{convert|37.8|C|F}}
|[[Ventspils]]
|{{Dts|4 August 2014}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteolv&quot;&gt;[https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account]. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. {{lv icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Lithuanie}}
|{{convert|37.5|C|F}}
|[[Zarasai]], [[Utena Coonty]]
|{{Dts|30 Julie 1994}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record lithuania&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |title=(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) |publisher=Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service |language=Lithuanian |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|{{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=}}
|[[Steinsel|Steinsel, Luxembourg]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record luxembourg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|title=40,8°C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=AgriMeteo|language=German|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=25 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Maltae}}
|{{convert|43.8|C|F}}
|[[Maltae Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|9 August 1999}}&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltaCC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf |title=The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange |publisher=Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs |pages=40–41 |date=May 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MaltaNSO&gt;{{cite web |last1= Galdies |first1= Charles  |url= https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |title= The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 |pages= 6–7 |year= 2011 |publisher= National Statistics Office |accessdate= 26 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Moldovae}}
|{{convert|42.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Falesti]]
|{{Dts|7 August 2012}}&lt;ref name=Moldovarecords&gt;{{cite web |title=Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova |url=http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |publisher=Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat |language=Romanian |accessdate=25 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|{{convert|44.8|C|F}}
|[[Podgorica]] &amp; [[Danilovgrad]]
|{{Dts|16 August 2007}} /&lt;br/&gt;8 August 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff Masters&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{convert|40.7|C|F}}
|[[Gilze en Rijen]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonie}}
|{{convert|45.7|C|F}}
|[[Demir Kapija]], [[Demir Kapija Municipality|Demir Kapija]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=MacedoniaCC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2016 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning |page=24 |date=December 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Norawa}}
|{{convert|35.6|°C|°F}}
|[[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]]
|{{Dts|20 Juin 1970}}&lt;ref name=&quot;DNMI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Klima |publisher=met.no |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |archivedate=29 November 2007  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|{{convert|40.2|°C|°F}}
|[[Prószków]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |Record meisurt on [[Weimar Republic|German territory]] at that time: [[Proskau]], [[Landkreis]] [[Opole|Oppeln]], [[Province o Upper Silesie|Oberschlesien]] (nou [[Prószków]], [[Opole Voivodeship]]). The record in [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland proper]] at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o [[Zbiersk]] at 40.0&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|title=Polskie Rekordy|website=MeteoModel.pl|date=31 May 2011|access-date=2016-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Dts|29 Julie 1921}}&lt;ref name=&quot;klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Amareleja]], [[Beja (destrict)|Beja]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2003}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteo1&quot;&gt;[https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes] Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Romanie}}
|{{convert|44.5|°C|°F}}
|[[Ion Sion]], [[Brăila Coonty]]
|{{Dts|10 August 1951}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES] Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Roushie|}} (in Europe)
|{{convert|45.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Utta]], [[Kalmykie]]
|{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |title=Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=28 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]]
|{{Dts|3 August 2017}}, {{Dts|9 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Serbie}}
|{{convert|44.9|°C|°F}}
|[[Smederevska Palanka]], [[Podunavlje Destrict|Podunavlje]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;hidmet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php |title=TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |publisher=Hidmet.gov.rs |accessdate=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Slovakie}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Hurbanovo]]
|{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=slovakrecord&gt;{{cite web|title=Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic |url=http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 |publisher=Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=9 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Slovenie}}
|{{convert|40.8|C|F}}
|[[Cerklje ob Krki]]
|{{Dts|8 August 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija|url=http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html|publisher=24ur.com|accessdate=8 August 2013|language=Slovenian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|{{convert|47.3|C|F}}
|[[Montoro, Cordoba]] (as Montoro Vega Armijo)
|{{Dts|13 Julie 2017}}&lt;ref name=Benayas2017&gt;{{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |title=Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain |publisher=El País |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818001445/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Swaden}}
|{{convert|38.0|C|F}}
|[[Ultuna]], [[Uppsala Coonty]]/&lt;br&gt;[[Målilla]], [[Kalmar County]] (tied)
|{{Dts|9 Julie 1933}} /&lt;br&gt;29 Juin 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;SMHI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |title=Svenska temperaturrekord |publisher=Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut |accessdate=15 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Swisserland}}
|{{convert|41.5|C|F}}
|[[Grono, Swisserland|Grono]], [[Moesa Destrict]]
|{{Dts|11 August 2003}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather in Switzerland&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |title=Records Suisse |publisher=MeteoSwiss |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|{{convert|42.0|C|F}}
|[[Luhansk]]
|{{Dts|12 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=cgo&gt;{{cite web |url =http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |script-title =uk:Кліматичні рекорди |publisher =Central Observatory for Geophysics |language =Ukrainian |accessdate =4 August 2016 |archive-date =2016-08-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}
|{{convert|38.7|C|F}}
|[[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts| 25 Julie 2019|}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |publisher=[[Met Office]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK Met Office&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes |title=UK climate – Extremes |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vatican Ceety}}
|{{convert|40.7|C|F}}
|[[Vatican Ceety]]
|{{Dts|2 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|}

==== North Americae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Anguilla}}
|{{convert|34.2|C|F}}
|[[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]]
|{{Dts|12 September 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html|title=Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 |publisher=Wunderground |date=27 January 2016 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[St. John's, Antigua an Barbuda|St. John's]] 
|{{Dts|12 August 1995}}&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimate&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |title=Our Climate |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimatedata&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |title=Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Breetish Virgin Islands}}
|{{convert|35.0|C|F}}
|[[Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Henson |first2=Bob |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |title= Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping |publisher= Wunderground |date= 18 January 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Canadae}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Yellow Grass]], [[Saskatchewan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Midale]], Saskatchewan
|{{Dts|5 Julie 1937}}&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaextremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=en&amp;n=6a4a3ac5-1#1921-1940  |title = Top Weather Events of the 20th Century  |publisher = Environment Canada |date = May 2010|accessdate = 26 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cayman Islands}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]]
|{{Dts|21 August 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|{{convert|39.1|C|F}}
|Veguitas ([[Granma Province]])
|{{Dts|30 Juin 2019}}&lt;ref name=Cubarecords&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.geoclimat.org/p/records-nationaux-de-temperatures.html|title=Records nationaux de température}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Dominica}}
|{{convert|35.5|C|F}}
|[[Canefield Airport]]
|{{Dts|3 October 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{convert|43.0|C|F}}
|[[Mao, Dominican Republic|Mao]]
|{{Dts|31 August 1954}}&lt;ref name=mejia&gt;{{cite web |first1=Mariela |last1=Mejía |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |title=Frío extremo, calor agobiante |publisher=Diario Libre |language=Spanish |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2017 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Greenland}}
|{{convert|30.1|C|F}}
|[[Ivittuut]]
|{{Dts|23 Juin 1915}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ |title=Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday |work=The Washington Post |date=10 June 2016 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |title=Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut |publisher=Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |title=More record lows since 1937 than record highs |work=Iceagenow.info |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|{{convert|45|C|F}}
|[[Estanzuela]], [[Zacapa]]
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;INSIVUMEH&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Martinique}}
|{{convert|36.5|C|F}}
|[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|{{Dts|6 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=martiniqueclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |title=Le climat en Martinique |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|{{convert|52.0|C|F}}
|[[Mexicali]] area
|{{Dts|28 Julie 1995}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html |author=Christopher Burt|title=Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere |accessdate=19 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=García Cueto |first1=O.R. |last2=Santillán Soto |first2=N. |last3=Quintero Núñez |first3=M. |last4=Ojeda Benítez |first4=S. |last5=Velázquez Limón |first5=N. |title=Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions |journal=Atmósfera |date=October 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–520 |doi=10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}
|{{convert|40.0|C|F}}
|[[San Francisco, Panamá|San Francisco]]
|{{Dts|20 Mairch 1998}}&lt;ref name=ETESA&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |title=Extreme Temperatures |publisher=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}
|{{convert|104|F|C|order=flip}}
|[[Mona Island]]
|{{Dts|2 Julie 1996}}&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |archivedate=19 January 2017|url=http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |title=All Time Extremes for PR and VI |publisher=National Weather Service |accessdate=19 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| |{{flag|United States}}
|{{convert|56.7|C|F}}
|[[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]]
|{{Dts|10 Julie 1913}}&lt;ref name=&quot;KPBS-report&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ |title=Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record|accessdate=30 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO-Highest&quot;&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |date=4 January 2013 }} [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Retrieved 13 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burt&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit States Virgin Islands}}
|{{convert|99|F|C|order=flip}}
|[[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]/
[[Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands|Cruz Bay]]
|{{Dts|4 August 1994}} an 23 Juin 1996&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 31 July 1988&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt; 
|}

==== Oceanie{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53&amp;nbsp;°C (128&amp;nbsp;°F) wis recordit at [[Cloncurry, Queensland]]. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt; The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's [[Bureau o Meteorology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;/&gt;}}====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Australie}}
|{{convert|50.7|C|F}}
|[[Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie]]
|{{Dts|2 Januar 1960}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;&gt;[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html |date=2012-05-25 }} [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved 21 June 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Australian Temperature Extremes | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf | accessdate=16 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml |title=50.5&amp;nbsp;°C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology  |date=20 February 1998 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
|{{convert|35.6|C|F}}
|[[Utirik Atoll]]
|{{Dts|24 August 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{convert|42.4|C|F}}
|[[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] /&lt;br&gt;Jordan, [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] (tied)
|{{Dts|7 Februar 1973}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record NZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |title=Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Palau}}
|{{convert|35|C|F}}
|[[Koror]]
|{{Dts|22 Mairch 2018}}&lt;ref name=Palauhigh&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/march-2018-earths-5th-warmest-march-record | title = March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record | publisher = Wunderground | date = 18 April 2018 | accessdate=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Samoa}}
|{{convert|35.3|C|F}}
|[[Asau, Samoa|Asau]]
|{{Dts|24 December 1968}}&lt;ref name = WBsamoaclimate&gt;
{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |archivedate= 5 November 2016 |url= http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |title= Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project |publisher= World Bank |date= 2 December 2011 |page= 53 |accessdate= 5 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
|{{convert|36.1|C|F}}
|[[Honiara]], [[Guadalcanal Province]]
|{{Dts|1 Februar 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Tonga}}
|{{convert|35.5|C|F}}
|[[Niuafoou]]
|{{Dts|1 Februar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|{{convert|36.2|C|F}}
|[[Lamap Malekula]]
|{{Dts|8 Februar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}
|{{convert|35.8|C|F}}
|[[Futuna Airport]]
|{{Dts|10 Januar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|}

==== Sooth Americae{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at [[Campo Gallo]], [[Argentinae]] on 16 October 1936.&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;}}====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Argentinae}}
|{{convert|48.9|C|F}} *
|[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]]
|{{Dts|11 December 1905}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title=Continental Weather &amp; Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions  |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=17 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofa&quot;&gt;The record o 49.1&amp;nbsp;°C (120.4&amp;nbsp;°F) in [[Villa de María del Río Seco|Villa de María]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba Province]], Argentinae, on 2 Januar 1920, is disputit an conseedert dubious{{cite web |url=http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&amp;id=94 |title=Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) |accessdate=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bolivie}}
|{{convert|46.7|C|F}}
|[[Villamontes]], [[Tarija Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|29 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.}}
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|{{convert|44.8|C|F}}
|[[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]]
|{{Dts|4 November 2020}}, {{Dts|5 November 2020}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra|access-date= 7 November 2020|language=Portuguese||trans-title=Brazil has a new historic heat record|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|{{convert|44.9|C|F}}
|[[Quillón]], [[Biobio Region]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|This record is disputit acause o the [[2017 Chile wildfires|forest fires]] that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.}}
|{{Dts|26 Januar 2017}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017|title=En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Biobiochile.cl|language=Spanish |deadurl=no |accessdate=19 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/|title=Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra|publisher=[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]] |date=26 January 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Colombie}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Puerto Salgar]], [[Cundinamarca Depairtment|Cundinamarca]]
|{{Dts|29 December 2015}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |title=Informe Técnico Diario N°364 |publisher=[[IDEAM]] |date=30 December 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|French Guiana}}
|{{convert|38.0|C|F}}
|[[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
|{{Dts|27 September 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|--
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|14 November 2009}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|title=Valores extremos históricos climatológicos de la red de estaciones|date=13 January 2011|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2012-12-21|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121221100002/http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|{{convert|48.3|C|F}}
|[[Juan Guerra]], [[Depairtment o San Martín|San Martín]]
|{{Dts|3 November 2018}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/senamhi-regiones-han-registrado-temperaturas-altas-nivel-nacional-noticia-503478|title=¿En qué regiones se han registrado las temperaturas más altas a nivel nacional?|work=[[El Comercio Perú]]|date=11 March 2018|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Paysandú]], [[Paysandú Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|20 Januar 1943}}&lt;ref name=&quot;uruguayrecordssum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Clima del Uruguay  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |archivedate=13 December 2016 |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |publisher = Red Académica Uruguaya  |language=Spanish |accessdate=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uruguayrecordsraw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Boletín meteorológico |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología |language=Spanish |trans-title=Meteorologic records of Uruguay |accessdate=1 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|{{convert|43.6|C|F}}
|[[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Falcón]]
||{{Dts|29 Apryle 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021/&gt;
|}

====Ither heich-temperature records====
* '''Fastest temperatur rise:''' 27&amp;nbsp;°C (49&amp;nbsp;°F) in twa minutes; [[Spearfish, Sooth Dakota]], 1943-01-22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Walter A | title = The Handy Weather Answer Book | url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | publisher = Visible Ink press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8&amp;nbsp;°C (100&amp;nbsp;°F):''' 160 days; [[Marble Bar, Wastren Australie]] frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.&lt;ref name=&quot;climateextremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm|title=Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924|work=Australian Climate Extremes|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html|archivedate=17 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Surface temperatur:''' Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or &quot;skin&quot; surface temperaturs: the [[MODIS]] satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o {{convert|70.7|C|F}}, in the [[Lut Desert]] o Iran, the hettest detectit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77779|title=Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observatory|date=2012-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===[[Cauld]]===

===Lawest temperaturs recordit===

&lt;!-- Note: Dates should have name of month SPELLED OUT (as in previous table) to avoid confusion over MONTH/DAY.
THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS
--&gt;

===Bi continent===

==== Africae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Algerie}}
| {{convert|-13.8|C|F}}
| [[Mécheria]]
| 28 January 2005&lt;ref name=AlgeriaCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
| {{convert|5|C|F}}
| [[Markoye]]
| January 1975&lt;ref name=burkinaclimatechange/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Botswana}}
| {{convert|-15.0|C|F}}
| [[Tsabong]]
| ?&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |archivedate=3 December 2008 |url=http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |title=Botswana's Climate |publisher=Meteorological Services Botswana |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}}
| {{convert|-6.7|°C|°F}}
| [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]]
| ?&lt;ref name=swazilandrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ghana}}
| {{convert|11.0|C|F}}
| [[Kumasi]], [[Tafo]]
| ?&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |title=Climatology |publisher=Ghana Meteorological Services Department |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Guinea}}
| {{convert|2.5|C|F}}
| [[Bareing]]
| 2 Januar 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |archivedate=9 January 2007 |url=http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |title=Quelques Records en Guinée |publisher=Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Lesotho}}
| {{convert|-21.0|C|F}}
| ?
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;lesotho&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf |title= Lesotho – National report on climate change |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources |date=April 2000 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Morocco}}
| {{convert|-23.9|C|F}}
| [[Ifrane]]
| 11 Februar 1935&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Niger}}
| {{convert|-2.4|C|F}}
| [[Bilma]]
| {{Dts|13 Januar 1995}}&lt;ref name=nigerCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Réunion}}
| {{convert|-5.0|C|F}}
| [[Gite de Bellecome]]
| {{Dts|10 September 1975}}&lt;ref name=reunionrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sooth Africae}}
| {{convert|-20.1|C|F}}
| [[Buffelsfontein]], near [[Molteno, Eastren Cape|Molteno]], [[Eastren Cape]]
| 23 August 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&amp;d=1381902030|title=New minimum temperature record for South Africa |accessdate=12 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sudan}}
| {{convert|-1.0|°C|°F}}
| [[Zalingei]]
| December 1961 an Januar 1962&lt;ref name=faosudan&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/sudan/sudan.htm |title=Sudan |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm |archivedate=16 October 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Antarcticae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}}
|{{convert|-89.2|C|F}} &lt;!-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article &quot;Lowest temperature recorded on Earth&quot;, the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. --&gt;
|[[Vostok Station]]
|21 Julie 1983&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition |url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html| issue=105|year=1984 | location=Leningrad|publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]]|language=Russian }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; | This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. [[Satellite]] analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2&amp;nbsp;°C (−135.8&amp;nbsp;°F) near [[Dome F]] in [[Queen Maud Land]], but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by [[remote sensin]] methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See [[Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird]] for details.}}
|-
|Dome A
|{{convert|-82.5|C|F}}
|[[Dome A]]
| Julie 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Web Team |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/weather/aws/dome-a/index.html |title=''Australian Antarctic Division'' |publisher=Aad.gov.au |date=5 September 2005 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sooth Pole]]
|{{convert|-82.8|C|F}}
|[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]]
|23 Juin 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp |title=''Office of Polar Programs'' |publisher=Nsf.gov |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Asie ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| {{convert|-52.2|C|F}}
| [[Shahrak Destrict|Shahrak]]
| {{Dts|Januar 1964}}&lt;ref name=&quot;afghan record&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Armenie}}
| {{convert|-42.0|C|F}}
| [[Paghakn]] an [[Ashocq]]
| {{Dts|1961}}&lt;ref name=ArmeniaCC/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{convert|-33.0|C|F}}
|Julfa an Ordubad
|?&lt;ref name=azhydromet/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| {{convert|2.6|C|F}}
| [[Tetulia Upazila]]
| 8 Januar 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cold claims 8 more |accessdate=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/lowest-temperature-in-bangladesh-bd-on-january-8-2018-recorded-3-degree-celsius-in-nilphamari-1516666 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cheenae}}
| {{convert|-58|C|F}}
| [[Genhe]], [[Inner Mongolie]]
| 31 December 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180123000102-260309/ |title=大陸冷極 內蒙根河室內外溫差90℃ - 中時電子報 |work=Chinatimes.com |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Hong Kong}}
| {{convert|-6.0|C|F}}
| [[Tai Mo Shan]]
| 24 January 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98|title=多雨極寒的一月|date=5 February 2016|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Indie}}
| {{convert|-44.9|C|F}}
| [[Dras]], [[Jammu an Kashmir]]
| 22 Mairch 1911&lt;ref name=&quot;IMD&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=U. |last2=Dube |first2=R. |last3=Rao |first3=G. |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Geophysical Union |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–187 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Iran}}
| {{convert|-36.0|C|F}}
| [[Saqqez]]
| 1972&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|title=رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر|website=danakhabar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}
| {{convert|-14.2|C|F}}
| [[Merom Golan]]
| 10 Januar 2015&lt;ref&gt;Judah Ari Gross, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/golan-sees-record-low-temperatures-during-storm/ &quot;Golan sees record low temperatures during storm&quot;], The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaidō]]
| 25 Januar 1902&lt;ref name=&quot;JMA&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{convert|-16.0|C|F}}
|[[Shoubak]]
|{{Dts|15 December 2013}}&lt;ref name=Jordanrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Kuwait}}
| {{convert|-4.8|C|F}}
| [[Salmy]]
| 3 Januar 2009&lt;ref name=kuwaitclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |archivedate=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |title=Climate History |publisher=Kuwait Meteorological Department |accessdate=13 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{convert|-53.6|C|F}}
|?
|?&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Malaysie}}
| {{convert|7.8|C|F}}
| [[Cameron Hielands]]
| 1 February 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;climate stats 01&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}}
| {{convert|17.2|C|F}}
| [[Hulhulé Island]], locatit at [[Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport]]
| 11 Apryle 1978&lt;ref name=Maldivesclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |title=Climate of Maldives |publisher=Maldives Meteorological Service |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Mongolie}}
| {{convert|-55.3|C|F}}
| [[Züüngovi, Uvs|Züüngovi]], [[Uvs Province]]
| 31 December 1976&lt;ref name=MARCC/&gt;&lt;ref name=MongoliaNC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |title=Mongolia Third National Communication |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Tourism |accessdate=14 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}}
| {{convert|-57.9|C|F}}
| [[Hkakabo Razi]]
| unknown&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |title=ASEAN Winter Snow in the Tropics |website=Living ASEAN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| {{convert|-26.0|C|F}}
| [[Thakmarpha]], [[Mustang destrict]]
| ?&lt;ref name=faoNepal/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|North Korea}}
| {{convert|-43.6|C|F}}
| [[Chunggangjin]]
| 12 January 1933&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=선종일 |url=http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |title=Korean Climate |publisher=User.chollian.net |date=1 August 1942 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |archivedate=29 December 2011  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| {{convert|-24|C|F}}
| [[Skardu]]
| 7 January 1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hamayoon Janjua |url=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=crayon.pk |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |archivedate=11 May 2018  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| {{convert|6.3|C|F}}
| [[Baguio]]
| 18 January 1961&lt;ref name=PhilippinesCC/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Luces|first1=Kim|title='Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=GMA News|date=31 January 2014|quote=However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in [[Mt. Pulag]] in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as {{convert|2.0|C|F}}. PAGASA cannot verify&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346661/zero-in-mt-pulag-pagasa-clueless|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=25 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{convert|1.5|C|F}}
|[[Abu Samra]]
|{{Dts|5 Februar 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie)
| {{convert|-67.8|C|F}}
| [[Verkhoyansk]] an&lt;br/&gt;[[Oymyakon]], baith in [[Sakha Republic]]
| 7 February 1892&lt;br/&gt;6 February 1933&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Saudi Arabie}}
| {{convert|-12.0|C|F}}
| [[Turaif]]
| ?&lt;ref name=SaudiCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |page=2 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{convert|19.0|C|F}}
|[[Paya Lebar]]
|{{Dts|14 Februar 1989}}&lt;ref name=MSSrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sooth Korea}}
| {{convert|-32.6|C|F}}
| [[Yangpyeong]]
| 5 January 1981&lt;ref name=kma&gt;{{cite web|url=http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp|title=Climate of Korea|publisher=[[Korea Meteorological Administration]]|accessdate=24 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sirie}}
| {{convert|-23.0|C|F}}
| [[Idlib]]
| Januar 1951&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950|title=أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !|work=طقس سوريا – طقس العرب}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{convert|-18.4|C|F}}
|[[Yushan Naitional Pairk|Yushan]]
|{{Dts|31 Januar 1970}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ysnp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550#|title=The Climate|publisher=Yushan National Park |accessdate=22 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| {{convert|-1.4|C|F}}
| [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]]
| 2 Januar 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;tmd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |title=The Climate of Thailand |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |accessdate=31 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-

|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| {{convert|-46.4|C|F}}
| [[Çaldıran (Destrict), Van|Çaldıran]], [[Van Province]]
| 9 Januar 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;DMIGM&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| {{convert|-36.0|C|F}}
| [[Daşoguz Region]]
| ?&lt;ref name=TurmenistanCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{convert|-5.4|C|F}}
| [[Jebel Jais]]
| 3 Februar 2017&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}}
| {{convert|-6.1|C|F}}
| [[Sa Pa]]
| 4 Januar 1974&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |title=Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? |publisher=Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=13 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Europe ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Country/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Albanie}}
| {{convert|-25.8|C|F}}
| ?
| &lt;ref&gt; {{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/albania/climate-change/ |title=Albania |website=Climate Change Post}} &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Austrick}} 
| {{convert|-52.6|C|F}}
| [[Grünloch]] doline
| 19 Februar 1932&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics&quot;&gt;http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Belaroushie}}
| {{convert|-42.2|C|F}}
| [[Slavnom]], [[Vitsebsk Voblast]]
| 17 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;pogoda&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Baglasov Andrey |author2=Belov Alexandr |author3=Sinitsa Valentina |author4=Bychenkov Alexandr |url=http://www.pogoda.by/ |title=Department of Hydrometeorology |publisher=Pogoda.by |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| {{convert|-30.1|°C|°F}}
| Valley o the [[Lesse]] in [[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]]
| 20 Januar 1940&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |title=KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site |publisher=Kmi.be |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928195714/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}}
| {{convert|-42.5|°C|°F}}
| [[Igman]] in [[Sarajevo Canton]]
| 24 Januar 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |title=Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH |publisher=Klix.ba |accessdate=8 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bulgarie}}
| {{convert|-38.3|C|F}}
| [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]]
| 25 Januar 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Croatie}}
| {{convert|-35.5|C|F}}
| [[Čakovec]]
| 3 Februar 1929&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Sixth National Communication and First Biennial Report of the Republic of Croatia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection |language=English |accessdate=2 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| {{convert|-16|C|F}}
| ?
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://viborc.com/lowest-temperatures-records-for-every-european-country/ |title=Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country|accessdate=1 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| {{convert|-42.2|C|F}}
| [[Litvínovice]]
| 11 Februar 1929&lt;ref name=autogenerated2 /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| {{convert|-31.2|C|F}}
| [[Thisted Municipality]], [[North Denmark Region]]
| 8 Januar 1982&lt;ref name=&quot;dmi&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}}
| {{convert|-43.5|C|F}}
| [[Jõgeva]], [[Jõgeva Coonty]]
| 17 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=autogenerated3 /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| {{convert|-51.5|C|F}}
| Pokka, [[Kittilä]], [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]]
| 28 Januar 1999&lt;ref name=fmirecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|France}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Mouthe]], [[Doubs]]
| 17 Januar 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;Méteo France&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&amp;document_id=4578&amp;portlet_id=18309 |title=MétéoFrance |publisher=Comprendre.meteofrance.com |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&amp;document_id=4578&amp;portlet_id=18309 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| {{convert|-45.9|C|F}}
| [[Funtensee]], [[Berchtesgadener Land]], [[Bavarie]]
| 24 December 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|title=Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)|author=Andreas Wagner|date=August 2009|publisher=[[Meteomedia AG|MeteoGroup]]|accessdate=11 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| {{convert|-27.8|C|F}}
| [[Ptolemaida]]
| 27 Januar 1963&lt;ref name=&quot;meteoclub1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| {{convert|-35|C|F}}
| [[Görömbölytapolca]]
| 16 Februar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;met.hu&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Iceland}}
| {{convert|-37.9|C|F|sigfig=3}}
| [[Grímsstaðir]]
| 21 Januar 1918&lt;ref name=&quot;iceland&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| {{convert|-19.1|C|F}}
| [[Markree Castle]], [[County Sligo]]
| 16 Januar 1881&lt;ref name=&quot;Met Éireann&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| {{convert|-49.6|C|F}}
| [[Busa Fradusta]], [[Pale di San Martino]]
| 10 Februar 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;montagna.tv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.montagna.tv/47324/record-di-freddo-in-italia-49-6c-sulle-pale-di-san-martino/|title=Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino|date=10 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Latvie}}
| {{convert|-43.2|C|F}}
| [[Daugavpils]]
| 8 February 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;meteolv&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Lithuanie}}
| {{convert|-42.9|C|F}}
| [[Utena, Lithuanie|Utena]], [[Utena Coonty]]
| 1 February 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;record lithuania&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Malta}}
| {{convert|1.4|C|F}}
| [[Maltae Internaitional Airport]]
| 29 Januar 1981&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltaCC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MaltaNSO/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Moldovae}}
| {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F}}
| [[Brătușeni]], [[Edineț Destrict]]
| {{Dts|20 Januar 1963}}&lt;ref name=Moldovarecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| {{convert|-27.4|C|F}}
| [[Winterswijk]]
| 27 Januar 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;meteonet1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://weergegevens.nl/extremes_day.aspx?station=9999999&amp;extreem=X_TX&amp;order=1&amp;maand=7&amp;dag=25&amp;country=3|title=Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland|work=weergegevens.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|North Macedonie}}
| {{convert|-31.5|C|F}}
| [[Berovo]], [[Berovo Municipality]]
| 27 Januar 1954&lt;ref name=&quot;meteomk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp |archivedate=19 August 2007 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp?X=1 |title=Климатски екстреми |publisher=Hydrometeorological Service |language=Macedonian |accessdate=4 February 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Norawa}}
| {{convert|-51.4|C|F}}
| [[Karasjok]], [[Finnmark]]
| 1 Januar 1886&lt;ref name=&quot;DNMI&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Siedlce]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]]
| 11 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| {{convert|-16.0|C|F}}
| [[Penhas da Saúde]], [[Covilhã Municipality]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Miranda do Douro]]
| 16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954&lt;ref name=&quot;meteopt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |title=Terras da Beira – &quot;Reveillon&quot; português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014 |language=pt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |archivedate=12 August 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Romanie}}
| {{convert|-38.5|C|F}}
| [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]], [[Braşov Coonty]]
| 25 January 1942&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=infoTURIST |url=http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html |title=Romania |publisher=Infoturist.ro |date=25 January 1942 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flagdeco|Roushie}} [[European Roushie]]
| {{convert|-58.1|C|F}}
| [[Ust' Shchugor]], [[Komi Republic]]
| 31 December 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Serbie}}
| {{convert|-39.5|C|F}}
| [[Karajukica Bunari]], [[Zlatibor Destrict]]
| 13 Januar 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;hidmet&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Slovakie}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Vígľaš|Vígľaš-Pstruša]]
| 11 Februar 1929&lt;ref name=slovakrecord/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Slovenie}}
| {{convert|-34.5|C|F}}
| [[Babno Polje]]
| 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at [[Komna]] on 9 Januar 2009 an reached {{convert|-49|C}}.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ARSO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Slovenski vremenski rekordi |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |language=Slovenian |page=2 |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| {{convert|-30|C|F}}
| [[Calamocha]] Airport, [[Province o Teruel|Teruel Province]]
| 17 December 1963&lt;ref name=&quot;AEMET&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf |title=Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |language=Spanish |accessdate=31 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| {{convert|-52.6|C|F}}
| [[Vuoggatjålme]], [[Lapland (Swaden)|Lappland]]
| 2 Februar 1966&lt;ref name=&quot;SMHI&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Swisserland}}
| {{convert|-41.8|C|F}}
| [[La Brévine]]
| 12 Januar 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather in Switzerland&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ukraine}}
| {{convert|-41.9|C|F}}
| [[Luhansk]]
| 8 Januar 1935&lt;ref name=cgo/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;segodnya1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |title=Погодные рекорды Украины &amp;#124; Новости Украины &amp;#124; СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}
| {{convert|-27.2|C|F}}
| [[Braemar]], [[Aberdeenshire]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Altnaharra]], [[Sutherland]]
| 11 Februar 1895&lt;br&gt;10 Januar 1982&lt;br/&gt;30 December 1995&lt;ref name=&quot;UK Met Office&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== North Americae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
! data-sort-type=&quot;ISOdate&quot; | Date
|-
| {{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}}
| {{convert|16.1|C|F}}
| [[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[Antigua]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974-12-31&quot; | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimate/&gt;&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimatedata/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Canada}}
| {{convert|-63.0|C|F}}
| [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]], [[Yukon]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947-02-03&quot; | 3 February 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
| {{convert|11.1|C|F}}
| [[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]]
| ?&lt;ref name=Caymanclimate&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|title=Climate|publisher=National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government)|accessdate=30 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cuba}}
| {{convert|0.6|C|F}}
| Bainoa, [[Mayabeque Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996-02-18&quot; | 18 February 1996&lt;ref name=Cubarecords/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |title = III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología |page = 36 | publisher  = ACQ &amp; Asociados | language = Spanish |trans-title=Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology |accessdate=27 October 2011 |quote = Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| {{convert|-7.0|C|F}}
| Valle Nuevo, [[La Vega Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983-01-17&quot; | 17 January 1983&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós|first1=Constancio|title=Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza|journal=Clío|date=July 2012|issue=184|page=222|url=http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015|publisher=Academia Dominicana de la Historia|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Greenland}}
| {{convert|-66.1|C|F}}
| [[North Ice]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-09&quot; | 9 Januar 1954&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}}
| {{convert|-11.5|C|F}}
| [[Olintepeque]], [[Quetzaltenango Department]]
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;INSIVUMEH&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm |title= Datos metorologicos de los departamentos |publisher= INSIVUMEH |language= spanish |accessdate=26 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- Note:
THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS
for example: http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados/193862/madera-el-lugar-mas-frio-de-mexico
&quot;aunque pocos lo saben porque aquí no hay medidor oficial&quot;, Translation: &quot;though few know it because there is no official measurer&quot;
The source itself states that the record is not official!
--&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Martinique}}
|{{convert|14.1|C|F}}
|[[Le Lamentin]]
|{{Dts|25 December 1964}}&lt;ref name=martiniqueclimate/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Panama}}
| {{convert|2.0|C|F}}
| Bajo Grande, [[Chiriquí Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995-02-20&quot; | 20 February 1995&lt;ref name=ETESA/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
| {{convert|40|F|C|order=flip}}
| [[Aibonito]]/[[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastian]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1911-03-09&quot; | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|US Virgin Islands}}
| {{convert|51.0|F|C|order=flip}}
| [[Anna's Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Anna's Hope]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-31&quot; | 31 January 1954&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt; ({{flag|Alaska}})
| {{convert|-62.2|C|F}}
| [[Prospect Creek, Alaska|Prospect Creek]], [[Alaska]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971-01-23&quot; | 23 January 1971&lt;ref name=&quot;NCEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records |title=National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt; ({{flag|Hawaii}})
| {{convert|-11.1|C|F}}
| [[Mauna Kea]], [[Hawaii]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979-05-17&quot; | 17 May 1979&lt;ref name=usstaterecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |archivedate=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=21 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt;   (Mainland)
| {{convert|-57.0|C|F}}
| [[Rogers Pass (Montana)|Rogers Pass]], [[Montana]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-20&quot; | 20 January 1954&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php?wfo=tfx&amp;type=html&amp;loc=text&amp;fx=topweather| title = Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century | work =National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century | publisher = National Weather Service |accessdate=9 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Sooth Americae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Argentinae}}
| {{convert|-32.8|C|F}}
| [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]]
| 1 Juin 1907&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|publisher= Arizona State University |url= http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title= World Meteorological Organization Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes Archive
|accessdate= 7 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| {{convert|-14.0|C|F}}
| [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]
| 11 Juin 1952&lt;ref name=&quot;Caçador municipality&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = História de Caçador |url = http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&amp;local=18&amp;section=Geral&amp;newsID=a2969554.xml |publisher= A Notícia |language    = Portuguese |trans-title=Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina
 |year  = 2010 |accessdate=22 December 2010 |quote= Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14&amp;nbsp;°C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8&amp;nbsp;°C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], [[Urubici]], also in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], would give the record to this locality.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=140&amp;Itemid=364|title=Recordes de Frio em SC|accessdate=17 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Chile}}
| {{convert|-37|C|F|1}}
| [[Coyhaique Alto]], [[Aysen Region]]
| 21 June 2002&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=Spanish|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818093531/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|French Guiana}}
| {{convert|16.9|C|F}}
| [[Maripasoula]]
| 23 Januar 1964&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url= http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |title= Le Climat Guyanais |publisher=Météo-France |language=French
|accessdate= 31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Paraguay}}
| {{convert|-7.5|C|F}}
| [[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]]
| 13 Julie 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{es icon}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&amp;edicion=2&amp;sec=10&amp;art=28339 Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102005334/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&amp;edicion=2&amp;sec=10&amp;art=28339 |date=2 January 2013 }}, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Peru}}
| {{convert|-25.2|C|F}}
| [[Mazo Cruz]], [[Puno Region]]
| 30 Juin 1966&lt;ref&gt;[http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004314/http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Uruguay}}
| {{convert|-11.0|C|F}}
| [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]], [[Cerro Largo Depairtment]]
| 14 Juin 1967&lt;ref name=uruguayrecordssum/&gt;&lt;ref name=uruguayrecordsraw/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela}}
| {{convert|-12.0|C|F}}
| [[Pico Piedras Blancas|Piedras Blancas]], [[Estado Mérida (Venezuela)|estado Mérida]]
| 15 Januar 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;mherrera&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== Oceanie ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Australie}}
| {{convert|-23.0|C|F}}
| [[Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales]]
| 29 Juin 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
| {{convert|-25.6|C|F}}
| [[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Central Otago]]
| 18 Julie 1903&lt;ref name=&quot;TVNZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |title=New record for New Zealand's coldest day |publisher=TVNZ |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Samoa}}
| {{convert|11.1|C|F}}
| [[Afiamalu, Samoa|Afiamalu]]
| {{Dts|29 September 1971}}&lt;ref name = WBsamoaclimate/&gt;
|}

===Ither law-temperatur records===
* '''Fastest temperatur drop:''' 27.2&amp;nbsp;°C (49&amp;nbsp;°F) in 5 meenits; [[Rapid City, Sooth Dakota]], 10 Januar 1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere)''': {{convert|-33|C|F|1}} degrees; [[Summit Camp]], Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice|url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice|website=vencore weather|accessdate=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Precipitation==
* '''Least per year (locale)''': {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per year or less, [[Quillagua]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|publisher=Weather Underground|accessdate=10 June 2013|author=Christopher C. Burt|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Rain===
* '''Maist in ane minute''': {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Barot, [[Guadeloupe]], 26 November 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/hydrologie/14877.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist in ane oor''': {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 42 minutes. [[Holt, Missouri]], Unitit States, 22 Juin 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 12 oors''': {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], [[Réunion]], 8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 24 oors''': {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], Réunion, 7–8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 48 oors''': {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 15–16 Juin 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 72 oors''': {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, [[Réunion]], 24–26 Februar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 96 oors''': {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 Februar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in ane year''': {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 1860–1861.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Heichest average annual tot''': {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Mawsynram]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;

===Snaw===
* '''Maist in ane-year period''': 31.5 meters (102&amp;nbsp;ft); [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin):''' 29.0&amp;nbsp;meters, (95&amp;nbsp;ft); [[Mount Baker]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 1998 throu 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;season snow record&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton &amp; Co. | ISBN = 0-393-32658-6 |page=77 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist in ane calendar month''' an '''greatest snow depth''' in North Americae: 990.6&amp;nbsp;cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in [[Tamarack, Californie]] in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5&amp;nbsp;cm (451 inches).&lt;ref name=&quot;season snow record&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Frank H. Forrester, ''1001 Questions Answered about the Weather'' (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: &quot;The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wind speed==
* '''Fastest ever recorded''': 484[[±]]32&amp;nbsp;km/h (301[[±]]20&amp;nbsp;mph) 3-second gust; Observed bi a [[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]] ([[Doppler weather radar|Doppler]] On Wheels) radar unit in a [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|tornado]] near [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma on 3 Mey 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;fastest wind&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 18 February 2007| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest recorded wi an [[anemometer]]:''' 113.2&amp;nbsp;m/s or {{convert|407|km/h|abbr=on}} 3-second gust; ane of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)]], 10 Aprile 1996, during [[Cyclone Olivia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |date=2016-03-03 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest recorded wi an anemometer ootside a [[tropical cyclone]]:''' 372&amp;nbsp;km/h (231&amp;nbsp;mph) sustained 1-minute average; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], 12 Aprile 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;101 earth facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=101 Amazing Earth Facts |publisher=SPACE.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest daily average:''' 174&amp;nbsp;km/h (108&amp;nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Adélie Land]]), Antarctica, 24-oor period frae 21 Mairch 1951 tae 22 Mairch 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;

==Tornadoes==
{{Main|Tornado records}}
[[File:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|thumb|250px|The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o [[Bangladesh]].]]

===Deadliest in history===
* '''On Yird''': Approximately 1300 daiths; [[Manikganj Destrict]], Bangladesh on 26 Aprile 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;tornado project Bangladesh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |publisher=Tornadoproject.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In North Americae:''' 695 daiths ([[Tri-State Tornado]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], United States 18 Mairch 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''In Europe:''' 600 or mair ([[Valletta, Malta Tornado|Grand Harbour Tornado]]); [[Valletta]], Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (soorces conflict)&lt;ref name=&quot;TORRO records&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |publisher=TORRO |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In Sooth Americae:''' 63 daiths, [[San Justo, Santa Fe|San Justo]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina, 10 Januar 1973&lt;ref name=&quot;Uno Santafe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html&quot;|title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica|publisher=Uno Santa Fe|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In Australie:''' Three daiths, [[Kin Kin]], [[Queensland]] tornado, 14 August 1971&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |publisher=BOM |accessdate=3 September 2012|archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html|archivedate=17 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ootbreaks===
* '''Lairgest an maist severe:''' The [[Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak.  Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF4s]] an 4 EF5s.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=2013-09-26 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tropical cyclones==
{{Main|Leet o tropical cyclone records}}

===Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur)===
* '''Maist intense iver recordit''': 870&amp;nbsp;hPa (25.63&amp;nbsp;[[Inches o mercury|inHg]]); [[ee (cyclone)|ee]] o [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] ower the Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist intense in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:''' 872&amp;nbsp;hPa (25.75&amp;nbsp;inHg); ee o [[Hurricane Patricia]] ower the eastren Paceefic Ocean, 23 October 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;strongest hurricane&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist intense iver recordit on laund:''' 892&amp;nbsp;hPa (26.35&amp;nbsp;inHg); Craig's Key, Florida, ee o the [[Labor Day Hurricane o 1935|Labor Day Hurricane]], 2 September 1935.  While ither laundfawin tropical cyclones potentially haed lawer pressurs, data is vague frae auries ither nor the [[Atlantic basin]], especially afore the invention o [[wather satellite]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;lowest on land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |publisher=Extremeweatherguide.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ither severe wather==
[[File:Hailstone.jpg|thumb|right|A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} in [[circumference]]]]

===Hail===
{{Main|Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms}}
* '''Hiviest offeecially recordit:''' {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}; [[Gopalganj Destrict (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj Destrict]], Bangladesh, 14 Aprile 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;weather extremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=San Diego, California|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-28|accessdate=1 June 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Lairgest diameter offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|8.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} [[diameter]], {{convert|18.625|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[circumference]]; [[Vivian, Sooth Dakota]], 23 Julie 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url         = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| title         = Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July&amp;nbsp;23, 2010| author         = NWS| date         = 30 July 2010| publisher         = National Weather Service| location         = [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]]| archiveurl         = https://www.webcitation.org/5rhd1coDR?url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| archivedate         = 2010-08-03| accessdate         = 3 August 2010| url-status         = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Lairgest circumference offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; [[Aurora, Nebraska]], 22 Juin 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;weather extremes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NG Hail&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lichtnin===
* '''Langest lichtnin bowt''': {{convert|321|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 20 Juin 2007 in [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=Lang2016&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Timothy |last2=Pédeboy |first2=Stéphane |last3=Rison |first3=William |last4=Cerveny |first4=Randall |last5=Montanyà |first5=Joan |last6=Chauzy |first6=Serge |last7=MacGorman |first7=Donald |last8=Holle |first8=Ronald   |title= WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume= 98|issue= 6|pages=1153–1168 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1 |pmid=28111477 |pmc=5240975 |bibcode =2017BAMS...98.1153L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wmolightning&gt;{{cite news|title=WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|accessdate=16 September 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=16 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Langest duration for a single lichtnin flash''': 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], Fraunce.&lt;ref name=Lang2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=wmolightning/&gt;
* '''Maist strikes per year''': [[Catatumbo lichtnin]] in [[Loch Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] earned the tap spot receivin an average rate o aboot 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA lightning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html |title=NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Albrecht2016&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Steven |last3=Buechler |first3=Dennis |last4=Blakeslee |first4=Richard |last5=Christian |first5=Hugh   |title= Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume=97 |issue=11 |page= 2051|date=December 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 |bibcode =2016BAMS...97.2051A }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===UV===
*On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ither categories==
* '''Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters)''': 1084.8&amp;nbsp;hPa (32.03&amp;nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Khövsgöl Province]],  [[Mongolia]], 19 December 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; This is the equivalent [[sea-level pressur]]; Tosontsengel is locatit at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} abuin sea level.  The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261&amp;nbsp;m (856.3&amp;nbsp;ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU2&quot;/&gt;

==See an aa==
{{Portal|Wather}}
* [[Extremes on Yird]]
* [[Leet o extreme temperaturs in Canadae]]
* [[UK rainfaw records]]
* [[U.S. state temperatur extremes]]
* [[Wather extremes in Canadae]]
* [[2013 extreme wather events]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;notes&quot;}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }}
* [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes] (Arizona State Varsity)

{{Portal bar|Wather}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Wather Records}}
[[Category:Leets o wather records| ]]
[[Category:Wather extremes o Yird]]</text>
      <sha1>17h0us4jll1bqd1bmulqsseqyotpcqt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Golan Hichts</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>125103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869333</id>
      <parentid>863168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:47:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6254" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See Template:Infobox Municipality for additional fields that may be available--&gt;
&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Municipality for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|name                   = Golan Hichts  &lt;!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --&gt;
|official_name          = 
|other_name             =
|native_name            = هضبة الجولان&lt;br/&gt;רמת הגולן&lt;!-- if different from the English name --&gt;
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        =
|total_type             = &lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_map = Golan_Heights_Map.PNG
|image_skyline          = Brechat ram mt hermon.JPG
|image_caption = [[Loch Ram]] near [[Moont Hermon]] (backgrund), in the northeastren Golan Hichts
|mapsize                =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = &lt;!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --&gt;
|pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
|pushpin_map_caption    =
|pushpin_mapsize        =
|coordinates            = {{coord|32|58|54|N|35|44|58|E|dim:80km|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = Sirian territory occupied bi Israel.&lt;ref name=occupiedSyrian&gt;* &quot;The international community maintains that the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and without international legal effect.&quot; {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DqIv03qWPc0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=The+situation+of+workers+of+the+occupied+Arab+territories:+report+of+the#v=snippet&amp;q=%22The%20international%20community%20maintains%20that%20the%20Israeli%20decision%20to%20impose%20its%20laws%2C%20jurisdiction%20and%20administration%20in%20the%20occupied%20Syrian%20Golan%20is%20null%20and%20void%20and%20without%20international%20legal%20effect.%22&amp;f=false|title=The situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories|author=International Labour Office|edition=International government publication|publisher=International Labour Office|year=2009|isbn=978-92-2-120630-9|page=23}}
* &quot;...occupied Syrian Golan Heights...&quot; ([http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/peace02.htm The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604091304/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/peace02.htm |date=2009-06-04 }}, ''www.al-bab.com''. Retrieved August 1, 2010.)
* In 2008, a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly voted by 161–1 in favour of a motion on the &quot;occupied Syrian Golan&quot; that reaffirmed support for UN Resolution 497. ([http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10794.doc.htm General Assembly adopts broad range of texts, 26 in all, on recommendation of its fourth Committee, including on decolonization, information, Palestine refugees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628235312/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10794.doc.htm |date=2011-06-28 }}, United Nations, December 5, 2008.)
*&quot;the Syrian Golan Heights territory, which Israel has occupied since 1967&quot;. Also, &quot;the Golan Heights, a 450-square mile portion of southwestern Syria that Israel occupied during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.&quot; ([http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/62681.pdf CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues], Congressional Research Service. 19 January 2006)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=korman_condemned&gt;{{citation|title=The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice|last=Korman|first=Sharon|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=262–263}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|subdivision_type1      =
|subdivision_name1       =
|seat_type              =
|seat                   =
|parts_type             =
|parts_style            = &lt;!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)
                               Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--&gt;
|parts                  = &lt;!-- parts text, or header for parts list --&gt;
|p1                     =
|p2                     = &lt;!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--&gt;
&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = &lt;!-- use only to set a special wikilink --&gt;
|unit_pref                =&lt;!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           =1800 &lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_blank1_title        =Occupied bi [[Israel]]
|area_blank1_km2          =1200
&lt;!-- Elevation --------------------------&gt;
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
|elevation_max_m            =2814
|elevation_min_m            =0
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               =2011
|population_total               = 
|population_footnotes      =
}}
The '''Golan Hichts''' ({{lang-ar|هضبة الجولان}} {{transl|ar|''Haḍbatu 'l-Jawlān''}} or مرتفعات الجولان {{transl|ar|''Murtafaʻātu l-Jawlān''}}, {{lang-he|רמת הגולן}}, {{transl|he|''Ramat ha-Golan''}} &lt;small&gt;{{Audio|Ramat hagolan.ogg|(audio)}}&lt;/small&gt;), or simply the '''Golan''' or the '''Sirian Golan''',&lt;ref name=UNSyrianGolan&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5EDA05102FDE89548525757C00655B20 |title=Human rights in the occupied Syrian Golan |author= |date=27 February 2009 |work=Human Rights Council |publisher=United Nations General Assembly |accessdate=19 December 2011 |archive-date=2012-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224212832/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5EDA05102FDE89548525757C00655B20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a region in the [[Levant]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Golan Hichts| ]]
[[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Volcanic plateaus]]
[[Category:Volcanic fields]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Disputit territories in Asie]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes o Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli-occupied territories]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes o Sirie]]
[[Category:Israel–Sirie border]]</text>
      <sha1>gxhyzog85n3qak8m0v46ysd9pdt1l9b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>East Nusa Tenggara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>125218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869319</id>
      <parentid>825452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:37:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4011" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = East Nusa Tenggara
| native_name             = ''Nusa Tenggara Timur''&lt;!-- If different from name --&gt;
| native_name_lang        = id&lt;!-- ISO 639 code e.g. &quot;id&quot; for Indonesian --&gt;
| type                    = [[Provinces o Indonesie|Province]]
| image_skyline           = Komodo Island north aerial.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = [[Komodo Island]]
| image_flag              = Flag of East Nusa Tenggara.svg
| image_seal              = Coat of arms of East Nusa Tenggara.svg
| seal_alt                = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = IndonesiaEastNusaTenggara.png
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location o East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesie
| coordinates             = {{coord|10|11|S|123|35|E|region:ID_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Indonesie]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| seat_type               = [[Leet o caipitals o provinces in Indonesie|Caipital]]
| seat                    = [[Kupang]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_title            = Govrenor
| leader_name             = [[Frans Lebu Raya]]
| leader_party            = [[Indonesian Democratic Pairty-Struggle|PDI-P]]
| leader_title2           = Vice Govrenor
| leader_name2            = [[Benny Alexander Litelnoni]]
| unit_pref               = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 48718.10
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;bps2010&quot;&gt;[http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf Central Bureau of Statistics: ''Census 2010''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201005819/http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf |date=2012-02-01 }}, retrieved 17 January 2011 {{id}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 5070746
| population_as_of        = 2014 Estimate
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| demographics_type1      = Demographics 
| demographics1_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| demographics1_title1    = [[Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1     = [[Atoni]] or [[Atoni|Dawan]] (22%)&lt;br&gt;[[Manggarai]] (15%)&lt;br&gt;[[Sumba]] (12%)&lt;br&gt;[[Belu Regency|Belu]] (9%)&lt;br&gt;[[Lamaholot]] (8%)&lt;br&gt;[[Rote Island|Rote]] (5%)&lt;br&gt;[[Lio]] (4%)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
 | last  = | first  =
 | publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
 | title =Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape
 | date  = | year =2003 | url  = | accessdate = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2    = [[Releegion]]
| demographics1_info2     = [[Roman Catholicism]] (55%)&lt;br&gt;[[Protestantism]] (34%)&lt;br&gt;[[Islam]] (8%)&lt;br&gt;Ither (3%)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://nttprov.go.id/provntt/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=108&amp;Itemid=111 |title=2008 estimate |access-date=2015-08-09 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203016/http://nttprov.go.id/provntt/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=108&amp;Itemid=111 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title3    = [[Leids]]
| demographics1_info3     = [[Indonesian leid|Indonesian]]
| timezone1               = [[Time in Indonesie|WITA]] ([[UTC+8]])
| utc_offset1             = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| website                 = [http://www.nttprov.go.id/ nttprov.go.id]
| footnotes               = 
}}
'''East Nusa Tenggara''' ({{lang-id|Nusa Tenggara Timur}} – '''NTT''') is a [[provinces o Indonesie|province]] o [[Indonesie]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:East Nusa Tenggara| ]]
[[Category:Provinces o Indonesie]]</text>
      <sha1>0ibvt559tq7gt3qvn7yr5w81oz3nh2f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alexandre Dumas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>126255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869272</id>
      <parentid>817516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:01:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2202" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}}

{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;
| name = Alexandre Dumas
| image = Nadar - Alexander Dumas père (1802-1870) - Google Art Project 2.jpg
| caption = Dumas in 1855
| birth_name    = Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1802|7|24}}
| birth_place = [[Villers-Cotterêts]], [[Aisne]], Fraunce
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1870|12|5|1802|7|24}}
| death_place = Puys (near [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]]), [[Seine-Maritime]], [[French Third Republic|Fraunce]]
| occupation = playwright an novelist 
| nationality = French
| period = 1829–1869
| movement = [[Romanticism]] an [[Heestorical feection]]
| notableworks =[[The Three Musketeers]] , [[Twenty Years After]] , [[The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later]]
| signature = Alexandre Dumas Signature.svg
| relatives = {{Plainlist |
* {{nowrap|[[Thomas-Alexandre Dumas]] (faither)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Marie-Cessette Dumas]] (grandmither)}}
* [[Alexandre Dumas, fils]] (son)
* [[Alexandre Lippmann]] (great-grandson)
}}
}}
'''Alexandre Dumas''' ({{IPA-fr|a.lɛk.sɑ̃dʁ dy.ma|lang}}, born '''Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie''' {{IPA-fr|dy.ma da.vi də la pa.jə.tʁi|}}; 24 Julie 1802 – 5 December 1870),&lt;ref&gt;[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563124/Alexandre_Dumas.html Alexandre Dumas]on [[Encarta]]. 31 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; forby kent as '''Alexandre Dumas, ''père''''', wis a French writer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dumas, Alexandre}}
[[Category:Alexandre Dumas| ]]
[[Category:19t-century French writers]]
[[Category:19t-century French novelists]]
[[Category:19t-century dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:French dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:French novelists]]
[[Category:French historical novelists]]
[[Category:French fantasy writers]]
[[Category:French fuid writers]]
[[Category:French writers]]
[[Category:French memoirists]]
[[Category:Writers frae Picardy]]
[[Category:Foreign observers o Roushie]]
[[Category:French fowk o Haitian strynd]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Aisne]]
[[Category:Buirials at the Panthéon, Paris]]
[[Category:1802 births]]
[[Category:1870 daiths]]
{{stub/Fraunce}}</text>
      <sha1>bwtevjklcfiqq3dl17fw395u4p60y4z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>869415</id>
      <parentid>869272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T07:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2349" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}}

{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;
| name = Alexandre Dumas
| image = Nadar - Alexander Dumas père (1802-1870) - Google Art Project 2.jpg
| caption = Dumas in 1855
| birth_name    = Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1802|7|24}}
| birth_place = [[Villers-Cotterêts]], [[Aisne]], Fraunce
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1870|12|5|1802|7|24}}
| death_place = Puys (near [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]]), [[Seine-Maritime]], [[French Third Republic|Fraunce]]
| occupation = playwright an novelist 
| nationality = French
| period = 1829–1869
| movement = [[Romanticism]] an [[Heestorical feection]]
| notableworks =[[The Three Musketeers]] , [[Twenty Years After]] , [[The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later]]
| signature = Alexandre Dumas Signature.svg
| relatives = {{Plainlist |
* {{nowrap|[[Thomas-Alexandre Dumas]] (faither)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Marie-Cessette Dumas]] (grandmither)}}
* [[Alexandre Dumas, fils]] (son)
* [[Alexandre Lippmann]] (great-grandson)
}}
}}
'''Alexandre Dumas''' ({{IPA-fr|a.lɛk.sɑ̃dʁ dy.ma|lang}}, born '''Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie''' {{IPA-fr|dy.ma da.vi də la pa.jə.tʁi|}}; 24 Julie 1802 – 5 December 1870),&lt;ref&gt;[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563124/Alexandre_Dumas.html Alexandre Dumas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031033457/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563124/Alexandre_Dumas.html |date=2009-10-31 }}on [[Encarta]]. 31 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; forby kent as '''Alexandre Dumas, ''père''''', wis a French writer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dumas, Alexandre}}
[[Category:Alexandre Dumas| ]]
[[Category:19t-century French writers]]
[[Category:19t-century French novelists]]
[[Category:19t-century dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:French dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:French novelists]]
[[Category:French historical novelists]]
[[Category:French fantasy writers]]
[[Category:French fuid writers]]
[[Category:French writers]]
[[Category:French memoirists]]
[[Category:Writers frae Picardy]]
[[Category:Foreign observers o Roushie]]
[[Category:French fowk o Haitian strynd]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Aisne]]
[[Category:Buirials at the Panthéon, Paris]]
[[Category:1802 births]]
[[Category:1870 daiths]]
{{stub/Fraunce}}</text>
      <sha1>i7vq8dnuqxu5arsxgkrr9aiy7aqorhm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ivan the Terrible</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>126568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869346</id>
      <parentid>826954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:56:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2874" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty
|name=Ivan the Terrible
|image=Ivan IV by anonim (18th c., GIM).jpg
|caption=18t century depiction in the [[State Heestorical Museum]]
|succession=[[Leet o Roushie rulers|Tsar o Aw the Roushies]]
|reign=16 January 1547 – {{nowrap|28 March 1584}}
|coronation=16 Januar 1547
|cor-type=[[Coronation o the Roushie monarch|Coronation]]
|successor=[[Feodor I o Roushie|Feodor I]]
|succession1=[[Grand Prince o Moscow]]
|reign1=3 December 1533 – {{nowrap|16 January 1547}}
|predecessor1 = [[Vasili III o Roushie|Vasili III]]
|spouse-type  = Spouses
|spouse       = {{List collapsed|title=''See leet''|1=[[Anastasia Romanovna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Maria Temryukovna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Marfa Sobakina]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anna Koltovskaya]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anna Vasilchikova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vasilisa Melentyeva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Maria Dolgorukaya]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Maria Nagaya]]}}
|issue        = {{List collapsed|title=''See leet''|1=[[Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich o Roushie (1552–1553)|Dmitry Ivanovich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich o Roushie|Ivan Ivanovich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Feodor I o Roushie]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich o Roushie (born 1582)|Dmitry Ivanovich]]}}
|issue-link   = #Childer
|issue-pipe   = more...
|full name    = Ivan Vasilyevich
|house        = [[Rurik Dynasty|Rurik]]
|house-type   = Dynasty
|father       = [[Vasili III o Roushie]]
|mother       = [[Elena Glinskaya]]
|birth_date   = {{OldStyleDate|3 September|1530|25 August}}
|birth_place  = [[Kolomenskoye]], [[Grand Duchy o Moscow|Roushie]]
|death_date   = {{OldStyleDate|28 March|1584|18 March}} &lt;br /&gt;(aged 53)
|death_place  = [[Moscow]], [[Tsardom o Roushie|Roushie]]
|burial_date  =
|burial_place = [[Cathedral o the Airchangel]], Moscow
|religion     = [[Roushie Orthodox Kirk|Roushie Orthodox]]
|}}
'''Ivan IV Vasilyevich''' ({{lang-rus|Ива́н Васи́льевич|Ivan Vasilevich||pron}}; {{OldStyleDate|3 September|1530|25 August}} – {{OldStyleDate|28 Mairch|1584|18 Mairch}}),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091022145717/http://geocities.com/quermaz/history/h4mar/h4mar28.html 28 March: This Date in History]. Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2011-12-07&lt;/ref&gt; commonly kent as '''Ivan the Terrible''' ({{audio-ru|Ива́н Гро́зный|Ru-Ivan Grozny.ogg}}, ''Ivan Grozny''), wis the [[Grand Prince o Moscow]] frae 1533 tae 1547 an [[Leet o Roushie rulers|Tsar o Aw the Roushies]] frae 1547 till his daith.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terrible, Ivan the}}
[[Category:Ivan the Terrible|*]]
[[Category:1530 births]]
[[Category:1584 daiths]]
[[Category:16t-century Roushie fowk]]
[[Category:16t-century rulers in Europe]]
[[Category:Filicides]]
[[Category:Fowk saunts]]
[[Category:Grand Princes o Moscow]]
[[Category:Modren bairn rulers]]
[[Category:Orthodox monarchs]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Moscow]]
[[Category:Rurik Dynasty]]
[[Category:Rurikids]]
[[Category:Roushie fowk o Serbie strynd]]
[[Category:Roushie tsars]]</text>
      <sha1>88nagwgwpos7no208ztwgod0eenrn9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bouvet Island</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>129414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869293</id>
      <parentid>859451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2928" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name= Bouvet Island
|native_name = {{unbulleted list |''Bouvetøya''&lt;ref name=&quot;FOR19711217&quot;/&gt; |''Bouvet-øya''&lt;ref name=&quot;LOV19300227&quot;/&gt;}}
|common_name = Bouvet Island
|image_flag = Flag of Norway.svg
|image_map = Bouvet Island on the globe (Antarctica centered).svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=circled in red |region=the [[Atlantic Ocean]] |region_color=light yellow}}
|coordinates = {{Coord|54|25.8|S|3|22.8|E|type:city}}
|government_type = [[Dependencies o Norawa|Dependent territory]]
|leader_title1 = [[Monarchy o Norawa|Monarch]]
|leader_name1 = [[Harald V o Norawa]]
|leader_title2 = Admeenistration
|leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Norse Meenistry o Juistice an the Polis|Meenistry o Juistice an the Polis]]}}
|sovereignty_type = [[Dependencies o Norawa|Dependency o Norawa]]
|established_event1 = Claimed
|established_date1 = 1 December 1927
|established_event2 = [[Annexation|Annexed]]
|established_date2 = 23 Januar 1928
|established_event3 = Dependency
|established_date3 = 27 Februar 1930&lt;ref name=&quot;LOV19300227&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lov om Bouvet-øya, Peter I's øy og Dronning Maud Land m.m. (bilandsloven) |url=http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19300227-003-0.html#1 |language=no |publisher=Lovdata |accessdate=29 August 2011 |archivedate=2013-12-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231248/http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19300227-003-0.html#1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Nature reserve]]}}
|established_date4 = 17 December 1971&lt;ref name=&quot;FOR19711217&quot;/&gt;
|area_label = Total
|area_km2 = 49
|area_label2 = [[Glacier|Glaciatit]]
|area_data2 = 93%
|population_census = Uninhabitit
|cctld = [[.bv]]&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
|footnote_a = Nae in uise.
}}
'''Bouvet Island''' ([[Norawa|Norse]]: '''Bouvetøya''',&lt;ref name=&quot;FOR19711217&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Forskrift om fredning av Bouvetøya med tilliggende territorialfarvann som naturreservat |url=http://lovdata.no/for/sf/md/xd-19711217-0009.html |language=no |publisher=Lovdata |accessdate=9 May 2012 |archivedate=2012-05-09 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67Wp54XEy?url=http://lovdata.no/for/sf/md/xd-19711217-0009.html|url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; previously spelled '''Bouvet-øya'''&lt;ref name=&quot;LOV19300227&quot;/&gt;) is an uninhabitit [[subantarctic]] [[volcanic island]] an [[dependencies o Norawa|dependency]] o [[Norawa]] locatit in the Sooth [[Atlantic Ocean]] at {{coord|54|25.8|S|3|22.8|E|type:isle_region:BV|display=inline,title}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bouvet Island| ]]
[[Category:Antarctic region]]
[[Category:Dependencies o Norawa]]
[[Category:Important Bird Auries o Norse owerseas territories]]
[[Category:Inactive volcanoes]]
[[Category:Naitur reserves in Norawa]]
[[Category:Ridge volcanoes]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1928]]
[[Category:Uninhabitit islands o Norawa]]
[[Category:Volcanoes o Norawa]]
[[Category:Volcanoes o the Soothren Ocean]]</text>
      <sha1>igh2x73eg0pxoilure9iymrvmt8dk8z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>132602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869263</id>
      <parentid>868699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7521" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}}

{{Infobox person
| name          = Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi&lt;br&gt; {{lang|ar|أبو بكر البغدادي}}
| image         =Mugshot of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.jpg
| title = Leader o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]]
| native_name = {{lang|ar|إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم علي محمد البدري السامرائي}}
| birth_name  = Ibrahim Awwadty Ibrahim Ali Muhammad al-Badri al-Samarrai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1= Hal |first1=John  |last2=Hanna |first2=Laurie  |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2961814/From-failure-fanatic-Report-card-emerges-ISIS-leader-Baghdadi-showing-struggled-English-repeat-final-year.html|title=Report card emerges showing ISIS leader struggled at school |work=Daily Mail |accessdate=24 February 2015 | archivedate = 2015-07-19 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150719033545/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2961814/From-failure-fanatic-Report-card-emerges-ISIS-leader-Baghdadi-showing-struggled-English-repeat-final-year.html | deadurl = no }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|1971|07|28|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;personal&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee adds Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai to its Sanctions List |url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10405.doc.htm |date=5 October 2011 |publisher=United Nations Security Council, SC/10405 |accessdate=20 July 2014  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_place = Near [[Samarra]], [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]&lt;ref name=&quot;personal&quot;/&gt;
| death_date  = 2019
| death_place = 
| death_cause = 
| nationality = [[Iraqi fowk|Iraqi]]
| other_names = Abu Bakr &lt;br&gt; Caliph Ibrahim &lt;br&gt; Abu Du'a&lt;ref name=dos-reward&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/abu_dua.html |title=Rewards for Justice - Wanted |publisher=U.S. Department of State's [[Bureau of Diplomatic Security]] |accessdate=8 December 2014 |archive-date=2016-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116001435/https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/abu_dua.html |url-status=dead }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20111211065625/http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=dua webcitation)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt; 'The Invisible Sheikh'&lt;ref name=alarab-rise&gt;{{cite news|last1=Crompton|first1=Paul|title=The rise of the new 'caliph,' ISIS chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/profiles/2014/06/30/The-rise-of-the-new-caliph-ISIS-chief-Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi.html|accessdate=24 February 2015|work=Al Arabiya News|date=30 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| criminal_charge  = Abu Du'a is a Specially Designatit Global Terrorist unner U.S. Executive Order 13224. He is leetit at the [[Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee|Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil 1267/1989 al-Qaida Sanctions Committee]] an aw.
| known_for    = 
| predecessor  = [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]]
|religion       = [[Sunni Islam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title =Profile: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | url =http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27801676/| website =BBC| date = 15 May 2015| accessdate = 16 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title =The many names of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi| url =http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/isis-baghdadi-islamic-state-caliph-many-names-al-qaeda.html#| website = Al Monitor| date = 23 March 2015| accessdate = 11 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|module       = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance   = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|25px}} Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2003–2006)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br&gt;  {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|center|250px}} [[Al-Qaeda]] &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2006-2013)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br&gt;
* [[Mujahideen Shura Cooncil (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Cooncil]]  &lt;small&gt;(Januar 2006–October 2006)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg|25px}} [[Islamic State o Iraq]] &lt;small&gt;(October 2006–Aprile 2013)&lt;/small&gt;
{{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg|25px}} [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Aprile 2013–present)&lt;/small&gt;
|branch =
|serviceyears = 2003–present
|rank = Leader 
|battles = 
'''[[War on Terror]]''' &lt;br&gt;
'''Iraq'''
* [[Iraq War]]
* [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)|Iraqi Insurgency]]
'''Sirie'''
* [[Sirian Ceevil War]]
'''[[Militar intervention against ISIL]]'''
* [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)]]
* [[Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)]]
* [[American-led intervention in Sirie]]
* [[Februar 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libie]]
* [[Boko Haram insurgency]]
}}
}}
'''Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi''' ({{lang-ar|أبو بكر البغدادي}})&lt;ref name=&quot;Abraham&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Alissa J. |authorlink=Alissa J. Rubin |title=Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/world/asia/iraq-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-sermon-video.html |newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 July 2014|accessdate=20 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27801676 |title=Profile: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi |publisher=BBC News|date=5 July 2014|accessdate=20 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ibrahim&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html|title=ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as &quot;Islamic State&quot;|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=29 June 2014|publisher=SITE Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; wis the leader&lt;ref name=&quot;Dov Lieber Jpost&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Dov Lieber |agency=Reuters |date=9 November 2014 |title=Iraqi official confirms Islamic State leader Baghdadi injured in US airstrike |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Report-Islamic-State-spokesman-confirms-leader-Baghdadi-injured-in-US-airstrike-381274 |accessdate=16 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=farsnews&gt;{{cite news |url=http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13930421001395 |title=Iran Asks for Worldwide Prosecution of ISIL Ringleader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi |date=12 July 2014 |publisher=FARS News agency |accessdate=16 March 2015 |archive-date=2015-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216201148/http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13930421001395 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=secretnews&gt;[http://secretnews-compact.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=43481:iran-asks-for-worldwide-prosecution-of-isil-ringleader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi&amp;catid=1:latest-news&amp;Itemid=50 Iran Asks for Worldwide Prosecution of ISIL Ringleader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216195800/http://secretnews-compact.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=43481%3Airan-asks-for-worldwide-prosecution-of-isil-ringleader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi&amp;catid=1%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=50 |date=2015-02-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] (ISIL) kent as ISIS or Daesh an aw, an [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremist]] group in wastren Iraq, Libie, northeast Nigerie, an Sirie. It is believed that he his been proclaimed bi his follaers tae be a [[caliph]].&lt;ref name=dos-names&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/05/226067.htm |title=Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=14 May 2014 |accessdate=13 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baghdadi, Abu Bakr}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2019 daiths]]
[[Category:Al-Qaeda leaders]]
[[Category:Creetics o Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Iraqi politeecians]]
[[Category:Iraqi Salafis]]
[[Category:Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant members frae Iraq]]
[[Category:Muslim theologians]]
{{stub}}</text>
      <sha1>q0ihyhd4c3crinlg67izipfigc7mvjr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Colchester</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869307</id>
      <parentid>865264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:44:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3050" xml:space="preserve">{{itheruises}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = Ingland
|official_name= Colchester
|coordinates = {{coord|51.8917|0.903|display=inline,title}}
| population = 121,859
| population_ref = ([[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 census]])
 |shire_district= [[Borough o Colchester|Colchester]]
|shire_county = [[Essex]]
|region= East o Ingland
|constituency_westminster= [[Colchester (UK Pairlament constituency)|Colchester]]
|post_town= COLCHESTER
|postcode_area= CO
|postcode_district= CO1 – CO7
|dial_code= 01206
|os_grid_reference= TL997254
|static_image=[[File:Colchester town center.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=Colchester High Street
}}
'''Colchester''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Colchester.ogg|ˈ|k|oʊ|l|tʃ|ɛ|s|t|ər}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/36091?redirectedFrom=colchester#eid8861085 |title=Oxford English Dictionary Gateway |publisher=Dictionary.oed.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an heestoric toun an the lairgest dounset within the [[borough o Colchester]] in [[Essex]], Ingland.

==Twin touns==
Colchester's [[toun twinnin|twin touns]] are:&lt;ref name=&quot;Colchester twinning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://colchestertwinningsociety.co.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Nov-2012.pdf|title=Twin Town News - Colchester, Avignon, Imola and Wetzlar|accessdate=2013-07-22|last=Francis|first=Valerie|work=The Colchester Twinning Society|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065258/http://colchestertwinningsociety.co.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Nov-2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Wetzlar]], Germany, syne 1969&lt;ref name=&quot;Colchester twinning&quot;/&gt;
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Avignon]], Fraunce, syne 1972&lt;ref name=&quot;Colchester twinning&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Archant twinning 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|title=British towns twinned with French towns ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|accessdate=2013-07-12|work=Archant Community Media Ltd|archive-date=2013-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avignon jumelages&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.avignon.fr/fr/pratique/jumelage/ville.php|title=Jumelages et Relations Internationales - Avignon|accessdate = 2013-07-13|work=Avignon.fr|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avignon Ministère&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=avignon&amp;x=70&amp;y=21|title=Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures|accessdate=2013-07-13|work=Ministère des affaires étrangères|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Imola]], Italy, syne 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;Colchester twinning&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Colchester| ]]
[[Category:Ports an harbours o Essex]]
[[Category:Roman colonies]]
[[Category:Mercat touns in Essex]]
[[Category:Tredin posts o the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Touns in Essex]]
[[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]]
[[Category:Roman Breetain]]</text>
      <sha1>51amajzf4kti68j9zzgc17pli46ww3o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Katie Chapman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869360</id>
      <parentid>866272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:38:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5666" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name           = Katie Chapman
| fullname       = Katie Sarah Chapman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/index.htmx?pn=katie+chapman&amp;cp=c|title=Player Statistics|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=13 October 2010|archive-date=2015-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522140805/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/index.htmx?pn=katie+chapman&amp;cp=c|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image          = Katie Chapman.jpg
| image_size     = 200px
| birth_date     = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|6|15}}
| birth_place    = [[Bermondsey]], [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]]
| height         = 171cm&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Players - England|url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf|publisher=[[FIFA]]|accessdate=1 August 2015|page=10|format=PDF|date=6 July 2015|archive-date=2016-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410062327/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| position       = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub    = [[Chelsea L.F.C.|Chelsea Ladies]]
| clubnumber     = 17
| youthyears1    = 1992–1996 
| youthclubs1    = [[Millwall Lionesses L.F.C.|Millwall Lionesses]] 
| caps1          =   
| goals1         =
| years1         = 1996–2000 
| clubs1         = [[Millwall Lionesses L.F.C.|Millwall Lionesses]] 
| years2         = 2000–2004 |clubs2 = [[Fulham L.F.C.|Fulham Ladies]] |caps2 =   |goals2 =
| years3         = 2004–2006 |clubs3 = [[Charlton Athletic L.F.C.|Charlton Athletic]] |caps3 =   |goals3 =
| years4         = 2006–2010 |clubs4 = [[Arsenal L.F.C.|Arsenal Ladies]] |caps4 = 58  |goals4 = 30
| years5         = 2010     |clubs5 = [[Chicago Red Stars]] |caps5 = 21 |goals5 = 0
| years6         = 2010–2013     |clubs6 = [[Arsenal L.F.C.|Arsenal Ladies]] |caps6 = 37 |goals6 = 5 
| years7         = 2014–     |clubs7 = [[Chelsea L.F.C.|Chelsea Ladies]] |caps7 = 13 |goals7 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2000– 
| nationalteam1 = [[Ingland weemen's naitional fitbaw team|Ingland]] 
| nationalcaps1 = 91 
| nationalgoals1 = 8
| pcupdate       = 12:45, 19 January 2013 (UTC)
| ntupdate       = 10:40, 1 August 2015 (UTC)
}}
'''Katie Sarah Chapman''' (born 15&amp;nbsp;Juin&amp;nbsp;1982) is a Inglis [[Weemen's association fitbaw|fitbawer]] who plays for Inglis [[FA WSL]] club [[Chelsea L.F.C.|Chelsea Ladies]] an is a member o the [[Ingland weemen's naitional fitbaw team|Ingland weemen's naitional team]]. She primarily plays as a [[Defensive midfielder|central midfielder]], awtho she haes been deployed in [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Centre back|central defence]] while playin for Ingland an aw. Chapman is kent for her strenth, fierce tacklin an heidin ability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/woman/article268501.ece|title=Come on En-girl-and|work=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|date=11 September 2007 |accessdate=1 April 2011 | location=London| first=Sally| last=Brook}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/2977227.stm|title=Katie Chapman|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 April 2003 |accessdate=1 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mither o three, Chapman is describit as &quot;a pheesical player who handles a brunt o the dirty wirk in the middle o the pitch. She can produce on the affensive end in a big gemme an aw.&quot;&lt;ref name=chicago/&gt; Her playin ability, profile an influence hae drawn comparisons tae umwhile [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland]] caiptain an fellae [[Lunnon]]er [[David Beckham]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/pictures/image/0,8556,-10104600971,00.html|title=Katie Chapman|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|accessdate=1 April 2011|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1212228/Meet-Englands-star-midfielder-mother-wont-lining-Croatia-tonight.html|title=Move over Beckham, meet England's other star midfielder...  the mother-of-two set to make football history in Euro final|date=9 September 2009 |publisher=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=1 April 2011|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat}}
*{{FIFA player|190222|Katie Chapman}}
*[http://www.arsenal.com/ladies/players/katie-chapman Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423152659/http://www.arsenal.com/ladies/players/katie-chapman |date=2011-04-23 }} at Arsenal.com
*[http://www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/C/Katie-Chapman Katie Chapman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303114538/http://www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/C/Katie-Chapman |date=2014-03-03 }} at the FA wabsteid
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090911040713/http://www.geocities.com/titch2401/katiechapman.html  Unoffeecial wabsteid]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chapman, Katie}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Bermondsey]]
[[Category:Inglis weemen's fitbawers]]
[[Category:Ingland weemen's internaitional fitbawers]]
[[Category:Arsenal L.F.C. players]]
[[Category:Chelsea L.F.C. players]]
[[Category:Millwall Lionesses L.F.C. players]]
[[Category:Fulham L.F.C. players]]
[[Category:Charlton Athletic L.F.C. players]]
[[Category:FA Women's Premier League players]]
[[Category:Chicago Red Stars (WPS) players]]
[[Category:Expatriate weemen's association fitbawers in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Inglis expatriates in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:FA WSL players]]
[[Category:Inglis expatriate fitbawers]]
[[Category:2007 FIFA Weemen's Warld Cup players]]
[[Category:2015 FIFA Weemen's Warld Cup players]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]]</text>
      <sha1>nbsl4u4ioctxvpegwqaf3966u7ec1p8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hénin-Beaumont</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869342</id>
      <parentid>865150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:37:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2196" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox French commune
|name               = Hénin-Beaumont
|image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Hénin-Beaumont.svg
|region             = [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]]
|department         = [[Pas-de-Calais]]
|arrondissement     = [[arrondissement o Lens|Lens]]
|canton             = 2 cantons
|INSEE              = 62427
|postal code        = 62110
|mayor              = [[:fr:Steeve Briois|Steeve Briois]] [[Naitional Front (Fraunce)|(FN)]]
|term               = 2014-
|intercommunality   = [[Communauté d'agglomération d'Hénin-Carvin]]
|coordinates        = {{coord|50.4217|2.9508|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m        = 32
|elevation min m    = 23
|elevation max m    = 65
|area km2           = 20.72
|population         = 26278
|population date    = 2010
}}
'''Hénin-Beaumont''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Pas-de-Calais]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in the [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] region o [[Fraunce]].

==Internaitional relations==
Hénin-Beaumont is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Konin]], [[Poland]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Herne, Germany|Herne]], [[Germany]]
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Wakefield]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wakefield twinning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/TownTwinning/twintowns.htmclick|title=Wakefield's twin towns|accessdate=2013-07-14|work=Wakefield City Council|archive-date=2013-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017025315/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/TownTwinning/twintowns.htmclick|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Archant twinning 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|title=British towns twinned with French towns ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|accessdate=2013-07-12|work=Archant Community Media Ltd|archive-date=2013-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Rufisque]], [[Senegal]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rolling Meadows]], [[USA]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pas-de-Calais communes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heninbeaumont}}
[[Category:Communes o Pas-de-Calais]]</text>
      <sha1>dt4pp5xq1ney22qubqxvqi6aoxng1r7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>First Chechen War</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869322</id>
      <parentid>865127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:11:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4998" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = First Chechen War
| partof      = [[Chechen–Roushie conflict]]
| image       = [[Image:Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down.jpg|300px]]
| caption     = Roushie [[Mil Mi-8]] helicopter brocht doun bi Chechen fichters near the caipital [[Grozny]] in 1994
| date        = 11 December 1994 – 31 August 1996&lt;br&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=11|year1=1994|month2=08|day2=31|year2=1996}})
| place       = [[Chechnie]] an pairts o [[Ingushetie]], [[Stavropol Krai]] an [[Republic o Dagestan|Dagestan]], [[Roushie]]
| casus       = Chechen rejection o the [[Boris Yeltsin]]'s [[ultimatum]] tae [[disairmament|disairm]] an [[Surrender (militar)|surrender]]
| result      = Chechen victory
*[[Khasavyurt Accord]]
*Widrawal o Roushie truips.
*Continuation o Chechnya's ''de facto'' unthirldom.
| combatant1  = {{flag|Roushie}}
| combatant2  = {{flagicon|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} [[Chechen Republic o Ichkerie]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Arab Mujahideen in Chechnie|Foreign mujahideen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;jamestown.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=30233&amp;no_cache=1#.VN-g-C7SWUk|title=TURKISH VOLUNTEERS IN CHECHNYA|work=The Jamestown Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Google books |plainurl= |id=PnjAlei9fe0C |page=237 |title=The Chechens: A Handbook }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Google books |id=ZomsAgAAQBAJ |page=68 |title=Politics of Conflict: A Survey }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Google books |id=FTaMAQAAQBAJ |page=66 |title=Energy and Security in the Caucasus }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C&amp;pg=PA237|title=The Chechens|work=google.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|OUN-r Flag 1941.svg}} [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|Ukrainian volunteers]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish volunteers]]&lt;ref name=&quot;jamestown.org&quot;/&gt;
| commander1  = {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Boris Yeltsin]]&lt;br&gt;{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Pavel Grachev]]
----
&lt;small&gt;'''Commanders o Jynt Group of Federal Forces in Chechnie:'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{Flagicon|Russia}} Alexei Mityukhin&lt;br&gt;{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Anatoly Kulikov]]&lt;br&gt;{{Flagicon|Russia}} Anatoly Shkurko&lt;br&gt;{{Flagicon|Russia}} Vyacheslav Tikhomirov&lt;br&gt;{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Vladimir Shamanov]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Russia's War in Chechnya 1994-2009|first=Mark|last=Galeotti|publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=1782002790}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| commander2  = {{flagicon|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} [[Dzhokhar Dudayev]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} [[Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} [[Aslan Maskhadov]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} [[Shamil Basayev]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Ibn Al-Khattab]]
| strength1   = 38,000 (December 1994)&lt;br&gt;70,500 (February 1995)
| strength2   = {{flagicon|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} 2,300&lt;ref&gt;[http://smallwarsjournal.com/documents/khozhevinterview.pdf Dalkhan Khozhaev]&lt;/ref&gt;–12,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Strforum/SF_38/forum38.html |title=Russian Urban Tactics: Lessons from the Battle for Grozny |access-date=2016-02-06 |archive-date=2010-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116095414/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Strforum/SF_38/forum38.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} 500–700&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.watchdog.cz/index.php?lang=1|title=The radicalisation of the Chechen separatist movement: Myth or reality?|publisher=The Prague Watchdog|date=16 May 2007|accessdate=25 June 2011|archive-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170454/http://www.watchdog.cz/index.php?lang=1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| casualties1 = '''Militar:'''&lt;br/&gt;5,732 killed or missin (Roushie offeecial figur)&lt;br&gt;14,000 killed or missin ([[Committee o Sualdiers' Mithers o Roushie|CSMR]] estimate)&lt;br&gt;'''Civilian:'''&lt;br&gt;At least 161 killed outside Chechnya&lt;ref&gt;120 in [[Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis|Budyonnovsk]], and 41 in [[Kizlyar raid|Pervomayskoe hostage crisis]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| casualties2 = '''Militar''': &lt;br&gt; 3,000 killed or missin (CRI claim) &lt;br&gt; 15,000 killed or missin (Roushie claim)&lt;br&gt;
'''Civilian:'''&lt;br&gt;30,000–40,000 ([[Roushie Federal State Stateestics Service|RFSSS]] data)&lt;ref name=chechenlosses&gt;{{cite web|last1=Cherkasov|first1=Alexander|title=Book of Numbers, Book of Losses, Book of the Final Judgment|url=http://www.polit.ru/article/2004/02/19/kniga_chisel/|website=Polit.ru|accessdate=2 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
The '''First Chechen War''', forby kent as the '''War in Chechnie''', wis a conflict atween the [[Roushie|Roushie Federation]] an the [[Chechen Republic o Ichkerie]], focht frae December 1994 tae August 1996.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:First Chechen War| ]]
[[Category:Post-Soviet conflicts]]
[[Category:Wars o unthirldom]]
[[Category:Chechen wars|*]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1994]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1995]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1996]]
{{stub/Roushie}}</text>
      <sha1>mbisqoeq57m1oltg5jt8n9gser3bsxd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chechens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869302</id>
      <parentid>857590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:21:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7248" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Chechens&lt;br&gt;Нохчий&lt;br&gt;''Nokhchiy''
|image=
|poptime=1.5 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/orc/resources/politics/conflict/baylis_strategy3e/01student/cases/chechnya.pdf |title=The War in Chechnya |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04 |archive-date=2016-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107095402/http://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/orc/resources/politics/conflict/baylis_strategy3e/01student/cases/chechnya.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; to 2 million.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27599836&lt;/ref&gt;
|popplace=
|region1={{flagcountry|Russia}}
|pop1=1,431,360&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011922/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |date=2013-12-04 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region2={{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Chechnie}}
|pop2=1,031,647&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;[http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 Russian Census of 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126074108/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 |date=2012-01-26 }} {{ref-ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region3      = {{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Ingushetie}}
|pop3         = 95,403&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;
|region4      = {{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Dagestan}}
|pop4         = 87,867&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;
|region5      = {{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Rostov Oblast}}
|pop5         = 15,469&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;
|region6      = {{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Moscow Oblast}}
|pop6         = 14,465&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;
|region7      = {{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Stavropol Krai}}
|pop7         = 13,208&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;
|region8      = {{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Volgograd Oblast}}
|pop8         = 12,256&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;
|region9      = {{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Tyumen Oblast}}
|pop9         = 10,623&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;
|region10     = {{nbsp|4}}{{flag|Astrakhan Oblast}}
|pop10        = 10,019&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;
|region11     = {{flagcountry|European Union}}&lt;br&gt;{{nbsp|4}}{{flagcountry|Fraunce}}&lt;br&gt;{{nbsp|4}}{{flagcountry|Austrick}}&lt;br&gt;{{nbsp|4}}{{flagcountry|Belgium}}&lt;br&gt;{{nbsp|4}}{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|pop11        = 130,000&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rferl.org/content/As_Hit_Men_Strike_Concern_Grows_Among_Chechen_Exiles/1508931.html As Hit Men Strike, Concern Grows Among Chechen Exiles], RFE/RL, March 12, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;-200,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Rothkopf |first=David |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/24/the_wanderer_chechnya_dudayev?page=0,0 |title=The Wanderer |publisher=Foreign Policy |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107001940/https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/24/the_wanderer_chechnya_dudayev?page=0,0%20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;30,000&lt;ref name=ref&gt;{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.refworld.org/country,,,,AUT,,5139cf902,0.html |title=Continuing Human Rights Abuses Force Chechens to Flee to Europe |publisher=Refworld |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;25,000&lt;ref name=ref/&gt;&lt;br&gt;17,000&lt;ref name=ref/&gt;&lt;br&gt;12,000&lt;ref name=ref/&gt;
|region12      = {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|pop12         = 100,000&lt;ref name=&quot;host&quot;&gt;[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html Chechens in the Middle East: Between Original and Host Cultures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722061015/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html |date=2011-07-22 }}, Event Report, Caspian Studies Program&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kristiina Markkanen: [http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Chechen+refugee+came+to+Finland+via+Baku+and+Istanbul/1135246619648 Chechen refugee came to Finland via Baku and Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121195649/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Chechen+refugee+came+to+Finland+via+Baku+and+Istanbul/1135246619648 |date=2011-11-21 }} (Englisch)&lt;/ref&gt;
|region13      = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
|pop13         = 34,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=11317&amp;rog3=KZ |title=Chechen of Kazakhstan Ethnic People Profile |publisher=Joshuaproject.net |date=1991-10-27 |accessdate=2014-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region14      = {{flagcountry|Jordan}}
|pop14         = 15,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/russian-federation/jordan-willing-assist-chechnya-king |title=Jordan willing to assist Chechnya – King|publisher=Reliefweb.int |date=2007-08-28 |accessdate=2013-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region15      = {{flagcountry|Iraq}}
|pop15         = 10,000+&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Ahmet Katav|author2=Bilgay Duman|title=Iraqi Circassians (Chechens, Dagestanis, Adyghes)|journal=ORSAM Reports|date=November 2012|issue=134|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/20121116_134ingtum.pdf|accessdate=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region16      = {{flagcountry|Georgie}}
|pop16         = 10,000 (includin [[Kist fowk]])
|region17      = {{flagcountry|Sirie}}
|pop17         = 5,000–6,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/circassian-ossetian-chechen-minorities-solicit-russian-help-to-leave-syria/24674280.html |title=Circassian, Ossetian, Chechen Minorities Solicit Russian Help To Leave Syria |publisher=Rferl.org |date= |accessdate=2013-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region18      = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
|pop18         = 5,000&lt;ref name=&quot;host&quot;/&gt;
|region19      = {{flagcountry|Egyp}}
|pop19         = 5,000&lt;ref name=&quot;host&quot;/&gt;
|region20      = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
|pop20         = 2,877&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region21     = {{flagcountry|Spain}}
|pop21        = 2,100&lt;ref name=&quot;host&quot;/&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Data figures from 2001 to 2013;&lt;br&gt; see also [[Chechen diaspora]].&lt;/small&gt;
|rels=  Predominantly  [[Islam]] ([[Nondenominational Muslims]], [[Shafi'i]], [[Muwahhid Muslim]], [[Sunni Muslim]])&lt;ref name=&quot;gwu.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pm_0388.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-07 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011152527/https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pm_0388.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|langs= [[Chechen leid|Chechen]]
|related=  [[Nakh fowks]] ([[Ingush fowk]], [[Bats fowk]], [[Kist fowk]])
}}
'''Chechens''' ({{lang-ce|Нохчий}} ''{{transl|ce|Nokhchiy}}''; Auld Chechen: Нахчой ''Nakhchuoi'') are a [[Fowks o the Caucasus|Caucasian]] ethnic group o the [[Nakh fowks]] oreeginatin in the [[North Caucasus]] region o Wastren Asie.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chechen Fowk}}
[[Category:Chechen fowk| ]]
[[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Nakh fowks]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Dagestan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jordan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sirie]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Muslim commonties o Roushie]]</text>
      <sha1>9q0du7rbedt1le25u1mo89yzzt7naq6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Camden Coonty, New Jersey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>138034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869296</id>
      <parentid>824324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:54:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4295" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox U.S. County
| county           = Camden County
| state            = New Jersey 
| ex image         = Ru-camden-campus.jpg
| ex image cap     = Campus o [[Rutgers-Camden]]
| ex image size    = 260px
| seal             = 
| map              = Map of New Jersey highlighting Camden County.svg 
| map size         = 100 
| founded          = 13 Mairch 1844
| named for        = [[Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden]]
| seat             = [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]]&lt;ref name=NACo&gt;[http://www.uscounties.org/cffiles_web/counties/county.cfm?id=34007 Camden County, NJ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230914/http://www.uscounties.org/cffiles_web/counties/county.cfm?id=34007 |date=2013-10-04 }}, [[National Association of Counties]]. Accessed January 20, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;  
| largest city     = Camden (population)&lt;br&gt;[[Winslow Township, New Jersey|Winslow Township]] (aurie)
| area_total_sq_mi = 227.293 
| area_land_sq_mi  = 221.263 
| area_water_sq_mi =   6.030 
| area percentage  =   2.32% 
| census yr        = 2010
| pop              = 513657&lt;ref name=Census2010&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US34007 DP1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Camden County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212093927/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US34007 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 21, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 
| density_km2      = 891.7
| district         = 1st
| district2        = 2nt
| web              = http://www.camdencounty.com
}}
'''Camden Coonty''' is a [[Coonty (Unitit States)|coonty]] locatit in the [[U.S. state]] o [[New Jersey]]. Its [[coonty seat]] is [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]].&lt;ref name=NACo/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GR6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}&lt;/ref&gt; As o the [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010 Census]], the population wis 513,657,&lt;ref name=Census2010/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/34/34007.html Camden County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606213437/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/34/34007.html |date=2011-06-06 }}, [[2010 Unitit States Census]]. Accessed August 23, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; haein increased bi 4,725 (up 0.9%, the third-lawest growthe rate in the state) frae the 508,932 coontit in the [[2000 Unitit States Census|2000 Census]],&lt;ref name=Census2000/&gt; reteenin its poseetion as the state's aicht-maist populous coonty.&lt;ref name=Census2010LWD&gt;[http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/pub/lmv/LMV_1.pdf NJ Labor Market Views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920152414/http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/pub/lmv/LMV_1.pdf |date=2013-09-20 }}, [[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]], March 15, 2011. Accessed October 3, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CPH232/&gt; As o 2014, Camden County's Census-estimatit population wis 511,038.&lt;ref name=CensusEst/&gt; The maist populous place wis [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]], wi 77,344 residents at the time o the 2010 Census, while [[Winslow Township, New Jersey|Winslow Township]] covered {{convert|58.19|sqmi}}, the lairgest total aurie o ony municipality.&lt;ref name=CPH232/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further readin==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofcamdenc00camd History of Camden County in the Great War, 1917-1918]'' Camden, NJ: Publicity and Historical Committee, 1919.

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.camdencounty.com Offeecial wabsteid]

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Camden Coonty, New Jersey
|North     = 
|Northeast = [[Burlington Coonty, New Jersey|Burlington Coonty]]
|East      = 
|Sootheast = [[Atlantic Coonty, New Jersey|Atlantic Coonty]]
|Sooth     = 
|Soothwast = [[Gloucester Coonty, New Jersey|Gloucester Coonty]]
|Wast      = 
|Northwast = [[Philadelphia Coonty, Pennsylvanie]]
}}

{{coord|39.80|-74.96|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-NJ_source:UScensus1990}}

[[Category:Camden Coonty, New Jersey| ]]
[[Category:1844 establishments in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Geografie o the Pine Barrens (New Jersey)]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1844]]
[[Category:Sooth Jersey]]</text>
      <sha1>mxfniivzheslhntf52vymr1raw3ofac</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>138058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869267</id>
      <parentid>822959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:44:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4423" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Agudo
| settlement_type        = [[Municipalities o Brazil|Municipality]]
| image_skyline          =
| image_caption          =
| image_flag             =
| image_seal             =
| image_map              = Locator map of Agudo in Rio Grande do Sul.svg
| map_caption            = Location athin [[Rio Grande do Sul]]
| pushpin_map            = Brazil
| pushpin_map_size       = 250
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Brazil
| coordinates            = {{coord|29|38|43|S|53|14|24|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type       = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name       = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[States o Brazil|State]]
| subdivision_name1      = [[Rio Grande do Sul]]
| subdivision_type2      = [[Mesoregions o Brazil|Mesoregion]]
| subdivision_name2      =
| subdivision_type3      = [[Microregions o Brazil|Microregion]]
| subdivision_name3      =
| leader_title           = Mayor
| leader_name            =
| established_title      = Founded
| established_date       =
| area_footnotes         =
| total_type             = Total
| area_total_km2         = 553.1
| population_footnotes   =
| population_as_of       = 2004 est.
| population_total       = 17,833
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[UTC|UTC-3]]
| utc_offset             = -3
| timezone_DST           = [[UTC|UTC-2]]
| utc_offset_DST         = -2
| elevation_footnotes    =
| elevation_m            = 83
| website                =
}}
'''Agudo''' is a [[municipality]] in [[Rio Grande do Sul]], the soothmaist state o [[Brazil]]. Its elevation is 83 meters abuin sealevel. The total aurie is 553,1&amp;nbsp;km² and the population was estimated at 17,833 in 2004.

Aircheological evidence indicates that this aurie wis settled bi humankind as far back as 8.000 years ago.

The first Europeans tae come intae the aurie wur Jesuit priests who in the 16t century began establishin the socried ''Reductions'' or ''[[Mission (Christian)|Missions]]'' as they wur namit in the wider region an aw (i.e. [[Brazil]], [[Argentinae]] an [[Paraguay]]).

At a later date wi the expulsion o the [[Jesuit Order|Jesuit]] order bi the baith the [[Spain]]gie an [[Portugal|Portuguese]] crouns frae [[Sooth Americae]] left the aurie inactive as far as European activities wur concerned.

The local indigenous population suffered attacks bi Paulistas frae the north who, amangst ither things, made it their business tae captur [[Indigenous fowks o the Americas|Indians]] tae be put up for sale in the [[Sclavery|slave]] mercats o [[São Paulo]], etc...

In 1857 a new wave o [[immigration]] stairtit tae affect the region, this time attractin Germanic settlers an subsequently fowks o ither European oreegins. The [[German leid]] is still spoken bi some o residents o the Municipality o Agudo an in auries aroond it.

In 2001 a [[fossil]] o a [[dinosaur]] wis foond in Agudos an efter the analysis o its skelet, it wis reportit tae be a new species o [[ornithischian]] dinosaur, namit [[sacisaur]] (''Sacisaurus agudoensis'') efter the evidence that the skelet missed the bones o ane o its leg.

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.agudo.rs.gov.br The Municipality o Agudo]. Offeecial wabsteid, accessed on 25 Apryle 2006.

===Genealogical research===
* [http://www.geocities.com/lgtrapp/coloniastoangelo.html Colônia Santo Ângelo/Santo Angelo Settlement]( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022091415/http://geocities.com/lgtrapp/coloniastoangelo.html |date=2009-10-22 }} 2009-10-24). Site in English and Portuguese, accessed on April 25, 2006.
* [http://www.altermann.com.br/index.htm Altmann Family]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Steid in Inglis an in Portuguese, accessed on April 25, 2006.
* [http://www.rootsweb.com/~brawgw/alemanha/FamiliasRS.htm Projeto Imigração Alemã/German Immigration Project]. Steid in Portuguese, accessed on April 25, 2006.
* [http://www.geocities.com/familiabeskow The Beskow Family in Santo Ângelo, in the Municipality of Agudo]( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026192143/http://geocities.com/familiabeskow/ |date=2009-10-26 }} 2009-10-24). Steid in Inglis an Portuguese, accessed on 25 Apryle 2006.

{{Municipalities o Rio Grande do Sul}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agudo, Rio Grande Do Sul}}
[[Category:Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul]]


{{Stub}}</text>
      <sha1>o5cwlrxfjtvd0tin9pmrgtkap261oao</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Blagoveshchensk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>138351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869291</id>
      <parentid>866135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:28:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5170" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Russian city
|en_name=Blagoveshchensk
|ru_name=Благовещенск
|image_skyline=
|image_caption=Nicht in Blagoveshchensk, wi the lichts o [[Heihe]] glowin in the backgrund
|coordinates = {{coord|50|15|N|127|32|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=left
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Blagoveshchensk (Amur oblat).png
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Blagoveschensk (Amur oblast).png
|flag_caption=
|anthem=[[Anthem o Blagoveshchensk]]
|anthem_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Anthem&quot;&gt;Deceesion #14/60&lt;/ref&gt;
|holiday=Juin&amp;nbsp;2 (observed on the first Setturday o Juin)
|holiday_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Holiday&quot;&gt;Chairter o Blagoveshchensk, Article&amp;nbsp;1&lt;/ref&gt;
|federal_subject=[[Amur Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref7&quot; /&gt;
|adm_data_as_of=November 2013
|adm_city_jur=Blagoveshchensk Urban Okrug
|adm_city_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref7&quot;&gt;Law #127-OZ&lt;/ref&gt;
|adm_ctr_of1=Amur Oblast
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref7&quot; /&gt;
|adm_ctr_of2=Blagoveshchensk Urban Okrug
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref7&quot; /&gt;
|adm_ctr_of3=[[Blagoveshchensky Destrict, Amur Oblast|Blagoveshchensky Destrict]]
|adm_ctr_of3_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref347&quot;&gt;Law #51-OZ&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--admeenistrative diveesions o Amur Oblast mirror its municipal diveesions--&gt;
|inhabloc_cat=City
|inhabloc_cat_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref7&quot; /&gt;
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
|mun_data_as_of=Aprile 2013
|urban_okrug_jur=Blagoveshchensk Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref599&quot;&gt;Law #447-OZ&lt;/ref&gt;
|mun_admctr_of1=Blagoveshchensk Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref599&quot; /&gt;
|mun_admctr_of2=Blagoveshchensky Municipal Destrict
|mun_admctr_of2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref347&quot; /&gt;
|leader_title=Head (Mayor)
|leader_title_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;HeadLegis&quot;&gt;Chairter o Blagoveshchensk, Airticle&amp;nbsp;17&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_name=Alexander Kozlov
|leader_name_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;HeadNm&quot;&gt;Offeecial wabsteid o Blagoveshchensk. [http://www.admblag.ru/index.php/pages/gorodskaya-vlast/ City Leaders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208034253/http://admblag.ru/index.php/pages/gorodskaya-vlast/ |date=2015-02-08 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|representative_body=[[Blagoveshchensk Ceety Duma|Ceety Duma]]
|representative_body_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;HeadLegis&quot; /&gt;
|area_of_what=urban okrug
|area_as_of=2011
|area_km2=320.97
|area_km2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Area&quot;&gt;[[Federal State Stateestics Service]]. Показатели, характеризующие состояние экономики и социальной сферы муниципального образования. [http://www.gks.ru/scripts/db_inet2/passport/table.aspx?opt=10701000200620072008200920102011 Город Благовещенск] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713135329/http://www.gks.ru/scripts/db_inet2/passport/table.aspx?opt=10701000200620072008200920102011 |date=2015-07-13 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pop_2010census=214390
|pop_2010census_rank=87t
|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pop_density=
|pop_density_as_of=
|pop_density_ref=
|pop_latest=225453
|pop_latest_date=Januar 2014
|pop_latest_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2014Est&quot;&gt;Amur Oblast Territorial Branch of the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]]. [http://amurstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/amurstat/resources/d600c10043769f3eb9effbdd898fc419/07_1_4.htm Оценка численности населения по городским округам, муниципальным районам, городским и сельским поселениям Амурской области на 1 января 2014 года] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20180318221127/http://amurstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/amurstat/resources/d600c10043769f3eb9effbdd898fc419/07_1_4.htm |date=2018-03-18 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_date=1856
|established_title=
|established_date_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;gr&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=47–48}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|current_cat_date=
|current_cat_date_ref=
|prev_name1=
|prev_name1_date=
|prev_name1_ref=
|postal_codes=675000–675007, 675009–675011, 675014, 675016, 675018–675021, 671025, 671027–671030, 671700, 671801, 671890, 671960–671962, 671971, 671980–671983, 671985
|dialing_codes=4162
|dialing_codes_ref=
|website=http://www.admblag.ru
|website_ref=
|date=May 2010
}}
'''Blagoveshchensk''' ({{lang-rus|Благовещенск|p=bləgɐˈvʲeɕːɪnsk}}, lit. ''the ceety o [[the gospel|guid news]]'') is a [[teepes o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] an the [[admeenistrative center]] o [[Amur Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit at the [[confluence]] o the [[Amur River|Amur]] an [[Zeya River]]s, opposite tae the Cheenese ceety o [[Heihe]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=214,390|p2002=219,221|p1989=205,553}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Blagoveshchensk| ]]
[[Category:Amur Oblast (Roushie Empire)]]
[[Category:Cheenae–Roushie border crossins]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1856]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in Cheenae]]</text>
      <sha1>1ciqt07gvv89rc01jtl8dreef4sf5nb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>138873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869229</id>
      <parentid>844366</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5740" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox|name=Swans|image=SwansCygnus olor.jpg|image_width=256px|image_caption=[[Mute swan]]s (''Cygnus olor'')|regnum=[[Animal]]ia|phylum=[[Chordate|Chordata]]|classis=[[bird|Aves]]|ordo=[[Anseriformes]]|familia=[[Anatidae]]|subfamilia=[[Anserinae]]|genus='''''Cygnus'''''|subdivision_ranks=[[Species]]}}

A '''swan''' (''Cygnini'') is a kynd o watter [[bird]], frae the [[genus]] ''Cygnus'' an ''Coscoroba''. Thay belang the subfaimilie Anserinae, in the Anatidae familie that [[Guiss|geese]] an [[Deuk|deuks]] is a pairt o an aa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Swan {{!}} bird|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/swan|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lot o swans bides in caulder airts, like northren [[Europe]], [[Aisie|Asia]] an [[North Americae]]. Thay lieve on [[watter]]. Thay soum on tap o the watter and eat [[Plant|plants]] aff the bottom o pownds, [[Loch|lochs]], or [[Ocean|oceans]]. Forby, swans eats [[Insect|insects]] an ither beasties. A babby swan is cryed a cygnet.

Swans is teuch, strang birds. Thay micht open thair wings as a warnin, but frae than on a bodie is advised tae haud weel awa frae thaim. Swans is gey protective o thair nests. They will set at ocht thay see as a threit tae thair chicks, even humans.

== Etymology and terminology ==
The Scots wird ''swan'', relatit til the [[German leid|German]] ''Schwan'', [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] ''zwaan'' an [[Swadish leid|Swaidish]] ''svan'', comes frae a [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European]] ruit ''*swen'' (tae soond, tae sing).&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|swan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yung swans is caaed ''cygnets'' or ''swanlings''; the first ane comes frae Auld French ''cigne'' or ''cisne'' (diminutive suffix -''et'' &quot;wee&quot;) frae the [[Laitin]] wird ''cygnus'', a form o ''cycnus'' &quot;swan&quot;, an that comes frae the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|κύκνος}} ''kýknos'', a wird wi the same meanin.&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S|cycnus1|cycnus|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|ku/knos|κύκνος|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|cygnet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Swans is some o the biggest fleein birds. Thay ar big and thay hae big feet an lang necks. The males is mair bigger an wechtie nor females for ordinar. The [[mute swan]], trumpeter swan, an [[Houper|houper swan]] is the biggest swans. Thay can be bigger nor 1.5m (60 inch) lang. Thay'r wecht can be abuin 15kg (33 pund). The lenth o baith thair wings thegither can be near 3m (10 fit).

Maist swans is white. Thay ar fund in the Northren Hemisphere (Europe, Asia and North Americae). Houaniver, the black swan is black wi a reid neb that bides in [[Austrailie|Australie]]. The swans wi black hauses haes white flicht feathers, and black ooter feathers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black-necked Swan|url=https://www.waterfowl.org.uk/wildfowl/swans-geese-allies/black-necked-swan/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=British Waterfowl Association|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thae anes bides in [[Sooth Americae]]. Forby, thay hae a bit skin atween the een an neb that haesna nae feathers. This bit can be different colors, like yellae (like on a [[:simple:Bewick's_swan|Bewick's swan]]) or orange (like on a mute swan).

Wild swans flits. Thay eat an fatten thairsels in ae bit in the cauld pairt o the year an flit til a mair warmer place for tae lay eggs an raise chicks, caaed cygnets.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIOO&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title=Where have the swans gone?|date=June 12, 2020|accessdate=2021-04-27|url=https://nioo.knaw.nl/en/press/where-have-swans-gone|publisher=Netherlands Institute of Ecology|author=Netherlands Institute of Ecology|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The coscoroba swan isna the same as the ither anes. Some scientists thinks it is mair like a deuk or a guiss. It isna sae big as the ither swans. This swan bides in Sooth Americae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coscoroba Swan|url=https://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1842|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705050617/http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1842#.V6a615MrI6g|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Woodland Park Zoo Seattle WA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Climate cheenge ==
Bewick's swans spent a lot o time in Ireland, Britain an the Netherlands in the bygaen, but scientists says that thay hae been muvin east intil Germany. Thay dinna spend as muckle time in thair winter feedin grunds as thay did in 1970. Scientists says thay ar follaein the chynges in temperatur in Europe. The scientists fund that individual swans disna chynge whaur thay like gaun til in thair ain lifetimes. Insteid, different generations o swans gangs awa til different places frae the anes thair paurents an grandpaurents gaed til.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIOO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shifts&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Rascha J. M. Nuijten|author2=Kevin A. Wood|author3=Trinus Haitjema|author4=Eileen C. Rees|author5=Bart A. Nolet|date=June 9, 2020|title=Concurrent shifts in wintering distribution and phenology in migratory swans: Individual and generational effects.|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.15151|journal=Global Change Biology|language=en|publisher=|doi=10.1111/gcb.15151|access-date=2021-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taxonomy ==

* Genus ''Cygnus''
** Black swan (''Cygnus atratus'')
*** New Zealand swan (''Cygnus atratus sumnerensis'') ''dee'd oot''
** Trumpeter swan (''Cygnus buccinator'')
** Bewick's swan (''Cygnus bewickii'')
** Whistlin swan (''Cygnus columbianus'')
** Houper (''Cygnus cygnus'')
** Black-hause swan (''Cygnus melancoryphus'')
** Mute swan (''Cygnus olor'')
* Genus ''Coscoroba''

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{wikispecies|Cygnus}}{{wikispecies|Coscoroba}}{{Commonscat|Cygnus|Swans}}
[[Category:Anserinae]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Swans| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named bi François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault]]</text>
      <sha1>2awhoqpuwhxl8d21z7nirzgd1hx8ojs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonic Adventure 2</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869225</id>
      <parentid>865329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:42:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2467" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox video game
|title = Sonic Adventure 2
|image = Sonic Adventure 2 cover.png
| alt = 2001 Dreamcast cover airt
|caption=Dreamcast cover airt
|developer = [[Sonic Team#Sega Studio USA|Sonic Team USA]]
|publisher = [[Sega]]
|producer = [[Yuji Naka]]
|director = [[Takashi Iizuka (gemme designer)|Takashi Iizuka]]
|writer = Shiro Maekawa
|programmer = Tetsu Katano
|series = ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (series)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]''
|artist = [[Kazuyuki Hoshino]]&lt;br&gt;Yuji Uekawa
|composer = [[Jun Senoue]]&lt;br&gt;Fumie Kumatani&lt;br&gt;[[Tomoya Ohtani]]&lt;br&gt;Kenichi Tokoi
|released = '''Dreamcast'''{{vgrelease|NA=June 19, 2001|[[Japan|JP]]/[[PAL region|PAL]]|June 23, 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sega.co.jp/dreamcast/DB/010603.html|title=ＳＯＮＩＣ ＡＤＶＥＮＴＵＲＥ ２|publisher=[[Sega]]|accessdate=2015-05-09|archive-date=2001-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010724022944/http://www.sega.co.jp/dreamcast/DB/010603.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}'''GameCube'''{{vgrelease|JP=December 20, 2001|NA=February 11, 2002|PAL=May 3, 2002}}
|genre = [[Platform gemme|Platformer]], [[action-adventure gemme|action-adventur]], [[shoot 'em up#multidirectional shuiters|multi-directional shuiter]]
|modes = [[Single-player video gemme|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video gemme|multiplayer]]
|platforms = [[Dreamcast]], [[GameCube]], [[Personal Computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live]], [[PSN]]
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Sonic Adventure 2'''''|ソニックアドベンチャー{{ruby|2|ツー}}|Sonikku Adobenchā Tsū}} is a 2001 video gemme developed bi [[Sonic Team#Sega Studio USA|Sonic Team USA]] an published bi [[Sega]] for the [[Dreamcast]] as pairt o the ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (series)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' series.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2001 video gemmes]]
[[Category:3D platform gemmes]]
[[Category:Action-adventur gemmes]]
[[Category:Dreamcast gemmes]]
[[Category:Genetic ingineerin in feection]]
[[Category:Muin in feection]]
[[Category:Multiplayer an single-player video gemmes]]
[[Category:GameCube gemmes]]
[[Category:GameCube platform gemmes]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 gemmes]]
[[Category:PlayStation Network gemmes]]
[[Category:Sega Studio USA gemmes]]
[[Category:Sega video gemmes]]
[[Category:Sonic the Hedgehog video gemmes]]
[[Category:Terrorism in feection]]
[[Category:Video gemme sequels]]
[[Category:Video gemmes developed in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Windows gemmes]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 Live Arcade gemmes]]</text>
      <sha1>rn0otffryc9zzj55ad8gcwdckprmqr8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naofumi Hataya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869390</id>
      <parentid>864935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1746" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
|name=Naofumi Hataya
|native_name=幡谷 尚史
|native_name_lang=jpn
|image=
|caption= 
|image_size= 
|background=non_vocal_instrumentalist
|alias=hata-bow
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1966|11|13}}
|birth_place=[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan
|genre={{flatlist |
*[[Chiptune]]
*[[video gemme muisic]]
*[[jazz fusion]]
*[[funk]]
}}
|occupation={{flatlist |
*Composer
*arranger
*musician
*bassist
}}
|years_active=1990–present
|instrument={{flatlist |
*Keyboards
*bass guitar
}}
|label=[[Sega Digital Studio]]
|associated_acts={{ubl |Masafumi Ogata
*Tomoko Sasaki
*[[Tomonori Sawada]]
*[[Tomoya Ohtani]]
}}
}}
{{nihongo|'''Naofumi Hataya'''|幡谷 尚史|Hataya Naofumi|born November 13, 1966 in [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]], Japan}} is a video gemme componer an muisicker for [[Sega]]. He is maist weel kent for contreibutin muisic tae gemmes such as ''[[Golden Axe II]]'', ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog CD]]'', an ''[[Burning Rangers]]'', amangst various ithers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Naofumi Hataya Workslist|url=http://www.wave-master.com/wm/company/staff/s_hataya.html|publisher=Wave Master|accessdate=22 December 2014|archive-date=2004-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530221325/http://www.wave-master.com/wm/company/staff/s_hataya.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hataya, Naofumi}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Japanese componers]]
[[Category:Japanese male componers]]
[[Category:Japanese male muisickers]]
[[Category:Japanese muisic arrangers]]
[[Category:Japanese muisickers]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Muisickers frae Saitama Prefectur]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Saitama Prefectur]]
[[Category:Sega fowk]]
[[Category:Video gemme componers]]</text>
      <sha1>5dyttkp5o8fwxwbhx4wvz5yl97327a8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>College Park, Georgie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869309</id>
      <parentid>866199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7149" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|official_name            = College Park, Georgie
|other_name               =
|native_name              = &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname                 =
|settlement_type          = [[Ceety]]
|motto                    =
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline            = College Park, GA.jpg
|imagesize                = 250px
|image_caption            = Downtown College Park
|image_flag               =
|flag_size                =
|image_seal               =
|seal_size                =
|image_shield             =
|shield_size              =
|image_blank_emblem       =
|blank_emblem_type        =
|blank_emblem_size        =
|image_map                = Fulton_County_Georgia_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_College_Park_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location in [[Fulton Coonty, Georgie|Fulton Coonty]] an the state o [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]]
|image_map1               =
|mapsize1                 =
|map_caption1             =
|image_dot_map            =
|dot_mapsize              =
|dot_map_caption          =
|dot_x                    =
|dot_y                    =
|pushpin_map              = Metro Atlanta
|pushpin_label            = College Park
|pushpin_label_position   = &lt;!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
|pushpin_map_caption      = Location o College Park in [[Metro Atlanta]]
|pushpin_mapsize          =
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type         = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
|subdivision_name         = [[Unitit States]]
|subdivision_type1        = [[Poleetical diveesions o the Unitit States|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[Leet o coonties in Georgie (U.S. state)|Coonties]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Fulton Coonty, Georgie|Fulton]], [[Clayton Coonty, Georgie|Clayton]]
|subdivision_type3        =
|subdivision_name3        =
|subdivision_type4        =
|subdivision_name4        =
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes     =
|government_type          =
|leader_title             =
|leader_name              =
|leader_title1            = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1             =
|leader_title2            =
|leader_name2             =
|leader_title3            =
|leader_name3             =
|leader_title4            =
|leader_name4             =
|established_title        = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date         =
|established_title2       = &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
|established_date2        =
|established_title3       = &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
|established_date3        =
&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude           =
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 26.1
|area_land_km2            = 26.1
|area_water_km2           = 0
|area_total_sq_mi         = 
|area_land_sq_mi          = 
|area_water_sq_mi         = 
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of         = 2010
|population_footnotes     =
|population_note          =
|population_total         = 13942
|population_density_km2   = 534.7
|population_density_sq_mi = 
|population_metro         =
|population_density_metro_km2     =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi   =
|population_urban                 =
|population_density_urban_km2     =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi   =
|population_blank1_title          =
|population_blank1                =
|population_density_blank1_km2    =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi  =
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
|timezone                 = [[North American Eastren Time Zone|Eastren (EST)]]
|utc_offset               = -5
|timezone_DST             = EDT
|utc_offset_DST           = -4
|coordinates              = {{coord|33|38|54|N|84|27|22|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes      = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m              = 320
|elevation_ft             = 1050
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code              = 30337, 30349
|area_code                = [[Aurie code 404|404]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 13-17776&lt;ref name=&quot;GR2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID
|blank1_info              = 0331435&lt;ref name=&quot;GR3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|website                  = {{URL|www.collegeparkga.com}}
|footnotes                =
}}
'''College Park''' is a ceety locatit in [[Fulton County, Georgia|Fulton]] an [[Clayton Coonty, Georgie|Clayton]] coonties in the [[Unitit States|U.S.]] state [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]]. As o the 2010 census, the ceety population wis 13,942.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov| title=Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), College Park city, Georgia| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder 2| accessdate=October 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta Internaitional Airport]] is pairtially locatit in the ceety boondars (includin the domestic terminal, Concourse T, Concourse A, an aboot twa-thirds o Concourse B), an the [[:en:Georgia International Convention Center|Georgia International Convention Center]], awned an operatit bi the City o College Park, is athin the ceety leemits.&lt;ref name=&quot;CPMap2&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.collegeparkga.com/DocumentView.aspx?DID=67 City Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929005052/http://www.collegeparkga.com/DocumentView.aspx?DID=67 |date=2011-09-29 }}.&quot; City of College Park. Retrieved on May 25, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.gicc.com/contact.asp Contact the GICC].&quot; [[Georgia International Convention Center]]. Retrieved on May 25, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.collegeparkga.com City of College Park offeecial wabsteid]
* [http://www.hcpna.org Historic College Park Neighborhood Association]
* [http://www.gicc.com Georgia International Convention Center]
* [http://www.collegeparksports.com College Park Recreation Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203141012/https://www.collegeparksports.com/ |date=2019-02-03 }}

[[Category:College Park, Georgie| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Georgie (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Clayton Coonty, Georgie]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Fulton Coonty, Georgie]]</text>
      <sha1>e4gwuqo0ekfaq9mxhury5bipk10t10f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Woodley Park</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>142971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869248</id>
      <parentid>866929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:50:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5261" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox NRHP
  | name = Old Woodley Park Historic District
  | nrhp_type = hd    |  nocat = yes  
  | image = Old Woodley Park HD DC.jpg
  | caption = Houses in the historic district
  | location= Roughly bounded by Rock Creek Park, 24th St., 29th St., Woodley Rd. and Cathedral Ave., NW., [[Washington, District of Columbia]]
  | locmapin = District of Columbia
  | built = {{Start date|1905}}
  | architect OR builder = 
  | architecture = Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals&lt;ref name=nrhpnom&gt;{{cite web|last=Field|first=Cynthia|title=NRHP Nomination Form|url={{NRHP url|id=90000856}}|work=April 1990|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=27 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
  | added = June 15, 1990
  | area = {{convert|54|acre}}
  | governing_body = Private 
  | refnum = 90000856&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;&gt;{{NRISref|version=2010a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | district_map =DC Neighborhoods - Woodley Park.svg
 |map caption =Map of [[Washington, D.C.]], with Woodley Park highlighted in maroon.
}}
'''Woodley Park''' is a neebourheid in [[Northwest, Washington, D.C.|Northwest]], [[Washington, D.C.]]. It is boondit on the north bi Woodley Road an [[Klingle Road]], on the east bi the [[:en:National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoo]] an [[Rock Creek Park]], on the sooth bi Calvert Street, on the soothwast bi Cleveland Avenue, an on the wast bi 34t Street.

Adjining neebourheids are [[Cleveland Park]] tae the north, [[Mount Pleasant, Washington, D.C.|Mount Pleasant]] an [[Adams Morgan]] tae the east, [[Kalorama, Washington, D.C.|Kalorama]] tae the sooth, [[Woodland-Normanstone Terrace]] tae the soothwast, an [[Massachusetts Heights]] tae the wast.

Woodley Park is servit bi the [[:en:Woodley Park (WMATA station)|Woodley Park-Zoo/Adams Morgan]] Metro station, atween [[:en:Dupont Circle (WMATA station)|Dupont Circle]] an [[:en:Cleveland Park (WMATA station)|Cleveland Park]] on the [[:en:Red Line (Washington Metro)|Red Line]].

[[File:Calvert and Connecticut.JPG|thumb|left|Intersection o Calvert Street an [[Connecticut Avenue]] in Woodley Park]]
Straddlin Connecticut Avenue sooth o the National Zoo is a neebourheid of fine early 20t-century row hooses, a thrawback tae the days mair nor a century ago when developers howpit that this wide avenue that runs northwaird tae the Maryland border wad be a boulevard lined wi elegant hames. Modren-day Connecticut Avenue north o the smaw Woodley Park historic destrict, housomeivver, is nou maistly filled wi heich rent, heich rise apairtment hooses — awtho the ceety's hicht limitation restricts thaim tae nae mair nor aicht stories, they are considered heich-rise bi Washington staundarts. Tae the east, the neebourheid's curvit streets overhang Rock Creek Park. On the wast, they bend on the slope leadin tae the hichts o Mt. Saint Albans, the steid o Washington National Cathedral. The stately rows o meticulously designed hooses are preservit intact, presentin streetscapes that hae chyngit little for nearly a century. Tho busy Connecticut Avenue is aye juist aroond the corner, the residential streets are leafy, green, an serene.

On Connecticut Avenue, umwhile row hooses alang the street hae been convertit intae commercial properties, includin restaurants, offices an retail shops. Twa lairge hotels are locatit on Calvert Street (the [[Omni Shoreham Hotel]]) an Woodley Road (the [[Marriott Wardman Park]] hotel, the seicont lairgest hotel in D.C.). At nicht, the place is a hive o activity, pairticularly syne a shuttle bus (The Circulator) nou runs atween the Metro stop (Woodley Park/Adams Morgan) tae the hert o Adams Morgan an the [[U Street Corridor]].  Shops an restaurants linin Connecticut Ave include mony chains (such as a Baskin-Robbins, a Chipotle, a McDonald's, an a CVS), but mony fine local restaurants and shops.

The aurie wis namit efter Woodley House, built bi [[Philip Barton Key]] (the Uncle o [[Francis Scott Key]]) in 1801. Woodley haes hoosit mony poleetical elites frae Preses [[Grover Cleveland]] tae Warld War 2 Secretar o War [[Henry Stimson]]. Nouadays Woodley House serves as the librar an admeenistrative biggin o the [[Maret School]].

The Woodley Park Community Association wis established tae support the in-toun neebourheid quality o life in Woodley Park.  It haes several hunder members an wirks on issues o general neebourheid interest.

==Eddication==
The [[District of Columbia Public Schools]] is the public schuil seestem. Oyster Adams Bilingual Elementary School is the neebourheid elementar schuil, shapit in 2007 bi the merger o James F. Oyster Bilingual Elementary School in Woodley Park an John Quincy Adams Elementary School in [[Adams Morgan]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://oysteradamsbilingual.org/about-oyster-adams/ About Us]&quot; (). Oyster Adams Bilingual Elementary School. Retrieved on November 6, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category|Woodley Park, Washington, D.C.}}
* [http://www.wpcaonline.org Woodley Park Community Association]
* [http://ghostsofdc.org/2015/03/30/why-is-it-named-woodley-park/ Why Is It Named Woodley Park?]

{{Coord|38|55|42.4|N|77|3|21.5|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Neebourheids in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Historic destricts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.]]</text>
      <sha1>75ucu2v0hz2lujzlm14axb4tmlivly7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Warld's lairgest ceeties</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>143162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869245</id>
      <parentid>866089</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:37:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45750" xml:space="preserve">Determinin the '''warld's lairgest ceeties''' depends on which definitions o [[ceety]] are uised. The [[Unitit Naitions]] uises three definitions for whit constitutes a ceety, as nae aw ceeties mey be clessifee'd uisin the same criteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNICEF&quot;/&gt; Ceeties mey be defined bi the extent o thair urban aurie, the metropolitan region, an the ceety proper.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNICEF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/statistics.php|title=SOWC-2012-DEFINITIONS|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|accessdate=January 29, 2014|archive-date=2013-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208114052/http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/statistics.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Leet==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:center; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF;&quot;
|-
!Ceety
!Kintra
!Image
!Ceety Proper Population
!Urban Aurie Population&lt;ref name=Demographia&gt;{{cite book|author1=Demographia|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|date=January 2015|edition=11th|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|accessdate=2 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Metropolitan Aurie Population
|-
| [[Shanghai]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:PudongSkyline-pjt (cropped).jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|24256800}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shanghai bulletin2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201502/277392.html|trans-title = Shanghai Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014|script-title = zh:2014年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher = Shanghai Bureau of Statistics|language = Chinese|date = 2015-02-28|accessdate = 2015-05-01|archive-date = 2015-03-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150309200433/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201502/277392.html|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|23416000}}{{refn |group=lower-alpha |Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Ningbo, Changzhou, Shaoxing, an urban aurie o Zhangjiaggang-Jiangyin within the prefectur-level ceeties o Suzhou an Wuxi are treatit as separate urban auries which constitute the [[Yangtze River Delta]] economic zone. [[Huai'an]] (1,856,000; 148&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Xuzhou]] (1,246,000; 233&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Nantong]] (1,036,000; 233&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Lianyungang]] (985,000; 155&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Zhenjiang]] (983,000; 168&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Yancheng]] (797,000; 207&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Huzhou]] (690,000; 111&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Taizhou, Jiangsu|Taizhou]] (in [[Jiangsu]] Province; 300,000; 117&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) an [[Suqian]] (220,000; 36&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), as well as urban auries o [[Yangzhou]] (1,593,000; 233&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) an [[Gaoyou]] (180,000; 39&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) within the prefectur-level ceety o [[Yangzhou]], urban auries o [[Kunshan]] (1,596,000; 492&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Changshu]] (1,139,000; 285&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) an [[Taicang]] (523,000; 117&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) within the prefectur-level ceety o Suzhou, urban auries o [[Cixi Ceety|Cixi]] (1,200,000; 298&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) an [[Yuyao]] (650,000; 122&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) within the sub-provincial ceety o Ningbo, urban auries o [[Jiaxing]] (1,044,000; 259&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) an [[Tongxiang]] (510,000; 52&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) within the prefectur-level ceety o Jiaxing, urban auries o [[Wenling]] (510,000; 52&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Jiaojiang Destrict|Jiaojiang]] (375,000; 41&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) an [[Huangyan Deestrict|Huangyan]] (200,000; 34&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) within the prefectur-level ceety o [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]] (in [[Zhejiang]] Province), urban auries o [[Zhuji]] (500,000; 117&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and [[Shangyu]] (400,000; 158&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) within the prefectur-level ceety o Shaoxing, urban auries o [[Yiwu]]-[[Dongyang]] (925,000; 233&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Jinhua]] (520,000; 186&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Yongkang, Zhejiang|Yongkang]] (500,000; 223&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), [[Dongyang]] (260,000; 104&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) an [[Lanxi, Zhejiang|Lanxi]] (220,000; 34&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) within the prefectur-level ceety o Jinhua, an urban aurie o [[Fuyang, Zhejiang|Fuyang]] (450,000; 49&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) within the sub-provincial ceety o Hangzhou are an aa excludit.}}
| {{nts|24750000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;en.ndrc.gov.cn&quot;&gt;[http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/ National Development and Reform Commission (PRC)]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Beijing]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:view of Beijing.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|21516000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;beijing bulletin2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201502/t20150211_288370.htm
|trans-title=Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014
|script-title=zh:北京市2014年国民经济和社会发展统计公报
|publisher=Beijing Bureau of Statistics
|language=Chinese
|date=12 February 2015
|accessdate=1 May 2015
|archive-date=2018-12-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225054943/http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201502/t20150211_288370.htm
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|21009000}}
| {{nts|21148000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;2013 Beijing Stats&quot;&gt;(Chinese) [http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201402/t20140213_267744.htm 国家统计局北京调查总队, &quot;北京市2013年国民经济和社会发展统计公报&quot;, 北京市统计局] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310101546/http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201402/t20140213_267744.htm |date=2014-03-10 }} 2014-02-13&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[São Paulo]]
| {{BRA}}
| [[File:Ponte estaiada Octavio Frias - Sao Paulo.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|21,292,893}}&lt;ref name=&quot;brazil1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2014/estimativa_dou_2014.pdf|title=2014 Brazilian Cities Population Estimates|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]]|language=Portuguese|accessdate=October 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|20365000}}
| {{nts|36842102}}&lt;ref name=&quot;brazil2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/en/noticias?view=noticia&amp;id=1&amp;idnoticia=2704&amp;busca=1&amp;t=ibge-releases-population-estimates-of-municipalities-in-2014|title=IBGE releases population estimates of municipalities in 2016|date=August 28, 2014|publisher=[[Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística|IBGE]]|accessdate=4 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Karachi]]
| {{PAK}}
| [[File:Karachi Clifton Skyline.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|21000000}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html|title=Major Cities|website=http://www.citypopulation.de|publisher=Thomas Brinkhoff|accessdate=19 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|22123000}}
| 
|-
| [[Delhi]]
| {{IND}}
| [[File:LotusDelhi.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|16,787,941}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=India: Delhi|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html|website=citypopulation.de|publisher=citypopulation.de|accessdate=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|24998000}}
| {{nts|21753486}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
|-
| [[Lagos]]
| {{NGR}}
| [[File:Lagos Island.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|16060303}}{{refn|group=note|Lagos conseests 16 oot o Lagos State's 20 LGA, which excludes: [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Lagos State|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] an [[Ikorodu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 | title=Population-Lagos State | publisher=[[Lagos State Government]] | accessdate=21 February 2016 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 | archive-date=2015-10-18 | url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-20 |archive-date=2015-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ng.boell.org/2015/07/02/lagos-and-its-potentials-economic-growth | title=Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth | date=2 July 2015 | accessdate=26 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| {{nts|13123000}}
| {{nts|21000000}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 | title=Population | publisher=Lagos State Government | accessdate=30 March 2015 | archive-date=2015-10-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Istanbul]]
| {{TUR}}
| [[File:Halic.png|125px]]
| {{nts|14,657,000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Turkish Statistical Institute - Address Based Population Record System, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|15,328,000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
| {{nts|16,703,000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Tokyo]]
| {{JPN}}
| [[File:Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January (revised).jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|13,297,629}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=「東京都の人口（推計）」の概要（平成26年2月1日現在） (2014)|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/INET/CHOUSA/2014/02/60o2r100.htm|work=Tokyo Metropolitan Government (JPN)|accessdate=20 March 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053154/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/INET/CHOUSA/2014/02/60o2r100.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{nts|37843000}}
|{{nts|36923000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;japan1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c0117.htm|title=Table 2.10 Population of Three Major Metropolitan Areas|publisher=Statistics Bureau of Japan|accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Mumbai]]
| {{IND}}
| [[File:Mumbai 03-2016 10 skyline of Lotus Colony.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|12478447}}&lt;ref name=&quot;indiacensus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=Census of India|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|accessdate=2011-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|17712000}}
| {{nts|20748395}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
|-
| [[Moscow]]
| {{RUS}}
|
| {{nts|12,197,596}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2015.xls|title=RUSSIA: Moscow|publisher=mos.ru|accessdate=2015|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6X7bLwvum?url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2015.xls|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|16170000}}
| 
|-
| [[Shenzhen]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Shenzhen CBD and River.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|10780000}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.sz.gov.cn/gi/|title=Shenzhen Statistics|publisher=Shenzhen Government Online|accessdate=2015|archive-date=2017-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115028/http://english.sz.gov.cn/gi/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|12084000}}
| {{nts|10630000}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://english.sz.gov.cn/gi/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115028/http://english.sz.gov.cn/gi/ |date=2017-05-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Jakarta]]
| {{IDN}}
| [[File:Jakarta Panorama.jpg|125x125px]]
| {{nts|10,075,310}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/data-jumlah-penduduk-dki-jakarta |title=Data Jumlah Penduduk DKI Jakarta (2014) |work=Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Provinsi DKI Jakarta |accessdate=5 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|30539000}}
|{{nts|10075310}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Data.jakarta.go.id&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/data-jumlah-penduduk-dki-jakarta | title=Data Jumlah Penduduk DKI Jakarta (2014) | date= | accessdate=5 December 2015 | website = Data.jakarta.go.id - Jakarta Open Data | publisher=Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta |last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Seoul]]
| {{KOR}}
| [[File:View of YangJe-Cheon.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|10,048,593}}&lt;ref name=&quot;seoul&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=418|title=Seoul Statistics.|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|23480000}}
|{{nts|25620000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;korea1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|script-title=ko:통계표명 : 주민등록 인구통계|publisher=Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs|language=Korean|accessdate=4 April 2015|archive-date=2011-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303195830/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Guangzhou]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Guangzhou skyline.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|9865702}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gzstats.gov.cn/tjgb/glpcgb/201105/t20110517_25227.htm|title=广州市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报|publisher=China National Census|accessdate=9 May 2014|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107053144/http://www.gzstats.gov.cn/gzstats/error404.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|20597000}}
|{{nts|23900000}}&lt;ref&gt;http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsj.jsp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182656/http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsj.jsp |date=2009-12-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Kinshasa]]
|{{COD}}
| [[File:Kinshasa-Gombe, from CCIC.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|9,735,000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;demographia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas (2014)|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|publisher=Demographia|accessdate=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Evenements: &quot;Avec une population de 9,5 millions, Kinshasa est la troisième plus grande ville sur le continent africain, de taille égale à Johannesburg. Le Kinois (habitants de Kinshasa) sont connus pour leur sens de l'humour, leur musique et leur amour pour la danse.&quot;(2013)|url=http://www.kinshasa.cd/|publisher=Ville de Kinshasa|access-date=2016-05-20|archive-date=2001-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011027044821/http://www.kinshasa.cd/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{full|date=March 2014}}
| {{nts|11587000}}
|
|-
| [[Cairo]]
| {{EGY}}
| [[File:Kairo 001.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|9,278,441}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Egypt|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Egypt-Cities.html|website=citypopulation.de|accessdate=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Mexico Ceety]]
| {{MEX}}
| [[File:Ciudad.de.Mexico.City.Distrito.Federal.DF.Paseo.Reforma.Skyline.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8874724}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MEXICO: Mexico City (2014)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/mexico-mexicocity.php|work=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=15 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|20063000}}
|{{nts|21178959}}&lt;ref name=&quot;conapomex&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Resource/1206/2/images/Proyecciones_de_Poblacion_ZM.xlsx|title=Proyecciones de la Población de las Zonas Metropolitanas, 2010-2030|publisher=CONAPO|language=Spanish|accessdate=4 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lima]]
| {{PER}}
| [[File:City_of_Lima,_Peru.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8693387}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.larepublica.pe/17-01-2014/inei-lima-tiene-8-millones-693-mil-387-habitantes|title=PERU: Lima population|publisher=La Republica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|10750000}}
|{{nts|9886647}}&lt;ref name=&quot;peru2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://es.scribd.com/doc/189489690/Peru-Estimaciones-y-Proyecciones-de-Poblacion-Total-por-Sexo-de-las-Principales-Ciudades-2000-2015|title=PERÚ: ESTIMACIONES Y PROYECCIONES DE POBLACIÓN TOTAL POR SEXO DE LAS PRINCIPALES CIUDADES|publisher=Scribd|work=Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica (INEI)|page=32|language=Spanish|date=March 2012|accessdate=28 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lunnon]]
| {{UK}}
| [[File:Canary Wharf Skyline 2, London UK - Oct 2012.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8538689}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2014|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-368259|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]|date=25 June 2015|accessdate=18 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|10236000}}
|{{nts|14031830}}&lt;ref name=&quot;euro1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[New York Ceety|New York]]
| {{USA}}
| [[File:LowerManhattanSept2013.png|125px]]
| {{nts|8491079}}&lt;ref name=&quot;United States&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|title=Census Estimates (2014)|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=26 March 2015|archive-date=2015-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521091454/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|20630000}}
|{{nts|20092883}}&lt;ref name=&quot;us1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - United States -- Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico more information. 2014 Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division|accessdate=28 March 2015|archive-date=2015-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521091454/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Bengaluru]]
| {{IND}}
| [[File:UB City.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8425970}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
| {{nts|9807000}}
|{{nts|8728906}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
|-
| [[Bangkok]]
| {{THA}}
| [[File:The Baiyoke Tower II in Bangkok, Thailand.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8280925}}&lt;ref name=&quot;2010 census 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 1 Population by sex, household type and household by type, average size of private household by region and area: 2010 |url=http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/C-pop/2553/000/00_C-pop_2553_000_010000_00100.xls |publisher=National Statistics Office|work=Statistic tables, NSO website|accessdate=18 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|14998000}}
|{{nts|8305218}}&lt;ref&gt;http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/C-pop/2553/000/00_C-pop_2553_000_010000_00100.xls&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Dongguan]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Dongguan -03.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8220207}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=China – Guangdong Province (2010)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-44.aspx|publisher=GeoHive|accessdate=14 March 2014|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316085121/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-44.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Chongqing]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:SkylineOfChongqing.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8189800}}{{refn |group=lower-alpha |Sum o the 2014 population estimates for the &quot;urban-function core destrict&quot; an &quot;urban-function extendit destrict&quot; o Chongqing, which war 3,677,600 an 4,512,200 respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cqtj.gov.cn/html/tjsj/tjgb/15/03/7345.html |trans-title=Chongqing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 |script-title=zh:2014年重庆市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=Chongqing Bureau of Statistics |language=Chinese |date=16 March 2015 |accessdate=26 May 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523021109/http://www.cqtj.gov.cn/html/tjsj/tjgb/15/03/7345.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; See an aa the next note.}}
| 
|
|-
| [[Nanjing]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Nanjingpanorama001.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8187828}}&lt;ref name=&quot;China&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Census (2014)|url=http://221.226.86.104/file/nj2004/2014/quxian/17-3.htm|publisher=Nanjing Municipal Bureru Statistucs|accessdate=19 January 2015|archive-date=2015-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203115241/http://221.226.86.104/file/nj2004/2014/quxian/17-3.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Tehran]]
| {{IRN}}
| [[File:North Tehran Towers.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|8154051}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IRAN: Tehran City (Census 2011)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/iran-tehrancity.php|publisher=CITY POPULATION.DE|accessdate=25 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|13532000}}
|{{nts|14595904}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.mrud.ir/news/2220/%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C |script-title=fa:وضعیت توسعه شهری ایران نگران‌کننده است/ شهرهای اقماری تهران برای فروش حریم مسابقه گذاشته‌اند}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Shenyang]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Shenyang Qingnian Street.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|8106171}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shenyang.gov.cn/zwgk/system/2012/09/10/010003414.shtml|title=2010年沈阳市第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|access-date=2016-05-20|archive-date=2014-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603182841/http://www.shenyang.gov.cn/zwgk/system/2012/09/10/010003414.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Bogotá]]
|{{COL}}
| [[File:Centro-Internacional-Bogotá.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|7776845}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/poblacion-y-demografia/proyecciones-de-poblacion|title=Estimaciones y proyecciones de hogares y viviendas|publisher=DANE (2014)|access-date=2016-05-20|archive-date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202154631/http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/poblacion-y-demografia/proyecciones-de-poblacion|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| {{nts|7878783}}&lt;ref name=&quot;colombia1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/Municipal_area_1985-2020.xls|title=ESTIMACIONES DE POBLACIÓN 1985 - 2005  Y PROYECCIONES DE POBLACIÓN 2005 - 2020 TOTAL DEPARTAMENTAL POR ÁREA|publisher=[[National Administrative Department of Statistics|DANE]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=21 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]]
|{{VIE}}
| [[File:Một khúc sông Sài Gòn.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|7681700}}&lt;ref name=&quot;vietnam1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&amp;idmid=3&amp;ItemID=14457|title=Average population by province|publisher=General Statistics Office Of Vietnam|accessdate=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ningbo]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Juncture_of_three_main_rivers_in_Ningbo_China.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|7605689}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2011/8/15/art_421_488260.html|title=Ningbo 2011 population report issued|publisher=Ningbo Municipal People's Government|access-date=2016-05-20|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094414/http://english.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2011/8/15/art_421_488260.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
|{{HK}}
| [[File:Hong Kong view from The Peak 01.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|7298600}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/bbs.jsp|title=Hong Kong Statistics|publisher=Census and Statistics Department. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|accessdate=4 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| {{nts|7331699}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/so20.jsp |title=Population - Overview |work=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)]]|date=25 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Baghdad]]
|{{IRQ}}
| [[File:Haifa street, as seen from the medical city hospital across the tigres.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|7180889}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Demographic Statistics of Iraq (2009)|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/en/population-manpower-staatistics/life|work=Central Statistical Government of Iraq|accessdate=5 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305055657/http://cosit.gov.iq/en/population-manpower-staatistics/life|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| 
|-
|[[Changsha]]
|{{CHN}}
| [[File:The Huángxīng Lù Commercial Pedestrian Street in Changsha.jpg|125px]]
|{{nts|7044118}}
| 
|
|-
| [[Dhaka]]
|{{BAN}}
| [[File:Dhaka-skyline-aymash.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|6970105}}&lt;ref name=&quot;bangladesh1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|title=Population &amp; Housing Census-2011|publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]]|page=41|accessdate=20 October 2015|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044832/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|15669000}}
| {{nts|17151925}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;&gt;[http://www.bbs.gov.bd Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics - Community Report]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=November 2015}}
|-
| [[Wuhan]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:WuhanSkyline.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|6886253}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=武汉市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 (Main Data from Wuhan 2010 Census)|url=http://www.whtj.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.aspx?id=6417|publisher=Wuhan Statistics Bureau|date=10 May 2011|accessdate=31 July 2011|archive-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025103716/http://www.whtj.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.aspx?id=6417|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Tianjin]]
|  {{CHN}}
| [[File:炫彩津门99海河夜景.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|6859779}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2011/04/29/006466166.shtml|title=2013年天津市国民经济和社会发展统计公报数据|publisher=Enorth.com.cn|accessdate=1 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|10920000}}
|
|-
| [[Hyderabad]]
|{{IND}}
| [[File:MindSpace campus in Hyderabad, India.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|6809970}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
| 
| {{nts|7749334}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
|-
| [[Hanoi]]
|{{VIE}}
| [[File:Hanoi Cityscape.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|6844100}}&lt;ref name=&quot;vietnam1&quot; /&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Faisalabad]]
|{{PAK}}
| [[File:Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|6480765}}&lt;ref&gt;http://phonebookoftheworld.com/faisalabad/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Rio de Janeiro]]
|{{BRA}}
| [[File:Vista aérea Centro do Rio de Janeiro RJ.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|6429923}}&lt;ref name=&quot;brazil3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2013/estimativa_2013_dou.pdf|title=ESTIMATIVAS DA POPULAÇÃO RESIDENTE NOS MUNICÍPIOS BRASILEIROS COM DATA DE REFERÊNCIA EM 1º DE JULHO DE 2013|publisher=[[Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística|IBGE]]|language=Portuguese|accessdate=31 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|11727000}}
| {{nts|11973505}}&lt;ref name=&quot;brazil1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Foshan]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Downtown of Guicheng.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|6151622}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=佛山2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报[1]|url=http://fs.house.sina.com.cn/news/2011-05-16/094028198.shtml|work=City of Foshan|accessdate=30 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Districts of Changcheng, Nanhai, Shunde; see [[Foshan#Administration]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Zunyi]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Zunyi.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|6127009}}
| 
| 
|-
| [[Santiago]]
|{{CHI}}
| [[File:Santiago de Chile.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|5743719}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chile – Santiago (Census 2012)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/chile.aspx|accessdate=1 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| {{nts|6683852}}&lt;ref name=&quot;santiago1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censo.cl/2012/08/resultados_preliminares_censo_2012.pdf|title=Región Metropolitana de Santiago|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas|language=Spanish|accessdate=22 December 2012|archive-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124152651/http://www.censo.cl/2012/08/resultados_preliminares_censo_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Riyadh]]
|{{KSA}}
| [[File:Riyadh 1337.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|5676621}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Composition of Population (2012)|url=http://www.arriyadh.com/openshare/Eng/ADA/Content/ADA-Public/Investment_Arriyadh_2013.pdf|work=Arriyadh Development Authority|accessdate=4 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| 
|-
| [[Ahmedabad]]
|{{IND}}
| [[File:Amdavad Aerial.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|5570585}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
| 
|  {{nts|6352254}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
|-
| [[Singapore]]
|{{SIN}}
| [[File:Singapore CBD skyline from Esplanade at dusk.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|5535000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;singpop1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data|title=Population &amp; Land Area (Mid-Year Estimates)|publisher=[[Statistics Singapore]]|accessdate=4 December 2015|archive-date=2015-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129094649/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Shantou]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:China-shantou03.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|5391028}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=现将汕头市2010年第六次全国人口普查分区县常住人口[2]数据公布如下：|url=http://sttj.shantou.gov.cn/6rkpc/20110519.html|work=汕头市2010年第六次全国人口普查  主要数据公报[1]|accessdate=30 January 2014|archive-date=2014-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424121611/http://sttj.shantou.gov.cn/6rkpc/20110519.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yangon]]
|{{MYA}}
| [[File:Downtown Yangon (2006).jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|5214000}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas (2014)|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|publisher=Demographia|accessdate=11 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Saunt Petersburg]]
|{{RUS}}
| [[File:Petersburg-square.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|5191690}}&lt;ref name=&quot;2015Est&quot;&gt;[[Goskomstat|Rosstat]]. [http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2015.xls Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2015 г.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402190432/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2015.xls |date=2015-04-02 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Chennai]]
|{{IND}}
| [[File:MGR Memorial 9 December 2007.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4792949}}&lt;ref name=&quot;2011city&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=18 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| {{nts|8917749}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
|-
| [[Abidjan]]
|{{CIV}}
| [[File:Plateau Centre-est.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4765000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;demographia&quot;/&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Chengdu]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Jiuyanqiao.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4741929}}&lt;ref name=&quot;2010census&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/govAffairInfo/detail.jsp?id=425258|script-title=zh:我市2010年第六次全国人口普查数据公报 |publisher=Government of Chengdu|date=2011-05-13|language=Chinese|accessdate=2011-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|10376000}}
|
|-
| [[Alexandria]]
|{{EGY}}
| [[File:Alexandria - Egypt.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4616625}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Capmas2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/Electronic%20Static%20Book2013/english/population/untitled1/pop.aspx|title=Estimated Population by Governorate|publisher=[[CAPMAS]]|accessdate=September 2013|archive-date=2013-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000306/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/Electronic%20Static%20Book2013/english/population/untitled1/pop.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Kolkata]]
|{{IND}}
| [[File:Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_panorama.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4486679}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
| {{nts|14667000}}
| {{nts|14617882}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
|-
| [[Ankara]]
|{{TUR}}
| [[File:Ankara and mosque wza.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|5271000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
| {{nts|4585000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
| {{nts|4919000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Xi'an]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:1 xian china wild goose pagoda view.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|4467837}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=西安市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报[1]|url=http://news.163.com/11/0525/03/74SC9U2E00014AED.html|work=Chinese Census 2010|accessdate=14 March 2014|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053640/http://news.163.com/11/0525/03/74SC9U2E00014AED.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Surat]]
|{{IND}}
| [[File:GauravPath1.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4462002}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Johannesburg]]
| {{ZAF}}
| [[File:Johannesburg CBD.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4434827}}&lt;ref name=&quot;South Africa&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Census (2011)|url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/|publisher=Statistics South Africa|accessdate=23 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Dar es Salaam]]
|{{TZA}}
| [[File:Dar es Salaam aerial.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4364541}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pinda|first=Mizengo Peter|title=Welcome to the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census WebPage.|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/new.html|work=Census General Report (pdf); available by clicking “Population Distribution by Administrative Units”|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania|accessdate=28 December 2013|archive-date=2014-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105051305/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/new.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Suzhou]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Panmen Scenic Area 1.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4327066}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sztjj.gov.cn/tjnj/sqsl2014.pdf|title=Suzhou (Statistics 2013)|publisher=Sztjj.gov.cn|accessdate=20 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419145824/http://www.sztjj.gov.cn/tjnj/sqsl2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Harbin]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Kitayskaya_Street.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4280701}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=黑龙江省2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/dfrkpcgb/201202/t20120228_30390.html|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China|accessdate=3 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;All city proper districts except Sōngběi; namely Dàolǐ, Nángǎng, Dàowài, Píngfáng, Xiāngfang; see [[Harbin#Administrative divisions]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[Giza]]
|{{EGY}}
| [[File:Egipt 383.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|4239988}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EGYPT: Greater Cairo (2006)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/egypt-greatercairo.php|work=citypopulation.de|accessdate=20 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|15600000}}
| 
|-
| [[Zhengzhou]]
| {{CHN}}
| 
| {{nts|4122087}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Zhengzhou#Administration and demography|Sub-provincial City]] (Census 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[New Taipei Ceety]]
|{{TWN}}
| [[File:New Taipei Skyline 2019.png|125px]]
| {{nts|3954929}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/taiwan-admin.php|title=TAIWAN: Administrative Division (Census 2013)|publisher=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=23 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Los Angeles]]
| {{USA}}
| [[File:LA Skyline Mountains2.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3884307}}&lt;ref name=&quot;United States1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|title=Census Estimates (2012)|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=11 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|15058000}}
|{{nts|13262220}}&lt;ref name=&quot;us1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Cape Toun]]
|{{ZAF}}
| [[File:Central Cape Town.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3740026}}&lt;ref name=&quot;South Africa&quot;/&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yokohama]]
|{{JPN}}
| [[File:Minato Mirai In Blue.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3680267}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html|title=Official monthly estimated de jure population by the Kanagawa Prefectural Government (2010)|publisher=StatJapMonthlyCityYokohama|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-date=2012-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424041142/http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Busan]]
|{{KOR}} 
| [[File:August Afternoon in Haeundae 2.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3590101}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kosispop&quot;&gt;[http://www.mospa.go.kr/gpms/ns/mogaha/user/userlayout/bulletin/userBtView.action?userBtBean.bbsSeq=1023919&amp;userBtBean.ctxCd=1012&amp;userBtBean.ctxType=21010002&amp;userBtBean.categoryCd=] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090806/http://www.mospa.go.kr/gpms/ns/mogaha/user/userlayout/bulletin/userBtView.action?userBtBean.bbsSeq=1023919&amp;userBtBean.ctxCd=1012&amp;userBtBean.ctxType=21010002&amp;userBtBean.categoryCd= |date=2016-03-04 }}, Retrieved 2013-07-01.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| 
|-
| [[Hangzhou]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Hangzhou-yellow-dragon-stad.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3560391}}&lt;ref name=&quot;stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hzstats.gov.cn/web/ShowNews.aspx?id=DwGeRFDvlVg= |script-title=zh:杭州市 2010年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |accessdate=2011-09-15 |date=2011-02-24 |publisher=Hangzhou Municipal Statistic Bureau |language=Chinese |archive-date=2011-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903121404/http://www.hzstats.gov.cn/web/ShowNews.aspx?id=DwGeRFDvlVg%3D |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Xiamen]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:View of Urban Area of Amoy from Mount Riguangyan.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3531347}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Xiamen (Sub-provincial city, Fujian)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-admin.php?adm2id=3502|work=citypopulation.de|accessdate=4 March 2014|date=November 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Quanzhou]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Lingshan Islamic Cemetery - city view - DSCF8486.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|3520846}}&lt;ref&gt;Following sections: Licheng District, Fengze District, Shishi City, Jinjiang City; see [[Quanzhou#Administrative divisions]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Berlin]]
|{{DEU}}
| [[File:PotsdamerPlatz Vogelperspektive 2004 1.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3517424}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2014/14-02-18.pdf|title=Population of Berlin(01.01.2014)|publisher=Statistics Agency Berlin-Brandenburg|accessdate= 3 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Rawalpindi]]
|{{PAK}}
| [[File:AWT building.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3510000}}{{cn|date=November 2015}}
| 
| 
|-
| [[Jeddah]]
|{{SAU}}
| [[File:Jeddeh4.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3456259}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Saudi Census-2010|url=http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/yb47/Pages/MixChapter2.htm|work=Central Departament of Statistics Saudi Government|accessdate=4 March 2014|archive-date=2013-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201022443/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/yb47/Pages/MixChapter2.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Durban]]
|{{ZAF}}
| [[File:VWestDurban.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3442361}}&lt;ref name=&quot;South Africa&quot;/&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]
|{{PAK}}
| [[File:Citynazimoffice.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|3429471}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13637-Sindh-population-surges-by-81.5-pc,-households-by-83.9-pc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-20 |archive-date=2015-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017232747/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13637-Sindh-population-surges-by-81.5-pc,-households-by-83.9-pc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Kabul]]
|{{AFG}}
| [[File:Khair Khana in 2012.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3414100}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Afghanistan (2013)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan.aspx|publisher=GeoHive|accessdate=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Casablanca]]
|{{MAR}}
| [[File:CasablancaFAR.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3,359,818}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Morocco: Grand Casablanca - Settat|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/morocco-grandcasablancasettat.php|website=citypopulation.de|accessdate=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Hefei]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Hefei Street Scene.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3352076}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=合肥市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报: 合肥市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公 报[1]|url=http://wenku.baidu.com/view/5adc27c29ec3d5bbfd0a74db.html|publisher=Baidu|accessdate=15 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Pyongyang]]
|{{PRK}}
| [[File:0322 Pyongyang Turm der Juche Idee Aussicht.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3255388}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/2008_North_Korea_Census.pdf United Nations Statistics Division; Preliminary results of the 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea conducted on 1–15 October 2008 ('''pdf-file''')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325102712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/2008_North_Korea_Census.pdf |date=2009-03-25 }} Retrieved on 2009-03-01.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| 
|-
| [[Madrid]]
|{{ESP}}
| [[File:Gran Vía (Madrid) 1.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3207247}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Municipal Register: Last data published: Population at 1st January (2013)|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&amp;path=%2Ft20%2Fe260&amp;file=inebase&amp;L=|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE – Spain)|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-date=2013-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208094936/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&amp;path=%2Ft20%2Fe260&amp;file=inebase&amp;L=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| {{nts|6378297}}&lt;ref name=&quot;euro1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_gind3&amp;lang=en|title=Metropolitan regions: Demographic balance and crude rates|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=26 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Peshawar]]
|{{PAK}}
| [[File:Khyber_pass.jpeg|125px]]
| {{nts|3201000}}{{cn|date=November 2015}}
|
| 
|-
| [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality|Ekurhuleni]]
|{{ZAF}}
| [[File:Germiston CBD.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3178470}}&lt;ref name=&quot;South Africa&quot;/&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nairobi]]
| {{KEN}}
| [[File:NBO5.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3138369}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kenya (Census 2009)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/kenya.aspx|publisher=Geohive|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303020641/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/kenya.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Zhongshan]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Zhongshan City -02.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3121275}}&lt;ref&gt;http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-44.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316085121/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-44.aspx |date=2016-03-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Pune]]
|{{IND}}
| [[File:AmonoraTownCentre.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3115431}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
| 
| 
|-
| [[Addis Ababa]]
|{{ETH}}
| [[File:Aerials Ethiopia 2009-08-27 15-26-13.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|3103673}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf|title=Population Size of Towns by Sex, Region, Zone and Wereda: July 2013|publisher=Central Statistical Agency – CSA|accessdate=July 2013|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211418/http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Jaipur]]
| {{IND}}
| [[File:World Trade Park Jaipur in 2012.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3073350}}&lt;ref name=indiacensus/&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Buenos Aires]]
|{{ARG}}
| [[File:Banco Nación (1416501960) Buenos Aires, Argentina.jpg|125px]]
| {{nts|3054300}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Argentina: Provinces and Agglomerations|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Argentina-Cities.html|website=citypopulation.de|accessdate=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|14122000}}
|{{nts|13074000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;argentina1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/preliminares/cuadro_totalpais.asp|title=Censo 2010. Resultados provisionales: cuadros y gráficos|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC)|language=Spanish|accessdate=22 December 2012|archive-date=2010-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143832/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/preliminares/cuadro_totalpais.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Wenzhou]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[File:Vue générale de Wenzhou.JPG|125px]]
| {{nts|3039439}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenzhou City, in 2010 the sixth national census data bulletin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=1103-浙江省温州市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报:  温州市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报|url=http://wenku.baidu.com/view/68e6f74d852458fb770b5630|publisher=Baidu|accessdate=3 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|
|-
| [[Osaka]]
| {{JPN}}
| 
| 
| {{nts|17444000}}
|{{nts|19342000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;japan1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Paris]]
| {{FRA}}
| 
| 
| {{nts|10858000}}
|{{nts|12005077}}&lt;ref name=&quot;euro1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Manila]]
| {{PHI}}
| 
| {{nts|1652171}}&lt;ref name=&quot;2010 census2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/National%20Capital%20Region.pdf|title = Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010|work = 2010 Census of Population and Housing|publisher = National Statistics Office of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate = 6 April 2012|archive-date = 2013-11-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131114215903/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/National%20Capital%20Region.pdf|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{nts|24123000}}
|{{nts|11855975}}&lt;ref name=&quot;philippines1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/National%20Capital%20Region.pdf|title=National Capital Region. Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010|work=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]|accessdate=22 December 2012|archive-date=2013-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114215903/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/National%20Capital%20Region.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Izmir]]
| {{TUR}}
| 
| {{nts|4168000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
| {{nts|3019000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
| {{nts|3575000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Chicago]]
| {{USA}}
| 
| 
| 
|{{nts|9554598}}&lt;ref name=&quot;us1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Nagoya]]
| {{JPN}}
| 
| 
| {{nts|10177000}}
|{{nts|9107000}}&lt;ref name=&quot;japan1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Taipei]]
| {{TWN}}
| [[File:Xinyi_Taipei_2016_panorama.jpg|125px]]
| 
| 
|{{nts|7045488}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |title=鄉鎮市區人口及按都會區統計. |work=[[Ministry of the Interior (Republic of China)]] |date=2013 |access-date=2016-05-20 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071215/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
| [[Luanda]]
| {{ANG}}
| 
| 
| 
|{{nts|6542944}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Angola (2014)|url=http://www.ine.gov.ao/xeo/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=19334678&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Houston]]
| {{USA}}
| 
| 
| 
| {{nts|6490180}}&lt;ref name=&quot;us1&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[Philadelphia]]
| {{USA}}
| 
| 
| 
| {{nts|6051170}}&lt;ref name=&quot;us1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Lahore]]
| {{PAK}}
| [[File:Kalma Underpass1.jpg|125px]]
| 
| {{nts|10052000}}
|
|}
{{notelist}}

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Urban geografie]]</text>
      <sha1>cc7q8mctz1fyygbk015griotrg7n42z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>La Florida, Chile</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>144069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869364</id>
      <parentid>851506</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8571" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = La Florida
| native_name             =
| native_name_lang        = es
| settlement_type         = [[Leet o ceeties in Chile|Ceety]] an [[Communes o Chile|Commune]]
| image_skyline           = Ilustre_Municipalidad_de_La_Florida.jpg
| imagesize               = 250px
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           = La Florida municipality premises
| image_flag              = Bandera de La Florida (Chile).svg
| flag_alt                = Flag
| image_shield            = Escudo de La Florida (Chile).svg
| shield_alt              = Coat o airms
| image_map               = Comuna de La Florida.svg
| map_alt                 = Map of the La Florida commune athin [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]]
| map_caption             = Map of the La Florida commune athin [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]]
| pushpin_map             = Chile
| pushpin_map_narrow = yes
| pushpin_label_position  = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt         = Location in Chile
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Chile
| coordinates             = {{coord|33|32|S|70|35|W|region:CL-RM|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = city
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Chile]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions o Chile|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Santiago Metropolitan Region|Santiago Metro.]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces o Chile|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Santiago Province, Chile|Santiago]]
| established_title       = Foondit
| established_date        = 28 November 1899 
| founder                 =
| named_for               =
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    =
| government_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Munitel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url = http://www.laflorida.cl |title = Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades |accessdate = 27 January 2011 |language = es |archive-date = 2019-04-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190415073917/http://www.laflorida.cl/ |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| government_type         = [[Municipality]]
| leader_title            = [[Alcalde]]
| leader_party = [[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]]
| leader_name = Rodolfo Carter
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = &lt;ref name=&quot;Official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url = http://www.laflorida.cl |title = Municipality of La Florida |accessdate = 27 January 2011 |language = es |archive-date = 2019-04-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190415073917/http://www.laflorida.cl/ |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |title= National Statistics Institute |accessdate=13 December 2010|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 70.8
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             =
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;INE&quot;/&gt;
| population_total        = 365674
| population_as_of        = 2002 Census
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_blank1_title = [[Urban aurie|Urban]]
| population_blank1       = 365563
| population_blank2_title = [[Landwart aurie|Landwart]]
| population_blank2       = 111
| demographics_type1      = Sex
| demographics1_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;INE&quot;/&gt; 
| demographics1_title1    = Men
| demographics1_info1     = 176,245
| demographics1_title2    = Women
| demographics1_info2     = 189,429
| timezone = [[Time in Chile|CLT]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |accessdate=13 September 2010 |title=Chile Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |archive-date=2010-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713071639/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| utc_offset = -4
| timezone_DST = [[Time in Chile|CLST]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |accessdate=13 September 2010 |title=Chile Summer Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| utc_offset_DST = -3
| postal_code_type        =
| postal_code             =
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               = 56 + 
| website                 = [http://www.laflorida.cl/ Municipality o La Florida]
| footnotes               =
}}

'''La Florida''' ({{IPA-es|la floˈɾiða}}, [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] for &quot;the flouery&quot;) is a suburban [[communes o Chile|commune]] o [[Chile]] locatit in the Sooth East o [[Santiago]], [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]]. It is a residential aurie an its inhabitants are maistly members o a new [[middle cless|middle]] an upper-middle cless. It ranks nummer 12 oot o 346 amang Chilean communes in terms o [[Human Development Index]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HumanDev&quot;/&gt; Its mayor is Rodolfo Carter ([[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]])

==Demographics==
Accordin tae the 2002 [[census]] o the [[Naitional Statistics Institute (Chile)|Naitional Statistics Institute]], La Florida spans an aurie o {{convert|70.8|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} an haes 365,674 inhabitants (176,245 men an 189,429 weemen). O these, 365,563 (100%) livit in [[urban aurie]]s an 111 (0%) in [[landwart aurie]]s. It currently haes amaist 400,000 inhabitants, which maks it the third maist populous commune in Chile.

===Stats===
*Population belaw poverty line: 9.6% (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;MOP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mideplan.cl/final/bajar.php?path=casen2006regional&amp;id=CASEN2006-Metropolitana.pdf |title=Poverty in the Santiago Metropolitan Region |work=Ministry of Planning of Chile |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824153157/http://www.mideplan.cl/final/bajar.php?path=casen2006regional&amp;id=CASEN2006-Metropolitana.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-24 |language=es |access-date=2016-05-31 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Regional quality o life index: 80.21, heich, 13 oot o 52 (2005){{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
*[[Human Development Index]]: 0.773, 12 oot o 346  (2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;HumanDev&quot;&gt;[[:es:Anexo:Comunas de Chile]]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Administration==
As a commune, La Florida is a third-level [[admeenistrative diveesion o Chile]] admeenistered bi a [[municipal cooncil]], heidit bi a [[alcalde]] who is directly electit ivery fower year. The 2012-2016 alcalde is Rodolfo Carter Fernández ([[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]]). The communal cooncil haes the follaein members:

'''[[Chile Vamos]]'''
* Oscar Aguilera López ([[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]])
* Eulogia Lavín Infante ([[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]])
* Marcelo Zunino Poblete ([[Naitional Renewal (Chile)|RN]])
* Orlando Vidal Duarte ([[Naitional Renewal (Chile)|RN]])
* José Luis Alegría Tobar (IND)

'''[[Nueva Mayoría]]'''
* Marco Espinoza Cartagena ([[Christian Democratic Pairty (Chile)|DC]])
* Nicanor Herrera Quiroga ([[Socialist Pairty o Chile|PS]])
* Reinaldo Rosales Méndez ([[Pairty for Democracy (Chile)|PPD]])
* David Peralta Castro ([[Communist Pairty o Chile|PC]])
* Claudio Arredondo Medina (IND)

The [[municipal cooncil]] is componit bi five members o Chile Vamos (centre-right coalition) an five members o the Nueva Mayoría (centre-left coalition).

Athin the [[electoral diveesions o Chile]], La Florida is representit in the [[Chamber o Deputies o Chile|Chamber o Deputies]] bi Gustavo Hasbún ([[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]]) and Camila Vallejo-Dowling ([[Communist Pairty o Chile|PC]]) as pairt o the 26t Destrict, which consists entirely o the La Florida commune. It is representit in the [[Senate o Chile|Senate]] bi Manuel José Ossandón Irarrázabal ([[National Renewal (Chile)|RN]]) an Carlos Montes Cisternas (PS) as pairt o the 8t Senatorial Constituency (East Santiago).

==Eddication==
Previously the aurie haed a German schuil, Deutsche Marienschule Santiago-La Florida.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672]&quot; (). [[Bundestag]] (West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 21/51.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* {{es icon}} [http://www.laflorida.cl/ Municipality o La Florida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415073917/http://www.laflorida.cl/ |date=2019-04-15 }}

{{Communes in Santiago Metropolitan Region}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Santiago Province|Florida]]
[[Category:Communes o Chile]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1899]]</text>
      <sha1>ntqo3hqe1yvczaue2pb4hpm8k1cit44</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ursus (genus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>144171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869239</id>
      <parentid>822173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2130" xml:space="preserve">{{Other uses|Ursus (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Pliocene]]–[[Holocene]], {{Fossil range|5.333|0}}
| image = TE-Collage Ursus-v2.png
| image_caption = Frae tap tae bottom: [[broun beir]], [[American black beir]], [[polar beir]], [[Asie black beir]].
| taxon = Ursus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ursus/classification/|title=ADW: Ursus: CLASSIFICATION|author=|date=|website=animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu|accessdate=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000952|title=Mammal Species of the World - Browse: Ursus|author=|date=24 December 2013|website=archive.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224202903/http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000952|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| display_parents = 2
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = 
:''[[broun beir|Ursus arctos]]''
:''[[American black beir|Ursus americanus]]''
:''[[polar beir|Ursus maritimus]]''
:''[[Asiatic black beir|Ursus thibetanus]]''
:''[[cave beir|Ursus spelaeus]]'' (extinct)
}}
'''''Ursus''''' is a [[genus]] in the faimily [[Ursidae]] ([[beir]]s) that includes the widely distributit [[broun beir]]s,&lt;ref&gt;http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/brown_bear/brown_bear.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216163856/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/brown_bear/brown_bear.html |date=2018-02-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[polar beir]],&lt;ref&gt;http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/polar_bear/polar.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424043402/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/polar_bear/polar.htm |date=2016-04-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[American black beir|black beir]]s.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q243359}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ursus (Genus)}}
[[Category:Beirs]]
[[Category:Mammal genera]]
[[Category:Extant Pliocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]]</text>
      <sha1>2hjh8ijcogbsqz106jwzuyo0szbvo5e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>One Piece</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>144731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869412</id>
      <parentid>868995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T03:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan1000000</username>
        <id>59533</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>episodes</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4360" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name            = One Piece
| image           = One Piece, Volume 61 Cover (Japanese).jpg
| caption         = Saxty-first volume o ''One Piece'', released in Japan bi Shueisha on Februar 4, 2011
| ja_kanji        = ONE PIECE（ワンピース）
| ja_romaji       = Wan Pīsu
| genre           = [[Action (feection)|Action]], [[Adventur fiction|Adventur]], [[Fantasy]], [[Comedy-drama]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| author          = [[Eiichiro Oda]]
| publisher       = [[Shueisha]]
| publisher_en    = {{English manga publisher
 | AUS = [[Madman Entertainment]]
 | NA  = [[Viz Media]]
 | UK  = Viz Media
}}
| demographic     = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| magazine        = [[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]
| magazine_en     = {{English manga magazine
 | NA = [[Weekly Shonen Jump (magazine)|Weekly Shonen Jump]]
}}
| first           = Julie 19, 1997
| volumes         = 102
| volume_list     = Leet o One Piece manga volumes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = film
| title           = Defeat Him! The Pirate Ganzack!
| director        = [[Gorō Taniguchi]]
| producer        = Tetsuo Daitoku&lt;br&gt;Hidekazu Terakawa
| writer          = Hiroaki Kitajima
| music           = Toshiya Motomichi
| studio          = [[Production I.G]]
| released        = July 26, 1998
| runtime         = 29 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = tv series
| director        = [[Konosuke Uda]] (#1–278)&lt;br&gt;[[Junji Shimizu]] (#131–159)&lt;br&gt;Munehisa Sakai (#244–372)&lt;br&gt;Hiroaki Miyamoto (#352–679)&lt;br&gt;Toshinori Fukazawa (#663–)
| producer        = 
| writer          = Junki Takegami (#1–195)&lt;br&gt;Hirohiko Uesaka (#196–)
| music           = [[Kohei Tanaka (composer)|Kohei Tanaka]]&lt;br&gt;[[Shiro Hamaguchi]]
| studio          = [[Toei Animation]]
| licensee        = {{English anime licensee
 | AUS = [[Madman Entertainment]]
 | NA = [[Funimation]]
 | SG = [[Odex]]
 | UK = [[Manga Entertainment]]
}}
| network         = [[Fuji TV]] (and other [[Fuji Network System|FNS]] stations)
| network_en      = {{English anime network
 | AU = [[Network Ten]], [[Cartoon Network (Australie)|Cartoon Network]] ([[Toonami (Australie)|Toonami]])
 | CA = [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]]
 | NZ = [[Cartoon Network (Australie)|Cartoon Network]], [[TV2 (New Zealand)|TV2]]
 | UK = [[Toonami (UK &amp; Ireland)|Toonami]], [[CN Too]]
 | US = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] ([[4Kids TV]]), [[Cartoon Network]]/[[Adult Swim]] ([[Toonami]])
}}
| first           = October 20, 1999
|  episodes       = 1027
| episode_list    = Leet o One Piece episodes (saisons 15–current)
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = film
| title           = One Piece: Romance Dawn Story
| director        = Katsumi Tokoro
| producer        = Yosuke Asama
| writer          = Tsuyoshi Sakurai
| music           = Kohei Tanaka&lt;br&gt;Shiro Hamaguchi
| studio          = Toei Animation
| released        = September 21, 2008
| runtime         = 34 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = ova
| title           = One Piece Film Strong World: Episode 0
| director        = Naoyuki Ito
| producer        = Hiroaki Shibata
| writer          = Hitoshi Tanaka
| music           = Kohei Tanaka&lt;br&gt;Shiro Hamaguchi
| studio          = Toei Animation
| released        = December 12, 2009
| runtime         = 30 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{nihongo|'''''One Piece'''''|ワンピース|Wan Pīsu|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[manga]] series written an illustratit bi [[Eiichiro Oda]].

[[Category:One Piece| ]]
[[Category:1997 manga]]
[[Category:1998 anime OVAs]]
[[Category:1999 anime televeesion series]]
[[Category:2008 anime OVAs]]
[[Category:2009 anime OVAs]]
[[Category:Action anime an manga]]
[[Category:Adventur anime an manga]]
[[Category:Anime series based on manga]]
[[Category:Asia Television Limited]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama anime an manga]]
[[Category:Cyborg comics]]
[[Category:Fantasy anime an manga]]
[[Category:Fuji Television shaws]]
[[Category:Funimation Entertainment]]
[[Category:Manga adaptit intae films]]
[[Category:Odex]]
[[Category:Piracy in feection]]
[[Category:Progremmes acquired bi GMA Network]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:Shueisha manga]]
[[Category:Size chynge in feection]]
[[Category:Toei Animation]]
[[Category:Toonami]]
[[Category:Viz Media manga]]
[[Category:Wars in feection]]</text>
      <sha1>1i74dlfey7f43f3uz6xc71p1nqhiwse</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Humza Yousaf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>144777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869340</id>
      <parentid>866001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:34:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11042" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox MSP
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Humza Yousaf
| honorific-suffix = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]
| image = Cabinet Secretary for Health and Social Care, Humza Yousaf.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =Cabinet Secretar for Health an Social Care
| office =[[Cabinet Secretar for Health an Social Care]]
| term_start = 20 Mey 2021
| term_end = 
| firstminister = [[Nicola Sturgeon]]
| predecessor = [[Jeane Freeman]]
| successor = 
| office1 = [[Cabinet Secretar for Juistice]]
| term_start1 = 26 Juin 2018
| term_end1 = 20 Mey 2021
| firstminister = [[Nicola Sturgeon]]
| predecessor1 = [[Michael Matheson (politeecian)|Michael Matheson]]
| successor1 = [[Keith Brown (Scots politeecian)|Keith Brown]]
| office2 = [[Meenister for Transport an the Islands]]
| term_start2 = 18 May 2016
| term_end2 = 26 June 2018
| firstminister2 = [[Nicola Sturgeon]]
| predecessor2 = [[Derek Mackay]]
| successor2 = [[Paul Wheelhouse]]
| office3 = [[Meenister for Europe an Internaitional Development|Meenister for Europe an Development]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Meenister for Freemit Affairs an Internaitional Development|Freemit Affairs an Development]] (2012-2014)&lt;/small&gt;
| term_start3 = 6 September 2012
| term_end3 = 18 Mey 2016
| predecessor3 = ''Poseetion established''
| successor3 = [[Alasdair Allan]]
| firstminister3 = [[Alex Salmond]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nicola Sturgeon]]
| office4 = [[Govrenment o the 4t Scots Pairlament|Pairlamentary Liaison Officer&lt;br /&gt;tae the First Meenister o Scotland]] 
| term_start4 = May 2011
| term_end4 = September 2012
| predecessor4 = [[Aileen Campbell]]
| successor4 = [[Mark McDonald (politician)|Mark McDonald]]
| firstminister4 = [[Alex Salmond]]
| constituency_MP5 = [[Glesga Pollok (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Glesga Pollok]]
| parliament5 = Scots
| majority5 = 6,482 (23.2%)
| term_start5 = 6 Mey 2016
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 = [[Johann Lamont]]
| successor5 =
| constituency_MP6 = [[Glesga (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Glesga]]
| parliament6 = Scots
| majority6 =
| term_start6 = 6 May 2011
| term_end6 = 6 May 2016
| predecessor6 = 
| successor6 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|4|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birthname =
| nationality = Scots
| party = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
| spouse = Nadia El-Nakla&lt;/small&gt; (m.2019) &lt;/small&gt;; former wife Gail Lythgoe &lt;/small&gt; (m.2010), divorced&lt;/small&gt;
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Varsity o Glesga]]
| occupation =
| profession = Commonty wirker
| cabinet =
| committees =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
{{fixscots}}
'''Humza Yousaf''' (born 7 Aprile 1985) is a Scots [[politeecian]] wha is the [[Scots Govrenment]] [[Cabinet Secretar for Health an Social Care]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cabinet Secretary for Health and Social Care - gov.scot|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/cabinet-secretary-for-health-and-social-care/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is  [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]] for [[Glesga Pollok (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Glesga Pollok]]. Yousaf wis the first non-white and [[Muslim]] member o the Scots Cabinet. In 2011 he had bin the youngest member o the Scots Pairlament&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stars who have risen and fallen|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13072077.stars-risen-fallen/|access-date=2022-03-24|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; when he was first electit at 26 years auld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC News - Election 2011 - Scotland - Glasgow|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/election2011/region/html/36139.stm|access-date=2022-03-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Life ==
Humza Haroon Yousaf hails frae [[Glesga]] an took an M.A. in politics at [[Glesga Varsity|Glesga varsity]] in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow - Alumni - Our alumni - Life after Glasgow - Notable alumni|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/alumni/ouralumni/lifeafterglasgow/notablealumni/|access-date=2022-03-24|website=www.gla.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

His parents waur Muzaffar Yousaf, frae [[Pakistan]] an emigrated tae Glesga in the 1960s, an mither Shaaista Bhutta, also East Asian, wis born in [[Kenyae]]. His schuil eddication wis at [[Hutchesons' Grammar School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-10-25|title=FPs Humza Yousaf and John Mason elected as MSPs {{!}} Hutchesons’ Grammar School|url=http://www.hutchesons.org/news/1156_fps-humza-yousaf-and-john-mason-elected-as-msps|access-date=2022-03-24|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2014-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025235400/http://www.hutchesons.org/news/1156_fps-humza-yousaf-and-john-mason-elected-as-msps|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis raisin money fur Islam Relief charity an workit wi young fowk in the commonty, an went tae deliver food parcels tae the puir families an asylum seekers, as weel as workin in a commonty radio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: SNP aims to make independent Scotland a world leader in aid|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13087967.exclusive-snp-aims-make-independent-scotland-world-leader-aid/|access-date=2022-03-24|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At Glesga varsity, Yousaf wis  president o the Glasgow University Muslim Students Association as well as involved in student politics in the students' representative cooncil.

== Career ==
Yousaf becam the Pairliamentary assistant fur SNP MSPs incluidin [[Bashir Ahmad]],  [[Anne McLaughlin]], [[Nicola Sturgeon]] and fur [[Alex Salmond]], wha wis then the [[First Meenister o Scotland|First Meenister]]. He had done a young leaders exchange programme wi the [[Unitit States|US]] State Department. He won the “Future Force of Politics” award at the Young Scottish Minority Ethnic Awards in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 June 2016|title=Personal Information - MSPs: Scottish Parliament|url=http://www.parliament.scot/msps/currentmsps/28637.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2022-03-24|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2016-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605070446/http://www.parliament.scot/msps/currentmsps/28637.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aifter bein electit as the youngest memmer o the Scots Pairliament in 2011, Yousaf becam the [[Meenister for Freemit Affairs an International Development]] (2012 to 2014), [[Meenister for Europe an Development]] (2014 to 2016),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2014-11-21|title=Nicola Sturgeon announces new Scottish cabinet|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-30138550|access-date=2022-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  then [[Meenister for Transport an the Islands]] (2016 to 2018).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-20|title=New Islands minister appointed - The Orcadian Online|url=http://www.orcadian.co.uk/2016/05/new-islands-minister-appointed/|access-date=2022-03-24|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2016-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520141028/http://www.orcadian.co.uk/2016/05/new-islands-minister-appointed/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2012-09-05|title=Ministerial appointments debate|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/scotland/newsid_9749000/9749227.stm|access-date=2022-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 2018, Yousaf joined Nicola Sturgeon's Cabinet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scottish Government Cabinet Reshuffle: Who's in and Who's out?|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-government-cabinet-reshuffle-whos-and-whos-out-584245|access-date=2022-03-24|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as [[Cabinet Secretar for Justice]] an he introduced the Hate Crime Bill, which met wi opposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Yousaf|first=Humza|title=Humza Yousaf: Hate Crime Bill strikes right balance between respecting freedom of expression and tackling hate speech|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/politics/scottish-politics/2344595/humza-yousaf-hate-crime-bill-strikes-right-balance-between-respecting-freedom-of-expression-and-tackling-hate-speech/|access-date=2022-03-24|website=Press and Journal|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-07-24|title=Free speech row over new hate crime bill in Scotland|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-53526843|access-date=2022-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-09-23|title=Controversial hate crime legislation to be changed|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-54269380|access-date=2022-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He mad a speech in the Pairliament, aifter the murder o George Floyd in solidarity wi anti-racism, an listit the senior posts in Scotland held only bi white people, which led tae a social media backlash.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Report|first=Official|date=2014-01-24|title=Official Report|url=https://archive2021.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12685&amp;mode=html#iob_114774|access-date=2022-03-24|website=archive2021.parliament.scot}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Then he took ower frae [[Jeane Freeman]] as [[Health Sercretar]], during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|Covid-19 pandemic]] an led the [[Vaccine|vaccine programme]] an the pandemic responses in Scotland,  wi the resultin pressure growin oan the NHS. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Boothman|first=John|title=SNP ‘in disarray’ as WHO says Scotland has six in ten European Covid hotspots|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/snp-in-disarray-as-who-says-scotland-has-six-in-ten-european-covid-hotspots-hqrtlj2xh|access-date=2022-03-24|issn=0140-0460}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health Secretary Humza Yousaf defends taking holiday as Covid cases rocket|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/health-secretary-humza-yousaf-defends-taking-holiday-as-covid-cases-rocket-3299214|access-date=2022-03-24|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yousaf's advice to think twice before dialling 999 raises fundamental questions about NHS funding – Scotsman comment|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/scottish-ambulance-service-crisis-humza-yousafs-advice-to-think-twice-before-dialling-999-raises-fundamental-questions-about-nhs-funding-scotsman-comment-3384681|access-date=2022-03-24|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Editor|first=Kieran Andrews, Scottish Political|title=Emergency delays ‘led to 500 hospital deaths’|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/emergency-delays-led-to-500-hospital-deaths-cchd2d87t|access-date=2022-03-24|issn=0140-0460}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yousaf, Humza}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]]
[[Category:Scots Muslims]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Hutchesons' Grammar Schuil]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]]
[[Category:Scots fowk o Pakistani strynd]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]]
[[Category:Politeecians frae Glesga]]</text>
      <sha1>8ugjcxrtfbyk5oevg7ftr69eqsqjiop</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lampung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>145157</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869367</id>
      <parentid>827854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:14:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4256" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Lampung
| native_name             = &lt;!-- If different from name --&gt;
| native_name_lang        = id&lt;!-- ISO 639 code e.g. &quot;id&quot; for Indonesian --&gt;
| type                    = [[Provinces o Indonesie|Province]]
| image_skyline           = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Uprising-mt anak krakatau.jpg
| photo2a = Pahawang Island, Indonesia.jpg
| photo2b = Bukit barisan.jpg
| photo3a = Bakauheni Port and Siger Tower.JPG
| size = 300
| spacing = 1
| color = #000000
| border = 1
}}
| image_caption          = Clockwise, frae tap left : [[Anak Krakatau|Moont Anak Krakatau]], [[Bukit Barisan Selatan Naitional Pairk]], [[Port o Bakauheni]], Pahawang Islands
| image_alt               = 
| image_flag              = Flag of Lampung.svg
| image_seal              = Coat of arms of Lampung.svg
| seal_size               = 80px
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = &quot;Sai Bumi Ruwa Jurai&quot;
| image_map               = IndonesiaLampung.png
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location o Lampung in Indonesie
| coordinates             = {{coord|5|27|S|105|16|E|region:ID_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = {{INA}}
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| seat_type               = [[Leet o caipitals o provinces in Indonesie|Caipital]]
| seat                    = [[File:Lambang Kota Bandar Lampung.jpg|20px]] [[Bandar Lampung]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = Govrenor
| leader_name             = Muhammad Ridho Ficardo
| leader_title2           = Vice Govrenor
| leader_name2            = 
| college                 = Sumatra Institute of Technology (ITERA)
| unit_pref               = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 35376
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;bps2010&quot;&gt;[http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf Central Bureau of Statistics: ''Census 2010''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201005819/http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf |date=2012-02-01 }}, retrieved 17 January 2011 {{id}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 7972246
| population_as_of        = 2014
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| demographics_type1      = Demographics 
| demographics1_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| demographics1_title1    = [[Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1     = [[Javanese fowk|Javanese]] (62%), [[Sundanese fowk|Sundanese]] (9%), Lampung (25%),  [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] (4%), [[Bantenese]] (3%) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
  | last =   | first =
  | publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
  | title =Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape
  | date =  | year =2003  | url =  | accessdate =  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2    = [[Releegion]]
| demographics1_info2     = [[Muslim]] (92%), [[Protestant]] (1.8%), [[Catholic]] (0.8%), [[Hinduism]] (1.7%), [[Buddhist]] (0.3%)
| demographics1_title3    = [[Leids]]
| demographics1_info3     = [[Indonesian leid|Indonesian]]
| timezone1               = [[Time in Indonesie|WIB]] ([[UTC+7]])
| utc_offset1             = 
| registration_plate      = [[Vehicle registration plates o Indonesie|BE]]
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1         = {{decrease}} 0.664 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
| blank1_name_sec1        = HDI rank
| blank1_info_sec1        =[[Leet o Indonesian provinces bi Human Development Index|24th]] (2014)
| website                 = [http://www.lampungprov.go.id/ lampungprov.go.id]
| footnotes               = 
}}
'''Lampung''' is a [[provinces o Indonesie|province]] o [[Indonesie]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lampung| ]]
[[Category:Provinces o Indonesie]]</text>
      <sha1>97fosq17safwkkzinyl6vsxirfi9dgu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kirkcoubrie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>145547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869363</id>
      <parentid>858267</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:51:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24486" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UK place
| country = Scotland
| official_name = Kirkcudbright
| scots_name = 
| gaelic_name = Cille Chuithbeirt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba (2011) 'Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba - Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland - Database', Ainmean-Aite.org.|url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=851|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2016-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210629/http://gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=851|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population = 3,352
| population_ref = (2011)
| os_grid_reference = NX685505
| coordinates = {{coord|54.832|-4.048|display=inline,title}}
| unitary_scotland = [[Dumfries an Gallowa]]
| lieutenancy_scotland = [[Kirkcoubrieshire]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Dumfries and Galloway (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfries and Galloway]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Galloway and West Dumfries (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Galloway and West Dumfries]]
| post_town = KIRKCUDBRIGHT
| postcode_district = DG6
| postcode_area = DG
| dial_code = 01557
| static_image_name = File:Kasteelruïne aan een rivier in Kirkcudbright, Bestanddeelnr 190-1107.jpg
| static_image_caption = Kirkcoubrie 
| edinburgh_distance_mi = 84
| london_distance_mi = 282
}}

'''Kirkcoubrie''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ər|ˈ|k|uː|b|r|i}} {{respell|kur|KOO|bree}} is a toun, pairish, an ryal burgh fae 1455 in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]], [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. Kirkcoubrie wis the coonty toun o Kirkcoubrieshire.

The toun lies southwast o [[Castle Douglas]] an [[Dawbeattie]] at the mooth o the [[River Dee, Gallowa|River Dee]], aroond 4 mile fae the [[Erse Sea]].

==History==

An early rendeetion o the name o the toun wis Kilcudbrit;&lt;ref&gt;Learmonth, W (2012) ''Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire'', Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt; this derives fae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''Cille Chuithbeirt'' meanin &quot;chaipel o [[Saunt Cutbear|Cutbear (Cuthbert)]]&quot;, the saunt whase mortal remeens wis keepit at the toun atween thair exhumation at [[Lindisfarne]] an reinternment at [[Chester-le-Street]].&lt;ref&gt;Eyre, C (1849) ''The History of St. Cuthbert: Or an Account of His Life, Decease, and Miracles; of the Wanderings with his Body at Intervals During CXXIV. Years; of the State of his Body from his Decease Until A.D. 1542; and of the Various Monuments Erected to His Memory'', City of Westminster: James Burns&lt;/ref&gt;

[[John Spottiswoode]], in his accoont o releegious hooses in Scotland, mentions that the [[Franciscan]]s, o Grayfreers, hid been estaiblisht at Kirkcoubrie fae the 12t century.&lt;ref&gt;Spottiswood, J (1655) ''The history of the Church of Scotland, beginning in the year of our Lord 203 and continued to the end of the reign of King James the VI of ever blessed memory : wherein are described the progress of Christianity, the persecutions and interruptions of it, the foundation of churches, the erecting of bishopricks, the building and endowing monasteries, and other religious places, the succession of bishops in their sees, the reformation of religion, and the frequent disturbances of that nation by wars, conspiracies, tumults, schisms : together with great variety of other matters, both ecclesiasticall and politicall'', City of London: J. Flesher for R. Royston&lt;/ref&gt; No hints o the Grayfreers o Franciscan dwallins remeen in the pairish o Kirkcoubrie.

[[John I de Balliol|John Balliol]] wis awnin o the auncient castle at Castledykes in the late 13t century an [[Edward I o Ingland|Keeng Edward I o England]] is said tae hae steyed here in 1300 durin his war again Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland|url=https://archive.org/details/collinsencyclopa00john|publisher=HarperCollinsPublishers|year=1994|isbn=0002550822|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/collinsencyclopa00john/page/585 585]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1455 Kirkcoubrie becam a [[Ryal Burgh]].&lt;ref&gt;Bell, J (2015) 'Old Kirkcudbright - History of an Ancient Parish &amp; Burgh.', Kirkcudbright Community Website. [http://www.old-kirkcudbright.net/]&lt;/ref&gt; Aboot a century later, the bailies o the toun obteent permeesion fae [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] tae uise pairt o the convent an nunnery as a pairish kirk. Fae aroond 1570, Sir Tammas MacLellan o Bombie, the chief bailie, receive't a chairter for the site, its grunds, an its gairdens. MacLellan later dismantle't the kirk sae as tae obteen material for his new [[MacLellan's Castle|castle]], a gey fine hoose, that wis built on the site.&lt;ref&gt;Coventry, M (2006) The Castles of Scotland, City of Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter his defeat at the [[Battle o Towton]], [[Henry VI o Ingland|Keen Henry VI o England]] crosst the [[Solway Firth]] in August 1461 tae laund at Kirkcoubrie tae defend [[Queen Margaret o Anjou|Queen Margaret]] at [[Lithgae]]. The toun for some time gainstuid a siege in 1547 fae the English commaunder Sir Thomas Carleton bit, efter the surroondin kintra hid been ower-rin, wis gart tae surrender.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Nicolson|first1=J |last2= Burn|first2= R|year=1777|title=The History and Antiquities of the counties of Westmorland and Cumberland|volume=1|location=City of Westminster|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyandantiq00burngoog#page/n60/mode/2up.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kirkcoubrie Towebuith wis built atween 1625 an 1629 an serve no anely as the [[towebuith]], bit the cooncil offices, the burgh an shirra coorts, the creeminal preeson, an the dyvour's preeson an aw. Ane o the maist famous preesoners wis [[John Paul Jones]], foonder o the [[Unitit States Navy]] that wis born in [[Kirkbean]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm Slaving and a Murder Trial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023212600/http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |date=2013-10-23 }}. Retrieved on 14 November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scan.org.uk/researchrtools/courtrecords.htm 1770 Extract of Warrant for the arrest of John Paul (Jones)]. Scan.org.uk. Retrieved on 14 November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Johnston_School,_Kirkcudbright_-_view_from_NW.jpg|thumb|The Johnston School, Kirkcoubrie]]
The Johnston School wis the toun primary schuil until replace't wi a new biggin in 2009. The schuil wis endoued wi a bequest bi Kirkcoubrie merchand an shipawner William Johnston (1769-1845) an appent in 1847 as Johnston's Free School. The biggin wis designt bi Edinburgh airchitect [[James Newlands]] that later gaed on tae be the first Borough Engineer fae [[Liverpuil]] whaur he designt an built the first integratit sewerage seestem in the warld in 1848. The schuil biggin was rebuilt, reteenin the Italianate tour an facade in 1933 bi William A MacKinnell (1871-1940). He wis the Coonty Airchitect for Kirkcoubrieshire an built mony schuils in Kirkcoubrieshire. In 2020 the biggin is bein replenisht as a Community Acteevity and Resoorce Centre. The biggin is leetit Categorie B.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/212431/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-johnston-school|title=The Johnston School|publisher=Canmore|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025051/https://canmore.org.uk/site/212431/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-johnston-school|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/991918|title=Johnston School (Former), St Mary Street, Kirkcudbright &amp;#124; Buildings at Risk Register|website=www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025111/http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/991918|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

St Andrew's and St Cuthberts Kirk wis designt in 1886 by Lunnon airchitect A E Purdie (1843-1920) in the Gothic style. It wis built on the site o the medieval St Andra's Kirk. In 1971 the ben o the kirk wis re-redd an strippit o its Victorian fixturs an fittins an noo featurs an abstract airn an concrete cross bi the Liverpuil sculptor [[Sean Rice]] (1931-1997),[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sean-rice-1283255.html] modren staint gless bi the Pols airtist [[Jerzy Faczynski]] (1917-1994), an a set o fower pentins bi [[Vivian K Chapman]] depictin The Passion. The kirk wis built on the site o the auld preeson an the governor's hoose noo serves as the clergy's hoose. The kirk wis built closse til the site of the pre-reformation St Andra's Kirk.

The [[Kirkcudbright Railway]] appent in 1864 bit the railwey line an its [[Kirkcudbright railwey station|station]] closed in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://canmore.org.uk/site/69353/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-railway-station|title=Kirkcudbright, St Mary Street, Railway Station|publisher=Canmore|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2015-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611061447/http://canmore.org.uk/site/69353/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-railway-station|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Toun Hoose wis designt bi airchitects [[Peddie and Kinnear]]. It wis completit in 1879 an is a Categorie B leetit biggin.&lt;ref name=&quot;SArch&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kirkcudbright Public Hall and Museum |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=215193 |website=Scottish Architects |accessdate=27 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It his been convertit intil the Kirkcudbright Galleries.

The War Memorial dates fae 1922 an wis creatit bi the sculptor [[George Henry Paulin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Edwards|first= M |year=2006|title=Roll of Honour - Kirkcudbrightshire - Kircudbright|url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Kirkcudbrightshire/Kirkcudbright.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kirkcudbright trainin aurie===

Like mony ither hiddly places durin [[Warld War II]], a 4,700 acre aurie til the sootheast o the toun an stendin til the coast o the Solway Firth wis acquire't bi the Airmy in 1942, as a trainin aure for the [[D-Day]] invasion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
  |title=Kirkcudbright Training Area
  |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/DefenceEstateandEnvironment/AccessRecreation/Scotland/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea.htm
  |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea|title=Secret Scotland - Kirkcudbright Training Area|website=www.secretscotland.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; The aurie remeens in acteeve uiss for live-firin exerceeses. Pairt o the trainin aurie is the [[Dundrennan Range]], a wappens development an testin range. The uiss o this range for the testin o [[depletit uranium]] shells his been controversial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
  |title=Call to stop uranium shell tests
  |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1157417.stm
  |date=7 February 2001
  |publisher=[[BBC News]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
  |title=Weapon test move comes under fire
  |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7289584.stm
  |date=11 March 2008
  |publisher=[[BBC News]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The range conteens an aw ane o the twa survivin [[A39 Tortoise]] hivy assaut tanks fae the sax prototypes oreeginal produce't. the 32-punder gun his been remuived an the tank is uised for target practice. Acause o the range's designation as a Site o Speicial Interest, the remuivin o the tank til a museum is no likely.

===Museums===
[[File:Broughton_House,_Kirkcudbright.jpg|thumb|Broughton Hoose, Kirkcoubrie]]

[[Broughton House]] is an 18th century toonhoose staundin on the Heich Street. It wis the hame o Scots impressionist airtist [[Edward Atkinson Hornel]] atween his 1901 an his deith in 1933. The [[National Trust for Scotland]] mainteen the hoose an its guids as a museum o Hornel's life an wirk.

The [[Stewarty Museum]] wis foondit in 1879 an wis at first sted in the Toon Hoose until it becam ower smaw tae hoose the collections. The collection flittit til a purpose-built site. It conteens the local an naitural history o the Stewartrie o Kirkcoubrie. Breetain's earliest survivin sportin trophy, the Siller Gun, is pairt o the collection, as is pentins bi mony local airtists.

The towebuith biggin is noo uised as an airts centre.

The new Kirkcudbright Galleries wis offeecial appent in Julie 2018 bi the Princess Ryal. It is situatit in the umwhile Toon Hoose. On shaw is pentins by the various airtists that bade and wrocht in the toun. The're a gailerie an aw for veesitin exheebeetions, an cafe, an a gift shap.

==Airts==

===Airtist's Toun===
[[File:The_Greengage,_High_Street,_Kirkcudbright,_Scotland.jpg|thumb|The Greengate, hame an studio o Jessie M King, Heich Street]]

Kirkcoubrie his for a lang time been a centre for visual airtists an is noo kent as &quot;the Airtist's Toun&quot;.&lt;ref name=artist&gt;[http://www.kirkcudbright.co.uk/ Artists' Town official website]. Kirkcudbright. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The toun's roadside signs an logo include a representation o pent on a penter's pallet. Nouadays, penters, textile airtists, floorishers, ceramicists, photae-makkers, etchers, print-makkers, sculptors, encaustic airtists, willae-makkers, an mair anes aw wirk in or aroond the toun.

Kirkcoubrie is hame til an airtist's collective that his a shap in the toun centre, [http://papop-up.co.uk/ The PA, Professional Artists Collective].&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The PA Pop-up |url=http://papop-up.co.uk/ |website=PA Pop-up |accessdate=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. WASPS (Working Artists Studio Spaces, Scotland) occupees twa linkit tounhooses, Canonwalls an Claverhouse, in the Heich Street. It is a centre an aw that mony airtists appen thair studios in durin [[Spring Fling Open Studios]].

The [https://www.artandcraftstrail.com/ Kirkcudbright Arts &amp; Crafts Trail] taks place ilka simmer. This fower-day event, finishin on the first Monanday in August, allous veesitors tae see airtist's studios an veesit places that is for ordinar aff-leemits tae veesitors.

====Gaileries====

Gaileries in Kirkcoubrie incluse [[Kirkcudbright Galleries]], umwhile the Toon Hoose, in St Mary Street. Belike  the auldest gailerie is [http://www.harbourcottagegallery.org.uk The Harbour Cottage Gallery].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.harbourcottagegallery.org.uk/history/|title=History – Harbour Cottage Gallery|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ither anes include the [https://www.whitehousegallery.co.uk/ Whitehouse Gallery], the [https://www.ochregallery.co.uk/ Ochre Gallery], an the [http://www.highstgallery.co.uk/ High St Gallery].

===Cinema an literatur===
[[File:Kirkcudbright Harbour.jpg|thumb|Kirkcoubrie Herbour]]
[[File:In Memory Of Loved Ones Lost At Sea - Kirkudbright.jpg|thumb|upright|1994 widden sculpture ''In Memory Of Loved Ones Lost At Sea'' bi Charlie Easterfield in Kirkcoubrie Herbour]]

The [[whaduinit]] [[Five Red Herrings]] bi [[Dorothy L. Sayers]] involves the airtistic community o Kirkcoubrie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072502/|title=Five Red Herrings|via=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1975, the beuk wis made intil a BBC TV pictur shot in the toun, wi [[Ian Carmichael]] playin the lead role o [[Laird Peter Wimsey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=IMDb.com|title=Five Red Herrings (TV Mini-Series 1975)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072502/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The toun providit locations an aw for the cult 1973 horror pictur ''[[The Wicker Man]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where was 'The Wicker Man' filmed?|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/The-Wicker-Man-1973|website=British Film Locations|accessdate=5 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Several pairts o the toun can be easily seen in the pictur.

[[Robert Urquhart (aktor)|Robert Urquhart]] sterred in a 1980 BBC adaptation o [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[An Enemy of the People]]'', shot on location in Kirkcoubrie.

The 2018 meestery novelle ''The Shadow of the Black Earl'' bi [[Charles E McGarry]] his scenes set in Kirkcoubrie while maist o the action taks place in a fictional version of Laurieston Hall an the surroondin aurie.

===Muisic===

[[Matt McGinn]] wrate an recordit ''The Wee Kirkcudbright Centipede'' that his been kivert bi ither sangers an aw, includin [[Alastair McDonald]] on disc an on his BBC Scotland shaw &quot;Songs of Scotland&quot; that includit a segment filmt on location at the toun's Johnston Primary School whaur McDonald led the childer in a dance sequence.

The baund Betrayal, that comprised Kirkcoubrie muisicker Stephen Milligan (lead guitar), Mervin Mackllin (rhythm guitar), an Stephen McClelland (keyboards), as weel as Andrew Black (bass), Blue (vocals), and Marty (drums), released an album &quot;Rattlesnake Waltz on Liverpuil's [[Probe Plus Records]] in 1987. As reviewed in Q Magazine at the time as &quot;This seven-piece outfit from Galloway make their album debut with a strange brew containing a healthy dash of speed metal and a fistful of disparate elements taken from early Genesis, The Lovin' Spoonful, Led Zeppelin, and The Skids. On paper this might seem unworkable but in reality it adds up to a highly individual sound, with tracks like Made, Dead Man's Hand and No Big Thing - where Sue Dring's soaring vocals form an attractive contrast to Steve McClelland's manic synthesizer-providing the high spots. The only obvious drawback to this formula is that by utilising such an unusual variety of influences the band may be limiting their appeal to lovers of the eccentric ...&quot;

==Namely fowk==

===Airtists===

Kirkcoubrie his hid a lang associe wi the Glasgow Art Movement. Several airtists, includin the [[Glasgow School|Glasgow Boys]] and the famed [[Scots Colourists]], sic as [[Samuel Peploe]] an [[Francis Cadell (airtist)|Francis Cadell]], steidit thaimsels in the aurie ower a 30-year speal fae 1880 tae 1910, estaiblishin the [[Kirkcudbright Artists' Colony]]. Amang thaim that flittit tae here fae [[Glesga]] wis an aw [[Edward Atkinson Hornel]], [[George Henry (penter)|George Henry]], an [[Jessie M. King]]. Later anither curn o Glega-traint airtists built thair studios ower the river at The Stell, includin [[John Charles Lamont]] an [[Robert Sivell]]. Laundskip penter [[Charles Oppenheimer]] flittit tae Kirkcoubrie in 1908. He is gien creedit alang wi airtist [[Dorothy Nesbitt]] for hainin the Harbour Cottage (Art) Gallery fae demolishin in 1967. Kirkcoubrie becam kent as &quot;the airtist's toun&quot;&lt;ref name=artist/&gt; awtho langime residenters conseedert is a &quot;fishin toun&quot;. Ither airtists include:

* [[Joseph Simpson (airtist)|Joseph Simpson]] (1879-1939) - penter an etcher o limns an sportin subjects&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/joseph-w-simpson/|title=Joseph W Simpson &amp;#124; Kirkcudbright Galleries &amp;#124; Dumfries and Galloway &amp;#124; Artists &amp;#124; Gallery|website=Kirkcudbright Galleries}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Phyllis Bone]] (1894-1972) - sculptor, first female member o the [[Ryal Scots Academy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Alumni&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Phyllis Mary Bone (1894 – 1972) |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/phyllis-mary-bone |website=University of Edinburgh Alumni |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[William Hanna Clarke]] (1882-1924) - laundskip and feegur penter&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.artistsfootsteps.co.uk/artists_a_z.asp?ID=25 |title=William Hanna Clarke |publisher=Artists' Footsteps |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-date=2018-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232455/http://www.artistsfootsteps.co.uk/artists_a_z.asp?ID=25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jankel Adler]] (1895-1949) - penter an printmakker &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/jankel-adler/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.artrabbit.com/events/jankel-adler-a-degenerate-artist-in-britain-194049&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sportspeople===

====Perfaisional fitbawers====

* [[Bob McDougall (fitbawer)|Bob McDougall]] (1894-1936)
* [[George Cloy (fitbawer)|George Cloy]]
* [[David Mathieson (fitbawer)|David Mathieson]] (born 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;McCartney, I 2008&quot;&gt;McCartney, I (2008) Queen of the South: The History 1919–2008, Staffordshire: The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McLean|first=K |year=2009|title=QosFC: Legends - George Cloy|publisher= Queen of the South Football Club|url=http://qosfc.com/content-legendsView.aspx?playerid=1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McLean|first=K |year=2009|title=QosFC: Legends - Tommy Bryce|publisher= Queen of the South Football Club|url=http://qosfc.com/content-legendsView.aspx?playerid=1045}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Rugby====

* [[David MacMyn (rugby)|David MacMyn]] (1903-1978)&lt;ref&gt;HG (1978) 'Obituary', British Medical Journal, 1 (6119, April), 1058 to 1060&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ither fowk===
[[File:Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcudbright, Scotland.jpg|alt=|thumb|Lawrence o Arabia's faimily bade at Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcoubrie atween 1889 an 1891]]

* [[Malcolm Caldwell]] (1931-1978) - academic an Marxist scriever. Murthert in Cambodia. His faither wis the coonty airchitect for Kirkcoubriesire fae 1950 tae 1957. Caldwell wis Dux o [[Kirkcudbright Academy]] in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html|title=Caldwell|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2019-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420150538/http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cecil Coles]] (1888-1918) - composer. Killt in [[Warld War I]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|year=1918|title=Comprehensive Report|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/71046/COLES,%20CECIL%20FREDERICK%20G}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marrott Edgar]] (1880-1951) - poet, scriptwriter, comedian. Edgar wrate for [[Stanley Holloway]].
* [[John Erskine, 1t Baron Erskine o Rerrick]] (1893-1980) - baunker, Governor o Northren Ireland fae 1964 tae 1968
* [[T. E. Lawrence]] (1888-1935) - Kent as Lawrence o Arabia, he bade in Kirkcoubrie as a babbie fae 1889 tae 1891.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/2323783|title=Life story: William George Lawrence {{!}} Lives of the First World War|website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk|access-date=2020-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Marchand Robert Lenox, faither o philanthropist and bibliophone [[James Lenox]]. James's personal collection o beuks wad gie rise til the [[New York City Library]].
* [[Gary Lewis (actor)|Gary Lewis]] (born 1957) - actor, sterred in ''Gangs of New York'', ''Billy Elliot'', etc
* [[William (Billy) Marshall]] (1672-1792) - King o the [[Romani fowk|Gipsys]].

==Sport==

Kirkcoubrie is representit in the [[South of Scotland Football League]] bi [[St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=St Cuthbert Wanderers FC|year=2014|title=St Cuthbert Wanderers FC|url=http://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/}}&lt;/ref&gt; It wis foondert bi the pairishoners o St Cuthbert Catholic Church. The club's best-kent umwhile players is Bob McDougall, Billy Halliday, an David Mathieson.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCartney, I 2008&quot;/&gt;

===2019 Tour o Breetain===

The first stage fae [[Glesga]] o the 2019 Tour o Breetain endit in Kirkcoubrie on 7 September. The winner wis Dutchman [[Dylan Groenewegen]].

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kirkcudbright}}
* [http://www.kirkcudbright.town/ Visit Kirkcudbright Wabsteid]
* [http://www.kirkcudbright.com/ Kirkcudbright Community Wabsteid]
*http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420150538/http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html |date=2019-04-20 }}
*https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sean-rice-1283255.html
*https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/phyllis-mary-bone
*https://www.kirkcudbright.town/arts/kirkcudbright-artists-town/
*https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/joseph-w-simpson/
*https://papop-up.co.uk/kirkcudbright/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126141655/http://papop-up.co.uk/kirkcudbright/ |date=2020-01-26 }}
*https://www.waspsstudios.org.uk/spaces/artist-space/canonwalls-and-claverhouse/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510173941/https://www.waspsstudios.org.uk/spaces/artist-space/canonwalls-and-claverhouse/ |date=2019-05-10 }}
*https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/320810/LAWRENCE,%20WILLIAM%20GEORGE

{{Authority control}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ryal burghs]]
[[Category:Gallowa]]
[[Category:Kirkcoubrieshire]]
[[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]</text>
      <sha1>fx2oykiktw90d9wism1tko97x1a3eye</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Breetish Indian Ocean Territory</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869294</id>
      <parentid>859247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T17:38:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5309" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Breetish Indian Ocean Territory
|common_name = Breetish Indian Ocean Territory
|native_name = British Indian Ocean Territory {{en icon}}
|image_flag = Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg
|image_map = British Indian Ocean Territory in United Kingdom.svg
|map_width = 250px
|national_motto = {{native phrase|la|&quot;In tutela nostra Limuria&quot;|italics=off}}
|englishmotto= &quot;[[Lemurie (continent)|Limurie]] is in oor charge&quot;
|national_anthem = &quot;[[God Save the Queen]]&quot;
|official_languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |95.88% Breetish{{\}}American |4.12% ither}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Br_Indian_Ocean_Terr.html| title=British Indian Ocean Territory| publisher=worldstatesman.com| accessdate=5 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|capital = 
|largest_settlement = [[Camp Justice (Diego Garcia)|Camp Justice]]&lt;br/&gt;{{smaller|{{coord|7|18|S|72|24|E|display=inline,title}}}}
|largest_settlement_type = settlement
|status = {{nowrap|[[Breetish Owerseas Territories|Breetish Owerseas Territory]]}}
|government_type = [[Dependent territory|Dependency]] unner a [[constitutional monarchy]]
|leader_title1 = [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Monarch]]
|leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]]
|leader_title2 = [[Commissioner for the Breetish Indian Ocean Territory|Commissioner]]
|leader_name2 = [[Peter Hayes (diplomat)|Peter Hayes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FCO&quot;&gt;[http://www.factba.se/fco-page.php?bc=IO British Indian Ocean Territory (British Overseas Territory)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013005056/http://www.factba.se/fco-page.php?bc=IO |date=2013-10-13 }}, [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]. Retrieved 24 November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title3 = Admeenistrator
|leader_name3 = Tom Moody&lt;ref name=&quot;FCO&quot;/&gt;
|leader_title4 = Responsible Meenister&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; ([[UK govrenment|UK]])
|leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[James Duddridge]] [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]}}
|sovereignty_type = Established
|sovereignty_note = in 1965
|area_magnitude = 1 E6
|area_km2 = 54,400
|area_sq_mi = 21,004
|area_label2 = Land
|area_data2 =  60 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br/&gt;23 sq mi
|percent_water = 99.89
|population_estimate = 3,000&lt;ref name=&quot;po&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=About Us| url=http://www.biotpostoffice.com/about-1.asp| publisher=BIOT Post Office| accessdate=5 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year =
|population_census = |population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 58.3
|population_density_sq_mi = 160.0
|GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_per_capita =
|Gini_year = |Gini_change =  &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt; |Gini =  &lt;!--number only--&gt; |Gini_ref =
|HDI_year = |HDI_change =  &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt; |HDI =  &lt;!--number only--&gt; |HDI_ref =
|currency =
 {{unbulleted list
  |[[Unitit States Dollar]] {{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|USD]]; ''de facto'')}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Wayback|df=y|date=20100610203832 |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/asia-oceania/british-indian-ocean-territory?profile=all |title=FCO country profile }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CIA&gt;{{cite web| title=British Indian Ocean Territory| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/io.html| publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]| work=World Factbook| date=27 March 2013| accessdate=5 April 2013| archive-date=2017-11-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129045031/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/io.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  |[[Poond sterling]] {{nowrap|([[ISO 4217|GBP]]; ''de jure'')}}&lt;ref name=&quot;po&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gmt&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=British Indian Ocean Territory Currency| url=http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/british-indian-ocean-territory/currency-british-indian-ocean-territory/index.htm| publisher=GreenwichMeantime.com| accessdate=5 April 2013| archive-date=2018-12-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230007/https://greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/british-indian-ocean-territory/currency-british-indian-ocean-territory%20/| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;coinnews&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Launch of First Commemorative British Indian Ocean Territory Coin| url=http://www.coinnews.net/2009/05/17/launch-of-first-commemorative-british-indian-ocean-territory-coin/| date=17 May 2009| author=Pobjoy Mint Ltd| publisher=coinnews.net| accessdate=4 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 }}
|currency_code = |country_code =
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = +6
|time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST =
|drives_on = right
|calling_code = [[+246]]
|cctld = [[.io]]
|footnote_a = For the [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|Owerseas Territories]].
}}
The '''Breetish Indian Ocean Territory''' ('''BIOT''') is an [[Breetish Owerseas Territory|owerseas territory]] o the [[Unitit Kingdom]] situatit in the [[Indian Ocean]] haufway atween [[Tanzanie]] an [[Indonesie]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Breetish Owerseas Territories]]
[[Category:Islands o the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Disputit islands]]
[[Category:Disputit territories in Asie]]
[[Category:Special territories o the European Union]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1965]]
[[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]]</text>
      <sha1>ayrzdh5dqpgito1fymdrmed2142hfrz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Augusta, Maine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869282</id>
      <parentid>831023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:44:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4217" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Augusta
| settlement_type = Ceety
| nickname =
| motto = &quot;A Caipital Opportunity&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.augustamaine.gov/ |title= City of Augusta, Maine |publisher= City of Augusta, Maine|accessdate=August 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image_skyline = Augusta, Maine 2.jpg
| imagesize = 240px
| image_caption = [[Kennebec River]] flowin past dountoun Augusta in September 2006
| image_flag = AugustaMeflag.png
| image_seal = AugustaMEseal.png
| image_map = Kennebec County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Augusta highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 300px
| map_caption = Location in [[Kennebec Coonty, Maine|Kennebec Coonty]] an the state o [[Maine]].
| pushpin_map = USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Unitit States
| subdivision_type = Kintra
| subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Maine|Coonty]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kennebec Coonty, Maine|Kennebec]]
| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = David Rollins&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.centralmaine.com/2014/11/04/rollins-wins-augusta-mayor-race/|title=Rollins wins Augusta mayor race |publisher=Kennebec Journal|accessdate=November 5, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1754
| established_title1 = Incorporatit (toun)
| established_date1 = Februar 20, 1797
| established_title2 = Incorporatit (ceety)
| established_date2 = August 20, 1849
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_magnitude =
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetteer files&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2012-11-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64vfLAeJ2?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archivedate=2012-01-24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 150.30
| area_total_sq_mi = 58.03
| area_land_km2 = 142.79
| area_land_sq_mi = 55.13
| area_water_km2 = 7.51
| area_water_sq_mi = 2.90
| area_water_percent = 5.00
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_footnotes = 
| population_as_of = 2012
|population_est           = 18,946 {{decrease}}
|pop_est_as_of            = 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;2012 Pop Estimate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Population Estimates |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2013-07-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html |archivedate=2013-06-17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_note =
| population_total = 
| population_metro =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = 134.0
| population_density_sq_mi = 347.1
| timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|Eastren]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = Eastern
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| coordinates      = {{coord|44|18|38|N|69|46|48|W|region:US-ME|display=inline}}
| elevation_m = 20
| elevation_ft = 68
| website = [http://www.augustamaine.gov/ Ceety o Augusta, Maine]
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code = [[Aurie code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-02100
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID
| blank1_info = 0581636
| footnotes =
}}
'''Augusta''' is the caipital o the [[U.S. state]] o [[Maine]] an the [[coonty seat]] o [[Kennebec Coonty, Maine|Kennebec Coonty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |title=Population and Population Centers by State |access-date=2016-07-27 |archive-date=2001-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011212170351/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Augusta, Maine| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Maine]]
[[Category:Coonty seats in Maine]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1629]]
[[Category:1629 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Kennebec Coonty, Maine]]</text>
      <sha1>qt15xzfyisksxskmiu72jlclup40owa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Willae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869247</id>
      <parentid>865054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1417" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{taxobox
|name = Willow
|image = Salix alba Morton.jpg
|image_caption = ''Salix alba'' 'Vitellina-Tristis'&lt;br /&gt;[[Morton Arboretum]] acc. 58-95*1
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
|familia = [[Salicaceae]]
|tribus = [[Saliceae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;UniProt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/40685 |title=Genus '''Salix (willows)''' |work=Taxonomy |publisher=UniProt |accessdate=2010-02-04 |archive-date=2013-09-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905102841/http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/40685 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|genus = '''''Salix'''''
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = Aboot 400.&lt;ref name=Mabberley/&gt;  &lt;br/&gt;See [[Leet o Salix species|Leet o ''Salix'' species]]
|}}
'''Willaes''', cried '''sallaes''' an '''osiers''' an aw, form the [[genus]] '''''Salix''''', aroond 400 species&lt;ref name=Mabberley&gt;Mabberley, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book, Cambridge University Press #2: Cambridge.&lt;/ref&gt; o [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s an [[shrub]]s, foond primarily on moist [[sile]]s in cauld an [[temperate]] regions o the [[Northren Hemisphere]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Salix| ]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Non-timmer forest products]]
{{Stub/Plaunt}}</text>
      <sha1>gg864vtxovflz476or90xwqgba091i3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cold Water (sang)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869308</id>
      <parentid>865265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3555" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox sang
| name       = Cold Water
| cover      = Major Lazer - Cold Water.png
| alt        =
| type       = single
| artist     = [[Major Lazer]] featurin [[Justin Bieber]] an [[MØ]]
| album      = Music Is the Weapon
| released   = July 22, 2016
| format     =
| recorded   = 2016
| studio     =
| venue      =
| genre      =
| length     = 3:05
| label      = [[Mad Decent]]
| writer     = {{hlist|[[Ed Sheeran]]|[[Benny Blanco|Benjamin Levin]]|[[MØ|Karen Marie Ørsted]]|[[Diplo|Thomas Pentz]]|[[Justin Bieber]]|[[Jamie Scott]]|Philip Meckseper|Henry Allen}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mobile.ascap.com/aceclient/AceWeb/#ace/search/workID/890821789|title=ACE Repertory|last=ACE|access-date=2016-07-31|archive-date=2017-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106040548/https://mobile.ascap.com/aceclient/AceWeb/#ace/search/workID/890821789|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/cold-water-mt0053433289|title=Cold Water - Justin Bieber,Major Lazer,MØ - Song Info - AllMusic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| producer   = {{hlist|Diplo, Benny Blanco, Jr. Blender, King Henry}}
| chronology = [[Major Lazer]]
| prev_title = Boom
| prev_year  = 2016
| next_title = Believer
| next_year  = 2016
| misc       = {{Extra chronology
 | artist     = [[MØ]]
 | type       = singles
 | prev_title = [[Final Song]]
 | prev_year  = 2016
 | title      = Cold Water
 | year       = 2016
 | next_title = Drum
 | next_year  = 2016
}}
{{Extra chronology
 | artist     = [[Justin Bieber]]
 | type       = singles
 | prev_title = [[Company (Justin Bieber sang)|Company]]
 | prev_year  = 2016
 | title      = Cold Water
 | year       = 2016
 | next_title = Let Me Love You
 | next_year  = 2016
}}
}}

&quot;'''Cold Water'''&quot; is a sang recordit bi American [[electronic muisic]] group [[Major Lazer]], taken as the lead single frae thair fowert studio album, ''Music Is the Weapon'' (2016), featurin vocals frae Canadian airtist [[Justin Bieber]] an Dens sangster [[MØ]]. It wis written bi Major Lazer member [[Diplo]], [[Benny Blanco]], [[Ed Sheeran]], MØ, Justin Bieber, [[Jamie Scott]], Philip Meckseper an Henry Allen an produced bi Diplo, Benny Blanco, Jr. Blender an Keeng Henry. &quot;Cold Water&quot; wis released on Julie 21, 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;BB&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine-feature/7400330/diplo-dance-on-dj-culture-beyonce-justin-bieber | title = Diplo on Why DJ Culture is a 'Sinking Ship' and Wishing He Was Beyoncé | last = Ringen | first = Jonathan | website = Billboard | date = June 9, 2016 | accessdate = July 13, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;teenvogue&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.teenvogue.com/story/justin-bieber-cold-water-single-backflip | title = Justin Bieber Celebrates His 'Cold Water' Single With a Backflip | last = Briones | first = Isis | website = Teen Vogue | date = July 13, 2016 | accessdate = July 15, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It wis serviced tae US [[contemporary hit radio]] on Julie 26, 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;top40&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Top 40/M Future Releases|url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|publisher=All Access|accessdate=July 26, 2016|archive-date=2016-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722215524/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2016 singles]]
[[Category:2016 sangs]]
[[Category:Justin Bieber sangs]]
[[Category:Major Lazer sangs]]
[[Category:Sangs written bi Ed Sheeran]]
[[Category:Sangs written bi Diplo]]
[[Category:Sangs written bi Justin Bieber]]</text>
      <sha1>i1y59dwv2s1s2t7wr0ggigkc8pol4we</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Preity Zinta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>155896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869407</id>
      <parentid>556654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2661" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Preity Zinta
| image = Zinta at Badlapur success party.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Zinta at a success party for ''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]'', 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1975|1|31}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], Indie
| nationality = [[Indie|Indian]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1998–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Gene Goodenough|2016}}
}}
'''Preity Zinta''' (pronoonced {{IPA-hns|ˈpriːt̪i ˈzɪɳʈaː|}}; born 31 Januar 1975)&lt;ref name=&quot;birth_details&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Joshi, Shriniwas|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|title=Glamour girls from Himachal Pradesh|date=16 March 2007|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070316/hp1.htm#21|accessdate=8 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070316/hp1.htm#21|archivedate=21 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian film actress. She haes appeared in [[Hindi]] films o [[Bollywood]], as well as [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Punjabi leid|Punjabi]] an Inglis leid films. Efter graduatin wi a degree in [[criminal psychology]], Zinta made her actin debut in ''[[Dil Se..]]'' in 1998 follaed bi a role in ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'' the same year. Thir performances earned her a [[Filmfare Awaird for Best Female Debut]], an she wis later recognised for her role as a teenage single mither in ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000). She subsequently established a career wi a variety o chairacter teeps; her film roles alang wi her screen persona hae been creditit wi contreibutin tae a chynge in the concept o a Hindi film heroine, an wan her [[Leet o awairds an nominations received bi Preity Zinta|several accolades]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The only man in Bollywood&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Now showing Chakde!&amp;nbsp;– Fiesty{{Sic|nolink=y}} foot forward|date=14 August 2007|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/fullstory.php?newsid=250929|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=14 September 2007|archive-date=2009-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220192640/http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/fullstory.php?newsid=250929|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zinta, Preity}}
[[Category:Indie film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indie female models]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League franchise ainers]]
[[Category:Militar brats]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Shimla]]
[[Category:Actresses frae Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:20t-century Indie actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indie actresses]]</text>
      <sha1>igcprf5su8q0v0pu1o2ns25apeqnvdw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Delaware River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869314</id>
      <parentid>825211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:14:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5188" xml:space="preserve">{{Geobox|River
| name = Delaware River
| native_name = 
| other_name =
| other_name1 =
| category = River
| category_hide = Yes
| image = Middle Delaware River above Walpack Bend crop.jpg
| image_size = 200
| image_caption = The river leukin north abuin Walpack Bend, whaur it leaves the historic Minisink region, a buried valley erodit frae Marcellus Shale bedrock
| country = [[United States]]
| country1 =
| state = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| state1 = [[New Jersey]]
| state2 = [[Pennsylvanie]]
| state3 = [[Delaware]]
| state4 = [[Maryland]]
| region =
| region1 =
| region_type = Coonty
| district =
| district1 =
| district_type = Toun
| city = [[Port Jervis, New York|Port Jervis, NY]]
| city1 = [[Easton, Pennsylvanie|Easton, PA]]
| city2 = [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton, NJ]]
| city3 = [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden, NJ]]
| city4 = [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]
| city5 = [[Chester, Pennsylvanie|Chester, PA]]
| city6 = [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington, DE]]
| length_imperial = 301
| watershed_imperial = 14119
| discharge_location = [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]
| discharge_average_imperial = 13100
| discharge_max_imperial = 329000
| discharge_min_imperial = 4310
| discharge1_location = Port Jervis
| discharge1_average_imperial = 7900
| discharge1_max_imperial = 52900
| discharge1_min_imperial = 1420
| source_name = [[Wast Branch Delaware River|Wast Branch]]
| source_location = [[Moont Jefferson (New York)|Moont Jefferson]]
| source_district = [[Jefferson, New York|Toun o Jefferson]]
| source_region = [[Schoharie Coonty, New York|Schoharie Coonty]]
| source_state = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| source_country = Unitit States
| source_coordinates = {{coord|42|27|12|N|74|36|26|W|region:US-NY_type:river|display=inline}}
| source_elevation_imperial = 2240
| source_length_imperial =
| source1_name = [[East Branch Delaware River|East Branch]]
| source1_location = Grand Gorge
| source1_district = [[Roxbury, New York|Toun o Roxbury]]
| source1_region = [[Delaware Coonty, New York|Delaware Coonty]]
| source1_state = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| source1_country = [[Unitit States]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|42|21|26|N|74|30|42|W|region:US-NY_type:river|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation_imperial = 1560
| source1_length_imperial =
| source_confluence_location =
| source_confluence_district = [[Hancock, New York|Toun o Hancock]]
| source_confluence_region = [[Delaware Coonty, New York|Delaware Coonty]]
| source_confluence_state = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| source_confluence_country = [[Unitit States]]
| source_confluence_coordinates = {{coord|41|56|20|N|75|16|46|W|region:US-NY_type:river|display=inline}}
| source_confluence_elevation_imperial = 880
| mouth_name = [[Delaware Bay]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_district =
| mouth_region =
| mouth_state = [[Delaware]]
| mouth_state1 = [[New Jersey]]
| mouth_country = [[Unitit States]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|39|25|13|N|75|31|11|W|region:US_type:river|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation_imperial = 0
| coordinates = 
| capital_coordinates = 
| highest_coordinates = 
| lowest_coordinates = 
| source2_coordinates = 
| management_coordinates = 
| government_coordinates = 
| tributary_left = [[Neversink River]]
| tributary_left1 = [[Musconetcong River]]
| tributary_right = [[Lehigh River]]
| tributary_right1 = [[Schuylkill River]]
| tributary_right2 = [[Christina River]]
| free_name =
| free_value =
&lt;!-- *** Map *** --&gt;
| map =Delaware river basin map.png
| map_caption = Cairt o the Delaware River wattershed, shawin major tributaries an ceeties
| map_background = 
}}
The '''Delaware River''' is a major river on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast o the [[Unitit States]]. Its wattershed drains an aurie o {{convert|14119|sqmi}} in five [[U.S. state]]s—[[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvanie]], [[Maryland]] an [[Delaware]]. Risin in twa branches in New York state's [[Catskill Moontains]], the river flowes {{convert|419|mi}} intae [[Delaware Bay]] whaur its watters enter the Atlantic Ocean near [[Cape May]] in New Jersey an [[Cape Henlopen]] in Delaware. Nae includin Delaware Bay, the river's lenth includin its twa branches is {{convert|388|mi}}.&lt;ref&gt;The main stem frae Hancock, New York tae the heid o Delaware Bay is {{convert|301|mi}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NHD&gt;U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. [http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ The National Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ |date=2012-03-29 }}, accessed April 1, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Delaware River| 01]]
[[Category:Rivers o Delaware]]
[[Category:Rivers o New Jersey]]
[[Category:Rivers o New York]]
[[Category:Rivers o Pennsylvanie]]
[[Category:Wild an Scenic Rivers o the Unitit States|Delaware River]]
[[Category:Catskill/Delaware watersheds]]
[[Category:Delaware Valley]]
[[Category:Delaware Watter Gap Naitional Recreation Aurie]]
[[Category:Rivers o Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Borders o New York]]
[[Category:Borders o Delaware]]
[[Category:Borders o New Jersey]]
[[Category:Borders o Pennsylvanie]]</text>
      <sha1>06r9atw7zgzasyrwgqx8dh4nv2i48ej</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elizabeth Truss</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869325</id>
      <parentid>867612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:18:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>109.180.207.11</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4561" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]]
|name             = Elizabeth Truss
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Elizabeth Truss 2016.jpg
| office = Secretar o State for Furrin an Commonweel Affairs
| primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start = 15 September 2021
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[Dominic Raab]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Preses o the Buird o Tred]]&lt;br&gt;[[Secretar o State for Internaitional Tred]]
| primeminister1 = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start1 = 24 Julie 2019
| term_end1 = 15 September 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Liam Fox]]
| successor1 = [[Anne-Marie Trevelyan]]
| office1 = [[Meenister for Weemen an Equalities]]
| primeminister2 = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start2 = 10 September 2019
| term_end2 = 
| predecessor2 = [[Amber Rudd]]
| successor2 = 
| office3 = [[Chief Secretar to the Thesaury]]
| primeminister3 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start3 = 11 Juin 2017
| term_end3 = 24 Julie 2019
| predecessor3 = [[David Gauke]]
| successor3 = [[Rishi Sunak]]
| office4 = [[Secretar o State for Juistice]]&lt;br&gt;[[Laird Chancellor|Laird Heich Chancellor o Great Breetain]]
| primeminister4 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start4 = 14 Julie 2016
| term_end4 = 11 Juin 2017
| predecessor4 = [[Michael Gove]]
| successor4 = [[David Lidington]]
| office5 = [[Secretar o State for Environment, Fuid an Rural Affairs]]
| primeminister5 = [[David Cameron]]
| term_start5 = 15 Julie 2014
| term_end5 = 14 Julie 2016
| predecessor5 = [[Owen Paterson]] 
| successor5 = [[Andrea Leadsom]] 
| office6 = [[Depairtment for Eddication|Pairlamentar Unner-Secretar o State for Bairncare an Eddication]]
| term_start6 = 4 September 2012
| term_end6 = 15 Julie 2014
| primeminister6 = [[David Cameron]] 
| predecessor6 = [[Sarah Teather]]
| successor6 = [[Sam Gyimah]]
| office7 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Sooth Wast Norfolk (UK Pairlament constituency)|Sooth Wast Norfolk]]
| term_start7 = 6 Mey 2010
| term_end7 = 
| predecessor7 = [[Christopher Fraser]]
| successor7 = 
| majority7 = 18,312 (30.0%)
|birth_name=Mary Elizabeth Truss&lt;ref name=famse1&gt;[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVW2-8W8H ]{{dead link|date=July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|7|26}}
|birth_place      = [[Oxford]], Ingland, UK
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)]] {{small|(afore 1996)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] {{small|(1996–present)}}
|spouse           = Hugh O'Leary
|children         = 2 dauchters
|alma_mater       = [[Merton College, Oxford]]
|website          = {{url|elizabethtruss.com|Official website}}
}}
'''Elizabeth Mary''' &quot;'''Liz'''&quot; '''Truss'''&lt;ref&gt;{{LondonGazette |issue= 59418 |date= 13 May 2010 |startpage= 8744 |city=London |accessdate=2010-06-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC|MP}} (born 26 Julie 1975) is a Breetish [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] politeecian wha wis appyntit [[Secretar o State for Juistice]] an [[Laird Chancellor]] in 2016. She is the first female Laird Chancellor in the thoosand-year history o the role (if nae coontin [[Eleanor o Provence]] in 1253&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/21/liz-truss-first-ever-female-lord-chancellor-justice-secretary&lt;/ref&gt;). She haes been the Member o Pairlament (MP) for [[Sooth Wast Norfolk (UK Pairlament constituency)|Sooth Wast Norfolk]] syne 2010. Truss becam Furrin Secretar in September 2021, an is runnin for the post o [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] alangside [[Rishi Sunak]] in 2022; follaein the demission o [[Boris Johnson]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Truss, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Alumni o Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Cooncillors in Greenwich]]
[[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) cooncillors]]
[[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs]]
[[Category:Female members o the Cabinet o the Unitit Kinrick]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]]
[[Category:Leeberal Democrat (UK) politeecians]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Laird Chancellors o Great Breetain]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Roundhay School]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Leeds]]
[[Category:Secretaries o State for Juistice]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]</text>
      <sha1>7xmisadvcg0lhinzkqkr42073ciqgne</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>869327</id>
      <parentid>869325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:18:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>109.180.207.11</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4561" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]]
|name             = Elizabeth Truss
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Elizabeth Truss 2016.jpg
| office = Secretar o State for Furrin an Commonweel Affairs
| primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start = 15 September 2021
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[Dominic Raab]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Preses o the Buird o Tred]]&lt;br&gt;[[Secretar o State for Internaitional Tred]]
| primeminister1 = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start1 = 24 Julie 2019
| term_end1 = 15 September 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Liam Fox]]
| successor1 = [[Anne-Marie Trevelyan]]
| office1 = [[Meenister for Weemen an Equalities]]
| primeminister2 = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start2 = 10 September 2019
| term_end2 = 
| predecessor2 = [[Amber Rudd]]
| successor2 = 
| office3 = [[Chief Secretar to the Thesaury]]
| primeminister3 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start3 = 11 Juin 2017
| term_end3 = 24 Julie 2019
| predecessor3 = [[David Gauke]]
| successor3 = [[Rishi Sunak]]
| office4 = [[Secretar o State for Juistice]]&lt;br&gt;[[Laird Chancellor|Laird Heich Chancellor o Great Breetain]]
| primeminister4 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start4 = 14 Julie 2016
| term_end4 = 11 Juin 2017
| predecessor4 = [[Michael Gove]]
| successor4 = [[David Lidington]]
| office5 = [[Secretar o State for Environment, Fuid an Rural Affairs]]
| primeminister5 = [[David Cameron]]
| term_start5 = 15 Julie 2014
| term_end5 = 14 Julie 2016
| predecessor5 = [[Owen Paterson]] 
| successor5 = [[Andrea Leadsom]] 
| office6 = [[Depairtment for Eddication|Pairlamentar Unner-Secretar o State for Bairncare an Eddication]]
| term_start6 = 4 September 2012
| term_end6 = 15 Julie 2014
| primeminister6 = [[David Cameron]] 
| predecessor6 = [[Sarah Teather]]
| successor6 = [[Sam Gyimah]]
| office7 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Sooth Wast Norfolk (UK Pairlament constituency)|Sooth Wast Norfolk]]
| term_start7 = 6 Mey 2010
| term_end7 = 
| predecessor7 = [[Christopher Fraser]]
| successor7 = 
| majority7 = 18,312 (30.0%)
|birth_name=Mary Elizabeth Truss&lt;ref name=famse1&gt;[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVW2-8W8H ]{{dead link|date=July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|7|26}}
|birth_place      = [[Oxford]], Ingland, UK
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)]] {{small|(afore 1996)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] {{small|(1996–present)}}
|spouse           = Hugh O'Leary
|children         = 2 dauchters
|alma_mater       = [[Merton College, Oxford]]
|website          = {{url|elizabethtruss.com|Official website}}
}}
'''Elizabeth Mary''' &quot;'''Liz'''&quot; '''Truss'''&lt;ref&gt;{{LondonGazette |issue= 59418 |date= 13 May 2010 |startpage= 8744 |city=London |accessdate=2010-06-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC|MP}} (born 26 Julie 1975) is a Breetish [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] politeecian wha wis appyntit [[Secretar o State for Juistice]] an [[Laird Chancellor]] in 2016. She is the first female Laird Chancellor in the thoosand-year history o the role (if nae coontin [[Eleanor o Provence]] in 1253&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/21/liz-truss-first-ever-female-lord-chancellor-justice-secretary&lt;/ref&gt;). She haes been the Member o Pairlament (MP) for [[Sooth Wast Norfolk (UK Pairlament constituency)|Sooth Wast Norfolk]] syne 2010. Truss becam Furrin Secretar in September 2021, an is runnin for the post o [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] alangside [[Rishi Sunak]] in 2022, follaein the demission o [[Boris Johnson]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Truss, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Alumni o Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Cooncillors in Greenwich]]
[[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) cooncillors]]
[[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs]]
[[Category:Female members o the Cabinet o the Unitit Kinrick]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]]
[[Category:Leeberal Democrat (UK) politeecians]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Laird Chancellors o Great Breetain]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Roundhay School]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Leeds]]
[[Category:Secretaries o State for Juistice]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]</text>
      <sha1>rgkor6tmm0zpp2ltrrfsium4spe8uf7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>869328</id>
      <parentid>869327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:19:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>109.180.207.11</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4561" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]]
|name             = Elizabeth Truss
|honorific-suffix = [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]
|image            = Elizabeth Truss 2016.jpg
| office = Secretar o State for Furrin an Commonweel Affairs
| primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start = 15 September 2021
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[Dominic Raab]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Preses o the Buird o Tred]]&lt;br&gt;[[Secretar o State for Internaitional Tred]]
| primeminister1 = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start1 = 24 Julie 2019
| term_end1 = 15 September 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Liam Fox]]
| successor1 = [[Anne-Marie Trevelyan]]
| office2 = [[Meenister for Weemen an Equalities]]
| primeminister2 = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start2 = 10 September 2019
| term_end2 = 
| predecessor2 = [[Amber Rudd]]
| successor2 = 
| office3 = [[Chief Secretar to the Thesaury]]
| primeminister3 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start3 = 11 Juin 2017
| term_end3 = 24 Julie 2019
| predecessor3 = [[David Gauke]]
| successor3 = [[Rishi Sunak]]
| office4 = [[Secretar o State for Juistice]]&lt;br&gt;[[Laird Chancellor|Laird Heich Chancellor o Great Breetain]]
| primeminister4 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start4 = 14 Julie 2016
| term_end4 = 11 Juin 2017
| predecessor4 = [[Michael Gove]]
| successor4 = [[David Lidington]]
| office5 = [[Secretar o State for Environment, Fuid an Rural Affairs]]
| primeminister5 = [[David Cameron]]
| term_start5 = 15 Julie 2014
| term_end5 = 14 Julie 2016
| predecessor5 = [[Owen Paterson]] 
| successor5 = [[Andrea Leadsom]] 
| office6 = [[Depairtment for Eddication|Pairlamentar Unner-Secretar o State for Bairncare an Eddication]]
| term_start6 = 4 September 2012
| term_end6 = 15 Julie 2014
| primeminister6 = [[David Cameron]] 
| predecessor6 = [[Sarah Teather]]
| successor6 = [[Sam Gyimah]]
| office7 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Sooth Wast Norfolk (UK Pairlament constituency)|Sooth Wast Norfolk]]
| term_start7 = 6 Mey 2010
| term_end7 = 
| predecessor7 = [[Christopher Fraser]]
| successor7 = 
| majority7 = 18,312 (30.0%)
|birth_name=Mary Elizabeth Truss&lt;ref name=famse1&gt;[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVW2-8W8H ]{{dead link|date=July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|7|26}}
|birth_place      = [[Oxford]], Ingland, UK
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|party            = [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)]] {{small|(afore 1996)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] {{small|(1996–present)}}
|spouse           = Hugh O'Leary
|children         = 2 dauchters
|alma_mater       = [[Merton College, Oxford]]
|website          = {{url|elizabethtruss.com|Official website}}
}}
'''Elizabeth Mary''' &quot;'''Liz'''&quot; '''Truss'''&lt;ref&gt;{{LondonGazette |issue= 59418 |date= 13 May 2010 |startpage= 8744 |city=London |accessdate=2010-06-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC|MP}} (born 26 Julie 1975) is a Breetish [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] politeecian wha wis appyntit [[Secretar o State for Juistice]] an [[Laird Chancellor]] in 2016. She is the first female Laird Chancellor in the thoosand-year history o the role (if nae coontin [[Eleanor o Provence]] in 1253&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/21/liz-truss-first-ever-female-lord-chancellor-justice-secretary&lt;/ref&gt;). She haes been the Member o Pairlament (MP) for [[Sooth Wast Norfolk (UK Pairlament constituency)|Sooth Wast Norfolk]] syne 2010. Truss becam Furrin Secretar in September 2021, an is runnin for the post o [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] alangside [[Rishi Sunak]] in 2022, follaein the demission o [[Boris Johnson]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Truss, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Alumni o Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Cooncillors in Greenwich]]
[[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) cooncillors]]
[[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs]]
[[Category:Female members o the Cabinet o the Unitit Kinrick]]
[[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]]
[[Category:Leeberal Democrat (UK) politeecians]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Laird Chancellors o Great Breetain]]
[[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Roundhay School]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Leeds]]
[[Category:Secretaries o State for Juistice]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–]]</text>
      <sha1>evw86z4c58kef8ttjvbgc9dbyf1dv2c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fluid (naitural disaster)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869323</id>
      <parentid>746655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T20:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1028" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Erschrecklichewasserfluth.jpg|thumb|Contemporary pictur o the fluid that struck the [[North Sea]] coast o [[Germany]] an [[Denmark]] in October 1634.]]
A '''fluid''' is an owerflow o watter that submerges laund which is uisually dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood], Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; The [[European Union]] (EU) [[Floods Directive]] defines a fluid as a coverin bi [[watter]] o laund nae normally covered bi watter.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:288:0027:0034:EN:PDF Directive 2007/60/EC Chapter 1 Article2], Retrieved on 2012-06-12&lt;/ref&gt; In the sense o &quot;flowin watter&quot;, the wird mey an aa be applee'd tae the inflow o the [[tide]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Basic meteorological concepts an phenomena]]
[[Category:Fluid (naitural disaster)| ]]
[[Category:Wather hazards]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Bouks o watter]]</text>
      <sha1>jow1d5fwf1brdu6tutpr8x7r3y521qo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alasdair Gray</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>173199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869270</id>
      <parentid>856522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:56:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14626" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;
| name        = Alasdair Gray
| image       = Alasdair Gray (1994) by Guenter Prust.jpg
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|1934|12|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland
| birth_name  = Alasdair Gray
| death_date  = 29 December 2019 (aged 85) 
| death_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland
| occupation  = Novelist, airtist, playwricht, academic, teacher, poet
| genre       = [[Science feection]], dystopianism, [[surrealism]], realism
| movement    = Postmodren leeteratur
| notableworks = ''Lanark: A Life in Four Books''&lt;br&gt; ''1982, Janine'' &lt;br&gt; ''Poor Things'' &lt;br&gt; ''The Book of Prefaces''
| influences  =
| website     = {{URL|http://www.alasdairgray.info/}}
}}'''Alasdair Gray''' (28 December 1934 – 29 December 2019) wis a Scots writer an [[airtist]] that wis born in [[Glesga]]. His first novel, ''Lanark'', wis setten furth in 1981, an teuk near 30 year tae fienish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lanark by Alasdair Gray|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/library/files/special/exhibns/month/may2002.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.gla.ac.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Guardian'' sayed the beuk wis &quot;a important bit 20t centurie fiction.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Guardian|date=2008-07-22|title=Alasdair Gray|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/13/alasdair.gray|access-date=2021-05-19|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He bade in Glesga for maist o his life, merrit twice, an haed ae son.

== Earlie life ==
Alasdair Gray wis born in Riddrie in the north-east o [[Glesga]] on the 28 December 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Alasdair Gray’s creative talents spanned the arts|language=en-GB|work=belfasttelegraph|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/alasdair-grays-creative-talents-spanned-the-arts-38819813.html|access-date=2021-05-19|issn=0307-1235}}&lt;/ref&gt; His sister Mora wis born twa year efterhaund. Gray wis evacuatit tae [[Auchterairder]] in [[Perthshire]] an [[Stanehoose]] in [[Lanrikshire]] wi his maw an sister in the Seicont Warld War.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Gray's Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.alasdairgray.info/agray_cv.htm|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519142601/http://www.alasdairgray.info/agray_cv.htm|archive-date=2021-05-19|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Alisdair Gray}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gray an his faimilie bade in Wetherby in Yorkshire frae 1942 til 1945, seein as his faither wis rinnin a hostel for fowk wirkin til ROF Thorp Arch, a airms warks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Efter the war wis throu, Gray bade in a schame in Riddrie an got his schuilin at Whitehill Hie-schuil, whaur he wis editor o the schuil magazine an wan prizes for Airt an English.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Two - Writing Scotland - Alasdair Gray|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/4rJJdlDsW7ClfFmqfxydbvq/alasdair-gray|access-date=2021-05-19|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gray aften gaed til the public librar. He haed a rare teir readin Winnie-the-Pooh an comics the likes o [[The Beano]] an [[The Dandy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alasdair Gray explains how his love of fable never left him as he grew up|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/alasdair-gray-explains-how-his-love-fable-never-left-him-he-grew-2461695|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gray gaed til the Glesga Schuil o Airt frae 1952 til 1957 for tae lairn design an mural pentin. He stairtit writin whit wad come tae be ''Lanark'' whan he wis a airt scholar. The first beuk wis fienisht in 1963, an Gray pat it til the Curtis Brown Literacy Agency, tho the publisher turnt it doun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Personal life ==
Gray mairit a Dens nierish, Inge Sørensen, in 1961. The twa o thaim haed a son, Andrew, in 1963. Gray an Sørensen divertit in 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-29|title=Alasdair Gray obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/29/alasdair-gray-obituary|access-date=2021-05-19|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alasdair Gray {{!}} Poet|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/alasdair-gray/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis in a relatoinship wi Bethsy Gray, a Dens jeweller, for aicht year afore it endit ower the heid o Alasdair drinkin a lot o bouse, tho thay wis freends efter splittin up.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sansom|first=Ian|date=2008-09-19|title=Review: Alasdair Gray by Rodge Glass|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/20/biography|access-date=2021-05-19|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisdair wis mairit on Morag McAlpine frae 1991 til she dee'd in 2014 efter haein a illness for a wee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Private funeral for wife of author Gray|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13161480.private-funeral-wife-author-gray/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisdair bade in Glesga for aa o his adult life.

== Visual airt ==
Efter feenishin airt schuil, Gray pentit theatrical scenery for the Glesga Pavilion and Citizens Theatres, and wrocht as a freelance airtist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alasdair (James) Gray Biography - Alasdair Gray comments:|url=https://biography.jrank.org/pages/4375/Gray-Alasdair-James.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=biography.jrank.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His first mural wis &quot;Horrors o War&quot; for the Scottish-USSR Freendship Associe in Glesga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Alasdair Gray, writer and artist|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/18127085.obituary-alasdair-gray-writer-artist/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1964 the BBC made a documentary film, ''Unner the Helmet'', aboot his career tae date.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Arts - BBC Arts - Alasdair Gray at 80: Under the Helmet|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4N9Drwmcht5lN3GV2NlhgK1/alasdair-gray-at-80-under-the-helmet|access-date=2021-12-03|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lot o his murals haes been lost; survivin examples includes ane in the Ubiquitous Chip restaurant in the Wast End o Glesga, and anither ane at Hillheid subwey station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nast|first=Condé|date=2015-08-26|title=How Alasdair Gray Reimagined Glasgow|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/how-alasdair-gray-reimagined-glasgow|access-date=2021-12-03|website=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His ceiling mural (in collaboration wi Nichol Wheatley) for the auditorium o the Òran Mór venue on Byres Road is ane o the lairgest warks o airt in Scotland an wis pentit ower several years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gray’s anatomy of the bigger picture|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12609328.grays-anatomy-bigger-picture/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It shaws Aidam and Eve embracin agin a nicht sky, wi modren fowk frae Glesga in the foregrund.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=rodgeglassauthor|date=2018-06-28|title=Introduction to Alasdair Gray Exhibition ‘Paintings, Drawings &amp; Notebooks’ at the Viktor Wynd Museum of Curiosities, London, June 2018-January 2019|url=https://rodgeglassauthor.com/2018/06/28/introduction-to-alasdair-gray-exhibition-paintings-drawings-notebooks-at-the-viktor-wynd-museum-of-curiosities-london-june-2018-january-2019/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Rodge Glass|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1977–1978, Gray wrocht tae the People's Palace museum, as Glesga's &quot;airtist recorder&quot;, funded by a scheme set up by the Labour government. He produced hunders o drawing o the city, includin portraits o poleeticians, fowk in the airts, members o the general public and warkplaces wi wirkers. Thay are nou in the collection at Kelvingrove Airt Gallery and Museum.

His pentins and prents is held in the Kelvingrove, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Librar o Scotland, the Hunterian Museum, the Airts Cooncil o England collection, and the Viktor Wynd Museum o Curiosities, Fine Airt &amp; Natural History. In 2014–2015 Gray haed a major retrospective at the Kelvingrove;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2014-10-10|title=Kelvingrove Museum hosts major Alasdair Gray exhibition|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-29566631|access-date=2021-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; ower 15,000 fowk veesitit the exhibeetion, that wis cawed ''Alasdair Gray: Frae The Personal Tae The Universal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; His first solo exhibeetion in Lunnon teuk place in late 2017 at the Coningsby Gallery in Fitzrovia and the Leyden Gallery in Spitalfields.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Alasdair Gray set for first London exhibition|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-scotland-40740133|access-date=2021-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gray said that he fand writin tirin, but that pentin gied him energy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; His visual art aften uised local or personal details tae encompass international or universal truths and themes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=From the Personal to the Universal - Alasdair Gray's Visual Art|url=http://citizenstheatre.blogspot.com/2015/08/from-personal-to-universal-alasdair.html|access-date=2021-12-03|website=From the Personal to the Universal - Alasdair Gray's Visual Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Writin ==
Gray's beuks is maistly set in Glesga an ither pairts o Scotland. His wark helpit strenthen an deepen the upbiggin o Glesga's literar scene awa frae gang fiction, while haudin awa frae neoliberal gentrification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nast|first=Condé|date=2015-08-26|title=How Alasdair Gray Reimagined Glasgow|url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/how-alasdair-gray-reimagined-glasgow|access-date=2021-10-10|website=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lot o fowk ruised his first novel, ''Lanark'', whan it cam oot in 1981, an syne cam tae be his best-kent wark.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; It haes been compared tae the likes o Franz Kafka's wark, an George Orwell's ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' for feelin o bureaucratic threit, an tae Jorge Luis Borges &amp; Italo Calvino for its fabulism. It inspired a new generation o Scots writers, the likes o Irvine Welsh, Alan Warner, A. L. Kennedy, Janice Galloway an Iain Banks, an haes been cryed ane o the kenmerks o 20t century fiction, tho Gray didna get muckle siller frae it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Polietical views ==
Gray wis a Scots nationalist an republican. He made the epigram &quot;Wirk like ye bide in the early days o a better nation&quot; (frae a poem by Canadian makar Dennis Lee) popular, an it wis cairved on the Canongate Waa o the Scots Pairlament Biggin whan it opened in 2004.

== Later life ==
In 2008, ane o Gray's former students that's a secretrar an aa, Rodge Glass, pat oot a biography o Gray, caaed ''Alasdair Gray: A Secretary's Biography''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The beuk wan the Somerset Maugham Award in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-09-25|title=Alasdair Gray by Rodge Glass {{!}} Book review|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/sep/26/alasdair-gray-rodge-glass|access-date=2021-10-10|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gray's autobiography ''Of Me &amp; Others'' wis released in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=An interview with Alasdair Gray {{!}} Books Interview {{!}} The Skinny|url=https://www.theskinny.co.uk/books/features/a-life-of-letters-alasdair-gray-returns|access-date=2021-10-10|website=www.theskinny.co.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gray wis hurt rael bad in a faa in Juin 2015, an this gart him need a wheelchair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-06-18|title=Alasdair Gray seriously injured in fall|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jun/18/alasdair-gray-seriously-injured-after-fall|access-date=2021-10-10|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He keepit writin; the first twa pairts o his translate o Dante Alighieri's ''Divine Comedy'' trilogy wis pitten oot in 2018 an 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='No stuffy old classic': Alasdair Gray's translation of Dante's Purgatory|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/18030703.no-stuffy-old-classic-alasdair-grays-translation-dantes-purgatory/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He dee'd on the 29 December 2019 in The Soothren General in the Soothside o Glesga, the day efter he turnt 85. He gied his bouk tae science an thare wis nae funeral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alasdair Gray, the beloved author and artist, has died|url=https://canongate.co.uk/news/alasdair-gray-author-and-artist-has-died-aged-85/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=canongate.co.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Some warks ==

=== Novels ===

* ''Lanark'' (1981)
* ''1982, Janine'' (1984)
* ''The Fall of Kevin Walker'' (1985)
* ''Something Leather'' (1990)
* ''McGrotty and Ludmilla'' (1990)
* ''Poor Things'' (1992)
* ''A History Maker'' (1994)
* ''Mavis Belfrage'' (1996)
* ''Old Men In Love'' (2007)

=== Cuttie stories ===

* ''Unlikely Stories, Mostly'' (1983)
* ''Lean Tales'' (1985)
* ''Ten Tales Tall &amp; True'' (1993)
* ''The Ends of Our Tether''s'': 13 Sorry Stories'' (2005)
* ''Every Short Story by Alasdair Gray 1951-2012'' (2012)

=== Theater ===

* ''A Gray Play Book'' (2009)
* ''Fleck'' (2011)

== Soorces ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gray, Alasdair}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Glasgow School of Art]]
[[Category:2019 daiths]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]]
[[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]]
[[Category:Scots male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Scots novelists]]
[[Category:20t-century Scots penters]]
[[Category:Scots male penters]]
[[Category:21st-century Scots penters]]
[[Category:20t-century Scots writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Scots writers]]
[[Category:20t-century Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:21st-century dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:Scots dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:Scots illustrators]]
[[Category:Scots muralists]]
[[Category:Scots naitionalists]]
[[Category:Scots republicans]]
[[Category:Scots poets]]
[[Category:Scots science feection writers]]
[[Category:Scots poleetical writers]]
[[Category:Scots short story writers]]
[[Category:Scots socialists]]
[[Category:Costa Book Award winners]]
[[Category:Writers that illustratit thair ain writin]]
[[Category:Breetish erotica writers]]
[[Category:Postmodren writers]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Whitehill Secondary School]]
[[Category:20t-century short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers o Gothic feection]]
[[Category:Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:21st-century Breetish writers]]</text>
      <sha1>7ibs2rk6l1mrx119z55lr9oihpotzm1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leet o Solar Seestem objects bi size</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869372</id>
      <parentid>864154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:23:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="152341" xml:space="preserve">{{noscots}}
This is a '''pairtial leet o Solar Seestem objects bi size''', arranged in descendin order o mean volumetric [[radius]], an subdividit intae several size classes.

== Leet o objects bi radius ==
&lt;!-- This list is ranked by mean RADIUS. Many Wikipedia articles list the polar and equatorial DIAMETER. Please be sure of your figures. --&gt;

=== Lairger nor 400 km ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Bouk'''&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;
! rowspan=2 class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Image
! colspan=2 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Radius'''&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;
! colspan=2 | Vollum
! colspan=2 | Mass
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Density
! colspan=2 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Gravity'''&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;
! rowspan=2 | Teep
! rowspan=2 class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Shape
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''#'''&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(d)&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | ([[kilometre|km]])
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | ([[Yird radius|R&lt;sub&gt;⊕&lt;/sub&gt;]])
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | ([[1,000,000,000 (nummer)|10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | ({{abbr|V&lt;sub&gt;⊕&lt;/sub&gt;|Gien in multiples o Yird's vollum}})
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | ([[Yottagram|10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;kg)
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | ([[Yird mass|M&lt;sub&gt;⊕&lt;/sub&gt;]])
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | (g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | (m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | ([[staundart gravity|⊕]])

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FBEC5D;&quot;
|[[Sun]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Sun in February.jpg|50px]]
|{{small|{{val|696342|65}}&lt;ref name=arxiv1203_4898&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last1=Emilio |first1=M. |last2=Kuhn |first2=J. R. |last3=Bush |first3=R. I. |last4=Scholl |first4=I. F.
 |date=2012
 |title=Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits
 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume=750 |issue=2 |page=135
 |arxiv=1203.4898
 |bibcode=2012ApJ...750..135E
 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{small|109.3}}
|{{small|1,414,300,000}}
|{{small|1,305,700}}
|{{small|1,988,550,000}}
|333,000
|1.408
|274.0
|27.94
|[[star]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 1

|-style=&quot;background-color: #d5d5d5;&quot;
|[[Jupiter]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg|50x50px]]
|{{val|69911|6}}
|10.97
|1,431,280
|1,321
|1,898,600
|317.83
|1.326
|24.79
|2.528
|[[planet]] ([[gas giant]]); haes [[Raings o Jupiter|rings]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 2

|-style=&quot;background-color: #d5d5d5;&quot;
|[[Saturn]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Ringworld Waiting.jpg|50x50px]]
|{{val|58232|6}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[wikt:without|w/o]] rings)}}
|9.140
|827,130
|764
|568,460
|95.162
|0.687
|10.445
|1.065
|[[planet]] ([[gas giant]]); haes [[Raings o Saturn|rings]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 3

|-style=&quot;background-color: #d5d5d5;&quot;
| [[Uranus]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|25362|7}}
|3.981
|68,340
|63.1
|86,832
|14.536
|1.27
|8.69
|0.90
|[[planet]] ([[ice giant]]); haes [[Raings o Uranus|rings]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 4

|-style=&quot;background-color: #d5d5d5;&quot;
|[[Neptune]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Neptune - Voyager 2 (29347980845) flatten crop.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|24622|19}}
|3.865
|62,540
|57.7
|102,430
|17.147
|1.638
|11.15
|1.137
|[[planet]] ([[ice giant]]); haes [[Raings o Neptune|raings]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 5

|-style=&quot;background-color: #e6e6e6;&quot;
|[[Yird]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Africa and Europe from a Million Miles Away.png|50px]]
|{{val|6371.0|0.01}}
|1
|1,083.21
|1
|5,973.6
|1
|5.514
|[[Gravity o Yird|9.80665]]
|1
|[[planet]] ([[terrestrial planet|terrestrial]])
|[[Yird#Shape|roond]] (HE)
|align=center | 6

|-style=&quot;background-color: #e6e6e6;&quot;
|[[Venus]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Venus-real color.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|6051.8|1.0}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|(w/o gas)}}
|0.9499
|928.43
|0.857
|4,868.5
|0.815
|5.243
|8.872
|0.905
|[[planet]] ([[terrestrial planet|terrestrial]])
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 7

|-style=&quot;background-color: #e6e6e6;&quot;
|[[Maurs]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Mars 23 aug 2003 hubble.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|3389.5|0.2}}
|0.5320
|163.18
|0.151
|641.85
|0.107
|3.9335 ± 0.0004
|3.7
|0.38
|[[planet]] ([[terrestrial planet|terrestrial]])
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 8

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Ganymede (muin)|Ganymede]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter III}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Ganymede g1 true-edit1.jpg|50x50px]]
|{{val|2634.1|0.3}}
|0.4135
|76.30
|0.0704
|148.2
|0.0248
|1.936
|1.428
|0.15
|[[muin o Jupiter]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 9

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Titan (muin)|Titan]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn VI}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Two Halves of Titan.png|50px]]
| {{val|2576|2|fmt=gaps}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|(w/o gas)}}
|0.4043
|71.52
|0.0660
|134.5
|0.0225
|1.8798 ± 0.0044
|1.354
|0.14
|[[muin o Saturn]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 10

|-style=&quot;background-color: #e6e6e6;&quot;
|[[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]]
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|50x50px]]
|{{val|2439.7|1.0}}
|0.3829
|60.83
|0.0562
|330.2
|0.0553
|5.427
|3.7
|0.38
|[[planet]] ([[terrestrial planet|terrestrial]])
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 11

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Callisto (muin)|Callisto]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter IV}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Callisto.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|2410.3|1.5}}
|0.3783
|58.65
|0.0541
|107.6
|0.018
|1.8344 ± 0.0034
|1.23603
|0.126
|[[moon of Jupiter]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 12

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Io (muin)|Io]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter I}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|1821.6|.5}}
|0.2859
|25.32
|0.0234
|89.3
|0.015
|3.528 ± 0.006
|1.797
|0.183
|[[moon of Jupiter]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 13

|-style=&quot;background-color: #B0E0E6;&quot;
|[[Muin]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Yird I}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|1737.1}}
|0.2727
|21.958
|0.0203
|73.5
|0.0123
|3.3464
|1.625
|0.166
|muin o Yird
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 14

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Europa (muin)|Europa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter II}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|1560.8|.5}}
|0.2450
|15.93
|0.0147
|48
|0.008035
|3.013 ± 0.005
|1.316
|0.134
|[[moon of Jupiter]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 15

|-style=&quot;background-color: #DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Triton (muin)|Triton]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune I}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Triton Voyager 2.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|1353.4|0.9}}
|0.2124
|10.38
|0.0096
|21.5
|0.003599
|2.061
|0.782
|0.0797
|[[moon of Neptune]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 16

|-
|[[Pluto]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|134340}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Nh-pluto-in-true-color 2x JPEG-edit-frame.jpg|50x50px]]
|{{val|1186|2|fmt=gaps}}&lt;ref&gt;''New Horizons'' press conference, 2015-7-24&lt;/ref&gt;
|0.186
|6.95
|0.0064
|13.105
|0.0022
|1.87 ± 0.02
|0.61
|0.062
|[[dwarf planet]]; [[plutino]]; [[moons of Pluto|multiple]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 17

|-
|[[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|136199}}
|bgcolor=#420001 | [[File:Eris and dysnomia2.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|1163|6|fmt=gaps}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sicardy&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last1=Sicardy |first1=B.
 |display-authors=etal.
 |date=2011
 |title=Size, density, albedo and atmosphere limit of dwarf planet Eris from a stellar occultation
 |journal=European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts
 |volume=6 |pages=137
 |url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2011/EPSC-DPS2011-137-8.pdf
 |accessdate=2011-09-14
 |bibcode=2011epsc.conf..137S
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
|0.1825
|6.59
|0.006
|16.7&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown Schaller 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1139415| last1 = Brown| first1 = Michael E.| authorlink = Michael E. Brown| last2 = Schaller| first2 = Emily L.| date = 15 June 2007| title = The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris| journal = Science| volume = 316| issue = 5831| page = 1585| pmid = 17569855| pmc = | bibcode = 2007Sci...316.1585B| ref = harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|0.0028
|2.52 ± 0.05
|{{Gr|16.7|1300}}
|0.0672
|[[dwarf planet]]; [[scattered disc|SDO]]; [[Dysnomia (muin)|binary]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 18

|-style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Titania (muin)|Titania]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus III}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|788.4|0.6}}
|0.1237
|2.06
|0.0019
|3.526
|0.00059
|1.711 ± 0.005
|0.378
|0.0385
|[[moon of Uranus]]
|roond
|align=center | 19

|-
|{{mpl-|225088|2007 OR|10}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|225088}}
|bgcolor=black |
|{{val|767|+38|-113}}&lt;ref name=arXiv:1603.03090&gt;
{{Cite journal
 |last1=Pál |first1=András
 |display-authors=etal.
 |year=2016
 |title=Large size and slow rotation of the trans-Neptunian object (225088) 2007 OR10 discovered from Herschel and K2 observations
 |journal=The Astronomical Journal
 |volume=151 |issue=5 |pages=117
 |doi=10.3847/0004-6256/151/5/117
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|0.1200
|1.88
|0.0017
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Resonant trans-Neptunian object|resonant KBO]] (3:10)
|{{small|unknown}}
|align=center | 20
|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Rhea (muin)|Rhea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn V}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|763.8|1.0}}
|0.1199
|1.87
|0.0017
|2.3166
|0.00039
|1.236 ± 0.005
|0.26
|0.027
|[[moon of Saturn]]
|roond (HE, {{small|disputed}})
|align=center | 21

|-style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Oberon (muin)|Oberon]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus IV}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|761.4|2.6}}
|0.1195
|1.85
|0.0017
|3.014
|0.0005
|1.63 ± 0.05
|0.347
|0.035
|[[moon of Uranus]]
|roond
|align=center | 22

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Iapetus (muin)|Iapetus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn VIII}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|734.5|2.8}}
|0.1153
|1.55
|0.0014
|1.9739
|0.00033
|1.088 ± 0.013
|0.223
|0.0227
|[[moon of Saturn]]
|roond {{small|(not in HE)}}
|align=center | 23

|-
|{{dp|Makemake}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|136472}}
|bgcolor=#710000 | [[File:Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg|50px]]
|{{val|715|19|-11}}&lt;!--now known not viewed pole-on--&gt;&lt;ref name=Brown2013&gt;{{cite journal|author=M.E. Brown|year=2013|arxiv=1304.1041|title=On the size, shape, and density of dwarf planet Makemake|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume=767|pages=L7(5pp)|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L7|bibcode = 2013ApJ...767L...7B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|0.112
|1.7
|.0016
|
|
|2.3 ± 0.9
|
|
|[[dwarf planet]]; [[classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]
|roond
|align=center | 24

|-
|{{dp|Haumea}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|136108}}
|bgcolor=black| &lt;!-- Do not place a non-free file here, per WP:NFLISTS --&gt;
|{{val|620|+34|-29}}
|0.097
|1.3–1.6
|0.001
|4.006
|0.00067
|2.55&lt;ref name=lacerda /&gt;
|0.44
|0.045
|[[dwarf planet]]; [[Resonant trans-Neptunian object|resonant KBO]] (7:12); [[moons of Haumea|trinary]]
|roond {{small|(scalene [[ellipsoid]])}}
|align=center | 25

|-style=&quot;background-color: #E5E5FF;&quot;
|[[Charon (muin)|Charon]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Pluto I}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Charon in Color (HQ).jpg|50px]]
|{{val|606|3}}
|0.0951
|0.87
|0.0008
|1.52
|0.00025
|1.702 ± 0.021
|0.279
|0.028
|[[moon of Pluto]]
|roond
|align=center | 26

|-style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Umbriel (muin)|Umbriel]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus II}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|584.7|2.8}}
|0.0918
|0.84
|0.0008
|1.2
|0.00020
|1.39 ± 0.16
|0.234
|0.024
|[[moon of Uranus]]
|roond
|align=center | 27

|-style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Ariel (muin)|Ariel]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus I}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Ariel.png|50px]]
|{{val|578.9|0.6}}
|0.0909
|0.81
|0.0007
|1.35
|0.000226
|1.66 ± 0.15
|0.269
|0.027
|[[moon of Uranus]]
|roond
|align=center | 28

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Dione (muin)|Dione]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn IV}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Dione color south.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|561.4|0.4}}
|0.0881
|0.73
|0.0007
|1.096
|0.000183
|1.478 ± 0.003
|0.232
|0.0237
|[[moon of Saturn]]
|roond {{small|(not in HE)}}
|align=center | 29

|-
|[[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|50000}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Quaoar hubble.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|555|3}}
|0.0871
|
|
|1.4 ± 0.1
|0.0002
|2.2 ± 0.4&lt;ref name=TNOsCool8&gt;
{{Cite journal|first1=S. |last1=Fornasier |display-authors=etal. |arxiv= 1305.0449 |title= TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of 9 bright targets at 70–500 ''μ''m |journal=Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics |volume=555 |pages=A15 |date= 2013 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201321329 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Gr|0.37|445|3}}
|0.0127
|[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Weywot (muin)|binary]]
|{{small|unknown}}
|align=center | 30

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Tethys (muin)|Tethys]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn III}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|531.1|0.6}}
|0.0834
|0.624
|0.0006
|0.6173
|0.000103
|0.984 ± 0.003&lt;ref&gt;Roatsch Jaumann et al. 2009, p. 765, Tables 24.1–2&lt;/ref&gt;
|0.145
|0.015
|[[moon of Saturn]]
|roond {{small|(not in HE)}}
|align=center | 31

|-
|[[90377 Sedna|Sedna]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|90377}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:Sedna PRC2004-14d.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|500|80}}
|0.0785
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[sednoid]]; [[detached object]]
|{{small|unknown}}
|align=center | 32

|-
|[[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1}}
|bgcolor=black | [[File:PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg|50x50px]]
|{{val|473}}&lt;ref name=Dawnpresentation&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nesf2015.arc.nasa.gov/agenda|title=Agenda - NASA Exploration Science Forum 2015|publisher=|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2015-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724072209/http://nesf2015.arc.nasa.gov/agenda|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|0.0742
|0.433
|0.0004
|0.939&lt;ref name=&quot;Rayman20150528&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Dawn Journal, May 28, 2015
 |last=Rayman
 |first=M. D.
 |publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
 |url=http://dawnblog.jpl.nasa.gov/2015/05/28/dawn-journal-may-28-2015/
 |date=28 May 2015
 |accessdate=23 July 2015
 |archive-date=2015-05-30
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530075157/http://dawnblog.jpl.nasa.gov/2015/05/28/dawn-journal-may-28-2015/
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|0.000157
|2.17
|0.29
|0.030
|[[dwarf planet]]; [[asteroid belt|belt asteroid]]
|roond (HE)
|align=center | 33

|-
|{{mpl-|307261|2002 MS|4}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|307261}}
|bgcolor=black|
|{{val|467|24}}
|0.0733
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]&lt;ref name=johnston2011&gt;
{{cite web
 |date=24 March 2015
 |title=List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects
 |publisher=Johnston's Archive
 |author=Wm. Robert Johnston
 |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html
 |accessdate=21 July 2015
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{small|unknown}}
|align=center | 34

|-
|[[90482 Orcus|Orcus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|90482}}
|bgcolor=#420001|[[File:Orcus nasa.jpg|50px]]
|{{val|458|13}}
|0.0719
|
|
|
|
|2.47&lt;ref name=Carry2011&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Carry | first1 = B. |display-authors=etal. | title = Integral-field spectroscopy of (90482) Orcus-Vanth | arxiv = 1108.5963| doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201117486 | journal = Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics | volume = 534 | pages = A115 | year = 2011 | pmid =  | pmc = |bibcode = 2011A&amp;A...534A.115C }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|[[plutino]]; [[Vanth (muin)|binary]]
|{{small|unknown}}
|align=center | 35

|-
|[[120347 Salacia|Salacia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|120347}}
|bgcolor=black|
|{{val|425|23}}
|0.0667
|
|
|0.45 ± ?
|
|1.16{{±|0.59|0.36}}&lt;ref name=&quot;StansberrySalaciaTyphon&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
 |title=Physical Properties of Trans-Neptunian Binaries (120347) Salacia–Actaea and (42355) Typhon–Echidna
 |author=J.A. Stansberry
 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103512001224
 |accessdate=2012-04-27
 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.029
 |bibcode=2012Icar..219..676S
 |volume=219
 |issue=2
 |journal=Icarus
 |pages=676–688
|year=2012
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Actaea (muin)|binary]]
|{{small|unknown}}
|align=center | 36

|-
! colspan=14 style=&quot;font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px;&quot; |Notes:
:&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Name o body, includin alternative names uisin [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals tae designate muins]] (sic as &quot;Jupiter I&quot; for [[Io (muin)|Io]]), an nummers tae [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]]
:&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mean radius includin uncertainties
:&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Gien as [[surface gravity]] (1 bar for [[gaseous planet]]s)
:&lt;sup&gt;(d)&lt;/sup&gt; Rankin bi radius o the lairgest bodies in the Solar Seestem, mey nae reflect the latest updates o meisurt radii
:{{legend2|#FBEC5D|border=1px solid #bbb|[[star]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#d5d5d5|border=1px solid #bbb|[[giant planet]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#e6e6e6|border=1px solid #AAF3CD|[[terrestrial planet]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#B0E0E6|border=1px solid #AAF3CD|the Muin, muin o Yird}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFE8E8|border=1px solid #AAF3CD|[[muins o Jupiter|muin o Jupiter]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[muins o Saturn|muin o Saturn]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #00FF00|[[muins o Uranus|muin o Uranus]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[muins o Neptune|muin o Neptune]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#E5E5FF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[muins o Pluto|muin o Pluto]]}}
|}

=== Frae 200 tae 400 km ===

Aw imaged icy muins except [[Proteus (muin)|Proteus]] wi radii greater nor 200&amp;nbsp;km are roond, awtho those unner 400&amp;nbsp;km that hae haed thair shapes carefully meisurt are nae in hydrostatic equilibrium.&lt;ref name=Thomas2010/&gt;{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Maist asteroids are rockier an less likely tae be roond; for ensaumple, [[10 Hygiea]] is nae, while [[2 Pallas]] an [[4 Vesta]] are borderline.{{fact|date=December 2016}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; width=100 | '''Body'''&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Image
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=85 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Radius'''&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}'''
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=65 | Mass&lt;br&gt;{{small|(10&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;kg)}}
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=65 | Density&lt;br&gt;{{small|(g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)}}
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Teep'''&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Remerks&amp;nbsp;– Shape'''&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(d)&lt;/sup&gt;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; width: 3.8em; text-align: center;&quot; | '''Refs&amp;thinsp;'''&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{Tooltip|r|Citation for the body's size}}{{·}}{{Tooltip|M|Citation for the body's mass}}'''

|-
|{{mpl|2013 FY|27}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | 265–550
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|lairge range of estimatit diameters
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|55565|2002 AW|197}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|55565}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|384|20|18}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|ither TNO, [[detached object]]
|–
|align=center | &lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|arxiv=1403.6309|last1= Vilenius|first1= E.|title= &quot;TNOs are Cool&quot;: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region X. Analysis of classical Kuiper belt objects from Herschel and Spitzer observations|journal= Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics|volume= 564|pages= A35 |display-authors=etal.|year= 2014|doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201322416}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt;

|-
|{{mpl-|208996|2003 AZ|84}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|208996}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|385}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]; [[minor-planet muin|binary]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|[[V774104]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|375|p=~}}
|align=center | -
|align=center | -
|
|–
|align=center | -

|-
|[[174567 Varda|Varda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|174567}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|358}}
|align=center | {{val|2.65}}
|align=center | {{val|1.25}}
|cubewano; [[Ilmarë (muin)|binary]]
|–
|align=center | &lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt;{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt;

|-
|{{mpl|2015 RR|245}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|350|p=~}}
|align=center | -
|align=center | -
|[[resonant KBO]]&amp;nbsp;{{small|(2:9)}}
|–
|align=center | -

|-style=&quot;background-color: #ECFCF4;&quot;
|[[Dysnomia (muin)|Dysnomia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Eris I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|342|25}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|moon of [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]
|lairge range of estimatit diameters 100–660&amp;nbsp;km
|align=center | &lt;ref name=TNOCool4&gt;
{{Cite journal|last=Santos-Sanz |first=P.
 |date=2012
 |title=&quot;TNOs are Cool&quot;: A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV. Size/albedo   characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with   Herschel Space Observatory-PACS
 |journal=Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics
 |volume=541
 |pages=A92
 |arxiv=1202.1481
 |display-authors=etal
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201118541
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|90568|2004 GV|9}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|90568}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|340|40}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|145452|2005 RN|43}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|145452}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|340|40}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|55637|2002 UX|25}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|55637}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|335|17}}
|align=center | {{val|1.25}}
|align=center | {{val|0.82}}
|cubewano; [[minor-planet muin|binary]]
|–
|align=center | &lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt;{{·}}&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite journal|author=M.E. Brown
 |title=The density of mid-sized Kuiper belt object 2002 UX25 and the formation of the dwarf planets
 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 |volume=778
 |issue=2
 |pages=L34
 |arxiv=1311.0553|date=4 November 2013
 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/L34
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{mpl-|278361|2007 JJ|43}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|278361}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|335|150}}&lt;ref name=&quot;scida2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://lcogt.net/files/K2SciCon/Robert_Szabo-Szabo_TNOs_web.pdf | title= Pushing the Limits of K2:Observing Trans-Neptunian Objects S3K2: Solar System Studies with K2 | access-date= 2017-08-24 | archive-date= 2016-03-05 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034458/http://lcogt.net/files/K2SciCon/Robert_Szabo-Szabo_TNOs_web.pdf | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[cubewano]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|[[20000 Varuna|Varuna]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|20000}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|334|77|43}}
|align=center | {{val|3.7}}
|align=center | {{val|0.99}}&lt;ref name=lacerda&gt;{{Cite journal|arxiv=astro-ph/0612237|last1=Lacerda|first1=Pedro|title=Densities of Solar System Objects from their Rotational Lightcurves|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=133|issue=4|pages=1393|last2=Jewitt|first2=David|year=2006|doi=10.1086/511772}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- assumed density 2.965 --&gt;
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | &lt;ref name=Varunaresolved&gt;
{{cite journal |last=Lorenzi |first=V. |last2=Pinilla-Alonso |first2=N. |last3=Licandro |first3=J. P. |last4=Dalle Ore |first4=C. M. |last5=Emery |date=24 January 2014 |title=Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of (20000) Varuna in the near-infrared |arxiv=1401.5962|journal=Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics |quote=cited data from: Lellouch et al., 2013, of estimated diameter of 668 (+154,−86) km |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201322251 |bibcode=2014A&amp;A...562A..85L |volume=562 |pages=A85
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[28978 Ixion|Ixion]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|28978}}
|bgcolor=#404040| [[Image:Ixion planetoid nasa.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|325|130|110}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|229762|2007 UK|126}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|229762}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|300|40}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|[[19521 Chaos|Chaos]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|19521}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|300|70}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2010 KZ|39}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|300|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano&lt;ref name=MPC10KZ39&gt;
{{cite web
 |title=2010 KZ39
 |publisher=IAU Minor Planet Center
 |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2010+KZ39&amp;commit=Show
 |accessdate=2011-08-18
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2012 VP|113}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|300|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[sednoid]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2010 RF|43}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|300|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|145451|2005 RM|43}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|145451}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|300|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|42301|2001 UR|163}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|42301}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|300|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|84522|2002 TC|302}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|84522}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|290|50}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[resonant KBO]]&amp;nbsp;{{small|(2:5)}}
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2002 XV|93}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|280|10}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|455502|2003 UZ|413}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|455502}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|280|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2008 ST|291}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|318|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2010 RE|64}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|280|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2010 FX|86}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|280|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2006 QH|181}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|280|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|472271|2014 UM|33}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|472271}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|270|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2004 XR|190}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|270|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #f2f2f2;&quot;
|[[4 Vesta|Vesta]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|4}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Vesta full mosaic.jpg|50px]]
|align=center | {{val|262.7|0.1}}
|align=center | {{val|2.59}}
|align=center | {{val|3.46}}
|belt asteroid
|formerly roond (nae in [[hydrostatic equilibrium]]: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape an lairge impact basins)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fu 2013&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal|last=Fu|first=R. R.|author2=Hager, B. H.; Ermakov, A.I.; Zuber, M.T.|title=Early Viscous Relaxation of Asteroid Vesta and Implications for Late Impact-Driven Despinning|journal=44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|volume=44|date=2013|page=2115|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/2115.pdf
|bibcode=2013LPI....44.2115F}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asmar 2012&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal|last=Asmar|first=S. W.|author2=Konopliv, A. S.; Park, R. S.; Bills, B. G.; Gaskell, R.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E.; Toplis, M. J.; Zuber, M. T.|title=The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure|journal=43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|volume=43|date=2012|page=2600|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2600.pdf
|bibcode=2012LPI....43.2600A}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center | &lt;ref name=Russell2012&gt;
{{cite journal
 |author=Russell, C. T.
 |display-authors=etal
 |title=Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm
 |journal=Science
 |volume=336
 |issue=6082
 |pages=684–686
 |date=2012
 |doi=10.1126/science.1219381 |pmid=22582253
 |bibcode = 2012Sci...336..684R
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}&lt;ref name=Russell2012 /&gt;

|-
|{{mpl-|84922|2003 VS|2}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|84922}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|260|20}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|120348|2004 TY|364}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|120348}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|260|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2010 VK|201}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|260|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #f2f2f2;&quot;
|[[2 Pallas|Pallas]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|2}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:PallasHST2007.jpg|50px]]
|align=center | {{val|256|3}}&lt;ref name=Carry2009&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Physical properties of (2) Pallas|journal=Icarus|volume=205|issue=2|pages=460|author=Carry, B.|date=2009|arxiv=0912.3626 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2009.08.007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center | {{val|2.11|0.26}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Baer2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
  |last=Baer
  |first=James
  |author2=Steven R. Chesley
  |title=Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris
  |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
  |volume=100
  |issue=2008
  |pages=27–42
  |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h747307j43863228/fulltext.pdf
  |format=PDF
  |doi=10.1007/s10569-007-9103-8
  |accessdate=11 November 2008
  |date=2008
  |bibcode=2008CeMDA.100...27B
  |archive-date=2011-02-24
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224014158/http://www.springerlink.com/content/h747307j43863228/fulltext.pdf
  |url-status=dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center | {{val|3.0|0.5}}
|belt asteroid
|uncertain
|align=center | &lt;ref name=Carry2009/&gt; M

|- style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Enceladus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn II}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:PIA17202-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-ApproachingFlyby-20151028.jpg|50x50px]]
|align=center | {{val|252.1|0.2}}
|align=center | {{val|1.08}}
|align=center | {{val|1.61}}
|moon of Saturn
|roond (nae in hydrostatic equilibrium: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape)
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|202421|2005 UQ|513}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|202421}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|250|40}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2003 QX|113}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|250|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2014 FC|69}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|250|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|–
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|119979|2002 WC|19}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|119979}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|245}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[twotino]]; [[minor-planet muin|binary]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|471143|2010 EK|139}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|471143}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|240|70}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Miranda (muin)|Miranda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus V}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg|50px]]
|align=center | {{val|235.8|0.7}}
|align=center | {{val|0.66}}
|align=center | {{val|1.2}}
|moon of Uranus
|roond
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|145480|2005 TB|190}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|145480}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|230|30}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[detached object]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|26375|1999 DE|9}} &lt;br&gt;{{small|26375}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|230|20}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[resonant KBO]]&amp;nbsp;{{small|(2:5)}}
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|120132|2003 FY|128}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|120132}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|230|10}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|[[38628 Huya|Huya]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|38628}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|229|5}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|84719|2002 VR|128}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|84719}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|220|20}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2010 TJ|}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|220|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|445473|2010 VZ|98}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|445473}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|220|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2011 FW|62}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|220|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|ither TNO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #f2f2f2;&quot;
|[[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|10}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|215|4}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|belt asteroid
|irregular
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|- style=&quot;background-color: #DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Proteus (muin)|Proteus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune VIII}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg|50px]]
|align=center | {{val|210|7}}
|align=center | {{val|0.44}}
|align=center | {{val|1.3|p=~}}
|moon of Neptune
|irregular
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|303775|2005 QU|182}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|303775}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|210|40}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|444030|2004 NT|33}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|444030}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|210|40}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|469306|1999 CD|158}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|469306}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|210|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[resonant KBO]]&amp;nbsp;{{small|(4:7)}}
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|175113|2004 PF|115}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|175113}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|203|43}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|471288|2011 GM|27}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|471288}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|201|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|35671|1998 SN|165}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|35671}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|200|20}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|cubewano
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|469372|2001 QF|298}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|469372}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|200|20}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|[[plutino]]
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|82075|2000 YW|134}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|82075}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|200|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|26181|1996 GQ|21}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|26181}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|200|p=~}}
|align=center | –
|align=center | –
|SDO
|–
|align=center | r{{·}}M
|-
! colspan=14 style=&quot;font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px&quot; | Notes:
:&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as &quot;Saturn II&quot; for [[Enceladus]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]]
:&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties
:&lt;sup&gt;(c,d)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figures from default source ''Johnston's Archive—List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects'',&lt;ref name=johnston2011 /&gt; if otherwise not mentioned in ''References''
Legend:
:{{legend2|#e9e9e9|border=1px solid #bbb|[[belt asteroid]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #00FF00|[[moon of Uranus]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#ECFCF4|border=1px solid #AAF3CD|[[Dysnomia (muin)|Dysnomia]], moon of [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]}}
:SDO – [[scattered disc]] object
:cubewano – [[classical Kuiper belt object]]
:[[plutino]] - trans-Neptunian object in Pluto-like orbit
|}

=== From 100 to 200 km ===

This leet conteens a selection of objects estimatit tae be atween 100 an 200&amp;nbsp;km in radius (200 an 400&amp;nbsp;km in diameter). The lairgest of thir mey lie abuin the boundary for hydrostatic equilibrium, but maist are irregular. Most o the [[trans-Neptunian object]]s listed wi a radius smawer than 200&amp;nbsp;km hae &quot;''assumed sizes'' based on a ''generic'' [[Albedo#Astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.09&quot; syne thay are too far away tae directly meisur thair sizes wi existin instruments. Mass switches frae 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg tae 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; kg (Zg). [[Main-belt asteroid]]s hae orbital elements constrained bi (2.0 AU &lt; a &lt; 3.2 AU; q &gt; 1.666 AU) accordin tae JPL Solar System Dynamics (JPLSSD).&lt;ref name=&quot;mainbelt&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=JPL definition of Main-belt Asteroid (MBA)
 |publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics
 |url=http://ssd.jpl.ar.gov/sbdb_help.cgi?class=MBA
 |accessdate=2009-03-12
 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; This leet is nae complete, missing mony poorly kent TNOs.&lt;ref name=johnston2011 /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; width=100 | '''Body'''&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Image
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=85 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Radius'''&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}'''
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=75 | Mass&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Zettagram|10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;kg]])}}
! Type
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Remarks – Shape
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; width: 3.8em; text-align: center;&quot; | '''Refs&amp;thinsp;'''&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{Tooltip|r|Citation for the body's size}}'''{{·}}'''{{Tooltip|M|Citation for the body's mass}}'''

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn I}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Mimas Cassini.jpg|50px]]
|align=center | {{val|198.2|0.4}}
|align=center | {{val|37.49|0.03}}
|[[Moons of Saturn|satellite of Saturn]]
|roond (smallest kent body currently kent tae hae an ellipsoidal&lt;br&gt;shape, but nae in hydrostatic equilibrium)
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Vanth (muin)|Vanth]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Orcus I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|190|50}}
|align=center |
|satellite of [[90482 Orcus|Orcus]]
|–
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry2011&quot;/&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2010 TY|53}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|183|p=~}}
|align=center |
|extendit [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Ilmarë (muin)|Ilmarë]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Varda I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|180|20}}
|align=center |
|satellite of [[174567 Varda|Varda]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|15874|1996 TL|66}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|15874}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|170|10}}
|align=center |
|[[Scattered disc|SDO]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Nereid (muin)|Nereid]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune II}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Nereid-Voyager2.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|170|30}}
|align=center |
|[[Moons of Neptune|satellite of Neptune]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|230965|2004 XA|192}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|230965}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|170|60}}
|align=center |
|[[Scattered disc|SDO]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|82158|2001 FP|185}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|82158}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|166|28}}
|align=center |
|[[Scattered disc|SDO]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[704 Interamnia|Interamnia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|704}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|163|1}}
|align=center | {{val|37}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(F)}}
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #EDCF7D;&quot;
|[[Hi'iaka (muin)|Hiʻiaka]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Haumea I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|160}}
|align=center | {{val|20}}
|[[Moons of Haumea|satellite of Haumea]]
|–
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;RagozzineBrown2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4766| last1 = Ragozzine| first1 = D.| last2 = Brown| first2 = M. E.| year = 2009| title = Orbits and Masses of the Satellites of the Dwarf Planet Haumea (2003 EL61)| journal = The Astronomical Journal| volume = 137| issue = 6| pages = 4766–4776| pmid = | pmc = | arxiv = 0903.4213| bibcode = 2009AJ....137.4766R| ref = harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[2007 OR10#Satellite|S/(225088) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|2007 OR10 I}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Moon Around the Dwarf Planet 2007 OR10.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|160|p=~}}
|align=center | 
|satellite of [[2007 OR10]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|119951|2002 KX|14}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|119951}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|159}}
|align=center |
|[[cubewano]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[52 Europa|Europa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|52}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|158|4}}
|align=center | {{val|16.5}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaasalainen2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| author=M. Kaasalainen |title=Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data| journal=Icarus| volume= 159| issue=2| pages= 369–395| date=2002| format= PDF| url= http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/IcarPIII.pdf| doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6907| accessdate=2009-06-23| bibcode=2002Icar..159..369K}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|1995 SN|55}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|150|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Lost minor planet|Lost]]—[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] or transient TNO
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[511 Davida|Davida]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|511}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|145|10}}
|align=center | {{val|43.8}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[87 Sylvia|Sylvia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|87}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|143|5}}
|align=center | {{val|14.78}}
|belt asteroid (outer) {{small|(X)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|trinary]]
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaasalainen2002&quot; /&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Actaea (muin)|Actaea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Salacia I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|140|10}}
|align=center |
|satellite of [[120347 Salacia]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[65 Cybele|Cybele]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|65}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|136|6}}
|align=center | {{val|17.8}}
|belt asteroid (outer) {{small|(C)}}
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[3 Juno|Juno]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|3}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Juno 4 wavelengths.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|136|11}}
|align=center | {{val|26.7}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaasalainen2002&quot; /&gt;
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;mit.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.005|url=http://www.mit.edu/people/lucylim/2005_Icarus_LimMcConnochie_Thermal_infrared_8-13_micron_spectra.pdf|title=Thermal infrared (8?13 ?m) spectra of 29 asteroids: The Cornell Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectroscopy (MIDAS) Survey|journal=Icarus|volume=173|issue=2|pages=385|year=2005|last1=Lim|first1=L|last2=McConnochie|first2=T|last3=Belliii|first3=J|last4=Hayward|first4=T|bibcode=2005Icar..173..385L|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232808/http://www.mit.edu/people/lucylim/2005_Icarus_LimMcConnochie_Thermal_infrared_8-13_micron_spectra.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Hyperion (muin)|Hyperion]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn VII}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Hyperion true.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|135|4}}
|align=center | {{val|5.58}}
|[[Moons of Saturn|satellite of Saturn]]
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[15 Eunomia|Eunomia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|15}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|134|7}}
|align=center | 31.2
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaasalainen2002&quot; /&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[107 Camilla|Camilla]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|107}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|129|7}}
|align=center | 11.2
|belt asteroid (outer) {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;TorKaaMic03&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author= J. Torppa| title= ''Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data''| journal= Icarus| date= 2003| volume= 164| pages= 346–383| url= http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/thirty.pdf |format=PDF| doi= 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5 | issue= 2 | bibcode=2003Icar..164..346T | display-authors= etal.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[31 Euphrosyne|Euphrosyne]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|31}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|128|3}}
|align=center | 6.23
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[16 Psyche|Psyche]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|16}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|127|2}}
|align=center | 21.9
|belt asteroid {{small|(M)}}
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|145453|2005 RR|43}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|145453}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|126}}
|align=center |
|[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Haumea family]]
|–
|align=center |&lt;ref name=CarrySnodgrass2012&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Carry 
 |first=Benoit 
 |last2=Snodgrass 
 |first2=Colin 
 |last3=Lacerda 
 |first3=Pedro 
 |last4=Hainaut 
 |first4=Olivier 
 |last5=Dumas 
 |first5=Christophe 
 |date=16 July 2012 
 |title=Characterisation of candidate members of (136108) Haumea's family: II. Follow-up observations 
 |url=http://benoit.carry.free.fr/science/article/2012-AA-544-Carry.pdf 
 |journal=[[Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics]] 
 |volume=544 
 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201219044 
 |arxiv=1207.6491 
 |accessdate=8 June 2014 
 |bibcode=2012A&amp;A...544A.137C 
 |pages=A137 
 |deadurl=yes 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107172122/http://benoit.carry.free.fr/science/article/2012-AA-544-Carry.pdf 
 |archivedate=7 November 2014 
 |df= 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[79360 Sila–Nunam|Sila]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|79360}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|125|15|16}}
|align=center | 11
|[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] w/ Nunam
|dooble classical Kuiper belt object ''[[79360 Sila–Nunam]]''
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[10199 Chariklo|Chariklo]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|10199}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|124|9}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|[[rings of Chariklo|haes rings]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl-|309239|2007 RW|10}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|309239}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|124|15}}
|align=center |
|TNO—[[quasi-satellite]] of Neptune
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[79360 Sila–Nunam|Nunam]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|79360}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|118|14|15}}
|align=center |
|[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] w/ Sila
|dooble classical Kuiper belt object ''[[79360 Sila–Nunam]]''
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[324 Bamberga|Bamberga]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|324}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|117|4}}
|align=center | 10
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}
|
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[451 Patientia|Patientia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|451}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|117|5}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|2001 QC|298}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|117|11|-12}}
|align=center | {{val|11.88|0.14}}
|het [[Classical Kuiper belt object|classical]]; binary
|–
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[2060 Chiron|Chiron]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|2060 ''or'' 95P/Chiron}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|116|7}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|[[Rings of Chiron|haes rings]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[88 Thisbe|Thisbe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|88}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|113|6}}
|align=center | 10.5
|belt asteroid {{small|(B)}}
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;TorKaaMic03&quot; /&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[624 Hektor|Hektor]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|624}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|113|8}}
|align=center | 10
|Jupiter trojan ({{L4}}); [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[65489 Ceto|Ceto]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|65489}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|112|10}}
|align=center | 5.4
|extendit [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Grundy2007&quot; /&gt;

|-
|[[532 Herculina|Herculina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|532}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|111|2}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaasalainen2002&quot; /&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[48 Doris|Doris]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|48}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|111|4}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[45 Eugenia|Eugenia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|45}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|107|2}}
|align=center | 5.69
|belt asteroid {{small|(F)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|trinary]]
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaasalainen2002&quot; /&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Phoebe (muin)|Phoebe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn IX}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Phoebe cassini.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|106.5|0.7}}
|align=center | {{val|8.29|0.01}}
|[[Moons of Saturn|satellite of Saturn]]
|formerly roond&lt;ref&gt;JPL/NASA, 2012 Apr 26. [http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/ Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet-Like Qualities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713125236/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/ |date=2015-07-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[29 Amphitrite|Amphitrite]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|29}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|106|3}}
|align=center | 11.8
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaasalainen2002&quot; /&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[54598 Bienor|Bienor]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|54598}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|105|15}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[53311 Deucalion|Deucalion]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|53311}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|105|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[423 Diotima|Diotima]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|423}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|104|3}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=Durkaa&gt;{{Cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20066347 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2007/13/aa6347-06.pdf|title=Physical models of ten asteroids  from an observers' collaboration network|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=465|pages=331|year=2007|last1=Ďurech|first1=J.|display-authors=etal.|bibcode=2007A&amp;A...465..331D}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[13 Egeria|Egeria]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|13}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|104|4}}
|align=center | 16.3
|belt asteroid {{small|(G)}}
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[19 Fortuna|Fortuna]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|19}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|104|6}}
|align=center | 12.7
|belt asteroid {{small|(G)}}
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[94 Aurora|Aurora]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|94}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|102|2}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid
|irregular shape&lt;ref name=planocc&gt;{{cite web|url=http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/planet/2001/plnres01.htm#Aurora|title=Planetary occultations: 2001 results|publisher=|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2012-06-05|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68CZvqe2h?url=http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/planet/2001/plnres01.htm#Aurora|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[7 Iris|Iris]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|7}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|100|5}}
|align=center | 13.6
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[41 Daphne|Daphne]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|41}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|100|5}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid
|irregular shape
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
| [[24 Themis|Themis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|24}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|100|10}}
|align=center | 11.3
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Themis family]]
|–
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
! colspan=7 style=&quot;font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px&quot; | Notes:
:&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as &quot;Saturn I&quot; for [[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]]
:&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties
:&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reference column specifically for radius (r) and mass (M) citations
Legend:
:{{legend2|#FFE5FF|border=1px solid #FF99FF|[[Jupiter trojan]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#EDCF7D|border=1px solid #CE9F1C|[[moon of Haumea]]}}
:{{legend2|#fafafa|border=1px solid #ccc|[[belt asteroid]]—types: [[B-type asteroids|B]]{{·}}[[C-type asteroids|C]]{{·}}[[F-type asteroids|F]]{{·}}[[G-type asteroids|G]]{{·}}[[M-type asteroids|M]]{{·}}[[S-type asteroids|S]]{{·}}[[X-type asteroids|X]]}}
|}

=== From 50 to 100 km ===

This leet conteens a selection of objects 50 an 100&amp;nbsp;km in radius (100&amp;nbsp;km tae 200&amp;nbsp;km in average diameter). The listed objects currently include maist objects in the [[asteroid belt]] an moons o the [[giant planet]]s in this size range, but mony newly discovered objects in the outer Solar System are missing, sic as those included in the follaein reference.&lt;ref name=johnston2011 /&gt; [[Asteroid spectral types]] are maistly Tholen, but some might be SMASS.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; width=105 | '''Body'''&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Image
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=85 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Radius'''&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}'''
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=65 | Mass&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Zettagram|10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;kg]])}}
!Type – Remarks

|-
|[[702 Alauda|Alauda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|702}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|97|2}}
|align=center | {{val|6.05}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-style=&quot;background-color: #DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Larissa (muin)|Larissa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune VII}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Larissa 1.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|97|3}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune

|-
|[[375 Ursula|Ursula]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|375}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|96|2}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|{{mpl|2001 QC|298}} I
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|96|9|-10}}&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot;/&gt;
|align=center |
|satellite of {{mp|2001 QC|298}}

|-
|[[121 Hermione|Hermione]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|121}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:121Hermione (Lightcurve Inversion).png|50px]]
|align=center | {{val|95}}&lt;ref name=MarKaaHom06&gt;{{cite journal|author=F. Marchis|display-authors=etal|title=Shape, size and multiplicity of main-belt asteroids I. Keck Adaptive Optics survey|journal=Icarus|volume=185|pages=39–63|date=2006|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.001|pmid=19081813|issue=1|pmc=2600456|bibcode=2006Icar..185...39M}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center | {{val|5.38}}
|outer belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-
|[[372 Palma|Palma]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|372}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|96|2}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[9 Metis|Metis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|9}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|95}}
|align=center | {{val|11.3}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[128 Nemesis|Nemesis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|128}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|92|3}}
|align=center | {{val|7}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[6 Hebe|Hebe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|6}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|93}}
|align=center | {{val|12.8}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[5145 Pholus|Pholus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|5145}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|92|8}}
|align=center | {{val|6.6}}
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]

|-
|[[154 Bertha|Bertha]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|154}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|93|1}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[76 Freia|Freia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|76}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|92|2}}
|align=center | {{val|6.5}}
|outer belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]]

|-
|[[130 Elektra|Elektra]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|130}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|91|6}}
|align=center | {{val|6.6}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(G)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-
|[[38083 Rhadamanthus|Rhadamanthus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|38083}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|100.5}}
|align=center |
|&lt;ref name=johnston2011 /&gt; {{mp|1999 HX|11}}; [[plutino]]?

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Janus (muin)|Janus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn X}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|89.5|1.4}}
|align=center | {{val|1.912}}
|moon of Saturn

|-
|[[259 Aletheia|Aletheia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|259}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|95|3}}
|align=center | {{val|5.97}}
|belt asteroid

|-style=&quot;background-color: #DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Galatea (muin)|Galatea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune VI}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Galatea moon.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|88|4}}
|align=center | {{val|2.12}}
|moon of Neptune

|-
|[[88611 Teharonhiawako|Teharonhiawako]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|88611}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|89|16|18}}
|align=center |
|&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt; [[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[cubewano]]; primary of [[Sawiskera (muin)|Sawiskera]]

|-
|[[42355 Typhon|Typhon]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|42355}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|81|4}}
|align=center |
|[[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-
|[[120 Lachesis|Lachesis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|120}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|87}}
|align=center | {{val|5.5}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[747 Winchester|Winchester]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|747}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|85|3}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[153 Hilda|Hilda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|153}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|85}}
|align=center | {{val|5.2}}
|belt asteroid; [[Hilda asteroids|Hildas]]

|-style=&quot;background-color: #EDCF7D;&quot;
|[[Namaka (muin)|Namaka]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Haumea II}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|85|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2}}
|moon of Haumea

|-style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Puck (muin)|Puck]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XV}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Puck.png|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|81|2}}&lt;ref name=UranusVoyager&gt;{{cite journal| doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6597| last = Karkoschka| first = Erich| authorlink = Erich Karkoschka| year = 2001| title = Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites| journal = Icarus| volume = 151| issue = 1| pages = 69–77| bibcode = 2001Icar..151...69K| ref = {{sfnRef|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |
|moon of Uranus

|-
|[[96 Aegle|Aegle]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|96}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|84|3}}
|align=center | {{val|5.1}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[241 Germania|Germania]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|241}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|89|4}}
|align=center | {{val|5.05}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[194 Prokne|Prokne]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|194}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|85|3}}
|align=center | {{val|5}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[566 Stereoskopia|Stereoskopia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|566}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|84}}&lt;ref name=jpldata&gt;
{{cite web
 |type=2010-06-24 last obs
 |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 566 Stereoskopia (1905 QO)
 |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=566
 |accessdate=2010-09-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |
|outer belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]]

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Amalthea (muin)|Amalthea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter V}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Amalthea (moon).png|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|84|2}}
|align=center | {{val|2.08|0.15}}
|moon of Jupiter

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[911 Agamemnon|Agamemnon]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|911}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|83}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[22 Kalliope|Kalliope]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|22}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|90|2}}
|align=center | {{val|8.09}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(M)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-
|[[66652 Borasisi|Borasisi]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|66652}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|81.5|16|33}}
|align=center |
|&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt; [[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[cubewano]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-
|[[386 Siegena|Siegena]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|386}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|85|4}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[59 Elpis|Elpis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|59}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|82|3}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[1437 Diomedes|Diomedes]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1437}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|82|2}}
|align=center | {{val|4.6}}
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[444 Gyptis|Gyptis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|444}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|82|5}}
|align=center | {{val|12.5}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[409 Aspasia|Aspasia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|409}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|88|2}}
|align=center | {{val|4.42}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[209 Dido|Dido]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|209}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|5}}
|align=center | {{val|4.28}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[334 Chicago|Chicago]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|334}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|84|4}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[804 Hispania|Hispania]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|804}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|74|2}}
|align=center | {{val|9.95}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(P)}}

|-
|[[185 Eunike|Eunike]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|185}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|80|3}}
|align=center | {{val|4.09}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[139 Juewa|Juewa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|139}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|81|4}}
|align=center | {{val|4}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|-style=&quot;background-color: #BB8899;&quot;
|[[S/2015 (136472) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Makemake I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|80}}
|align=center | 
|moon of Makemake

|-
|[[85 Io|Io]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|85}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|80}}
|align=center | {{val|3.4}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[165 Loreley|Loreley]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|165}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|82|4}}
|align=center | {{val|3.91}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[790 Pretoria|Pretoria]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|790}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|80.49}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry2012&quot; /&gt;
|align=center |
|outer belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]]

|-
|[[173 Ino|Ino]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|173}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|80|3}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[148780 Altjira|Altjira]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|148780}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|123|19|70}}
|align=center |
|&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt; [[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[cubewano]]; binary; seicontar [[S/2007 (148780) 1]]

|-
|[[354 Eleonora|Eleonora]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|354}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|77|3}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[39 Laetitia|Laetitia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|39}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|76.9}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry2012&quot;&gt;
{{Citation
 |first1    = B.
 |last1     = Carry
 |title     = Density of asteroids
 |work      = Planetary and Space Science
 |volume    = 73
 |pages      = 98–118
 |date=December 2012
 |doi       = 10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009
 |bibcode   = 2012P&amp;SS...73...98C
 |postscript= .
 |arxiv = 1203.4336
}} See Table 1.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center | {{val|3.5}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[14 Irene|Irene]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|14}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|76}}
|align=center | {{val|8.2}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[89 Julia|Julia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|89}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|74|4}}
|align=center | {{val|3.6}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[536 Merapi|Merapi]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|536}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|76|2}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[776 Berbericia|Berbericia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|776}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|76|2}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[145 Adeona|Adeona]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|145}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|75|3}}
|align=center | {{val|3.6}}
|belt asteroid; [[Adeona family|Adena]]

|-
|[[150 Nuwa|Nuwa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|150}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|73|5}}
|align=center | {{val|3.62}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-style=&quot;background-color: #DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Despina (muin)|Despina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune V}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Despina.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|75|3}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune

|-style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Sycorax (muin)|Sycorax]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XVII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|75|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.3}}
|moon of Uranus

|-
|[[385446 Manwë|Manwë]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|385446}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|75|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Resonant Kuiper belt object|resonant KBO]] (4:7)

|-
|[[49 Pales|Pales]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|49}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|74.9}}&lt;ref name=&quot;SIMPS&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html 
 |author=Tedesco 
 |display-authors=etal 
 |title=Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) 
 |accessdate=December 29, 2008 
 |work=IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 
 |publisher=[[Planetary Data System]] 
 |date=2004 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mqp8r4gD?url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html 
 |archivedate=January 17, 2010 
 |df= 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center | {{val|2.69}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[S/2007 (148780) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Altjira I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|111|17|63}}
|align=center | [[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[cubewano]]; binary
|&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt; Seicontar of [[148780 Altjira]]

|-
|[[117 Lomia|Lomia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|117}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|3.4}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[238 Hypatia|Hypatia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|238}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[168 Sibylla|Sibylla]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|168}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|3.42}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[283 Emma|Emma]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|283}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.38}}
|belt asteroid; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-
|[[51 Nemausa|Nemausa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|51}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[106 Dione|Dione]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|106}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(G)}}

|-
|[[137 Meliboea|Meliboea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|137}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|3.2}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[20 Massalia|Massalia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|20}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|5.67}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[211 Isolda|Isolda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|211}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|3.07}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[1172 Äneas|Äneas]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1172}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[144 Vibilia|Vibilia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|144}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|3}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[508 Princetonia|Princetonia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|508}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[895 Helio|Helio]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|895}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(B)}}

|-
|[[361 Bononia|Bononia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|361}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(D)}}

|-
|[[420 Bertholda|Bertholda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|420}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(P)}}

|-
|[[93 Minerva|Minerva]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|93}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.9}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|trinary]]

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[617 Patroclus|Patroclus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|617}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-
|[[308 Polyxo|Polyxo]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|308}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(T)}}

|-
|[[18 Melpomene|Melpomene]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|18}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|3}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[268 Adorea|Adorea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|268}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[349 Dembowska|Dembowska]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|349}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(R)}}

|-
|[[489 Comacina|Comacina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|489}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[69 Hesperia|Hesperia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|69}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.76}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(M)}}

|-
|[[54 Alexandra|Alexandra]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|54}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[762 Pulcova|Pulcova]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|762}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]]

|-
| [[Pabu (muin)|Pabu]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Borasisi I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Seicontar of [[66652 Borasisi]]

|-
|[[196 Philomela|Philomela]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|196}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[212 Medea|Medea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|212}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.64}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[95 Arethusa|Arethusa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|95}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.6}}
|belt asteroid

|-style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Portia (muin)|Portia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|68|4}}
|align=center | {{val|1.7}}
|moon of Uranus

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[588 Achilles|Achilles]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|588}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[690 Wratislavia|Wratislavia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|690}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[111 Ate|Ate]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|111}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[247 Eukrate|Eukrate]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|247}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[705 Erminia|Erminia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|705}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[471 Papagena|Papagena]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|471}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[Phorcys (muin)|Phorcys]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;{{small|Ceto I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|86|5}}
|align=center | {{val|1.67}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Grundy2007&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Grundy |first=W.M.
 |author2=Stansberry, J.A. |author3=Noll K.S. |author4=Stephens, D.C. |display-authors= etal
 |title=The orbit, mass, size, albedo, and density of (65489) Ceto/Phorcys: A tidally-evolved binary Centaur
 |journal=Icarus |date=2007
 |arxiv=0704.1523
 |bibcode = 2007Icar..191..286G |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.004 |volume=191 |pages=286–297
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Satellite]] of [[65489 Ceto]]

|-
|[[147 Protogeneia|Protogeneia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|147}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.5}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[Menoetius (muin)|Menoetius]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Patroclus I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Seicontar of [[617 Patroclus]]

|-
|[[344 Desiderata|Desiderata]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|344}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[146 Lucina|Lucina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|146}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.4}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[141 Lumen|Lumen]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|141}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.6}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[356 Liguria|Liguria]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|356}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[11 Parthenope|Parthenope]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|11}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|6.15}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[187 Lamberta|Lamberta]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|187}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|70|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.37}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|{{mpl-|15760|1992 QB|1}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|15760}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | 54-84
|align=center |
|[[cubewano]]

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Himalia (muin)|Himalia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter VI}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Cassini-Huygens Image of Himalia.png|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|67|10}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Porco2003&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal | last = Porco | first = Carolyn C. |display-authors=etal | title = Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings | url = http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Helfenstein/publication/10867818_Cassini_imaging_of_Jupiter's_atmosphere_satellites_and_rings/links/09e4150ca3aa7f043a000000.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 299 |date=March 2003 | pages = 1541–1547 | doi = 10.1126/science.1079462 | pmid = 12624258 | issue = 5612 | bibcode = 2003Sci...299.1541P
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center | {{val|4.19}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Emelyanov2005&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last=Emelyanov |first=N.V.
 |author2= Archinal, B. A. |author3=A’hearn, M. F. |display-authors=etal
 |title=The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites
 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 |volume=438
 |issue=3 |pages=L33–L36 |date=2005
 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200500143|bibcode=2005A&amp;A...438L..33E
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|moon of Jupiter—[[Himalia group]]

|-
|[[419 Aurelia|Aurelia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|419}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(F)}}

|-
|[[200 Dynamene|Dynamene]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|200}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[8 Flora|Flora]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|8}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:8Flora (Lightcurve Inversion).png|50px]]
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|8.47}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}; [[Flora family|Flora]]

|-
|[[712 Boliviana|Boliviana]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|712}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(X)}}

|-
|[[654 Zelinda|Zelinda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|654}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[426 Hippo|Hippo]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|426}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[47 Aglaja|Aglaja]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|47}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[279 Thule|Thule]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|279}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(D)}}

|-
|[[92 Undina|Undina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|92}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.1}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(M)}}

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[1173 Anchises|Anchises]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1173}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[1143 Odysseus|Odysseus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1143}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan ({{L4}})

|-
|[[469 Argentina|Argentina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|469}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]]

|-
|[[159 Aemilia|Aemilia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|159}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.4}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[405 Thia|Thia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|405}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[602 Marianna|Marianna]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|602}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[46 Hestia|Hestia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|46}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|3.5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Michalak2001&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 |last=Michalak 
 |first=G. 
 |title=Determination of asteroid masses 
 |journal=Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics 
 |volume=374 
 |issue=2 
 |pages=703–711 
 |date=2001 
 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010731 
 |url=http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&amp;access=standard&amp;Itemid=129&amp;url=/articles/aa/abs/2001/29/aa10228/aa10228.html
 |accessdate=2008-11-10 
 |bibcode=2001A&amp;A...374..703M 
}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;–21&lt;ref name=&quot;Bange1997&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
|last=Bange |first=J.F
|author2=A. Bec-Borsenberger
 |title=DETERMINATION OF THE MASSES OF MINOR PLANETS
|page=169 |date=1997
|url=http://www.rssd.esa.int/Hipparcos/venice-proc/poster02_22.pdf
|accessdate=2008-11-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[216 Kleopatra|Kleopatra]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|216}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Kleopatra.jpg|50px]]
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(M)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|trinary]]

|-
|[[104 Klymene|Klymene]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|104}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[410 Chloris|Chloris]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|410}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[134 Sophrosyne|Sophrosyne]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|134}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[328 Gudrun|Gudrun]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|328}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.94}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[1867 Deiphobus|Deiphobus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1867}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[68 Leto|Leto]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|68}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[70 Panopaea|Panopaea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|70}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[Sawiskera (muin)|Sawiskera]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Teharonhiawako I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|65|12|13}}
|align=center |
|&lt;ref name=&quot;TNO-cool-2014&quot; /&gt; Seicontar of [[88611 Teharonhiawako]]

|-
|[[127 Johanna|Johanna]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|127}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[276 Adelheid|Adelheid]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|276}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[176 Iduna|Iduna]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|176}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(G)}}

|-
|[[156 Xanthippe|Xanthippe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|156}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[28 Bellona|Bellona]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|28}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[86 Semele|Semele]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|86}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[78 Diana|Diana]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|78}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[381 Myrrha|Myrrha]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|381}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[225 Henrietta|Henrietta]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|225}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.83}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]]

|-
|[[618 Elfriede|Elfriede]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|618}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[105 Artemis|Artemis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|105}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.8}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[81 Terpsichore|Terpsichore]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|81}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[5 Astraea|Astraea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|5}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2.9}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[74 Galatea|Galatea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|74}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.8}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[350 Ornamenta|Ornamenta]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|350}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[772 Tanete|Tanete]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|772}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[476 Hedwig|Hedwig]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|476}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[1093 Freda|Freda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1093}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[171 Ophelia|Ophelia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|171}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Themis family|Themis]]

|-
|[[909 Ulla|Ulla]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|909}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[3317 Paris|Paris]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|3317}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[203 Pompeja|Pompeja]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|203}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[3063 Makhaon|Makhaon]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|3063}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.6}}
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|{{mpl-|308933|2006 SQ|372}}&lt;br&gt;{{small|308933}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[trans-Neptunian object]]

|-
|[[38 Leda|Leda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|38}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.6}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[360 Carlova|Carlova]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|360}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[521 Brixia|Brixia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|521}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[490 Veritas|Veritas]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|490}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid; [[Veritas family]]

|-
|[[466 Tisiphone|Tisiphone]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|466}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[53 Kalypso|Kalypso]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|53}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[2241 Alcathous|Alcathous]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|2241}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[388 Charybdis|Charybdis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|388}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[34 Circe|Circe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|34}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.5}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Epimetheus (muin)|Epimetheus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XI}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center | {{val|58|2}}
|align=center | {{val|0.5304}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Spitale2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Spitale, J. N. |display-authors=etal |title=''The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and ''Cassini'' imaging observations'' |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue=2 |pages=692–710 |url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/132/2/692/205235.html |doi=10.1086/505206 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRXnoO8Q?url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/132/2/692/205235.html |archivedate=2011-02-12 |url-status=live |bibcode=2006AJ....132..692S |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|moon of Saturn

|-
|[[596 Scheila|Scheila]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|596}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[56 Melete|Melete]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|56}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.5}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[129 Antigone|Antigone]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|129}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|2}}
|belt asteroid; nickel–iron

|-
|[[12 Victoria|Victoria]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|12}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[57 Mnemosyne|Mnemosyne]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|57}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[545 Messalina|Messalina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|545}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[2797 Teucer|Teucer]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|2797}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan ({{L4}})

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[2920 Automedon|Automedon]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|2920}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|60|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan ({{L4}})

|-
|[[91 Aegina|Aegina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|91}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.4}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[140 Siwa|Siwa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|140}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.4}}
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[814 Tauris|Tauris]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|814}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[595 Polyxena|Polyxena]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|595}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[230 Athamantis|Athamantis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|230}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[659 Nestor|Nestor]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|659}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[37 Fides|Fides]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|37}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.3}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[514 Armida|Armida]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|514}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[23 Thalia|Thalia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|23}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.3}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[739 Mandeville|Mandeville]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|739}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(X)}}

|-
|[[40 Harmonia|Harmonia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|40}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.3}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[181 Eucharis|Eucharis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|181}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.2}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(K)}}

|-
|[[346 Hermentaria|Hermentaria]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|346}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[357 Ninina|Ninina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|357}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[506 Marion|Marion]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|506}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[365 Corduba|Corduba]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|365}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[36 Atalante|Atalante]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|36}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[713 Luscinia|Luscinia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|713}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[1269 Rollandia|Rollandia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1269}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[164 Eva|Eva]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|164}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[98 Ianthe|Ianthe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|98}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.2}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[240 Vanadis|Vanadis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|240}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[221 Eos|Eos]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|221}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(K)}}

|-
|[[788 Hohensteina|Hohensteina]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|788}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[791 Ani|Ani]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|791}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]]

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[1208 Troilus|Troilus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1208}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[192 Nausikaa|Nausikaa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|192}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[63 Ausonia|Ausonia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|63}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.1}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[35 Leukothea|Leukothea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|35}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.1}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[570 Kythera|Kythera]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|570}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[233 Asterope|Asterope]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|233}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(T)}}

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[4063 Euforbo|Euforbo]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|4063}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFE5FF;&quot;
|[[1583 Antilochus|Antilochus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1583}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Jupiter trojan

|-
|[[1390 Abastumani|Abastumani]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|1390}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[522 Helga|Helga]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|522}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]]

|-
|[[175 Andromache|Andromache]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|175}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[191 Kolga|Kolga]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|191}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center | {{val|1.08}}
|belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}

|-
|[[663 Gerlinde|Gerlinde]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|663}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[626 Notburga|Notburga]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|626}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid

|-
|[[387 Aquitania|Aquitania]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|387}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[42 Isis|Isis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|42}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
|[[30 Urania|Urania]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|30}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}

|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px&quot; | Notes:
:&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as &quot;Saturn I&quot; for [[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]]
:&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties
Legend:
:{{legend2|#FFE5FF|border=1px solid #FF99FF|[[Jupiter trojan]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFE8E8|border=1px solid #FF9999|[[moon of Jupiter]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #00FF00|[[moon of Uranus]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#EDCF7D|border=1px solid #CE9F1C|[[moon of Haumea]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#BB8899|border=1px solid #CE9F1C|[[S/2015 (136472) 1|moon of Makemake]]}}
:{{legend2|#fafafa|border=1px solid #ccc|[[belt asteroid]]—types: [[C-type asteroids|C]]{{·}}[[D-type asteroid|D]]{{·}}[[F-type asteroids|F]]{{·}}[[G-type asteroid|G]]{{·}}[[K-type asteroid|K]]{{·}}[[M-type asteroids|M]]{{·}}[[P-type asteroid|P]]{{·}}[[R-type asteroids|R]]{{·}}[[S-type asteroids|S]]{{·}}[[T-type asteroids|T]]{{·}}[[X-type asteroids|X]]}}

|}

=== Frae 20 tae 50 km ===

This leet conteens a few ensaumples acause thare are aboot 589 [[asteroid]]s in the [[asteroid belt]] wi a meisurt radius atween 20 an 50&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref name=diameter40-100&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb_query.cgi?obj_group=all;obj_kind=all;obj_numbered=all;ast_orbit_class=IMB;ast_orbit_class=MBA;ast_orbit_class=OMB;OBJ_field=0;ORB_field=0;combine_mode=AND;c1_group=OBJ;c1_item=Ap;c1_op=%3C=;c1_value=100;c2_group=OBJ;c2_item=Ap;c2_op=%3E=;c2_value=40;table_format=HTML;max_rows=50;format_option=comp;c_fields=AcBhBgBjBiBnBsAiAp;.cgifields=format_option;.cgifields=ast_orbit_class;.cgifields=combine_mode;.cgifields=table_format;.cgifields=obj_kind;.cgifields=obj_group;.cgifields=obj_numbered;.cgifields=com_orbit_class&amp;query=1&amp;c_sort=ApD|title=JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mony thoosands o objects o this size range hae yet tae be discovered in the Trans-Neptunian region. The nummer o deegits is nae an endorsement o [[signeeficant feegurs]]. The table switches frae {{e|18}}&amp;nbsp;kg tae {{e|15}}&amp;nbsp;kg ([[Exagram|Eg]]), an mony o thir mass vailyies are assumed. ''(See [[leet o minor planets]].)''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; width=100 | '''Body'''&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Eemage
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=85 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Radius'''&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}'''
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=75 | Mass&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Exagram|10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;kg]])}}
! Type – Notes
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; width: 3.8em; text-align: center;&quot; | '''Refs&amp;thinsp;'''&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{Tooltip|r|Citation for the body's size}}'''{{·}}'''{{Tooltip|M|Citation for the body's mass}}'''

|-
|[[21 Lutetia]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Rosetta triumphs at asteroid Lutetia.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|1700}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}&lt;!-- 1700 trilion tonnes = 1700 e15 kg--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11470851 |title=Jonathan Amos – '''Asteroid Lutetia has thick blanket of debris''' (4 October 2010) – BBC News |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2010-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120235200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11470851 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- pre flyby figure 2570e15 kg--&gt;

|-
|[[50 Virginia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[114 Kassandra]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|1000}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(T)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[1021 Flammario]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[162 Laurentia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[401 Ottilia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Thebe (muin)|Thebe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter XIV}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Thebe.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Jupiter
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[148 Gallia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|980}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(R)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[404 Arsinoe]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[27 Euterpe]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[773 Irmintraud]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]] {{small|(D)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[62 Erato]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|50|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|910}}
|[[belt asteroid]]; [[Themis family|Themis]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[26 Proserpina]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|900}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[345 Tercidina]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Juliet (muin)|Juliet]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XI}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[58 Concordia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|850}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[229 Adelinda]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[379 Huenna]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|480}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[103 Hera]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|790}}
|asteroid
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[17 Thetis]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|1200}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[143 Adria]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|760}}
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[109 Felicitas]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|750}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[100 Hekate]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|1000}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[90 Antiope]] A
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|410}}
|[[asteroid]] {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor planet muin|binary]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[227 Philosophia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Prometheus (muin)|Prometheus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XVI}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Prometheus 12-26-09a.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|156.6}}
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[110 Lydia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|670}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Elara (muin)|Elara]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter VII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Jupiter; [[Himalia group]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[72 Feronia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|45|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|670}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Echidna (muin)|Echidna]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Typhon I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|44|3}}
|align=center |
|satellite of [[42355 Typhon]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[385446 Manwë#Satellite|Thorondor]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Manwë I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|satellite of [[385446 Manwë|Manwë]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[60558 Echeclus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|174P/Echeclus}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]&lt;ref name=&quot;echeclus&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
|type=2008-05-07 last obs
|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 60558 Echeclus (2000 EC98)
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=60558
|accessdate=2008-09-09
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[90 Antiope|S/2000 (90) 1]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid moon]] of [[90 Antiope]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[71 Niobe]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|610}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[102 Miriam]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[97 Klotho]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|590}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[61 Danae]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Thalassa (muin)|Thalassa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune IV}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[122 Gerda]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|570}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Pandora (muin)|Pandora]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XVII}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Pandora PIA07632.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|135.6}}
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[83 Beatrix]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|560}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(X)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[32 Pomona]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Belinda (muin)|Belinda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XIV}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Belinda.gif|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[115 Thyra]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Cressida (muin)|Cressida]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus IX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[135 Hertha]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[84 Klio]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|520}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[80 Sappho]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[1001 Gaussia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[58534 Logos]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|270}}
|[[Kuiper belt object]]; [[cubewano]]; [[Minor planet muin|binary]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[124 Alkeste]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|470}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[55576 Amycus]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[25 Phocaea]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|40|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Weywot (muin)|Weywot]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Quaoar I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|satellite of [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[8405 Asbolus]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[112 Iphigenia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Rosalind (muin)|Rosalind]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|250}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Caliban (muin)|Caliban]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XVI}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[99 Dike]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|390}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[66 Maja]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[116 Sirona]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[44 Nysa]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|370}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(E)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[10370 Hylonome]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[77 Frigga]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|350}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[55 Pandora]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[133 Cyrene]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|310}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[79 Eurynome]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Zoe (muin)|Zoe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Logos I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|satellite of [[58534 Logos]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Naiad (muin)|Naiad]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune III}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Naiad Voyager.png|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[43 Ariadne]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[101 Helena]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|35|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|300}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[108 Hecuba]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|390}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Desdemona (muin)|Desdemona]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus X}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Halimede (muin)|Halimede]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune IX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[52975 Cyllarus]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[82 Alkmene]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[60 Echo]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[83982 Crantor|Crantor]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|83982}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Comet Hale–Bopp]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|C/1995 O1}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Comet Hale-Bopp 1995O1.jpg|centre|50x50px]]
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[comet]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Pasiphae (muin)|Pasiphae]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter VIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Jupiter
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[7066 Nessus]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Neso (muin)|Neso]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune XIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[64 Angelina]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(E)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[67 Asia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[119 Althaea]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|200}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[75 Eurydike]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|180}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[142 Polana]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|30|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|180}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(F)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[253 Mathilde]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:(253) mathilde crop.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|26.4}}
|align=center |{{val|103.3}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[52872 Okyrhoe]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[(486958) 2014 MU69|2014 MU69]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|486958}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:KBO 2014 MU69 HST.jpg|60px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[Kuiper Belt|KBO]], [[cubewano]], [[Trans-Neptunian object|TNO]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Bianca (muin)|Bianca]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus VIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|92}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Prospero (muin)|Prospero]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XVIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|85}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Setebos (muin)|Setebos]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XIX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|75}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[123 Brunhild]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[4348 Poulydamas]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[asteroid]]; [[Jupiter Trojan]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[1000 Piazzia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[113 Amalthea]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|100}}
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Carme (muin)|Carme]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter XI}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|130}}
|moon of Jupiter; [[Carme group]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[138 Tolosa]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|25|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|99}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[126 Velleda]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|94}}
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[73 Klytia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|92}}
|[[asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Sao (muin)|Sao]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune XI}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[125 Liberatrix]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|87}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Metis (muin)|Metis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter XVI}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Metis.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|36}}
|moon of Jupiter
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[132 Aethra]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|82}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Ophelia (muin)|Ophelia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus VII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|53}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Laomedeia (muin)|Laomedeia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune XII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[118 Peitho]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|76}}
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[208 Lacrimosa]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|73.9}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}} [[Koronis family|Koronis]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[136 Austria]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|68}}
|[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}}
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[131 Vala]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|69}}
|[[belt asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Cordelia (muin)|Cordelia]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus VI}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|44}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Siarnaq (muin)|Siarnaq]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXIX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px&quot; | Notes:
:&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as &quot;Saturn I&quot; for [[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]]
:&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties
:&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reference column specifically for radius (r) and mass (M) citations
Legend:
:{{legend2|#FFE8E8|border=1px solid #FF9999|[[moon of Jupiter]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #80FF80|[[moon of Uranus]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}
:{{legend2|#fafafa|border=1px solid #ccc|[[belt asteroid]]—types: [[C-type asteroids|C]]{{·}}[[D-type asteroid|D]]{{·}}[[E-type asteroids|E]]{{·}}[[F-type asteroids|F]]{{·}}[[M-type asteroids|M]]{{·}}[[R-type asteroids|R]]{{·}}[[S-type asteroids|S]]{{·}}[[T-type asteroids|T]]{{·}}[[X-type asteroids|X]]}}
|}

=== From 1 to 20 km ===

This leet conteens anly a few ensaumples o objects atween 1 an 20&amp;nbsp;km in radius.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; width=100 | '''Body'''&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Image
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=85 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Radius'''&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}'''
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=75 | Mass&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Exagram|10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;kg]])}}
! Type – Notes
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; width: 3.8em; text-align: center;&quot; | '''Refs&amp;thinsp;'''&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''{{Tooltip|r|Citation for the body's size}}'''{{·}}'''{{Tooltip|M|Citation for the body's mass}}'''

|-
|[[167 Urda]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|66.7}}
|[[belt asteroid]]; [[Koronis family]]; [[S-type asteroid|S-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Sinope (muin)|Sinope]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter IX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|76}}
|moon of Jupiter
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[Psamathe (muin)|Psamathe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Neptune X}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|37}}
|moon of Neptune
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann|29P/Schwassmann–&lt;br&gt;Wachmann]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:29P Schwassmann Wachmann.jpg|50px]]
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |
|comet; [[centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Lysithea (muin)|Lysithea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter X}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|63}}
|moon of Jupiter; [[Himalia group]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[158 Koronis]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|20|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid; [[Koronis family]]; [[S-type asteroid|S-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[944 Hidalgo|Hidalgo]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|944}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|19}}
|align=center |
|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]], first tae be discovered in 1920; historically cried ''asteroid''.
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
 |type=2008-05-09 last obs
 |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 944 Hidalgo (1920 HZ)
 |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=944
 |accessdate=2008-03-09
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;
|[[Hydra (muin)|Hydra]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Pluto III}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Hydra (moon) from 231 000 kilometres.jpg|centre|50x50px]]
|align=center |{{val|19}}
|align=center |
|moon of Pluto
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/hydra-emerges-from-the-shadows|title=Hydra Emerges from the Shadows|first=Tricia|last=Talbert|date=15 July 2015|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Helene (muin)|Helene]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XII, Dione B}}
|bgcolor=#8C7A4C |[[File:Helene over Saturn (color).jpg|centre|50x50px]]
|align=center |{{val|17.6|0.4}}
|align=center |{{val|25}}
|moon of Saturn; [[Dione (muin)|Dione]] trojan
|align=center |{{sfn|Thomas|2010}}{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;
|[[Nix (muin)|Nix]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Pluto II}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Nix best view-true color.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|17.5}}
|align=center |
|moon of Pluto
|align=center |&lt;ref name=NewHorizonssettlessizedebate&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150713|title=New Horizons|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[243 Ida]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:243 Ida large.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|15.7}}
|align=center |{{val|42}}
|belt asteroid; [[Koronis family]]; [[S-type asteroid|S-type]]; [[Minor planet muin|binary]]
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Britt |first=D. T. |author2=Yeomans, D. K.|author3= Housen, K.|author4= Consolmagno, G. |title=Asteroid Density, Porosity, and Structure |journal=Asteroids III |publisher=University of Arizona |location=Tucson |date=2002 |pages=485–500 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/AsteroidsIII/pdf/3022.pdf |accessdate=2008-10-27 |bibcode=2002aste.conf..485B |ref=CITEREFBrittYeomansHousenConsolmagno2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[1655 Comas Solà]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15.3|1.1}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid; [[B-type asteroid|B-type]]
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;JPL1655ComasSolà&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1655 |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser 1655 Comas Sola |accessdate=2014-11-07 |publisher=[[NASA]] |quote=Physical Parameter Table, diameter, 30.57}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Atlas (muin)|Atlas]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XV}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Cassini Atlas N00084634 CL.png|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|15.1|0.9}}
|align=center |{{val|66}}
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |{{sfn|Thomas|2010}}{{·}}M

|-
|[[226 Weringia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid; [[S-type asteroid|S-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[433 Eros]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Eros - PIA02923 (color).jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|66.9}}
|[[Amor asteroid|Amor]]/ NEA
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Stephano (muin)|Stephano]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|22}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Albiorix (muin)|Albiorix]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXVI}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[1036 Ganymed]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|33}}
|NEA
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[1815 Beethoven]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[31824 Elatus]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |
|[[centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Perdita (muin)|Perdita]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XXV}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|13}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Linus (muin)|Linus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Kalliope I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|60}}
|asteroid moon of [[22 Kalliope]]
|align=center |r{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Marchis03&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=F. Marchis |display-authors=etal |title=A three-dimensional solution for the orbit of the asteroidal satellite of 22 Kalliope |journal=Icarus |date=2003 |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=112–120 |bibcode=2003Icar..165..112M |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00195-7 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..196..578D |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRXtaEJR?url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003Icar..165..112M&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=444b66a47d11635 |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Ananke (muin)|Ananke]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter XII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|15|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|38.2}}
|moon of Jupiter
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Pan (muin)|Pan]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XVIII}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:PIA21436.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|14.1|1.3}}
|align=center |{{val|4.95}}
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |&lt;ref name=Thomas2010&gt;{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025| last1 = Thomas| first1 = P. C.| date = July 2010| title = Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission| journal = Icarus| volume = 208| issue = 1| pages = 395–401| pmid = | pmc = | url = http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2011/6794_16344_0.pdf| bibcode = 2010Icar..208..395T| ref = harv| access-date = 2017-08-24| archive-date = 2018-12-23| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181223003125/http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2011/6794_16344_0.pdf| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Porco2007&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
 |author=[[Carolyn C. Porco|Porco, C. C.]] 
 |title=Saturn's Small Inner Satellites: Clues to Their Origins 
 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] 
 |date=2007 
 |volume=318 
 |issue=5856 
 |pages=1602–1607 
 |pmid=18063794 
 |bibcode=2007Sci...318.1602P 
 |doi=10.1126/science.1143977 
 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318.1602P 
 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRXsjQIR?url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318.1602P 
 |archivedate=2011-02-12 
 |deadurl=no 
 |display-authors=etal 
 |df= 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[20461 Dioretsa|Dioretsa]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|20461}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center | {{val|14|3}}
|align=center |
|&lt;ref name=sizeest&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103501966874|title=Visible to Thermal-Infrared Spectrophotometry of a Possible Inactive Cometary Nucleus|first1=Alan W.|last1=Harris|first2=Marco|last2=Delbó|first3=Richard P.|last3=Binzel|first4=John K.|last4=Davies|first5=Julie|last5=Roberts|first6=David J.|last6=Tholen|first7=Robert J.|last7=Whiteley|date=1 October 2001|publisher=|journal=Icarus|volume=153|issue=2|pages=332–337|via=ScienceDirect|doi=10.1006/icar.2001.6687}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]];&lt;ref name=JPLDioretsa&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=dioretsa|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[damocloid]]

|-style=&quot;background:#FFA6C9;&quot;
|[[Phobos (muin)|Phobos]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Mars I}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Phobos colour 2008.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|11.267}}
|align=center |{{val|10.7}}
|moon of Mars
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Telesto (muin)|Telesto]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XIII or Tethys B}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Telesto cassini closeup.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn [[Tethys (muin)|Tethys]] trojan
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Paaliaq (muin)|Paaliaq]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|8.2}}
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Francisco (muin)|Francisco]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XXII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|7.2}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Calypso (muin)|Calypso]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XIV or Tethys C}}
|bgcolor=232323|[[File:N00151485 Calypso crop.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moons of Saturn; [[Tethys (muin)|Tethys]] trojan
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Leda (muin)|Leda]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter XIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|11}}
|moon of Jupiter; [[Himalia group]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Ferdinand (muin)|Ferdinand]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XXIV}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|5.4}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Margaret (muin)|Margaret]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XXIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|5.4}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[149 Medusa]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|8}}
|belt asteroid
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Romulus (muin)|Romulus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Sylvia I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|4}}
|asteroid moon of [[87 Sylvia]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Ymir (muin)|Ymir]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XIX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Trinculo (muin)|Trinculo]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XXI}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|3.9}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Cupid (muin)|Cupid]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XXVII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|3.8}}
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#DDEEFF;&quot;
|[[S/2004 N 1]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Neptune
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[2002 Euler]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|5.5}}
|belt asteroid
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Adrastea (muin)|Adrastea]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter XV}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Adrastea.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|2}}
|moon of Jupiter
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Kiviuq (muin)|Kiviuq]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXIV}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[2000 Herschel]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?ID=a0002000|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Tarvos (muin)|Tarvos]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXI}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Tarvos from Cassini.jpg|50px]]
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[S/2006 (624) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Hektor I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|asteroid moon of [[624 Hektor]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;
|[[Kerberos (muin)|Kerberos]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Pluto IV}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Kerberos (moon).jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Pluto
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[2685 Masursky]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Asteroid 2685Masurky.gif|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |5–11
|belt asteroid
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;
|[[Styx (muin)|Styx]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Pluto V}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Styx (moon).jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|10|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Pluto
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[951 Gaspra]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:951 Gaspra.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|6.1|0.4}}
|align=center |2–3
|belt asteroid
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/icar.1994.1002|title=Galileo's Encounter with 951 Gaspra: Overview|journal=Icarus|volume=107|pages=2|year=1994|last1=Veverka|first1=J.|last2=Belton|first2=M.|last3=Klaasen|first3=K.|last4=Chapman|first4=C.|bibcode=1994Icar..107....2V}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[(65407) 2002 RP120]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|3.1}}
|[[Damocloid]] ([[retrograde motion|retrograde]]) &amp; possible ejected [[scattered disc|SDO]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Bestla (muin)|Bestla]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXXIX}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Petit-Prince (muin)|Petit-Prince]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Eugenia I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|1.2}}
|asteroid moon of [[45 Eugenia]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFA6C9;&quot;
|[[Deimos (muin)|Deimos]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Mars II}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Deimos-MRO.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|1.48}}
|moon of Mars
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Ijiraq (muin)|Ijiraq]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[S/2002 (121) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Hermione I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|1.6}}
|asteroid moon of [[121 Hermione]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Halley's Comet]]
|bgcolor=#1f0002|[[File:Lspn comet halley.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center   |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center   |{{val|0.03}}
|comet
|align=center |r{{·}}&lt;ref&gt;Using the [[Volume#Volume formulas|volume of an ellipsoid]] of 15x8x8km * an assumed [[rubble pile]] density of 0.6&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; yields a mass (m=d*v) of ~3.02E+14&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[S/2001 (107) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Camilla I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|1.5}}
|asteroid moon of [[107 Camilla]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
|[[Mab (muin)|Mab]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Uranus XXVI}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Uranus
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Erriapus (muin)|Erriapus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXVIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[26858 Misterrogers]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Callirrhoe (muin)|Callirrhoe]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter XVII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |
|moon of Jupiter
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFE8E8;&quot;
|[[Themisto (muin)|Themisto]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Jupiter XVIII}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|0.69}}
|moon of Jupiter
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Remus (muin)|Remus]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Sylvia II}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|0.2}}
|asteroid moon of [[87 Sylvia]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[S/2003 (379) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Huenna I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |
|asteroid moon of [[379 Huenna]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[S/2003 (130) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Elektra I}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|0.4}}
|asteroid moon of [[130 Elektra]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[S/2004 (45) 1]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Eugenia II}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |
|asteroid moon of [[45 Eugenia]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[118401 LINEAR]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|0.23}}
|[[main-belt comet]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[4179 Toutatis]]
|bgcolor=#282828|[[File:Toutatis.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|0.05}}
|NEA
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[3200 Phaethon]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=~}}
|align=center |{{val|0.14}}
|[[Apollo asteroid]]; [[B-type asteroid|B-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[2P/Encke]]
|bgcolor=#333 |[[File:Comet Encke.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |
|comet
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[Comet Hyakutake|C/1996 B2]]&lt;br&gt;Comet Hyakutake
|bgcolor=#4a0808|[[File:Comet Hyakutake from Hubble.jpg|centre|50x50px]]
|align=center   |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center   |
|comet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/hyakutake/index.html |title=Comet Hyakutake Home Page (JPL) |publisher=.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRXzjGtT?url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/hyakutake/index.html |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[81P/Wild]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Wild 2&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Wild2 3.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |
|comet
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Polydeuces (muin)|Polydeuces]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXXIV or Dione C}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Polydeuces.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |{{val|0.03}}
|moon of Saturn; [[Dione (muin)|Dione]] trojan
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[17P/Holmes]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:17pHolmes 071104 eder vga.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |
|comet
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[5535 Annefrank]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Stardust - Annefrank.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[3753 Cruithne]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |{{val|0.13}}
|[[Aten asteroid]] &amp; [[quasi-satellite]] of Earth
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[(285263) 1998 QE2]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:(285263) 1998 QE2, Goldstone, May 30, 2013.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |
|NEA; binary
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[4055 Magellan]]
|bgcolor=#333 |[[File:CCD image of asteroid 4055 Magellan.png|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |
|[[Amor asteroid]]; [[V-type asteroid|V-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[9969 Braille]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:PIA01345.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |
|[[Mars-crosser asteroid]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[132524 APL]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Asteroid 2002 JF56.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[(6178) 1986 DA]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|5|p=&lt;}}
|align=center |{{val|0.002}}
|[[amor asteroid]]; [[M-type asteroid|M-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[32P/Comas Solà|Comet Comas Solà]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|4.2}}
|align=center |
|[[Jupiter-family comet]]&lt;ref name=yfernandez/&gt;
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;JPLComasSolà&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=32P | title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser 32P/Comas Sola | accessdate = 2014-11-07 | publisher = [[NASA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Daphnis (muin)|Daphnis]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXXV}}
|bgcolor=#333 |[[File:Daphnis raw 2010 cropped.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|3.9|0.8}}
|align=center |{{val|0.084}}
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Porco2007&quot; /&gt;

|-
|[[9P/Tempel]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:PIA02127.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|2.8}}
|align=center |{{val|0.075}}
|comet
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/science/stardust_next_Thomas.html|title=The Nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1: Shape &amp; Geology From Two Flybys|publisher=|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2016-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203031258/http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/science/stardust_next_Thomas.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[2867 Šteins]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:2867 Šteins by Rosetta (reprocessed).png|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|2.65}}
|align=center |
|belt asteroid; [[E-type asteroid|E-type]]
|align=center |&lt;ref name=keller&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1179559|pmid=20056887|title=E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta|journal=Science|volume=327|issue=5962|pages=190|year=2010|last1=Keller|first1=H. |display-authors=etal.|bibcode=2010Sci...327..190K}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-
|[[19P/Borrelly]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Comet Borrelly Nucleus.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|2.4}}
|align=center |
|[[Jupiter-family comet]]&lt;ref name=yfernandez/&gt;
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_19PBorrelly&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric|title=19P/Borrelly - By the Numbers - Planets - NASA Solar System Exploration|publisher=|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2014-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809140735/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_19PBorrelly&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Pallene (muin)|Pallene]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXXIII}}
|bgcolor=#999 |[[File:N00163156.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|2.22|0.07}}&lt;ref name=Thomas2013/&gt;
|align=center |{{val|0.043}}
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|[[67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko|Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Comet 67P on 19 September 2014 NavCam mosaic.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|1.9}}
|align=center |
|[[Jupiter-family comet]]&lt;ref name=yfernandez&gt;{{cite web |title=List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets |url=http://www.physics.ucf.edu/~yfernandez/cometlist.html |date=28 July 2015 |publisher=University of Central Florida: Physics |accessdate=6 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
|{{mpl|(53319) 1999 JM|8}}
|bgcolor=#404040|[[File:Asteroid 1999 JM8.gif|50px|center]]
|align=center   |{{val|1.75}}
|align=center   |
|[[Apollo asteroid]]; PHA
|align=center |&lt;ref name=echo&gt;{{cite web |title=RADAR IMAGES CAPTURE BIG, SLOWLY TUMBLING ASTEROID |url=http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/~lance/1999JM8/press_release.html |publisher=NASA/JPL Media Relations Office |author=Diane Ainsworth |accessdate=2014-05-01 |archive-date=2016-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118002204/http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/~lance/1999JM8/press_release.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M

|-style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Methone (muin)|Methone]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn XXXII}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Methone PIA14633.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|1.45|0.03}}&lt;ref name=Thomas2013&gt;{{cite conference
 | first = P. C.  | last = Thomas | authorlink =
 |display-authors=4 | author2 = Burns, J. A. |author3=Tiscareno, M. S. |author4=Hedman, M. M. |author5=Helfenstein, P.
 | title = Saturn's Mysterious Arc-Embedded Moons: Recycled Fluff?
 | booktitle = 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
 | pages = 1598 | publisher = | date = 2013 | location =
 | url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/1598.pdf
 | accessdate = 2013-05-21
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |{{val|0.019}}
|moon of Saturn
|align=center |r{{·}}M

|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px&quot; | Notes:
:&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as &quot;Saturn I&quot; for [[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]]
:&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties
:&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reference column specifically for radius (r) and mass (M) citations
Legend:
:{{legend2|#FFA6C9|border=1px solid #FF5C9D|[[moon of Mars]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFE8E8|border=1px solid #FF9999|[[moon of Jupiter]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #80FF80|[[moon of Uranus]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#CCCCFF|border=1px solid #8080FF|[[moon of Pluto]]}}
Types:
: Main belt [[asteroid]]s; [[Comet]]s; NEA: [[Near-Earth asteroid]]; [[Asteroid moon]]
|}

=== Below 1 km ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; width=160 | '''Body'''&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; width=50 | Image
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=85 style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Radius'''&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''([[metre|m]])'''
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; width=75 | Mass&lt;br&gt;([[Petagram|10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;kg]])
! Type – Notes
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; width=70 | Refs&amp;thinsp;&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|[[1620 Geographos]]
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Geographos.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|885}}
|align=center |{{val|4}}
|[[Near-Earth asteroid|NEA]]{{·}}[[Apollo asteroid|Apollo]]
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;PSI&quot;&gt;[https://archive.is/20060623213811/http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/astdata04/simps04/diamalb.tab Asteroid Data Archive, Archive] ''Planetary Science Institute''&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|[[1862 Apollo]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|850}}
|align=center |{{val|5.1}}
|NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[Q-type asteroid|Q-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|(214869) 2007 PA|8}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|800|p=~}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-350|title=NASA Radar Images Asteroid 2007 PA8|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|[[100000 Astronautica]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|800|p=~}}
|align=center |
|Inner [[belt asteroid]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=100000|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=23753|title=Minor Planet No. 100,000 Named for Space Age 50th Anniversary|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|- style=&quot;background-color: #E5E5FF;&quot;
|[[Dactyl (muin)|Dactyl]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Ida I&lt;/sup&gt;
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Dactyl-HiRes.jpg|50px]]
|align=center |{{val|700}}
|align=center |
|[[Minor-planet muin|Moon]] of [[243 Ida]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|[[1566 Icarus]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|700}}
|align=center |{{val|2.9}}
|NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[U-type asteroid|U-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|[[4769 Castalia]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|700}}
|align=center |{{val|1.3}}
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4769%20Castalia;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#phys_par |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY2UNG1?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4769%20Castalia%3Borb%3D0%3Bcov%3D0%3Blog%3D0%3Bcad%3D0#phys_par |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|(137108) 1999 AN|10}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|650}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|(29075) 1950 DA}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:1950 DA (color).png|centre|50px]]
|align=center |{{val|600}}
|align=center |{{val|3}}
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|(66391) 1999 KW|4}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:1999 KW4 animated.gif|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|600}}
|align=center |{{val|2.33}}
|NEA{{·}}[[Aten asteroid|Aten]]{{·}}[[Mercury-crosser]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|[[46P/Wirtanen]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|600}}
|align=center |
|[[Comet]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|[[103P/Hartley]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Hartley 2}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:495296main epoxi-1-full full.jpg|50px]]
|align=center |{{val|570|80}}
|align=center |{{val|0.3}}
|Comet
|align=center |r{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Lisse2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lisse |first=C. M.
|author2=Fernandez |author3=Reach |author4=Bauer |author5=A'Hearn |author6=Farnham |display-authors= etal
|title=Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Nucleus of Comet 103P/Hartley 2
|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
|volume=121 |issue=883
|pages=968–975 |date=2009 |doi=10.1086/605546 |jstor=10.1086/605546
|bibcode=2009PASP..121..968L |arxiv = 0906.4733 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[3908 Nyx]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|520}}
|align=center |{{val|5}}
|NEA{{·}}[[Amor asteroid|Amor]]{{·}}[[V-type asteroid|V-type]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|[[14827 Hypnos]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|450}}
|align=center |
|[[Comet]]{{·}}[[dormant comet]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dormant&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Kathryn |last=Whitman |author2=Alessandro Morbidelli |author3=Robert Jedicke |lastauthoramp=yes |title=The Size-Frequency Distribution of Dormant Jupiter Family Comets |date=2006 |arxiv=astro-ph/0603106 |bibcode = 2006Icar..183..101W |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.016 |volume=183 |journal=Icarus |pages=101–114}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;jpldataHypnos&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 14827 Hypnos (1986 JK) |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Hypnos |accessdate=2008-02-08 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY3FjU0?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Hypnos |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|[[2062 Aten]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|450}}
|align=center |{{val|0.76}}
|NEA{{·}}[[Aten asteroid|Aten]]
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/22732/1/97-1257.pdf |title=Benner, et al. – Radar Detection of Near-Earth Asteroids 2062 Aten, 2101 Adonis, 3103 Eger, 4544 Xanthus, and 1992 QN (1997) |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201658/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/22732/1/97-1257.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|2007 CA|19}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|432}}
|align=center |{{val|1.2}}
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|[[6489 Golevka]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|350}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi#top |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY4Rkg7?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi#top |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|[[25143 Itokawa]]
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|346}}
|align=center |{{val|0.0358}}
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[Aegaeon (muin)|Aegaeon]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|Saturn LIII}}
|bgcolor=black| [[File:Aegaeon (2008 S1).jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|330|60}}&lt;ref name=Thomas2013/&gt;
|align=center |
|[[moon of Saturn]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|2004 XP|14}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|300}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|(144898) 2004 VD|17}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|290}}
|align=center |{{val|3}}
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |r{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NASANEO&quot;&gt;Based on an assumed density of 2.6&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; as given at the NASA NEO impact risk page http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211202907/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/index.html |date=2011-02-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[101955 Bennu]]
| bgcolor=black|[[File:NASA 1999 RQ36.gif|50px|center]]
| align=center |{{val|275}}
| align=center |
| NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHO]]
| align=center |&lt;ref&gt;ref name=Nolan2013&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{mpl|(308635) 2005 YU|55}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:2005YU55-20111107.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|180}}
|align=center |
|NEA&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15572634 BBC – '''Giant asteroid passes near Earth''' – 9 November 2011]&lt;/ref&gt; Apollo{{·}}PHO&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005YU55|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;Busch&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
 |date=March 31, 2012
 |title=Shape and Spin of Near-Earth Asteroid 308635 (2005 YU55) From Radar Images and Speckle Tracking
 |publisher=LPI
 |author=M.W. Busch
 |display-authors=etal
 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2012/pdf/6179.pdf
 |accessdate=9 April 2012
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|[[4660 Nereus]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Nereus.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|165}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4660%20Nereus;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#phys_par |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY5u45e?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4660%20Nereus%3Borb%3D0%3Bcov%3D0%3Blog%3D0%3Bcad%3D0#phys_par |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|(357439) 2004 BL|86}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|162.5}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[minor-planet muin|binary]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|[[99942 Apophis]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:2004MN4 Sormano.gif|50px]]
|align=center |{{val|162.5}}
|align=center |{{val|0.05}}
|NEA{{·}}[[Aten asteroid|Aten]]{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHO]]
|align=center |&lt;ref name=esanews1&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel_intercepts_asteroid_Apophis
|title=Herschel intercepts asteroid Apophis
|author=ESA
|publisher=[[European Space Agency]] (ESA)
|date=January 9, 2013
|accessdate=2013-01-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NASANEO&quot; /&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color: #FFFFCC;&quot;
|[[S/2009 S 1]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:PIA11665 moonlet in B Ring cropped.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|150}}
|align=center |
|[[moon of Saturn]]
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|2010 TK|7}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|150}}
|align=center |
|[[Earth trojan]]{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|2007 TU|24}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:2007 TU24 radar image 20080128.jpg|50px|center]]
|align=center |{{val|125}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHO]]
|align=center |&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA0125&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=NASA Scientists Get First Images of Earth Flyby Asteroid |publisher=NASA/[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]] |date=2008-01-25 |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2008-014 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY6xBF0?url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2008-014 |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|2002 JE|9}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|100}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}PHO
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|2010 XC|15}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|100}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}PHO
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|1994 WR|12}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|65}}
|align=center |{{val|0.002}}
|NEA{{·}}[[Aten asteroid|Aten]]
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1994wr12.html |title=NASA – 1994 WR12 Earth Impact Risk Summary – 2011 |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2016-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326083250/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1994wr12.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- 55? &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1994wr12.html |title=1994 WR12 Impact Risk |publisher=Neo.jpl.nasa.gov |date=2010-12-08 |accessdate=2011-01-04|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY8XdEh?url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1994wr12.html |archivedate = 2011-02-12|deadurl=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;{{·}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NASANEO&quot; /&gt;
|-
|{{mpl|(410777) 2009 FD}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|65}}
|align=center |{{val|0.0028}}
|NEA{{·}}Apollo
|align=center |&lt;ref name=2009FDimpactrisk&gt;[http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2009fd.html 2009 FD Impact Risk]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111142013/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2009fd.html |date=January 11, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}&lt;ref name=2009FDimpactrisk /&gt;
|-
|{{mpl|2008 HJ}}
|bgcolor=black|
|align=center |{{val|18}}
|align=center |{{val|0.000005}}
|NEA{{·}}[[Fast rotator (asteroid)|fast rotator]], {{LCDB|0|2008+HJ}}, (43 [[second|s]])&lt;ref name=2008HJbbc /&gt;
|align=center |&lt;!--(24+12)/2=18--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2008HJbbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7426755.stm |title=BBC News – '''Record spin for newfound asteroid''' (2008) |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2011-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7426755.stm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}&lt;!-- 5000 metric tonnes --&gt;&lt;ref name=2008HJbbc /&gt;
|-
|[[367943 Duende]]
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Radar-2012DA14-Goldstone.jpg|50px]]
|align=center |{{val|15}}
|align=center |
|NEA
|align=center |r{{·}}M
|-
|{{mpl|1998 KY|26}}
|bgcolor=black|[[File:Asteroid 1998 KY26.faces model.jpg|50px]]
|align=center |{{val|15}}
|align=center |
|NEA{{·}}[[Fast rotator (asteroid)|fast rotator]] (10 [[meenit|min]])
|align=center |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1998%20KY26;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#phys_par |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRYBF1Zr?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1998%20KY26%3Borb%3D0%3Bcov%3D0%3Blog%3D0%3Bcad%3D0#phys_par |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{·}}M
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px&quot; | Notes:
:&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Name o bouk, includin alternative names uisin [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals tae designate muins]] (sic as &quot;Saturn LIII&quot; for [[Aegaeon (muin)|Aegaeon]]), an nummers tae [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]]
:&lt;sup&gt;(b)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mean radius includin uncertainties
:&lt;sup&gt;(c)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reference column speceefically for radius (r) an mass (M) citations
Legend:
:{{legend2|#E5E5FF|border=1px solid #9999FF|[[minor-planet muin]]}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[muin o Saturn]]}}
: NEA: [[near-Yird asteroid]]; [[Apollo asteroid]]s are a group o NEAs
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Solar Seestem Objects Bi Size}}
[[Category:Leets o Solar Seestem objects|Size]]
[[Category:Airticles needin AWB cleanup]]</text>
      <sha1>mv29jh9zyjk4epymwng7v7bbw4qi741</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nepal (baund)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869393</id>
      <parentid>866831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:12:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2230" xml:space="preserve">{{Stub/Muisic}}{{Infobox muisical airtist
| name                = Nepal
| image                 = Nepal_Logo.svg
| caption            = 
| image_size            = 250px
| background          = group_or_band 
| alias               = 
| origin              = [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]]
| genre               = [[Thrash metal]]
| occupation          = 
| years_active        = 1984–2001
| label               = [[Nems Enterprises]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.discogs.com/de/label/97247-NEMS-Enterprises NEMS Enterprises] Retrieved on December 31, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;Metal Command Records&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.discogs.com/de/label/594818-Metal-Command-Records?sort=artist&amp;sort_order= Metal Command Records] Retrieved on December 31, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
| associated_acts     = [[Hansi Kursch]]&lt;br&gt; [[Andre Matos]]
| website                 = 
| current_members     = Larry Zavala&lt;br&gt;Javier Bagalá&lt;br&gt;Beto Vázquez&lt;br&gt;Marcelo Ponce
|past_members = Willie Urroz&lt;br&gt;Facundo Vega&lt;br&gt;Raúl Jesaim&lt;br&gt;Dario Galvan
}}

'''Nepal''' was a Argentine thrash metal baund. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Nepal/17166 Bio en metal-archives.com Biografía de Nepal] Retrieved on December 31, 2017&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metaleros.de/argentina Biografía de Nepal] Retrieved on December 31, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091024065304/http://geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Backstage/6883/nepalbio.html Biografia completa] Retrieved on December 31, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discografie ==
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
!'''Year'''
!'''Title'''
!'''Note'''
|-
| 1986
|''Nepal'' 
|Demo
|-
| 1988
|''Aquellos bastardos/Rompehuesos''
|Split
|-
| 1989
|''Nepal II'' 
|Demo
|-
| 1992
|''Capitulo '92''
|Demo
|-
|1993
|''[[Raza de traidores]]''
|Studio album 
|-
|1995
|''Ideología'' 
|Studio album 
|-
|1995
|''Gritalo fuerte, tributo argentino a Kiss''
|Compilation
|-
|1997
|''Manifiesto''
|Studio album 
|-
|1998
|''Metal Rock Festival II'' 
|Live album 
|- 
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Argentine hivy metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Argentine rock muisic groups]]</text>
      <sha1>gdj7m9dtd4mwoqw22j6rzvu92v9mx6q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gustavo Pareja Cisneros</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>201544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869337</id>
      <parentid>709406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T21:02:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1459" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Otavalo Mayor Gustavo Pareja (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pareja in 2017]]
'''Gustavo Pareja Cisneros''' (born 10 Januar 1947) is a [[Ecuador]]ian politeecian. He wis born in [[Otavalo]], Ecuador. He servit as Governor o the [[Imbabura Province]] frae 1997 throu 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.eluniverso.com/2004/09/14/0001/8/A71D13B838DD41D6A3E1C2BBAD126DE8.html | title= El prefecto | accessdate= 16 May 2016 | date= 14 September 2004 | publisher= [[El Universo (Ecuador)|El Universo]] | language= Spanish | archive-date= 2016-04-21 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160421145827/http://www.eluniverso.com/2004/09/14/0001/8/A71D13B838DD41D6A3E1C2BBAD126DE8.html | url-status= bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2014, he wis electit Mayor o Otavalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;otavalo&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.elnorte.ec/otavalo/actualidad/46135-gustavo-pareja-alcalde-otavalo-avanza.html | title= Gustavo Pareja ganó en Otavalo | accessdate= 16 May 2016 | date= 25 February 2014 | publisher= El Norte | idioma= Spanish | archive-date= 2014-03-11 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140311053859/http://www.elnorte.ec/otavalo/actualidad/46135-gustavo-pareja-alcalde-otavalo-avanza.html | url-status= bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pareja Cisneros, Gustavo}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Ecuadorian politeecians]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Otavalo (ceety)]]

{{bio-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>kgf4qxsc64ot2obpmlmt0pklyr2tztc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neon Genesis Evangelion</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>201610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869392</id>
      <parentid>864936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:12:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5000" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name            = Neon Genesis Evangelion
| image           = Evangelion retouched.png
| caption         = Teetle caird o the anime televeesion series
| ja_kanji        = 新世紀エヴァンゲリオン
| ja_romaji       = Shin Seiki Evangerion
| genre           = [[Mecha anime an manga|Mecha]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20060714194953/http://www.advfilms.com/CatalogFilms_Detail.asp?ID=4313|url=http://www.advfilms.com/CatalogFilms_Detail.asp?ID=4313|title=Neon Genesis Evangelion Platinum Complete Collection|publisher=[[ADV Films]]|archivedate=2006-07-14|accessdate=June 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Psychological feection|psychological]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human-Sized Eva Spear Auctioned for 13.7 Million Yen |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Science feection genre|science feection]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Evangelion Sparkling Wine Arrives This Month |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2011-06-21/evangelion-sparkling-wine-arrives-this-month |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=June 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = tv series
| director        = [[Hideaki Anno]]
| writer          = Hideaki Anno
| producer        = Noriko Kobayashi&lt;br /&gt;Yutaka Sugiyama
| music           = [[Shirō Sagisu]]
| studio          = [[Tatsunoko Production]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gainax]]
| licensee        = {{English anime licensee
  | AUS = [[Madman Entertainment]] (umwhile)
  | BI  = [[ADV Films]] (umwhile)
}}
| network         = [[TV Tokyo]]
| network_en      = {{English anime network
  | AU  = [[SBS (Australie TV channel)|SBS TV]]
  | CA  = [[MTV2 (Canadae)|Razer]] ([[Kamikaze (Razer)|Kamikaze]])
  | NA  = [[Anime Network]]
  | PH  = [[ABS-CBN]]
  | US  = [[Anime Network]], [[KQEH|KTEH]], [[Cartoon Network]] ([[Toonami]]), [[Adult Swim]]
  | ZA  = [[Animax#Sooth Africae|Animax]]
  | MG  = [[Sanime]], [[Adult Swim]]
}}
| first           = 4 October 1995
| last            = 27 Mairch 1996
| episodes        = 26
| episode_list    = Leet o Neon Genesis Evangelion episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Other
| title           = Films
| content         =
* ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion: Death &amp; Rebirth|Death &amp; Rebirth]]'' (Mairch 1997)
* ''[[The End of Evangelion]]'' (Julie 1997)
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Other
| title           = Relatit warks
| content         =
* ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion (manga)|Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' (manga)
* ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion: Angelic Days]]''
* ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion: Campus Apocalypse]]''
* ''[[Petit Eva: Evangelion@School]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Rebuild of Evangelion]]''
** ''[[Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone|1.0 You Are (Not) Alone.]]'' (2007)
** ''[[Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance|2.0 You Can (Not) Advance.]]'' (2009)
** ''[[Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo|3.0 You Can (Not) Redo.]]'' (2012)
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{Nihongo|'''''Neon Genesis Evangelion'''''{{sfn|Cavallaro|2007|p=54|ps=: &quot;The original title for the series, ''Shinseiki Evangelion'', is componed o twa pairts: the Japanese compoond ''Shinseiki'', that means &quot;new era&quot; or &quot;new generation,&quot; an the [[Auncient Greek|Greek]] wird ''Evangelion'', that leeterally means &quot;good news&quot; ... an haes subsequently come tae an aw mean &quot;gospel.&quot; The Inglis teetle ''Neon Genesis Evangelion'', oreeginally chuisen bi Gainax, conseests o the Greek wirds ''neon'', the neuter form o the wird ''neos'' (= &quot;new&quot; or &quot;young&quot;), ''genesis'' (= &quot;oreegin,&quot; &quot;soorce&quot; or &quot;birth, race&quot;) an ''evangelion''.}}|新世紀エヴァンゲリオン|Shinseiki Evangerion|literally &quot;The [[The gospel|Gospel]] o the New Century&quot;|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[Mecha anime an manga|mecha anime]] telly series produced bi [[Gainax]] an [[Tatsunoko Production]] an directit bi [[Hideaki Anno]], an wis braidcast on [[TV Tokyo]] frae October 1995 tae Mairch 1996.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1995 anime televeesion series]]
[[Category:1996 Japanese televeesion series endins]]
[[Category:2015 in feection]]
[[Category:Televeesion series set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:ADV Films]]
[[Category:Auncient astronauts in feection]]
[[Category:Animatit science feection televeesion series]]
[[Category:Anime wi oreeginal screenplays]]
[[Category:Apocalyptic anime an manga]]
[[Category:Comin-o-age anime an manga]]
[[Category:Existentialist warks]]
[[Category:Gainax]]
[[Category:Meethologie in popular cultur]]
[[Category:Madman Entertainment anime]]
[[Category:Mecha anime an manga]]
[[Category:Metafeectional televeesion series]]
[[Category:Neon Genesis Evangelion| ]]
[[Category:Science fiction anime an manga]]
[[Category:Tatsunoko Production]]
[[Category:Televeesion series set in 2015]]
[[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Toonami]]
[[Category:TV Tokyo shaws]]
[[Category:Warks aboot dysfunctional faimilies]]</text>
      <sha1>djrqvdxfm1kx24130xqunaem52uhva2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oruchuban Ebichu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869399</id>
      <parentid>820225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:41:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2394" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name            = Oruchuban Ebichu
| image           = 
| caption         = 
| ja_kanji        = おるちゅばんエビちゅ
| ja_romaji       = Oruchuban Ebichu
| genre           = [[Comedy]], Erotic, Fantasy
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
An {{Nihongo|'''''Oruchuban Ebichu '''''|おるちゅばんエビちゅ|Oruchuban Ebichu|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[manga]] series written in 1990 to 2007, an illustratit bi [[Risa Ito]](Japanese:理佐伊藤).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-28/higepiyo-4-panel-manga-from-ebichu-creator-gets-anime|title= Higepiyo 4-Panel Manga from Ebichu Creator Gets Anime (Updated)|date= 21 January 2009|accessdate= 11 May 2014|work= [[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=5541 Risa ITOU anime news &amp; network.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Soorces==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gainax.co.jp/anime/awaawa/animage/index.html|title=『アニメージュTV』 収録レポート|website=Gainax Ebichu Website (archived)|access-date=2022-07-31|archive-date=2004-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208105125/http://www.gainax.co.jp/anime/awaawa/animage/index.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}
* [https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=859 Oruchuban Ebichu (TV)] {{en}}
* [https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=4265 Oruchuban Ebichu (manga)] {{en}}
* [http://www.futabasha.co.jp/ebichu/ Futabasha's Ebichu website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406102720/http://www.futabasha.co.jp/ebichu/ |date=2005-04-06 }} {{ja}}
* [http://www.gainax.co.jp/anime/awaawa/ebichu/index.html Gainax's Ebichu website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404194702/http://www.gainax.co.jp/anime/awaawa/ebichu/index.html |date=2005-04-04 }} {{ja}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 manga]]
[[Category:2007 manga]]
[[Category:1999 anime televeesion series]]
[[Category:Adventur anime a manga]]
[[Category:DirecTV]]
[[Category:Seinen Entertainment]]
[[Category:Geneon USA]]
[[Category:Manga adaptit intae films]]
[[Category:Martial airts anime a manga]]
[[Category:Futabasha manga]]
[[Category:Telepathy ann an eòlas]]
[[Category:Televeesion prògraman featurin antropomorphic chairacters]]
[[Category:Teleportation]]

[[la:Oruchuban ebichu]]
[[oc:Oruchuban ebichu]]</text>
      <sha1>9x4qpzmeklod9wsxqtazqg8toq6i1ib</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jenny Gilruth</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869351</id>
      <parentid>860196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:08:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2219" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox MP
| name             = Jenny Gilruth
| honorific-suffix = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]
| image= Minister for Culture, Europe and International Development, Jenny Gilruth (51189141017).jpg
| office          = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]&lt;br&gt;for [[Mid Fife an Glenrothes (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Mid Fife an Glenrothes]]
| term_start      = 6 Mey 2016
| term_end        = 
| predecessor     = [[Tricia Marwick]]
| successor       = 
| majority        = 8,276
| birth_date      = 
| birth_place     = 
| death_date      = 
| death_place     = 
| party           = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]]
| alma_mater      = [[Varsity o Glesga]]
| website         = {{URL|http://www.jennygilruthmsp.scot}}
|caption=Meenister for Cultur, Europe and International Development}}
'''Jenny Gilruth''' (born 1984 or 1985) is a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] (SNP) politician.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.scot/news/cabinet-appointments/|title=Cabinet Appointments|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217111905/https://www.gov.scot/news/cabinet-appointments/|archive-date=2020-02-17|access-date=24 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syne the May 2021 election, she wis Meenister for [[Cultur]], [[Europe]] and International Development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minister for Culture, Europe and International Development - gov.scot|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/minister-for-culture-europe-and-international-development/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilruth, Jenny}}
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Madras College]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]]
[[Category:Scots schuilteachers]]
[[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]]
[[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]]
[[Category:Place o birth missin (leevin fowk)]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]]
[[Category:LGBT politeecians frae Scotland]]
[[Category:Lesbian politeecians]]</text>
      <sha1>5zleq5gmmj2033cu5l3zf8706dcw07j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thistle, Utah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869419</id>
      <parentid>690523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T09:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Timeousbeastie</username>
        <id>78784</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1037" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| image_skyline                   = Thistle Station, Spanish Fork Canon. R.G.W.Ry. (Rio Grande Western Railway) C.R. Savage, Photo..jpg
| settlement_type                 = Abandoned railwey toun
| image_map                       = Thistle landslide.png
| image_caption                   = Thistle, circa 1871.
}}
'''Thistle''' is a [[ghaist toun]] in [[Spanish Fork River|Spanish Fork Canyon]] in sootheastern [[Utah County, Utah|Utah County]], [[Utah]], [[Unitit States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gnis&quot;&gt;{{Cite gnis|1439662|Thistle}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the era o [[Steam locomotive|steam locomotives]], the toun's main industry wis servicing trains for the [[Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad|Denver an Rio Grande Western Railroad]] (eften shortened tae D&amp;RG, D&amp;RGW, or Rio Grande). The fortunes o the toun war closely linked wi those of the railroad until the change tae [[Diesel locomotive|diesel locomotives]], when the toun started tae decline.
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1878]]
[[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]]</text>
      <sha1>fl2vc7y0iyaonnogsf8t7va2l0vpbrp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spainish flu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>205453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869227</id>
      <parentid>865337</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:47:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2219" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|300px|Sodgers frae Fort Riley, [[Kansas]], ill wi Spaingie influenza at a hospital waird at Camp Funston]]
The '''1918 influenza''' '''pandemic''' (Januar 1918&amp;nbsp;– December 1920; kent as '''''Spanish flu''''' in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]) wis an unuisually deidly influenza ([[haingles]]) [[pandemic]], the first o the twa pandemics involvin the H1N1 influenza virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/conf/CRC/Grippe_CRC.ppt |title=La Grippe Espagnole de 1918 |format=Powerpoint |language=fr |publisher=[[Institut Pasteur]] |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020243/http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/conf/CRC/Grippe_CRC.ppt |archive-date=17 November 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020243/http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/conf/CRC/Grippe_CRC.ppt |date=2015-11-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It infectit 500&amp;nbsp;million fowk aroond the warld,{{sfn|Taubenberger|Morens|2006}} includin fowk on remote Pacific Islands an in the [[Arctic]], an resulted in the deiths o 50 till 100&amp;nbsp;million (three tae five percent o the warld's population),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Historical Estimates of World Population|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php|access-date=29 March 2013|archive-date=2012-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709092946/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; makkin it ane o the deidliest naitural disasters in [[human history]].{{sfn|Patterson|Pyle|1991}}{{sfn|Billings|1997}}{{sfn|Johnson|Mueller|2002}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Outwith airtins ==

* [https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/article/our-records-spanish-influenza Our records: The Spanish Influenza] fae ''Scotland's People'' wabsteid {{In|en}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spaingie Flu}}
[[Category:Spaingie flu| ]]
[[Category:Global heal]]
[[Category:Eftermath o Warld War I]]
[[Category:1918 disasters]] 
[[Category:1918 heal disasters]]
[[Category:Influenza A virus subteep H1N1]]
[[Category:Influenza pandemics]]
[[Category:20t-century epidemics]]</text>
      <sha1>frzwej3c7akpj18iik8o3k80hey4ix6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>La Honda, Californie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>206798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869365</id>
      <parentid>827784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:09:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5204" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = La Honda
|official_name            = 
|settlement_type          = [[census-designated place]]
|nickname                 = 
|motto                    =

&lt;!-- Images --&gt;
|image_skyline            = La Honda.png
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = State Route 84 in dountoun La Honda
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               =

&lt;!-- Maps --&gt;
| pushpin_map = USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Unitit States
|image_map                = File:San Mateo County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas La Honda Highlighted 0639318.svg
|mapsize                  = 250x200px
|map_caption              = Location in [[San Mateo Coonty, Californie|San Mateo Coonty]] an the state o [[Californie]]
&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type         = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]]
|subdivision_name         = [[Unitit States]]
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Californie]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[Leet o coonties in Californie|Coonty]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[San Mateo Coonty, Californie|San Mateo]]

|government_footnotes     = 
|government_type          = 
|leader_title             = &lt;!-- Mayor --&gt;
|leader_name              = 
|leader_title1            = 
|leader_name1             = 
|established_title        = 
|established_date         =

&lt;!-- Area------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude           = 
| unit_pref               = US
| area_footnotes          = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |title=U.S. Census |access-date=2019-06-13 |archive-date=2012-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_sq_mi        = 4.262
| area_land_sq_mi         = 4.247
| area_water_sq_mi        = 0.015
| area_total_km2          = 11.038
| area_land_km2           = 10.999
| area_water_km2          = 0.039
| area_water_percent      = 0.35
| area_note               =

&lt;!-- Population --&gt;
|population_as_of         = 2010
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_total         = 928
|population_density_km2   = auto

&lt;!-- General information --&gt;
|timezone                 = [[Paceefic Time Zone|Paceefic]]
|utc_offset               = -8
|timezone_DST             = [[Paceefic Daylicht Time|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST           = -7
|elevation_footnotes      = &lt;ref name=gnis&gt;{{gnis|2628746}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elevation_ft             = 715
|coordinates              = {{coord|37|19|9|N|122|16|27|W|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}}

&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --&gt;
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code              = 94020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = https://tools.usps.com/zip-code-lookup.htm?bycitystate
|title = ZIP Code by City and State
|publisher= U.S. Postal Service
|accessdate = April 13, 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area_code_type           = [[North American Nummerin Plan|Aurie code]]
|area_code                = [[Aurie code 650|650]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = {{FIPS|06|39318}}
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur IDs
|blank1_info              = {{GNIS 4|2628746}}
|website                  = 
|footnotes                = 
}}
'''La Honda''' ([[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] for ''&quot;the sling&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA179#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=179}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a ''[[census-designated place]]'' in soothwastren [[San Mateo Coonty, Californie]], locatit on the ocean side o the [[Santa Cruz Moontains]]. The toun is traversit bi [[Californie State Route 84|State Route 84]] (the local portion o whilk is commonly cried 'La Honda Road') an the [[La Honda Creek]], an borders the [[La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve]]. The toun is aroond 20km northeast o [[Pescadero, Californie|Pescadero]], 12.8km east o the smaa toun o [[San Gregorio, Californie|San Gregorio]], 12.5km northeast o [[Loma Mar, (Californie)|Loma Mar]], 19.3km sooth o [[Woodside (Califòrnia)|Woodside]], an 29km sootheast o [[Half Moon Bay, Californie|Half Moon Bay]]. The population wis recordit at 928 inhabitants in the [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010 census]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url = https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml?src=bkmk
|title = La Honda CDP, California
|publisher = U.S. Census Bureau
|accessdate = April 19, 2019
|archive-date = 2020-02-12
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20200212050808/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml?src=bkmk
|url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Californie]]
[[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Californie]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in San Mateo Coonty, California]]
[[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in San Mateo Coonty, California]]</text>
      <sha1>6mivkq5jhjkscwmsv5z7o1la5338cj4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christopher Jullien</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>210899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869303</id>
      <parentid>866509</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3353" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name = Christopher  Jullien 
| fullname = Christopher Jullien&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=List of Players — 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2013/pdf/FWYC_2013_SquadLists.pdf |work=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=2013-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829184330/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2013/pdf/FWYC_2013_SquadLists.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image = Christopher Jullien (recadré).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|3|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], Fraunce
| height = 1.96 m&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Player profile Christopher Jullien|url=https://www.ligue1.com/joueur/jullien-christopher|publisher=Ligue de Football Professionnel|access-date=2020-07-13|archive-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110161953/https://www.ligue1.com/joueur/jullien-christopher|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jullien|url=http://www.tfc.info/christopher-jullien|publisher=Toulouse FC|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-date=2017-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628233628/http://www.tfc.info/christopher-jullien|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| position = [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Full-back|Centre back]]
| currentclub = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]
| clubnumber = 2
| youthyears1 = 2002–2005
| youthclubs1 = US Torcy
| youthyears2 = 2005–2011
| youthclubs2 = [[AJ Auxerre|Auxerre]]
| years1 = 2011–2013
| clubs1 = [[AJ Auxerre|Auxerre]]
| caps1 = 25
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2013–2016
| clubs2 = [[SC Freiburg]]
| caps2 = 1
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2013–2015
| clubs3 = [[SC Freiburg|SC Freiburg II]]
| caps3 = 49
| goals3 = 5
| years4 = 2015–2016
| clubs4 = → [[Dijon FCO|Dijon]] (lend)
| caps4 = 34
| goals4 = 9
| years5 = 2016–2019
| clubs5 = [[Toulouse FC|Toulouse]]
| caps5 = 99
| goals5 = 7
| clubs6 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]
| years6 = 2019-
| caps6  = 7
| goals6 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2013
| nationalteam1 = [[Fraunce naitional unner-20 fitbaw team|Fraunce U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 21:10, 1 September 2019 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 28 Juin 2013
}}
'''Christopher Jullien''' (born 22 Mairch 1993) is a French perfaisional [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that plays as a [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Full-back|centre back]] for [[Scottish Premiership]] side [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Celtic F.C. squad}}
{{2015–16 Ligue 2 UNFP Team of the Year}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jullien, Christopher}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Lagny-sur-Marne]]
[[Category:French fitbawers]]
[[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]]
[[Category:AJ Auxerre players]]
[[Category:SC Freiburg players]]
[[Category:Dijon FCO players]]
[[Category:Toulouse FC players]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Germany]]
[[Category:Bundesliga players]]
[[Category:Ligue 1 players]]
[[Category:Ligue 2 players]]
[[Category:France youth internaitional fitbawers]]
[[Category:Sportsfowk frae Seine-et-Marne]]
[[Category:Celtic F.C. players]]
[[Category:French expatriate sportsfowk in Scotland]]
[[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League players]]</text>
      <sha1>6wfnmdnp0vdjq1kovovpw7s09q6ej0w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lomond Hills</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>212223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869378</id>
      <parentid>858664</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:43:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1437" xml:space="preserve">{{coord|56|14|N|3|15|W|display=title|region:GB_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki}}
[[File:Falkland Hill 01.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Falkland Hill, ane o the pynts o the Lomond Hills]]

The '''Lomond Hills''' (meanin aither baikon hills or bare hills),&lt;ref name=&quot;glasgow.ac.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk/placename/?id=949|title=Fife Place-name Data :: Lomond|website=fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; kent ootwi the area as the '''Paps o Fife'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goddessalive.co.uk/issue16/scotland.html|title=Goddess Alive! A magazine of Goddess celebration and research|date=29 May 2011|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-date=2011-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529153618/http://www.goddessalive.co.uk/issue16/scotland.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glasgow.ac.uk&quot;/&gt;, are a range o hills in wast-central [[Fife]] an [[Perth an Kinross]], Scotland. The pynt o Wast Lomond is the heichmaist in the coonty of Fife at {{convert|522|m|ft}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;walk-highlands&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/sub2000/west-lomond|title=Walk Highlands — West Lomond|language=Inglis|access-date=2 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Regional pairks in Scotland]]
[[Category:Muntains an hills o Fife]]
[[Category:Muntains an hills o Perth an Kinross]]
[[Category:Muntain ranges o Scotland]]

{{stub/Places o Scotland}}</text>
      <sha1>b1vbz7bm9cnu25gcksjxjuf8ljtg6t1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2040s</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>214576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869258</id>
      <parentid>787371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T15:25:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2334" xml:space="preserve">{{decadebox|204}}
The '''2040s''' (pronouncit &quot;twenty-forties&quot;) is a [[decade]] o the [[gregorian calendar]] thon will begin on january 1, 2040, an will end on december 31, 2049.

== Notable predictions an known events ==

* Possible mannit mission bi [[NASA|nasa]] tae [[jupiter]]'s moon, [[Callisto (muin)|callisto]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120305055810/http://trajectory.grc.nasa.gov/aboutus/papers/STAIF-2003-177.pdf &quot;&quot;High Power MPD Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) for Artificial Gravity HOPE Missions to Callisto&quot; trajectory.grc.nasa.gov&quot;] Retrieved January 12, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
*

=== 2042 ===

* Accordin tae the [[Unitit States Census Bureau|unitit states census bureau]], u.s. residents wha identify themselves as bein [[Hispanic an Latino Americans|hispanic or latino,]] [[African Americans|african american]], [[asian]], [[paceefic islander]] an [[native american]] will collectively outnumber thae wha identify as bein [[Non-hispanic whites|white o non-hispanic]] origin.&lt;ref&gt;Ortman, Jennifer M.; Guarneri, Christine E. (2009), [https://web.archive.org/web/20170226194041/https://www.census.gov/population/projections/files/analytical-document09.pdf &quot;United States Population Projections: 2000 to 2050&quot;] , 2009 National Population Projections (PDF), United States of America: United States Census Bureau, retrived January 12, 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2045 ===

* August 12: a [[total solar eclipse]] will tak place i the unitit states, producin a path from [[californie]] tae [[florida]]. Some parts o florida are predictit tae experience [[Solar eclipse|totality]] for six minutes, the longest i us history.
* [[Ray kurzweil]] i ''[[the singularity is near]]'' places the emergence o the [[technological singularity]] i 2045.

=== 2047 ===

* Julie 1: [[Hong Kong|hong kong]]'s [[special administrative]] status ends. Accordin tae chapter A, article 5 o hong kong's [[basic law]], &quot;the [[Socialism|socialist]] system an policies shall no be practisit i the hong kong special administrative region, an the previous [[Caipitalism|capitalist]] system an way o life shall remain unchangit for 50 years.&quot; the basic law wis adoptit i 1997; thae 50 year come tae an end i 2047.

=== 2049 ===

* December 20: [[Macau]]'s [[special administrative]] status ends, similarly to Hong Kong's situation.

== Refrences ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5onvylapw8z3cbymr7veogpvxc5j4os</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Turkey–Ukraine relations</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>215445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869236</id>
      <parentid>846065</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:57:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3205" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Petro Poroshenko and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Preses [[Petro Poroshenko]] meeting wi Turkis Preses [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] in Istanbul, 3 November 2018]]
'''Turkis–Ukrainian relations''' are foreign relations atween [[Turkey]] an [[Ukraine]]. Turkey and Ukraine hae a lang chronology o historical, geografic, an cultural contact. Diplomatic relations atween baith kintras wur established in early 1990s when Turkey acame ane o the first states in the warld tae annoonce offeecially aboot recognition o sovereign Ukraine. Turkey haes an embassy in [[Kiev]] an a consulate general in [[Odessa]]. Ukraine haes an embassy in [[Ankara]] an a consulate general in [[Istanbul]]. Turkey is a [[Leet o members o NATO|full member]] o [[NATO]] an Ukraine is a [[NATO-Ukrainian relations|candidate]]. An aw baith kintras are [[Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group|BLACKSEAFOR]] an [[Organization o the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]] members.

In late Januar 2010 [[Preses o Ukraine|Ukrainian Preses]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] an [[Prime Meenister o Turkey|Turkis Prime Meenister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] agreed tae form a [[free trade zone]] atween the twa kintras durin 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-417791.html Ukraine and Turkey start forming free trade zone], [[UNIAN]] (January 25, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; But bilateral free trade talks wur put on hauld in 2013.&lt;ref name=utrm1616&gt;[http://www.unian.info/politics/1291537-ukraine-turkey-may-forge-anti-russian-alliance-in-black-sea.html Ukraine, Turkey may forge anti-Russian alliance in Black Sea], [[UNIAN]] (16 March 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;

Follaein the end o 2015, Turkey an Ukraine experienced closer relations as a result o baith kintras increasingly strained relationship wi [[Roushie]].&lt;ref name=utrm1616/&gt; On 20 August 2016 [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan told his [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Preses o Ukraine|coonterpairt]] [[Petro Poroshenko]] that Turkey waud nae recognise the [[2014 Roushie annexation o Crimea]]; calling it &quot;Crimea's occupation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rferl.mobi/a/russia-turkey-poroshenko-erdogan-crimea-russia-recognize/27935596.html Erdogan Tells Poroshenko Turkey Won't Recognize Crimea As Russian], [[Radio Free Europe]] (20 August 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; On 9 Januar 2017 Turkey's Foreign Meenister [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]] statit &quot;We support the territorial integrity o Ukraine an [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]]. We do nae recognise the annexation o the launds o Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7131955/ Turkey does not review the position on Ukraine and Georgia in favor of], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (9 January 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.turkembkiev.com/ Turkish embassy in Kiev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822185735/http://www.turkembkiev.com/ |date=2010-08-22 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080912233632/http://web.ttnet.net.tr/users/ukremb/ Ukrainian embassy in Ankara]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608194259/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-ukraine.en.mfa Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine]

[[Category:Turkey–Ukraine relations| ]]</text>
      <sha1>qul8vipxnvtr2hoyh92y78k3mfe1i1a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edgar Housepian</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>220201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869320</id>
      <parentid>855449</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T19:39:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3707" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Edgar Housepian.png|thumb]]
{{Fixscots}}
'''Edgar Minas Housepian''' ([[New York City]] {{Birth date|mf=yes|1928|3|18}} – [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]], [[New Jersey]] {{Death date|mf=yes|2014|11|14}}) wis a neurosurgeon at [[New York Presbyterian Hospital]], a professor o neurosurgery at [[Columbia Varsity]] Medical School for awmaist 60 years that wrate mair nor 100 airticles anent neurosurgery, an a foonder o the [[Fund frae Armenie Relief]]. At Columbia he wis makit the Dean’s speicial advisor frae internaitional affiliations, affiliatin wi varsities an students on five continents tae create eddicational opportunities that 60% o Columbia’s medical students wis takkin advantage o bi the time o his daith.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite  web |title=Memorial Services Held for Columbia Neurosurgeon Dr. Edgar Housepian |publisher=Columbia University Department of Neurological Surgery |url=https://www.columbianeurosurgery.org/news/memorial-services-held-dr-edgar-housepian/ |access-date=2020-06-06 |archive-date=2017-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224075711/https://www.columbianeurosurgery.org/news/memorial-services-held-dr-edgar-housepian/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis the son o Dr. [[Moses Housepian]] an the brither o the author [[Marjorie Housepian Dobkin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=FAR Hosts Memorial for Dr. Edgar Housepian |work=The Armenian Mirror-Spectator |date=March 1, 2015 |url=https://mirrorspectator.com/2015/03/01/far-hosts-memorial-for-dr-edgar-housepian/ |access-date=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In repone tae the [[1988 Spitak yirdquauk|1988 Armenie yirdquauk]] Dr. Housepian an twa ither [[Armenie-American]]s, Airchbishop [[Torkom Manoogian]] o the [[Armenie Apostolic Kirk|Armenie Kirk]] an the bigger [[Kevork Hovnanian]], creatit the Fund frae Armenie Relief.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=In Memoriam: Dr. Edgar Housepian |publisher=Fund for Armenian Relief |url=https://farusa.org/2014/11/21/in-memoriam-dr-edgar-housepian/ |access-date=October 31, 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;

He receivit dozens of awairds an honours, includin the Presidential Citation o the Republic o Armenie in 1994; an Honorar Doctorate o Science frae the [[Armenie Naitional Academy o Sciences]] an an Honorar Doctorate o Medicine frae [[Yerevan State Medical Varsity]] in 1997; the Humanitarian Awaird o the [[American Association o Neurological Surgeons]] in 2002; an the Dr. Edgar Housepian Professorship in Neurological Surgery at Columbia Varsity Medical School, establisht bi the varsity's buird o trustees an cried in his honour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=A Doctor's Doctor to be Honored by Fund for Armenian Relief |publisher=Fund for Armenian Relief |date=November 11, 2009 |url=http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs049/1100352060442/archive/1102820578322.html |access-date=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/about-us/our-faculty&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2019 the Edgar Housepian Neurology an Neurosurgery Centre wis appent at [[Arabkir (destrict)|Arabkir]] Plus Medical Centre in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenie]]. In addition tae bein cried efter him the facility haes a bust o Dr. Housepian sculptit bi his dochter, Jean Housepian.&lt;ref&gt;https://farusa.org/2019/10/31/far-yerevan-far-new-york-neurological-medical-center-opens-in-yerevan-in-honor-of-far-founder-dr-edgar-housepian/{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Edgar Housepian bust.jpg|thumb|320px|Jean Housepian &amp; her brither Dr. David Hovsepian&lt;!-- [sic] --&gt;  at Arabkir Plus Medical Centre wi her bust o their faither]]

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Housepian, Edgar}}</text>
      <sha1>sedeqjm6bd822hutum8ngczxcd6utdr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List o museums i Baku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>221990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869352</id>
      <parentid>867512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:18:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.12.242</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10468" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''leet o [[museum]]s i [[Baku]]''', the [[caipital ceety]] o [[Azerbaijan]].

== List ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!The name o museums
!Picture
!Establishit
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Abdulla Shaig]]
|
|1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.icom.azeurotel.com/en/memorial09en.html|title=Apartment-Museum of Abdulla Shaig: Azerbaijan National Committee of International Council of Museums (ICOM)|last=|first=|date=2017-06-19|website=web.archive.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619110731/http://www.icom.azeurotel.com/en/memorial09en.html|archive-date=19 June 2017|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Museum o Airchaeology an Ethnografie]]
|[[File:Часы перед зданием энциклопедии.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1981&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.icom.azeurotel.com/az/history02az.html|title=Museum of Archeology and Ethnography: Azerbaijan National Committee of International Council of Museums (ICOM)|last=|first=|date=2011-10-12|website=web.archive.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012225335/http://www.icom.azeurotel.com/az/history02az.html|archive-date=12 October 2011|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Azerbaijan State Museum o Historie o Releegion]]
|
|1967&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.icom.azeurotel.com/en/history05en.html|title=Azerbaijan State Museum of History of Religion: Azerbaijan National Committee of International Council of Museums (ICOM)|last=|first=|date=2017-08-20|website=web.archive.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820080008/http://www.icom.azeurotel.com/en/history05en.html|archive-date=20 August 2017|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Azerbaijan State Agricultur Museum]]
|
|1924&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.binegedi-ih.gov.az/en/page/21.html|title=The Agricultural Museum - BINAGADI REGION Executive Power|website=www.binegedi-ih.gov.az|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (Baku)|Hoose-Museum o Jalil Mammadguluzadeh]]
|[[File:Cəlil Məmmədquluzadənin Ev Muzeyi - 2.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1978&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kataloq.gomap.az/en/all-poi/culture/museum/980bcaa0d56611e0ad4900226424597d|title=House-museum of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh - Museums and museum houses {{!}} Catalog GoMap.Az|website=kataloq.gomap.az|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Naitional Airt Museum o Azerbaijan]]
|[[File:National Art Museum of Azerbaijan (de Burs House) edited.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1936&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zeynalov|first=Ibrahim|date=Summer 2000|title=Breathing Life Back Into Art: The National Art Museum|url=http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/82_folder/82_articles/82_art_museum.html|journal=Azerbaijan International|volume=8|issue=2|pages=48–50|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Bulbul]]
|[[File:Plaque of Bulbul.jpg|frameless|180x180px]]
|1976&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kataloq.gomap.az/en/all-poi/culture/museum/9170b34ad56611e0ad4900226424597d|title=Bul-bul memorial museum - Museums and museum houses {{!}} Catalog GoMap.Az|website=kataloq.gomap.az|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Naitional Museum o Historie o Azerbaijan]]
|[[File:National Museum of History of Azerbaijan 11.JPG|frameless|120x120px]]
|1920&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.visions.az/en/news/253/0702b2c8/|title=The National Museum of Azerbaijani History at 90|last=Valikhanli|first=Naila|date=11 February 2011|work=Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine|access-date=8 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hasanbey Zardabi Naitural Historie Museum]]
|
|1930&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kataloq.gomap.az/en/all-poi/culture/museum/95fe9256d56611e0ad4900226424597d|title=Naturalistic museum after Hasanbay Zardabi - Museums and museum houses {{!}} Catalog GoMap.Az|website=kataloq.gomap.az|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Leopold an Mstislav Rostropovich]]
|[[File:Building on Rostropovichs Street 19 (2).jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1998&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kataloq.gomap.az/en/all-poi/culture/museum/8da7d25cd56611e0ad4900226424597d|title=House-museum of Mstislav and Leopold Rastrapovachs - Museums and museum houses {{!}} Catalog GoMap.Az|website=kataloq.gomap.az|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Azerbaijan Cairpet Museum]]
|[[File:Azərbaycan xalça muzeyi.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1967&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sadikhova|first=Farida|date=Summer 2000|title=Carpets Made to Last: A Walk Through Baku's National Carpet Museum|url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/82_folder/82_articles/82_carpet_museum.html|journal=Azerbaijan International|volume=8|issue=2|pages=56–59|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Institute o Manuscripts o Azerbaijan]]
|[[File:Əlyazmalar institutu.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1986&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alakbarov|first=Farid|date=Spring 2000|title=The Institute of Manuscripts: Early Alphabets in Azerbaijan|url=https://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/latin_articles/latin_text/latin_81/eng_81/81_manuscripts.html|journal=Azerbaijan International|volume=8|issue=1|pages=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Baku Museum o Miniature Beuks]]
|[[File:Miniatür Kitab Muzeyi (2016).jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|2002&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mammadova|first=Ulviyya|date=Summer 2003|title=Baku's Miniature Book Museum: Great Ideas in Small Packages|url=https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai112_folder/112_articles/112_miniature_museum.html|journal=Azerbaijan International|volume=11|issue=2|pages=43|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Mammed Said Ordubadi (Baku)]]
|
|1979&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://az.baku-art.com/index.php?newsid=11280#.WbKc9rJJbIV|title=Məmməd Səid Ordubadinin ev muzeyinin 35 illik yubileyinə həsr edilmiş tədbir keçirilib (Fotosessiya) » BAKU-ART.az|last=|first=|date=1 November 2014|website=az.baku-art.com|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Nizami Museum o Azerbaijani Leeteratur]]
|[[File:Nizami Museum of Azerbaijan Literature, Baku, 2015.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1939&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ru.apa.az/news_В_Национальном_музее_азербайджанской__135001.html|title=APA - В Национальном музее азербайджанской литературы имени Низами Гянджеви состоялась встреча с руководителями СМИ Азербайджана|last=|first=|date=8 May 2009|website=web.archive.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613145724/http://ru.apa.az/news_%D0%92_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9__135001.html|archive-date=13 June 2012|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Nariman Narimanov]]
|[[File:Nəriman Nərimanovun ev muzeyi.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|1977&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Azizbayova|first=Pustakhanum|date=Winter 2005|title=Confessions - Nariman Narimanov: My Dear Son, Let Me Tell You What It Was Really Like|url=https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai134_folder/134_articles/134_nariman_son.html|journal=Azerbaijan International|volume=13|issue=4|pages=32–35|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Gobustan Naitional Park]]
|[[File:Qobustan.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1996&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://medomed.org/featured_item/gobustan-rock-art-cultural-landscape-azerbaijan/|title=Cultural Landscapes: Gobustan Rock Art, Azerbaijan|last=Martínez Frías|first=Sara|date=|website=Med-O-Med|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Rinay]]
|
|1989&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.azernews.az/culture/124740.html|title=Malacology exhibition opens in Baku [PHOTO]|last=Ismayilova|first=Laman|date=28 December 2017|work=Azernews|access-date=8 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Samad Vurgun]]
|[[File:Samad Vurgun's house museum 04.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|1975&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://citylife.az/place/en/1837/samad-vurgun-house-museum|title=Samad Vurgun house-museum - CityLife.az|website=citylife.az|language=ru|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Uzeyir Hajibeyov's Hoose Museum]]
|
|1975&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Khalilov|first=Ramazan|date=Winter 1997|title=Leyli and Majnun - 90th Jubilee: The Opera that Shaped the Music of a Nation|url=https://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_leylimajnun.html|journal=Azerbaijan International|volume=5|issue=4|pages=25|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Sattar Bahlulzade]]
|
|2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://az.baku-art.com/index.php?newsid=9919#.WbFHebJJbIU|title=Əmircan qəsəbəsində xalq rəssamı Səttar Bəhlulzadənin Ev Muzeyinin açılış mərasimi keçirilib (Fotosessiya) » BAKU-ART.az|last=|first=|date=23 May 2014|website=az.baku-art.com|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hoose-Museum o Azim Azimzade]]
|
|1968&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kataloq.gomap.az/en/all-poi/culture/museum/8b82f6a0d56611e0ad4900226424597d|title=House-museum of Azim Azimzadeh - Museums and museum houses {{!}} Catalog GoMap.Az|website=kataloq.gomap.az|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Azerbaijan State Theatre Museum]]
|
|1934&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kataloq.gomap.az/en/all-poi/culture/museum/938f19b4d56611e0ad4900226424597d|title=Azerbaijan state theatre museum after Jafar Jabbarli - Museums and museum houses {{!}} Catalog GoMap.Az|website=kataloq.gomap.az|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ANAS Hoose-Museum o Huseyn Javid]]
|
|1981&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huseyncavid.az/eng.php?go=history|title=HUSSEIN JAVID|website=www.huseyncavid.az|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Azerbaijan Medicin Museum]]
|
|1986&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.azvision.az/news/75541/museum-of-medicine-of-azerbaijan-photos.html|title=Museum of Medicine of Azerbaijan - PHOTOS|last=|first=|date=17 November 2017|website=Azerbaijani Vision|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214915/https://en.azvision.az/news/75541/museum-of-medicine-of-azerbaijan-photos.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Azerbaijan State Museum o Muisical Cultur]]
|
|1967&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/state-musical-museum-of-azerbaijan|title=State Museum of Musical Culture of Azerbaijan - Google Arts &amp; Culture|website=Google Cultural Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Museums in Baku|*]] 
[[Category:Biggins an structurs in Baku]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Baku]]</text>
      <sha1>1mr7zh1fs0yr58somwxy1bjtmr4q10w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mount Everest</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>222219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869388</id>
      <parentid>848761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T00:53:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3771" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Everest
| other_name =  {{lang|ne|सगरमाथा}} {{transl|ne|(''Sagarmāthā'')}} &lt;br/&gt;{{lang|bo-Tibt|ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ}}&lt;/span&gt; {{transl|bo|(''Chomolungma'')}} &lt;br/&gt;{{lang|zh|珠穆朗玛峰}}&lt;/span&gt; {{transl|zh|(''Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng'')}}
| photo = File:Mt. Everest from Gokyo Ri November 5, 2012 Cropped.jpg
| photo_caption = Wastren side o Mount Everest
| elevation_m = 8848
| elevation_ref = &lt;!-- This elevation, and the reasons for supporting it, are laid out and referenced in the measurement section, but some editors believe we should support 8844&amp;nbsp;m or 8850&amp;nbsp;m instead. If any editor thinks we should change it, could he/she please make the case on the talk page and allow time for discussion before editing. --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Based on the 1999 an 2005 surveys o elevation o snaw cap, nae rock heid.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; [[Leet o heichest muntains|Ranked 1st]]&lt;/small&gt;
| prominence_m = 8848
| prominence_ref = &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Leet o peaks bi prominence|Ranked 1st]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Topographic prominence#Defineetions|(Notice special definition for Everest)]]&lt;/small&gt;
| map = Nepal
| map_caption = Location on the Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal – Tibet, Cheenae border
| label = Mount Everest
| label_position = left
| listing = [[Seiven Summits]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Aicht-thoosander]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Leet o kintras bi heichest pynt|Kintra heich pynt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| location = [[Solukhumbu Destrict]], [[Sagarmatha Zone]], [[Nepal]]; &lt;br /&gt;[[Tingri Coonty]], [[Shigatse Prefectur]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[Cheenae]]&lt;ref&gt;The position o the summit o Everest on the internaitional border is clearly shawn on detailed topographic cairttin, includin offeecial Nepalese cairttin.&lt;/ref&gt;
| range = [[Mahalangur Himal]], [[Himalayas]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|59|17|N|86|55|31|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =&lt;ref&gt;The [[WGS84]] coordinates gien here wur calculatit uisin detailed topographic cairttin an are in agreement wi [http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/8000ergeo.shtml adventurestats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108073753/http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/8000ergeo.shtml |date=2014-01-08 }}. Thay are unlikly tae be in error bi mair nor 2&quot;. Coordinates shawin Everest tae be mair nor a minute further east that appeared on this page till recently, an still appear in Wikipaedia in several ither leids, are incorrect.&lt;/ref&gt;
| first_ascent = 29 Mey 1953&lt;br /&gt;[[Edmund Hillary]] an [[Tenzing Norgay]]&lt;br /&gt;(First Winter Ascent 1980 [[Leszek Cichy]] an [[Krzysztof Wielicki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Starr, Daniel&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.alpinist.com/doc/web11w/wfeature-polish-winter|title=Golden Decade: The Birth of 8000&amp;nbsp;m Winter Climbing|publisher=Alpinist.com|date=18 March 2011|accessdate=28 May 2013|author=Starr, Daniel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mt Everest History and facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnteverest.net/history.html|title=Mt Everest History and facts|publisher=Mnteverest.net|accessdate=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
| easiest_route = [[Sooth Col]] (Nepal)
}}
'''Mount Everest''' (cryed in [[Nepal]] as '''Sagarmatha''' an in [[Tibet]] as '''Chomolungma''') is the [[Warld]]'s heichmaist mountain.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Everest, Mount}}
[[Category:Mount Everest| ]]
[[Category:Cheenae–Nepal border]]
[[Category:Aicht-thoosanders]]
[[Category:Extreme pynts o Yird]]
[[Category:Heichest pynts o Cheenese provinces]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]
[[Category:Internaitional mountains o Asie]]
[[Category:Muntains o Nepal]]
[[Category:Muntains o Tibet]]
[[Category:Saucrit mountains]]
[[Category:Seiven Summits]]
[[Category:Shigatse Prefectur]]
[[Category:Veesitor attractions in Tibet]]</text>
      <sha1>m5zs5ud8fzxfhss3yyeurbqbfptnd3c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paedophilia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>225342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869400</id>
      <parentid>857767</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T01:46:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10887" xml:space="preserve">'''Paedophilia''' is a [[Mental disorder|mental disordour]] whan a bodie saxteen years o age or older is primar or exclusively sexually attractit tae bairns that hivna stairtit puberty (for ordinar unner 12 yeir auld).&lt;ref name=&quot;APAstmt2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf|title=DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR PEDOPHILIA|date=[[June 17]], [[2003]]|work=APA STATEMENT|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|format=PDF|access-date=2020-10-11|archive-date=2007-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629090023/http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SetoReview2&quot;&gt;Seto MC.(2009) [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153618 Pedophilia]. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 5:391-407.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards2&quot;&gt;Edwards, M. (1997) &quot;Treatment for Paedophiles; Treatment for Sex Offenders.&quot; ''Paedophile Policy and Prevention, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series'' (12), 74-75.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Blaney|first1=Paul H.|last2=Millon|first2=Theodore|title=Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology (Oxford Series in Clinical Psychology)|edition=2nd|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|quote=Some cases of child molestation, especially those involving incest, are committed in the absence of any identifiable deviant erotic age preference.|isbn=0-19-537421-5|pages=528}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Studer2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Studer Lea H., Aylwin A. Scott|year=2006|title=Pedophilia: The problem with diagnosis and limitations of CBT in treatment|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=67|issue=4|pages=774–781|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.030|pmid=16766133}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Terminologie ==
A bodie wi paedophilia is cried a paedophile. The child maun be least five yeir yunger than the bodie in the case o adolescent paedophiles afore the attraction can be cried paedophilia.&lt;ref name=&quot;APAstmt2&quot; /&gt; Adults whase primar sexual attraction is fur aerlie adolescents are properly cried [[Hebephilia|hebephiles]], na paedophiles. Adults whase primar sexual attraction is fur mid-tae-late teens are properly cried [[Ephebophilia|ephebophiles]], but ephebophilia is considerit normal bi mental health professionals. The apposit o paedophilia is ''teleiophilia'' (attraction tae adults)

== Condition ==
Medically, thir condeetion is classifyed bi the American Psychiatric Association as a [[mental disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;APAstmt3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf|title=DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR PEDOPHILIA|date=[[June 17]], [[2003]]|work=APA STATEMENT|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|format=PDF|access-date=2020-10-11|archive-date=2007-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629090023/http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOPaedophilia3&quot;&gt;World Health Organization, [http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ ''International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: ICD-10'']''  Section F65.4: Paedophilia (online access via ICD-10 site map table of contents)''&lt;/ref&gt; Some paedophiles hae sex wi bairns or yaise bairns in a sexual wye.  Thir is cried ''sexual maltreatment o childer'' acause bi law, bairns arena aible tae gree tae sexual acts wi an adult.  Antrin adults hae paedophilic feelings but dinna act bi sexually maltreatin bairns, an some adults that arena paedophiles medical-like commeet sexual maltreatment again bairns.

Aw paedophiles dinna feel or act in an alike wye.  Syne the 1880s, psychologists hae studiit an shown that different paedophiles might act in different ways:&lt;ref&gt;Krafft-Ebing, R. von. (1886). ''Psychopathia sexualis: A medico-forensic study'' (1965 trans by H. E. Wedeck). New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. {{ISBN|1-55970-425-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Some paedophiles are ainlie sexually attractit tae pre-[[Puberty|pubescent]] bairns.  Thay are cried ''exclusive paedophiles.''
* Some paedophiles hae a sexual preference fur pre-pubescent bairns but are sexually attractit tae adults an aw.  Thay are cried ''preferential paedophiles.''
* Some adults that prefer adult sexual pairtner are forby sexually attractit tae pre-pubescent bairns.

== Studies ==

=== General ===
Fur paedophiles that commit sexual maltreatment o childer, some studies hae shawn that paedophiles that are ainlie attractit tae bairns can maltreat mair bairns than paedophiles that forby hae adult sexual partners.&lt;ref&gt;Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., &amp; Becker, J. V. (1985). &quot;Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment.&quot; In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, &amp; C. D. Webster (Eds.), ''Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior'' (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M &amp; M Graphics.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;grossman2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Are Sex Offenders Treatable? A Research Overview|author=Linda S. Grossman, Ph.D., Brian Martis, M.D. and Christopher G. Fichtner, M.D.|url=http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/50/3/349|year=1999|volume=50|pages=349–361work=Psychiatr Serv|pmid=10096639|journal=|access-date=2020-10-11|archive-date=2011-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824163559/http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/50/3/349|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The fowk that maltreat bairns are aft kent tae them—sic as paurents, ither relatives, an freends—an arena strangers.&lt;ref name=&quot;lanning3e2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC70.pdf|title=Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis (Third Edition)|author=Lanning, Kenneth|year=2001|publisher=National Center for Missing &amp; Exploited Children|pages=25, 27, 29|format=PDF|access-date=2020-10-11|archive-date=2010-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224092439/http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC70.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin research study foond that hauf the adults convictit o sexual maltreatment o bairns ootwith their familie war forby sexually maltreatin their awn bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/bjprcpsych;179/6/482|title=Cycle of child sexual abuse: links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator|last=M. GLASSER, FRCPsych and I. KOLVIN, FRCPsych|year=2001|website=British Journal of Psychiatry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Is it common? ===
Medical researchers dinna ken hou many fowk in the [[population]] are paedophiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;seto20045&quot;&gt;Seto, M. C. (2004). &quot;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16913283 Pedophilia and Sexual Offenses Against Children],&quot; ''Annual Review of Sex Research'', 15, 329-369.&lt;/ref&gt; Thir is acause it is hard tae study fowk's feelings an desires unless thay actually shaw that thay hae thon feelins. For ordinar, the ainlie paedophiles that can be studied are thon that hae baithraken the law an bin catcht an convictit o sexually maltreatin bairns.  A saecon raison is that whan an adult or teenager sexually maltreats a bairn, fowk aft call the abuser a ''paedophile'', but it is possible that the maltreatment happenit fur a sindèrie raison, sic as the unavailabeelity o an adult ''i''partner.  Experts for ordinar define a bodie as a paedophile ainlie gin thay are primarily or ainlie sexually attractit tae pre-pubescent childer.&lt;ref name=&quot;SetoReview6&quot;&gt;Seto MC.(2009) [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153618 Pedophilia]. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 5:391-407.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards6&quot;&gt;Edwards, M. (1997) &quot;Treatment for Paedophiles; Treatment for Sex Offenders.&quot; ''Paedophile Policy and Prevention, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series'' (12), 74-75.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Blaney|first1=Paul H.|last2=Millon|first2=Theodore|title=Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology (Oxford Series in Clinical Psychology)|edition=2nd|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|quote=Some cases of child molestation, especially those involving incest, are committed in the absence of any identifiable deviant erotic age preference.|isbn=0-19-537421-5|pages=528}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Studer6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Studer Lea H., Aylwin A. Scott|year=2006|title=Pedophilia: The problem with diagnosis and limitations of CBT in treatment|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=67|issue=4|pages=774–781|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.030|pmid=16766133}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gin a bodie sexually abuses a pre-pubescent child tae frichten or punish thaim, fur ensample, then it mey na be true paedophile behaviour.

Some soorces, sic as the mayo clinic, report that maist sexual maltreatment o pre-pubescent bairns is committit bi paedophiles,&lt;ref name=&quot;mayoclinic2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf%2F8204%2F8204sa.pdf|title=A profile of pedophilia: definition, characteristics of offenders, recidivism, treatment outcomes, and forensic issues|last=Hall M.D; Ryan C.W. &amp; Hall R.C.W.|journal=MAYO CLIN PROC|volume=82:457-471 2007|publisher=MAYO Foundation|format=PDF|access-date=2020-10-11|archive-date=2008-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528040559/http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf%2F8204%2F8204sa.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; while ither studies report that maist fowk that sexually maltreat bairns arena paedophiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zonana2&quot;&gt;H. Zonana, G. Abel (1999): ''Dangerous sex offenders. A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association'' – Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association&lt;/ref&gt; Accordin tae some studies, aroon 1% o aw adult men micht be paedophiles.&lt;ref&gt;Briere J. &amp; Runtz M. 1989. ''University males’ sexual interest in children: predicting potential indices of &quot;pedophilia&quot; in a non-forensic sample''. Child Abuse &amp; Neglect: The International Journal, '''13''', 65–75&lt;/ref&gt;

== Treatment ==
Maist [[Medicin|doctors]] believe that paedophilia canna be cuired.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/157/5/838|title=Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation - BERLIN 157 (5): 838 - Am J Psychiatry|access-date=2020-10-11|archive-date=2011-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612015442/http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/157/5/838|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current approach tae deal wi paedophiles that hae bin convictit o sexual maltreatment is tae try tae chynge thair behaviour.  It daesna chynge thair [[sexual attraction]].  Usin thir treatment, it is believit that a few sex offenders can be hindered fae offendin agin.  Medications sic as Pepo-Provera can be usit tae treat paedophilia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.atsa.com/ppOffenderFacts.html Public Policy]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Sexual disorders]]
[[Category:Human sexuality]]
[[Category:Youth]]</text>
      <sha1>dzkrq3imvruarn7jkbrc5lblywpgt9a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cromarty byleid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>225675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869311</id>
      <parentid>868940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T18:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2728" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language|name=Cromarty Scots|fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]]|linglist=|isoexception=byleid|fam9=Black Isle|fam8=[[North Northren Scots]]|fam7=[[Northren Scots]]|fam6=[[Scots leid|Scots]]|fam4=[[Anglo-Frisian leids|Anglo-Frisian]]|nativename=|fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]]|fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]]|familycolor=Indo-European|extinct=2 October 2012, wi the deith o Bobby Hogg&lt;ref name=&quot;Extinct&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-robert-bobby-hogg-engineer-and-last-speaker-of-the-cromarty-dialect-1-2576251 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-10-20 |archive-date=2019-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225210048/https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-robert-bobby-hogg-engineer-and-last-speaker-of-the-cromarty-dialect-1-2576251 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|region=[[Cromarty]]|states=[[Scotland]]|glotto=none}}The '''Cromarty byleid''' o [[Northren Scots|North Northern Scots]] wis spaken in [[Cromarty]], [[Scotland]]. The [[byleid]] springheidit fae fowk thit hed flittit north fae the [[Firth o Forth]] in the 15t an 16t yearhunners. The last hamlet spikker o the byleid, Bobby Hogg, dee'd in 2012 at age 92.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2009-05-05 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/8033355.stm |title=Rare fisherfolk dialect recorded |work=BBC News |access-date=2020-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2007-02-21 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1543318/Brothers-are-last-to-speak-dialect.html |title=Brothers are last to speak dialect |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |access-date=2020-10-18 |author=Auslan Cramb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2007-02-26 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/feb/26/features11.g21 |title=Anyone here speak Cromarty fisher? |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2020-10-18 |author=Matt Kennard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afore his deith, Hogg pit thegither a beukie o tradeetional wirds an phrases. The [[Hieland (cooncil aurie)|Hieland Cooncil]] producit a beukie anent the byleid forby.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/download/files/The%20Cromarty%20Fisherfolk%20Dialect.pdf |title=The Cromarty Fisherfolk Dialect |publisher=Am Baile, The Highland Council's History and Culture website (on Internet Archive) |page=5 |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2015-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202061539/http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/download/files/The%20Cromarty%20Fisherfolk%20Dialect.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The byleid haed a hivy influence fae baith [[Hieland Inglis]] an [[Scots Gaelic]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Extinct leids o Scotland]]
[[Category:Scots dialects]]
[[Category:Leids withoot Glottolog code]]</text>
      <sha1>t22btnl9fgpoo0hxgwv6njbl3sla9mr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tom Jenkins (teacher)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869233</id>
      <parentid>814243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T13:44:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5296" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Tom Jenkins&lt;ref name=&quot;HESB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bowen |first1=R. |title=The Smiddy and the School Teacher {{!}} Historic Environment Scotland |url=https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2019/10/tom-jenkins/ |website=Historic Environment Scotland Blog |access-date=14 November 2020 |language=en |date=2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image         = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;
| alt           = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;
| caption       = 
| birth_name    = 
| birth_date    = 1797
| birth_place   = Guinea coast, West Africa&lt;br&gt; (nou [[Sierra Leone]])
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1859|06||1797||}} 
| nationality   = 
| other_names   = Thomas Joseph Jenkins
| occupation    = teacher
| years_active  = 
| known_for     = Britain's first Black teacher
| notable_works = 
}}
'''Tom Jenkins''' (c.1797–1859) wis a West African dominie, educate in Scotland an is thocht tae hiv been Scotland's (and Britain's) first Black schule teacher.&lt;ref name=&quot;HESB&quot; /&gt;

==Early life==
Jenkins us thocht tae hiv been born in whit is nou modren day Sierra Leone, aiblins the son o a sclave-tradin chief cried &quot;King Cock-eye&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;TJIM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kalla |first1=Abdool Cader |title=Tom Jenkins in Mauritius |url=https://www.academia.edu/37281150/Tom_Jenkins_in_Mauritius |access-date=14 November 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In 1803, Jenkins wis taen abuird ''The Prudence'' bi James Swanson, a surgeon frae [[Haaick]], an brocht tae Scotland. Whit Jenkins' umwhile birthname wis isna kent. He wis gien the name &quot;Tom Jenkins&quot; bi the ships crew whiles sailin tae Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;TJIM&quot; /&gt; Suin efter they wan tae Haaick, Swanson dee'd an Jenkins wis taen intae the hame o a local hotelier. He wis leart Inglis an Scots an syne wis sent tae the schule at Teviotheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;TJIM&quot; /&gt;

==Education==
Jenkins duin weel at the schule whiles bein fee'd tae fermers rounabout Teviotheid tae dae messages an herd kye. He leart himsel mathematics, Greek an Latin frae buiks at nicht efter his darg i the ferms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scotsman&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Campsie |first1=A |title=The boy from the Borders who became Britain's first black schoolteacher |url=https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/boy-borders-who-became-britains-first-black-schoolteacher-1405609 |website=www.scotsman.com |access-date=14 November 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. He wis aye seen about Haaick buyin buiks wi his pey.&lt;ref name=&quot;HESB&quot; /&gt;

==Thrift in Scotland==
In 1814, Teviotheid wis needin a new dominie for the paroch schule an Jenkins wis pit forrit bi the minister an local heritors for the job, but the heids o the Presbytery o Jethart wadna gie Jenkins the job acause o his &quot;pagan birth&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HESB&quot; /&gt; No sweir bi siccan prejudice, the [[Duke o Buccleuch]] an ither donors stertit a new schule in the toun's auld smiddy an peyed Jenkins tae be the dominie. Jenkins leart bairns o Teviotheid in this schule atween 1814 an 1818 an wis sae weel respectit as teacher at naur eneuch nae bairns went tae the paroch schule avaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HESB&quot; /&gt;

Whiles dominie at Teviotheid, Jenkins wis learin wi a maister o gremmar i Haaick. In 1818 he went tae the Borough Road College i Lunnon an wis teacher for a while at the Fitzroy Schule there. In 1820 he cam awa back tae Haaick and Teviotheid tae gie fareweel tae his friends afore gaun awa tae Mauritius tae be dominie o a schule there in 1821.&lt;ref name=&quot;TJIM&quot; /&gt; 

==Thrift in Mauritius==
Jenkins wan at Mauritius in November 1821. The British war rinnin colonizin missions frae Mauritius' capital toun, Port Louis tae Madagascar an mony Malagasy fowk cam back tae Mauritius for education. Jenkins wis suin learin Malagasy princes an ither bairns.&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMaur&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=JENKINS THOMAS JOSEPH: An african educator for the non-white population in Mauritius {{!}} Le Mauricien |url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/jenkins-thomas-joseph-african-educator-non-white-population-mauritius |website=web.archive.org |access-date=14 November 2020 |date=4 October 2017 |archive-date=2017-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004164929/http://www.lemauricien.com/article/jenkins-thomas-joseph-african-educator-non-white-population-mauritius |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; The British Governor o Mauritius thocht it weel tae stert a schule for the non-white woners o Mauritius an in 1824 Jenkins wis gart dominie o the schule. In this new job, Jenkins graitht wi heezin up education in Mauritius, an bi 1840 helpt tae big 4 mair schules&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMaur&quot; /&gt;.

The heid bummers o the schule system in Mauritius dung Jenkins doun for uisin 'creole' leids i the schule house insteid o Inglis--he wis ane o the first dominies tae wat the guid o learin fowk i their ain mither tongue.&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMaur&quot; /&gt; Mony o the teachers an schule monitors apprenticed tae Jenkins syne war dominies o schules athort Mauritius.

==Faimly an later life==
In 1843, Jenkins tint his job for a while efter he wis fand tae be livin 'en concubinage' wi Augustine Laurencia, anither teacher. The pair was syne marriet an haed fower o a faimly. Tom Jenkins dee'd in Juin 1859.&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMaur&quot; /&gt; 

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>p6ch6k0lxw4qykb76nwkv96e5q0ss6k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lata Mangeshkar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>229240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869368</id>
      <parentid>867048</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T23:17:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8449" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Lata Mangeshkar
| image              = Lata Mangeshkar - still 29065 crop.jpg
| caption            = Mangeshkar in 2008
| birth_name         = Hema Mangeshkar
| birth_date         = {{birth date|df=y|1929|09|28}}
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2022|02|06|1929|09|28|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Indore]], [[Indore State]], [[Central India Agency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)
| death_place        = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| nationality        = [[India]]n
| other_names        = ''Indie's Nichtingale'', ''the Millennium's Vyce'' an ''Queen o Melody''
| occupation         = {{flatlist|
* [[Playback sangstress]]
* [[music componer]]
* [[film producer]]
  }}
| years_active       = 1942–2022
| father             = [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]]
| relatives          = See [[List of Hindi film families#Mangeshkar-Hardikar-Abhisheki extended family|Mangeshkar-Hardikar-Abhisheki family]]
| signature          = Signature of Lata Mangeshkar.svg
| awards             = {{plainlist|
* [[National Film Awards]]
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA Awards]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]
* [[Filmfare]] Special Awards
* [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]]
  }}
| honours            = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (1969)
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1989)
* [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] (1997)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1999)
* [[Bharat Ratna]] (2001)
* Officer of the [[National Order of the Legion of Honour]] (2006)
  }}
| module             = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed      = yes
| office     = [[Memmer o Pairliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|constituency = [[List o nominate members o the Rajya Sabha|Nominate]] ([[Arts]])
| termstart1 = 22 November 1999
| termend1   = 21 November 2005
| party      = [[Independent politician|Independent]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/i-was-misfit-in-parliament-lata-mangeshkar-471403.html|title=I was misfit in parliament: Lata Mangeshkar|website=News18|date=5 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}
| module2            = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed      = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre      = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
* [[Ghazals]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/playlist/gaana-dj-ghazals-lata-mangeshkar|title=Playlist Ghazals - Lata Mangeshkar on Gaana.com|website=Gaana.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bhajans]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/playlist/gaana-dj-bhakti-by-lata-mangeshkar|title=Playlist Bhakti By Lata Mangeshkar on Gaana.com|website=Gaana.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Folk music|Folk]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/playlist/gaana-dj-bengali-folk-songs-of-lata|title=Playlist Bengali Folk Songs of Lata on Gaana.com|website=Gaana.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Music of Bengal|Bengali Music]]&lt;ref name=&quot;thestatesman.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Lata Mangeshkar: The nightingale's tryst with Rabindra Sangeet |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/music/lata-mangeshkar-nightingales-tryst-rabindra-sangeet-1502690352.html |website=The Statesman |access-date=4 December 2018 |date=28 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}
| instrument = [[Human voice|Vocals]]
  }}
}}

'''Lata Mangeshkar''' ({{IPA-hi|ləˈtaː məŋˈɡeːʃkər||Lata Mageshkar.ogg}}) (born as '''Hema Mangeshkar'''; 28 September 1929 – 6 February 2022) wis an Indian [[playback]] [[sangster|sangstress]] an daimen music upmakker an film producer. She is widely conseidert ane o the maist menst, maist kent an maist influential sangsters in Indie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lata Mangeshkar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/30899862.cms|date=10 December 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Yasmeen, Afshan |title=Music show to celebrate birthday of melody queen |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/09/21/stories/2004092114010200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103120451/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/09/21/stories/2004092114010200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2004 |date=21 September 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her contreibution tae the Indian muisic industry in a career lestin seiven decade gained her [[honorific titles]] lik the ''Indie's Nichtingale'', ''the Millennium's Vyce'' an ''Queen o Melody''.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 October 2019|title=Lata Mangeshkar: The Queen of Melody|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/lata-mangeshkar-the-queen-of-melody/story-TBN6Pq9c9wktF7ptW0gBmN.html|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She recordit sangs in ower therty-sax Indian leids an a few furrin anes, though feckly in [[Hindi leid|Hindi]], [[Bengali leid|Bengali]], an [[Marathi leid|Marathi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt; She received several awairds an honours through her career. In 1989, the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] wis bestowed on her by the [[Government of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Lata-Mangeshkar/awards?from=mdr | title=Lata Mangeshkar Awards | publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com | accessdate=7 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2001, fur kennin her contreibutions tae the nation, she wis awairdit the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's heichmaist civilian honour; she is anerly the seicont female singer, efter the classical sangstress [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], tae receive this honour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/22/stories/01220006.htm|title=Lata Mangeshkar given Bharat Ratna|date=22 March 2001|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-02-07|archive-date=2010-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811105225/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/22/stories/01220006.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; France conferred on her its highest civilian award, Officer of the [[National Order of the Legion of Honour]], in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-lata-mangeshkar-5-songs-by-the-eternal-songstress-one-must-listen-to-2326051.html|title=Happy Birthday Lata Mangeshkar: 5 Timeless Classics By the Singing Legend|date=28 September 2019|website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She wis the recipient o three [[National Film Awairds]], 15 [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awairds]], fower [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Awaird]]s, twa [[Filmfare Special Awaird]]s, the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Awaird]] an mony mair. In 1974, she wis ane o the first Indian playback sangsters tae eir perform at [[Royal Albert Hall]], [[London]]. Lata Mangeshkar wis frae 1974 till 1991 in the [[Guinness Buik o Records]] fur &quot;the maist sang recordins warldwide&quot;. Her last recordit sang wis a rendition o the [[Gayatri Mantra]] at [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s dochter Isha Ambani's waddin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/lata-mangeshkar-s-last-recorded-song-was-the-gayatri-mantra-for-isha-ambani-s-wedding-1909451-2022-02-06|title=Lata Mangeshkar’s last recorded song was the Gayatri Mantra for Isha Ambani’s wedding|website=IndiaToday}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Her sister is a famous sangstress an aw, [[Asha Bhosle]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name |id=0542196 |name=Lata Mangeshkar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangeshkar, Lata}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2022 daiths]]
[[Category:muisic upmakkers]]
[[Category:Indie female sangsters]]
[[Category:Bengali leid]]
[[Category:Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri]]
[[Category:Bollywood playback sangsters]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:English-language singers frae India]]
[[Category:Gujarati leid]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Goa]]
[[Category:Islamic music]]
[[Category:Indian classical muisic]]
[[Category:Kannada]]
[[Category:Malayalam]]
[[Category:Marathi fowk]]
[[Category:Marathi leid]]
[[Category:Bengal]]
[[Category:Indore]]
[[Category:Nepali leid]]
[[Category:Punjabi leid]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Maharashtra Bhushan Award]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients o the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tamil leid]]
[[Category:Telugu]]
[[Category:State funerals]]</text>
      <sha1>59khm0cnxf52zl7fx6nigo2e4gpwro4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sawney Bean</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>229342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869220</id>
      <parentid>864234</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T12:10:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1438" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Sawney Bean.jpg|thumb|Sawney Bean]]
[[File:Towards Bennane Head - geograph.org.uk - 475753.jpg|thumb|Luikin ower tae Benane Heid]]

'''Sawney Bean''' wis a canibal thit bade in a cave, a kin o gloup bi the shore, in the sooth o [[Ayrshire]] in the saxteent yearhunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC - Scotland - The Grisly Deeds of Alexander Bean|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/sawney_bean.shtml|access-date=2022-03-22|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Himsel, his wife an faimilie ambushit, capturt, kilt an ett traivelers thit wis gaun alang the road.  The cave thay bade in is at Benane Heid, 5km north o [[Ballantrae]], 4km sooth o Lendalfit, an 8km sooth o Kennedy’s Pass.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The cave is 200m deep an richt alaw the road.

Sawney an his wife, “Black Agnes Douglas” cam first frae [[East Lowden]]. Atween them Sawney and Agnes produced sax dauchters, echt sons, fowerteen grandauchters, and echteen grandsons, aw intermairit wi wan anither. The clan o them are telt tae hae kilt an ett mair nor a thoosan traivelers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-06-10|title=Sawney Beane|url=http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/newgate/beane.htm|access-date=2022-03-22|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2010-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610003823/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/newgate/beane.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j9dw30elyfmoyki533pvj5akrckyaxy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Organisations based in Scotland bi ceety</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>229751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869286</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T16:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.12.242</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cræftit page wi &quot;[[Category:Organisations based in Scotland| Ceety]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Organisations based in Scotland| Ceety]]</text>
      <sha1>tj1vviakidhpmqndkza4wfczsjf0jyu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Museums in Baku</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>229752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869353</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:19:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.12.242</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cræftit page wi &quot;[[Category:Museums in Azerbaijan bi ceety|Baku]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Baku]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Baku]] [[Category:Cultural organisations based in Baku]] [[Category:Eddication in Baku]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="213" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Museums in Azerbaijan bi ceety|Baku]]
[[Category:Biggins an structurs in Baku]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Baku]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in Baku]]
[[Category:Eddication in Baku]]</text>
      <sha1>bxrlvhwlxhxo8qbqf3hedfkpd6a5jt0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cultural organisations based in Baku</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>229753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869354</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:20:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.12.242</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cræftit page wi &quot;[[Category:Cultural organisations based in Azerbaijan| Baku]] [[Category:Cultur in Baku]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="89" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Cultural organisations based in Azerbaijan| Baku]]
[[Category:Cultur in Baku]]</text>
      <sha1>pgiohgmr2e33w68n76bc4x0emrjqkn9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>869418</id>
      <parentid>869354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T08:02:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.13.92</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Cultural organisations based in Azerbaijan| Baku]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Baku]]
[[Category:Cultur in Baku]]</text>
      <sha1>esnrrkiq4vsfllkbvm5hfxiyz3oebo2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cultur in Baku</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>229754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869355</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:20:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.12.242</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cræftit page wi &quot;{{Commons category|Culture of Baku}}  [[Category:Baku]] [[Category:Cultur bi ceety in Azerbaijan|Baku]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons category|Culture of Baku}}

[[Category:Baku]]
[[Category:Cultur bi ceety in Azerbaijan|Baku]]</text>
      <sha1>9q46gxgci2qoqdqa6wctspo9pa879ss</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cultur bi ceety in Azerbaijan</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>229755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869356</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.12.242</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cræftit page wi &quot;[[Category:Azerbaijani cultur]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Azerbaijani cultur]]</text>
      <sha1>06tx9j388fikzt9deyumb0fqkb0p0b6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>869357</id>
      <parentid>869356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T22:22:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.12.242</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="85" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Azerbaijani cultur]]
[[Category:Categories bi ceety in Azerbaijan|Cultur]]</text>
      <sha1>237tfv4t5n06wyq7e9463bs728se2sy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Museums in Azerbaijan bi ceety</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>229756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869401</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T02:02:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.12.242</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cræftit page wi &quot;[[Category:Museums in Azerbaijan| Ceety]] [[Category:Categories bi ceety in Azerbaijan|Museums]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="96" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Museums in Azerbaijan| Ceety]]
[[Category:Categories bi ceety in Azerbaijan|Museums]]</text>
      <sha1>oq2nylh721kllks4q4bxr9v2da5zzuw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Organisations based in Baku</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>229758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869416</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T08:00:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.13.92</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cræftit page wi &quot;[[Category:Baku]] [[Category:Organisations based in Azerbaijan bi ceety|Baku]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="78" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Baku]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Azerbaijan bi ceety|Baku]]</text>
      <sha1>si5h4e335n733mbka6it9u72jmp0rg7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Organisations based in Azerbaijan bi ceety</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>229759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869417</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-31T08:01:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>31.200.13.92</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cræftit page wi &quot;[[Category:Organisations based in Azerbaijan| Ceety]] [[Category:Categories bi ceety in Azerbaijan|Organisations]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="114" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Organisations based in Azerbaijan| Ceety]]
[[Category:Categories bi ceety in Azerbaijan|Organisations]]</text>
      <sha1>ctzrjz2ki4j4l62r52ah76od9j05v3m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>