Indonésia

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'''Républik Indonésia''' ('''RI''') nyaéta hiji nagara di [[Asia Tenggara]], nu diliwatan ku gurat [[khatulistiwa]] jeung aya di antara Buana [[Asia]] jeung [[Australia]] sarta antara [[Samudra Pasifik]] jeung [[Samudra Hindia]]. Indonésia mangrupa nagara [[kapuloan]] nu panggedéna sadunya, diwangun ku 13.487 pulo,&lt;ref&gt;[http://nasional.vivanews.com/news/read/260537-indonesia-daftarkan-13-487-pulau-ke-pbb Indonesia Daftarkan 13.487 Pulau ke PBB]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1282089150/indonesia-has-completed-surveys-on-its-13-000-islands &quot;Indonesia has completed surveys on its 13,000 islands&quot;, [[Antara|ANTARA News Agency]], 18 August 2010]&lt;/ref&gt; ku kituna disebut ogé [[Nusantara]] (&quot;pulo luar&quot;, Jawa dianggap salaku puseurna).&lt;ref name=Kroef&gt;{{cite journal |title=The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |author=Justus M. van der Kroef |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=166–171 |year=1951 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 |doi=10.2307/595186}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalawan populasi disawang 270 yuta jiwa dina taun 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia |title=Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Tahun 2005–2006 |date=[[1 September]] [[2006]] |url=http://www.bps.go.id/releases/files/kemiskinan-01sep06.pdf|format=PDF |language=[[Basa Indonésia]] |accessdate=[[26 September]] [[2006]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indonésia minangka nagara nu populasina panglobana kaopat sadunya sarta nagara populasi pangagem [[Islam]] nu panglobana sadunya, sanajan sacara resmi Indonésia lain [[Républik Islam|nagara Islam]]. Wangun pamaréntahan Indonésia nyaéta [[républik]], kalawan [[Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Indonésia|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat]], [[Déwan Perwakilan Daérah Indonésia|Déwan Perwakilan Daérah]], jeung [[Présidén Indonésia|Présidén]] nu dipilih langsung ku rahayatna. Puseur dayeuh nagara Indonésia nyaéta [[Daérah Husus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]. Indonésia boga wates wewengkon jeung [[Malaysia]] di [[Pulo Kalimantan]], [[Papua Nugini]] di [[Pulo Papua]], sarta [[Timor Lésté]] di [[Pulo Timor]]. Indonésia mangrupa anggota [[PBB]] sarta sahiji-hijina anggota PBB nu kungsi kaluar ti organisasi éta. Salian éta, Indonésia ogé anggota ti [[ASEAN]], [[APEC]], [[OSI]] jeung [[G-20]].

== Ngaran ==
{{seealso|Sajarah ngaran Indonésia}}
Kecap &quot;Indonésia&quot; asalna ti [[Basa Latin]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ntina kecap ''dus'' nu hartina &quot;Hindia&quot; sarta kecap [[Basa Yunani]] ''nesos'' nu hartina &quot;pulo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EcoSeas1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Tomascik |first=T |coauthors=Mah, J.A., Nontji, A., Moosa, M.K. |title=The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas - Part One |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd. |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |id=ISBN 962-593-078-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jadi, lamun ditilik sacara harti kecap ''Indonésia'' hartina [[wewengkon]] Hindia kapuloan, atanapi kapuloan nu aya di Hindia, nu nunjukkeun yén ngaran ieu geus aya saméméh Indonésia jadi nagara daulat.&lt;ref name=&quot;indoety&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Anshory |first=Irfan |title=Asal Usul Nama Indonesia |publisher=Pikiran Rakyat |date=[[16 Agustus]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1850, [[George Earl]], [[étnologi|etnolog]] nu asalna ti nagara Inggris, mimiti ngusulkeun sesebutan ''Indunesia'' jeung ''Malayunesia'' pikeun pangeusi &quot;Kapuloan Hindia atawa Kapuloan Melayu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;JIAEA_1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=119}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murid éarl, [[James Richardson Logan]], maké kecap ''Indonésia'' salaku sinonim ti ''Kapuloan India''.&lt;ref name=&quot;JIAEA_3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Logan |first=James Richardson |title=The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=4, 252–347}}; {{cite journal |last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=254, 277–278}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, panulisan akademik Walanda di média Hindia-Walanda teu maké kecap ''Indonésia'', tapi ''Kapuloan Melayu'' (''Maleische Archipel''); ''Hindia Wétan Walanda'' (''Nederlandsch Oost Indië''), atawa ''Hindia'' (''Indië''); ''Wétan'' (''de Oost''); sarta ''Insulinde'' (istilah ieu diwanohkeun taun 1860 dina novel ''[[Max Havelaar]]'' (1859), yasana [[Multatuli]], ngeunaan kritik kana kolonialisme Walanda).&lt;ref name=Kroef&gt;{{cite journal |title=The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |author=Justus M. van der Kroef |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=166–171 |year=1951 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 |doi=10.2307/595186}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saprak taun 1900, ngaran Indonésia jadi leuwih ilahar dina lingkungan akademik di luareun [[Walanda]] , sarta golongan nasionalis Indonésia maké kecap éta dina widang pulitik.&lt;ref name=Kroef/&gt; [[Adolf Bastian]] ti [[Universitas Humboldt Bérlin|Universitas Bérlin]] ngawanohkeun ngaran ieu dina buku ''Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894''. Pelajar Indonésia munggaran nu maké ngaran ieu nyaéta [[Ki Hajar Dewantara|Suwardi Suryaningrat]] (Ki Hajar Dewantara), nalika anjeunna ngawangun kantor warta di Walanda nu ngaranna ''Indonesisch Pers Bureau'' dina taun 1913.&lt;ref name=&quot;indoety&quot;/&gt;

== Sajarah ==
{{utama|Sajarah Indonésia}}

=== Sajarah awal ===
Titinggal fosil-fosil ''[[Homo erectus]]'', nu ku [[Antropologi|antropolog]] ogé dilandi &quot;[[Manusa Jawa]]&quot;, mawa pamadegan yén kapuloan Indonésia geus dieusian antara 2 yuta nepi ka 500.000 taun kaliwat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Pope |title=Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=17 |pages=43–77 |year=1988 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355}}
cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |coauthors=Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=309–312 |id=}}; {{cite journal |last=Pope |first=G |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=80 |issue=16 |pages=4,988–4992 |date=[[15 Agustus]], [[1983]] |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/16/4988 |accessdate=|pmid=6410399|doi=10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988 }}
cited in
{{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |coauthors=Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=309 |id=}};
{{cite journal |last=de Vos |first=J.P. |coauthors=P.Y. Sondaar, |title=Dating hominid sites in Indonesia |journal=Science Magazine |volume=266 |issue=16 |pages=4, 988–4992 |date=[[9 Desember]] [[1994]] |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/266/5191/1726.pdf |format=PDF|doi=10.1126/science.7992059 |accessdate=}}
cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |coauthors=Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=309 |id=}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bangsa [[Austronésia]], nu ayeuna mangrupa mayoritas pangeusi Indonésia, pindah ka Asia Tenggara ti [[Formosa]]. Maranéhna disawang nepi ka Indonésia dina taun 2000&amp;nbsp;SM, sarta ngabalukarkeun Bangsa [[Mélanésia]] nu geus aya saméméhna kagigirkeun ka wewengkon nu jauh di beulah wétan.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor (2003), kaca 5–7&lt;/ref&gt; Kaayaan nu cocog pikeun tatanén ngabalukarkeun geu ayana kaahlian [[Sawah|melak paré]] saprak [[abad ka-8 SM]],&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia |publisher=Yale University Press |date= |location=New Haven and London |pages=8–9 |id=ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ku kituna ngabalukarkeun ogé ku lobana désa, kota, jeung karajaan-karajaan leutik tumuwuh jeung mekar dina [[abad ka-1]] M. Salian ti éta, Indonésia nu aya di jalur perdagangan laut internasional jeung antar pulo, geus jadi jalur lalayaran antara India jeung Cina dina sababaraha abad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia |publisher=Yale University Press |date= |location=New Haven and London |pages=15–18 |id=ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sajarah Indonésia saterusna boga loba pangaruh ti kagiatan paniagaan éta.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor (2003), hal. 3, 9, 10–11, 13, 14–15, 18–20, 22–23; Vickers (2005), hal. 18–20, 60, 133–134&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:Borobudur ship.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Rélief kapal di Candi [[Borobudur]], &lt;u&gt;+&lt;/u&gt;800 M.]]
Ti pangaruh agama [[Hindu]] jeung [[Buddha]], sababaraha karajaan ngadeg di pulo [[Kalimantan]], [[Sumatra]], jeung [[Jawa]] saprak [[abad ka-4]] nepi ka [[abad ka-14]]. [[Karajaan Kutai|Kutai]], nyaéta karajaan nu pangkolotna di Indonésia nu ngadeg dina abad ka-4 di hulu [[Walungan Mahakam]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]]. Di wewengkon kulon Pulo Jawa, dina abad ka-4 nepi ka ka-7 M aya Karajaan [[Tarumanagara]]. Dina abad ka-7 aya Karajaan Malayu nu puseurna di [[Kota Jambi|Jambi]], Sumatra. [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] ngéléhkeun Malayu sarta jadi karajaan maritim nu pangkuatna di wewengkon [[Nusantara]]. Wewengkon kakawasaanna ngawengku Sumatra, Jawa, samenanjung Melayu, ogé ngawasaan paniagaan di Selat Malaka, Selat Sunda, sarta Laut Cina Kidul.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor (2003), hal. 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), hal. 3&lt;/ref&gt; Kadatangan padagang-padagang [[urang Arab|Arab]] jeung [[urang Pérsia|Pérsia]] liwat Gujarat, India, tuluy mawa agama [[Islam]]. [[Samudera Pasai]] nu ngadeg dina taun [[1267]], mangrupa karajaan Islam kahiji di Indonésia.

=== Panjajahan ===
Indonésia ogé mangrupa nagara nu kungsi diéréh ku loba nagara. Ieu di handap nyaéta sababaraha nagara nu kungsi ngaéréh atawa ngajajah sakabéh atawa sabagian wewengkon Indonésia.
* [[Portugal]] ([[1509]]-[[1595]])
* [[Spanyol]]  ([[1521]]-[[1692]])
* [[Walanda]]
* [[Perancis]], sacara teu langsung ngawasaan Jawa dina jaman 1806-1811 lantaran Karajaan Walanda taluk ka Prancis. Basa [[Louis Bonaparte]], adina [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], diistrénan di walanda dina taun 1806, ku kituna otomatis jajahan Walanda pindah ka Prancis. périodeu ieu lumangsung dina mangsa pamaréntahan Gubernur Jenderal [[Herman Willem Daendels]] di taun 1808-1811. Dipungkas taun 1811 nalika Inggris ngéléhkeun kakuatan Walanda-Prancis di pulo Jawa.
* [[Britania Raya|Inggris]]  [[1811]], saprak [[Kapitulasi Tungtang]] ditandatanganan nu salah sahiji eusina nyaéta [[Pulo Jawa]] dibéré ti [[Walanda]] ka [[Britania Raya|Inggris]]. Dina taun [[1814]] dilaksanakeun [[Konvénsi London]] nu eusina pamaréntah [[Walanda]] balik deui nyekel kakawasaan kana wewengkon jajahan [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] di Indonésia. Dina taun [[1816]], pamaréntahan [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] di Indonésia sacara resmi réngsé.
* [[Jepang]]  [[1942]] nepi ka [[1945]], ku sabab éléhna [[Jepang]] ti pihak sakutu dina [[Perang Dunya II]].

Nalika urang [[éropa]] daratang di mimiti [[abad ka-16]], maranéhna manggih sababaraha karajaan nu gampang diéléhkeun pikeun ngawasaan perdagangan rempah-rempah. Portugis mimiti nepi di 2 palabuan [[Karajaan Sunda]] nyaéta [[Banten]] jeung [[Padrao Sunda Kalapa|Sunda Kalapa]], tapi bisa ditundung jeung teras pindah ka wétan ngawasaan [[Maluku]]. Dina [[abad ka-17]], [[Walanda]] ngéléhkeun [[Britania Raya]] jeung [[Portugal]] (iwal di [[Timor Portugis]]). Disawang mangsa harita ageman [[Kristen]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;kmimiti sumebar dindonésia salaku salah sahiji tujuan imperialisme lawas nu kawanoh salaku ''3G'', nyaéta ''[[Gold, Glory, and Gospel]]'' atanapi &quot;Emas, Kajayaan, jeung Ageman&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Louis B. |title=Gold, Glory, and the Gospel: The Adventurous Lives and Times of the Renaissance Explorers |publisher=Atheneum |date=1970 |location=New York |pages= |id= }}&lt;/ref&gt; Walanda ngawasaan Indonésia salaku wewengkon jajahan nepi ka [[Perang Dunya II]]. KaMimitina  [[VOC]], tapi tuluy ku pamaréntah Walanda saprak awal abad ka-19.
[[file:Raden Sarief Bastaman Saleh - Johannes Graaf van den Bosch.jpg|left|200px|thumb|[[Johannes van den Bosch]], panaratas ''Cultuurstelsel''.]]
Walanda nyieun sistim ''[[Cultuurstelsel]]'' (''Sistem Pamelakan'') dina abad ka-19, nyaéta sistim melak kebon-kebon garedé sarta pelak paksa nu sakabéhna dilaksanakeun di Jawa, nu méré kauntungan pikeun Walanda nu teu bisa dihasilkeun ku VOC. Dina jaman pamaréntahan panjajahan nu leuwih bébas sanggeus [[1870]], sistim ieu dihapus. Sanggeus [[1901]] pihak Walanda ngawanohkeun [[Pulitik étis|Kawijakan étis]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 |publisher=MacMillan |date =1991 |location=London |pages=151 |url= |doi= |id=ISBN 0-33-579690-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu ngawengku parobahan pulitik nu tangtu sarta invéstasi nu leuwih gedé di Hindia-Walanda.

Dina jaman Perang Dunya II, nalika Walanda dijajah ku [[Jérman]], [[Jepang]] ngawasaan Indonésia. Indonésia dieréh deui dina taun [[1942]], Jepang nempo yén para pajuang Indonésia mangrupa batur paniagaan nu kooperatif jeung bisa milu jadi prajurit lamun dibutuhkeun. [[Sukarno]], [[Mohammad Hatta]], [[Mas Mansur, Kiai Haji|KH. Mas Mansur]], jeung [[Ki Hajar Dewantara]] dibéré pangajén ku [[Hirohito|Kaisar Jepang]] dina taun [[1943]].

=== Indonésia merdika ===
{{seealso|Agrési Militér Walanda I|Agrési Militér Walanda II}}
[[file:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Sukarno]], présidén kahiji Indonésia.]]
Dina Maret [[1945]], Jepang ngawangun hiji komite pikeun kamerdikaan Indonésia. Sanggeus [[Perang Pasifik]] bérés dina taun 1945, dina tekenan organisasi nonoman, Soekarno-Hatta [[Proklamasi Kamerdikaan Indonésia|ngadéklarasikeun]] kamerdikaan Indonésia dina [[17 Agustus]] [[1945]]. [[Sukarno]] jadi [[Présidén Indonésia]], sarta [[Mohammad Hatta]] jadi [[Wakil Présidén Indonésia]]. Dina usaha ngawasaan deui Indonésia, Walanda ngirimkeun pasukanna.

Usaha-usaha ngalawan pergerakan kamerdikaan Indonésia ieu tuluy dipikawanoh ku Walanda salaku 'aksi kapulisian' (''Politionele Actie''), atanapi ku Indonésia dipikawanoh minangka 'Agrési Militér'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=ZWEERS |first=L. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Agressi II: Operatie Kraai. De vergeten beelden van de tweede politionele actie |publisher=SDU uitgevers |date=1995 |location=[[Den Haag]] |pages= |url= |doi= |id= }}&lt;/ref&gt; Walanda ahirna ngaku kamerdikaan Indonésia dina [[27 Désémber]] [[1949]] salaku nagara [[féderal]] nu disebut [[Républik Indonésia Sarikat]] sanggeus aya tekenan ti kalangan internasional, utamana [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Mosi Integral [[Natsir]] dina 17 Agustus 1950, ngahudangkeun balikna Negara Kesatuan Républik Indonésia sarta ngabubarkeun Républik Indonésia Sarikat.

Dina jaman 1950-an jeung 1960-an, pamaréntahan Sukarno milu sakaligus naratas [[gerakan non-blok]] awalna, tapi tujuanna sangkan leuwih deukeut jeung blok [[sosialisme|sosialis]], saperti [[Républik Rahayat Cina]] jeung [[Yugoslavia]]. Taun 1960-an minangka saksi ayana konfrontasi militér jeung [[Malaysia]] (&quot;''[[Konfrontasi Indonésia-Malaysia|Konfrontasi]]''&quot;),&lt;ref&gt;van der Bijl, Nick. ''Confrontation, The War with Indonesia 1962—1966'', (London, 2007) ISBN 978-1-84415-595-8&lt;/ref&gt; sarta kateupuasan kana héséna ékonomi. Salajuna dina 1965 aya kajadian [[G30S]] nu nyababkeun maotna 6 [[jendral]] sarta sababaraha [[perwira]] tengah lianna. Kaluar kakuatan anyar nu dilandi ''[[Orde Baru]]'' (Ordeu Anyar) nu nuduh [[Partéy Komunis Indonésia]] salaku dalang kajadian jeung boga maksud ngaléngsérkeun pamaréntahan nu keur aya sarta ngarobah dasar nagara kana paham [[sosialisme|sosialis]]-[[komunisme|komunis]]. Tuduhan ieu sakaligus dijadikeun alesan pikeun ngaganti pamaréntahan saméméhna dina paréntah Sukarno kana pamaréntahan nu anyar.

Jendral [[Soeharto]] jadi Présidén Indonésia dina taun [[1967]] maké alesan pikeun ngamankeun nagara tina bahya [[komunisme]]. Ratusan rébu warga Indonésia nu dianggap milu pihak komunis ditelasan, samentara loba warga Indonésia nu keur aya di luar negri, teu wanieun mulih ka Indonésia, sarta teras dicabut [[kawarganagaraan]]na. Jaman kakawasaan Soeharto dilandi [[Orde Énggal]] sarta jaman pamaréntahan Sukarno disebut [[Orde Lawas]].

Soeharto ngagunakeun ékonomi [[néoliberalisme|néoliberal]] sarta hasil ngadatangkeun raloba [[invéstasi]] luar negri asup ka Indonésia sarta ngahasilkeun pamekaran ékonomi nu gedé, sanajan teu rata. Dina awal rézim Orde Énggal, kawijakan ékomomi Indonésia disusun ku sababaraha urang [[ékonom]] lulusan [[Universitas California, Berkeley]], nu dilandi &quot;[[Mafia Berkeley]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Wibowo, Sigit, Sjarifuddin. ''[http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0606/05/sh02.html Ekonomi Indonesia Gagal karena Mafia Berkeley]'', Harian Umum Sore Sinar Harapan. Copyright © Sinar Harapan 2003. Diaksés: Salasa, 6 Agustus 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Soeharto ahirna dipaksa léngsér ti jabatanna ku aksi [[démonstrasi]] sarta kaayaan ékonomi nagara nu goréng dina taun [[1998]].

Sanggeus léngsérna Suharto, saprak 1998 nepi ka 2001, Indonésia miboga tilu [[Présidén Indonésia|présidén]]: [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]], [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], sareng [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]]. Dina taun [[2004]], diayakeun [[pamilihan umum Indonésia|pamilihan umum]] hiji poé nu panggedéna sadunya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=Laporan dari [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Center Carter Center] |pages= 30 |year=2004 |title=The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2161.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=[[29 Juli]] [[2008]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] kapilih salaku présidén.

Sawatara wengkon Indonésia ngusahakeun pikeun misahkeun manéh, saperti [[Organisasi Papua Merdika|Papua Kulon]] jeung [[Républik Maluku Kidul|Maluku Kidul]]. [[Timor Wétan]] resmi misah ti Indonésia dina taun [[1999]] sanggeus 3 taun dina administrasi [[PBB]], jadi nagara [[Timor Lésté]].

Dina Désémber [[2004]] jeung Maret [[2005]], di wewengkon [[Acéh]] sarta [[Pulo Nias|Nias]] ngalaman [[lini]] nu nelasan rébuan jiwa. (Tingali ''[[Lini Samudra Hindia 2004]]'' jeung ''[[Lini Sumatra Maret 2005]]''.) Kajadian ieu disusul ku [[Lini Yogyakarta Méi 2006|lini di Yogyakarta]] jeung [[Lini Jawa Juli 2006|sunami]] di wewengkon [[Basisir Pangandaran]] dina taun [[2006]], sarta [[Caah leutak panas Sidoarjo 2006|caah leutak]] di [[Sidoarjo]] saprak taun 2006.

== Pulitik jeung pamaréntahan==
{{utama|Pulitik Indonésia}}
[[File:MPRDPRBuilding.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Gedong MPR-DPR Indonésia]]
[[File:IstanaMerdekaFront.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Istana Merdeka''', bagian ti Istana Kaprésidénan Jakarta.]]

Indonésia miboga pamaréntahan [[républik]] [[démokrasi]] [[sistim présidénsial|présidénsial]] multipartéy. Sistim pulitik Indonésia didasarkeun kana [[Pamisahan kakawasaan|Trias Politika]]: [[législatif]], [[éksekutif]], jeung [[yudikatif]].

Kakawasaan législatif dibogaan ku [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat Indonésia|Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat]] (MPR). MPR Indonésia pernah jadi [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat Indonésia#Posisi|lembaga nagara pangluhurna]] sarta mangrupa [[sistim hiji kamar|hiji kamar (unikameral)]], tapi sanggeus [[Améndemén Ka-4 Undang-Undang Dasar Indonésia|améndmén ka-4 UUD Indonésia]] MPR sanés lembaga nu pangluhurna deui, sarta komposisi kaanggotaanna ogé robah. Saprak [[2004]], MPR miboga [[sistim dua kamar|sistim parlemén dua kamar (bikameral)]] nu disusun ku 560 anggota [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Indonésia]] (DPR) nu pajabatna ti jalur [[partéy pulitik di Indonésia|partéy pulitik]], sarta ditambih ku 132 anggota [[Déwan Perwakilan Daérah Indonésia]] (DPD) nu minangka wakil propinsi ti jalur [[indepénden]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url         = http://www.bappenas.go.id/get-file-server/node/88/ | title = Perubahan Ketiga Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 | language    = Indonesia | format      = pdf | accessdate  = 2011-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anggota DPR jeung DPD dipilih langsung ku rahayat dina [[pamilihan umum di Indonésia|pamilihan umum législatif]] sarta diangkat pikeun masa jabatan lima taun.

Lembaga éksekutif museur kana [[présién Indonésia|présidén]], [[wakil présidén Indonésia|wakil présidén]], jeung [[kabinet Indonésia|kabinét]]. Kabinét di Indonésia mangrupa kabinét présidénsial jadina mentri mibanda tanggung jawab ka présidén.

Lembaga yudikatif dilaksanakeun ku [[Mahkamah Agung Indonésia|Mahkamah Agung]], [[Komisi Yudisial Indonésia|Komisi Yudisial]], jeung [[Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonésia|Mahkamah Konstitusi]]. Tapi [[Kamentrian Hukum jeung Hak Asasi Manusa Indonésia|Kamentrian Hukum jeung Hak Asasi Manusa]] tetep aya.

== Babagian administratif ==
{{Utama|Propinsi di Indonésia|Kabupatén di Indonésia|Kotamadya di Indonésia|Kacamatan di Indonésia}}
Indonésia ayeuna miboga 34 [[propinsi]], 5 propinsi miboga status husus. Propinsi dibagi kana [[kabupatén di Indonésia|kabupatén]] jeung [[kotamadya di Indonésia|kotamadya]] nu dibagi deui kana [[kacamatan di Indonésia|kacamatan]]. Babagian administratifna lanjut deui nepi ka bagian nu pangleutikna nyaéta Rukun Tatangga (RT) nu mangrupa daérah tingkat ka-6.

Unggal propinsi miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Propinsi di Indonésia|DPRD Propinsi]] salaku badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[gubernur]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon. Unggal kabupatén miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Kabupatén di Indonésia|DPRD Kabupatén]] salakeun badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[bupati]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon. Unggal kotamadya miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Kotamadya di Indonésia|DPRD Kotamadya]] salaku badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[walikota]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon. Sadayana, dipilih langsung ku rahayat langku pamilihan umum. Tapi di Jakarta (Wewengkon Husus Ibu Kota Jakarta) euweuh DPRD Kabupatén atanpai Kotamadya, ku sabab Kabupatén Administrasi jeung Kota Administrasi di Jakarta sanés wewengkon otonom.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/kabupaten/id/31/name/dki-jakarta/detail/3172/kota-adm-jakarta-utara ''Kabupaten - Kementerian Dalam Negeri - Republik Indonesia'' Diaksés 4 Pébruari 2013 (UTC+7)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Propinsi [[Acéh]], [[Daérah Husus Yogyakarta]], [[Papua Kulon]], jeung [[Papua]] miboga hak husus sarta tingkat otonomi nu leuwih luhur ti  propinsi nu lian. Misalna, Acéh boga hak pikeun nagntukeun sistim hukumna sorangan; dina taun 2003, Acéh mimiti maké hukum [[Syariah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Michelle Ann Miller |title=The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism? |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=5 |issue=3 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/caet/2004/00000005/00000003/art00005 |year=2004 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1080/1463136042000259789}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yogyakarta miboga status daérah husus salaku pangakuan kana pentingna Yogyakarta dina ngarojong Indonésia nalika Révolusi.&lt;ref&gt;[[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] (1999). Bab XIV Other Provisions, Pasal 122; {{PDFlink|[http://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Republik_Indonesia_Nomor_5_Tahun_1974 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1974 tentang Pokok-Pokok Pemerintahan di Daerah]|146&amp;nbsp;}}. [[Présidén Indonésia]] (1974). Bab VII Aturan Peralihan, Pasal 91&lt;/ref&gt; [[Propinsi Papua]] (baheulana disebut Irian Jaya), miboga status otonomi husus taun 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Dursin |first=Richel |coauthors=Kafil Yamin |title=Another Fine Mess in Papua |work=Editorial |pages= |language= |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=[[18 November]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm
 |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]]}}; {{cite news |title=Papua Chronology Confusing Signals from Jakarta|publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=[[18 November]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm#Papua%20Chronology%20Confusing%20Signals%20from%20Jakarta |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[DKI Jakarta]] mangrupa wewengkon husus ibu kota nagara. [[Timor Portugis]] digabungkeun ka wewengkon Indonésia minangka propinsi [[Timor Wétan]] dina 1979–1999, nu teras misahkeun manéh liwat réferéndum jadi nagara merdika, [[Timor Lésté]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Burr |first=W. |coauthors=Evans, M.L. |title=Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto |work=National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62 |publisher=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive National Security Archieve], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University Universitas George Washington], [[Washington, D.C.]] |date=2001-12-06 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/ |accessdate=2006-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Propinsi==
{{Peta Indonesia}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Pulo [[Sumatra]]'''
* [[Acéh]] - [[Kota Banda Acéh|Banda Acéh]]
* [[Langsa]] - [[Kota Langsa|Kotua Langsa]]
* [[Sumatra Kalér]] - [[Kota Médan|Médan]]
* [[Sumatra Kulon]] - [[Kota Padang|Padang]]
* [[Riau]] - [[Kota Pekanbaru|Pekanbaru]]
* [[Kapuloan Riau]] - [[Kota Tanjungpinang|Tanjungpinang]]
* [[Jambi]] - [[Kota Jambi|Jambi]]
* [[Sumatra Kidul]] - [[Kota Palembang|Palembang]]
* [[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung]] - [[Kota Pangkal Pinang|Pangkal Pinang]]
* [[Bengkulu]] - [[Kota Bengkulu|Bengkulu]]
* [[Lampung]] - [[Kota Bandar Lampung|Bandar Lampung]]
'''Pulo [[Jawa]]'''
* [[Daérah Husus Ibukota Jakarta]]
* [[Banten]] - [[Kota Sérang|Sérang]]
* [[Jawa Kulon]] - [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]
* [[Jawa Tengah]] - [[Kota Semarang|Semarang]]
* [[Yogyakarta|Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] - [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]
* [[Jawa Wétan]] - [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]]
'''Kapuloan [[Sunda Alit]]'''
* [[Bali]] - [[Kota Denpasar|Denpasar]]
* [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] - [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]]
* [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] - [[Kota Kupang|Kupang]]
{{col-break}}
'''Pulo [[Kalimantan]]'''
* [[Kalimantan Kulon]] - [[Kota Pontianak|Pontianak]]
* [[Kalimantan Tengah]] - [[Kota Palangka Raya|Palangka Raya]]
* [[Kalimantan Kidul]] - [[Kota Banjarmasin|Banjarmasin]]
* [[Kalimantan Wétan]] - [[Kota Samarinda|Samarinda]]
* [[Kalimantan Kalér]] - [[Tanjung Selor]]
'''Pulo [[Sulawesi]]'''
* [[Sulawesi Kalér]] - [[Kota Manado|Manado]]
* [[Gorontalo]] - [[Kota Gorontalo|Gorontalo]]
* [[Sulawesi Tengah]] - [[Kota Palu|Palu]]
* [[Sulawesi Kulon]] - [[Kota Mamuju|Mamuju]]
* [[Sulawesi Kidul]] - [[Kota Makassar|Makassar]]
* [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] - [[Kota Kendari|Kendari]]
'''Kapuloan [[Maluku]]'''
* [[Maluku]] - [[Kota Ambon|Ambon]]
* [[Maluku Kalér]] - [[Sofifi]]
'''Pulo [[Papua]]'''
* [[Papua Kulon]] - [[Kota Manokwari|Manokwari]]
* [[Papua]] - [[Kota Jayapura|Jayapura]]
{{col-end}}

== Géografi ==
{{utama|Géografi Indonésia}}
[[file:Waterfall Madakaripura B.JPG|150px|thumb|right|[[Curug Madakaripura]] di [[Taman Nasional Bromo-Tengger-Semeru]], [[Lumbang, Probolinggo|Lumbang]], [[Kabupatén Probolinggo|Probolinggo]], [[Jawa Wétan]].]]

Indonésia mangrupa [[nagara kapuloan]] di [[Asia Tenggara]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first=Harm | last=Dotinga | coauthors=Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea | title=International organizations and the law of the sea: documentary yearbook, Vol 14 |pages=960 | publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | year=2000 | isbn=9041113452, 9789041113450}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu miboga 17.504 pulo, kalawan kirang-langkung 6.000 pulo heunteu dieusian&lt;ref name=&quot;Indonesia Regions&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&amp;ED=2005&amp;R1=1&amp;R2=1&amp;CS=3&amp;SS=2&amp;OS=C&amp;DD=0&amp;OUT=1&amp;C=536&amp;S=PPPWGT-PPPPC&amp;RequestTimeout=120&amp;CMP=0&amp;x=45&amp;y=5 Estimate |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database |month=April | year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | first =Hendriawan | title =Indonesia Regions | publisher =Indonesia Business Directory | url =http://www.indonext.com/Regions/ | accessdate = 2007-04-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, nu nyebar di wewengkon [[khatulistiwa]], kira-kira ti 95°BW - 141°45'BW sarta aya di antara 2 buana nyaéta [[Asia]] jeung [[Australia (buana)|Australia]]/[[Oséania]].

== Atikan ==
{{utama|Atikan di Indonésia}}
Dumasar kana undang-undang di Indonésia, pamaréntah puseur jeung daérah miboga anggaran atikan 20% ti anggaran nagara jeung anggaran daérah salian ti upah guru jeung biaya kadinasan. Tapi dina taun [[2007]], dana nu disadiakeun karak 17,2 %&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, (2008), ''Spending for development: making the most of Indonesia's new opportunities : Indonesia public expenditure review'', World Bank Publications, ISBN 978-0-8213-7320-0&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ékonomi ==
{{utama|Ékonomi Indonésia}}
[[file:PDRB per kapita Indonesia 2008.svg|450px|thumb|left|Peta nu némbongkeun Produk Doméstik Régional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita propinsi-propinsi di Indonésia dina taun 2008.
{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|-
| valign=top |
{{legend|#441650|Langkung ti Rp 100 yuta}}
{{legend|#006680|Rp 50 yuta ++ - Rp 100 yuta}}
{{legend|#217867|Rp 40 yuta ++ - Rp 50 yuta}}
{{legend|#2ca089|Rp 30 yuta ++ - Rp 40 yuta}}
| valign=top |
{{legend|#37c8ab|Rp 20 yuta ++ - Rp 30 yuta}}
{{legend|#aaeeff|Rp 10 yuta ++ - Rp 20 yuta}}
{{legend|#d7eef4|Rp 5 yuta ++ - Rp 10 yuta}}
{{legend|#dbdee3|Kirang ti Rp 5 yuta}}
|}]]

Sistim ékonomi Indonésia awalna dirojong ku ayana ''[[Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia|Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI)]]'' minangka mata uang kahiji Indonésia, nu sanggeusna ganti jadi [[Rupiah]].

Dina jaman pamaréntahan [[Orde Lawas]], Indonésia heunteu sapinuhna ngagunakeun sistim ékonomi kapitalisme, tapi dicampurkeun jeung sistim nasionalisme ékonomi. Pamaréntah nu masih anyar, raloba milu kana produksi nu boga pangaruh ka masarakat, ditambah ku kaayaan pulitik, nyababkeun ayana kateustabilan ékonomi nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCHWARZ&quot;&gt;Schwarz, A. (1994). ''A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s''. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2, halaman 52–57.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[file:Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) banknotes2009.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Uang [[Rupiah]].]]
Pamaréntahan Orde Énggal geura maké disiplin ékonomi pikeun neken [[inflasi]], stabilisasi mata uang, pangaturan [[tambut luar nagri]], sarta ngondang investasi asing.&lt;ref name='SCHWARZ'/&gt; Dina jaman [[1970-an]], harga [[minyak bumi]] nu naék nyababkeun naékna angka ékspor sarta tingkat tumbuh ékonomi rarata nu luhur saloba 7% antara taun 1968 nepi ka 1981.&lt;ref name='SCHWARZ'/&gt; Parobahan ékonomi salajengna dina jaman 1980-an, saperti dérégulasi kauangan jeung déflasi,&lt;ref name='SCHWARZ'/&gt; teras ngalirkeun invéstasi asing ka Indonésia hususna dina industri-industri nu ngarah ka ékspor antara 1989 nepi ka 1997&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indonesia: Country Brief |work=Indonesia:Key Development Data &amp; Statistics |publisher=[[Bank Dunia]] |month=September |year=2006 |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20095968~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:226309,00.html |format= |doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ékonomi Indonésia ngalaman kamunduran dina ahir [[1990-an]] ku sabab [[krisis finansial Asia|krisis ékonomi]] di raloba wewengkon [[Asia]] keur éta,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them |journal=[[The Economist]] |date=2006-09-14 |accessdate=2006-12-26 |url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu dibarengan ku réngséna pamaréntahan Orde Énggal sarta mundurna Soeharto salaku présidén dina 21 Méi 1998.

Pertumbuhan [[PDB|PDB Indonésia]] dina 2004 jeung 2005 leuwih ti 5%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indonesia: Forecast |work=Country Briefings |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=2006-10-03 |url=http://www.economist.com/countries/Indonesia/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Forecast |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, akibatna heunteu boga pangaruh loba dina tingkat pangangguran, nyaéta 9,75%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia |title=Beberapa Indikator Penting Mengenai Indonesia |date=2008-12-02 |url=http://www.bps.go.id/leaflet/leaflet-desember-07-ind.pdf|format=PDF |language=[[Basa Indonésia]] |accessdate=2008-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Ridwan Max Sijabat|title =Unemployment still blighting the Indonesian landscape| publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]| date=2007-23-03| url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/review/nat05.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perkiraan taun 2006, 17,8% masarakat hirup di handapeun [[gurat kamiskinan]], sarta aya 49,0% masarakat hirup kalawan panghasilan kirang ti AS$ 2 sapoé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Making the New Indonesia Work for the Poor - Overview |publisher=[[Bank Dunia]] |year=2006 |accessdate=[[26 Desember]] [[2006]] |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1152870963030/2753486-1165385030085/Overview_standalone_en.pdf|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sumber daya alam ===
Indonésia miboga raloba [[sumber daya alam]] saperti [[minyak bumi]], [[timah]], [[gas alam]], [[nikel]], [[kai]], [[bauksit]], [[taneuh subur]], [[batu bara]], [[emas]], jeung [[pérak]] kalawan babagian lemah [[tatanén]] 10%, [[perkebonan]] 7%, [[tegalan]] 7%, [[leuweung]] 62%, sarta lianna 14% kalawan wewengkon [[irigasi]] 45.970&amp;nbsp;km²&lt;ref name=&quot;Indonesia: environment and development&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first= | last=World Bank | coauthors= | title=A World Bank country study Country Studies: Indonesia: environment and development | publisher=World Bank Publications | year=1994 | isbn=0821329502, 9780821329504}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasil tatanén nu utama saperti [[béas]], [[entéh]], [[kopi]], [[rempah-rempah]], jeung [[karét]].&lt;ref name='indoCIA'/&gt; Widang [[jasa]] mangrupa panyumbang PDB nu panggedéna, nyaéta 45,3% dina PDB 2005. [[Industri]] 40,7%, sareng [[tatanén]] 14,0%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Official Statistics and its Development in Indonesia |work=Sub Committee on Statistics: First Session 18–20 February, 2004 |publisher=Economic and Social Commission for Asia &amp; the Pacific |page=19 |format=PDF |url=http://www.unescap.org/stat/sos1/sos1_indonesia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kitu, widang tatanén miboga pagawé nu leuwih loba ti widan séjénna, nyaéta 44,3% ti 95 yuta jiwa. Widang jasa 36,9%, sarta widang industri 18,8%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indonesia at a Glance |work=Indonesia Development Indicators and Data |publisher=[[Bank Dunia]] |date=2006-08-13 |url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/idn_aag.pdf|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan kitu, lembaga [[Transparency International]] nempatkeun Indonésia di paringkat ka-143 ti 180 nagara dina [[Indéks Persépsi Korupsi]] taun 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title =[[Indeks Persepsi Korupsi]] |publisher =[[Transparency International]] |year =2007 |url =http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 |accessdate = 2007-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Démografi ==
{{utama|Démografi Indonésia}}
[[file:Kepadatan 2010.JPG|thumb|250px|Kapadetan populasi Indonésia dumasar kana Sénsus 2010]]
Dumasar kana sénsus populasi taun 2000, Indonésia miboga kirang-langkungna 206 yuta jiwa,&lt;ref name='bps2000'&gt;{{cite press release |title=2000 Population Statistics |publisher=Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau |date=30 Juni 2000|url=http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/pop2000.htm |accessdate=2006-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta diperkirakeun taun 2006 miboga 222 yuta jiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau |title=Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Tahun 2005–2006 |date=[[1 September]] [[2006]] |url=http://www.bps.go.id/releases/files/kemiskinan-01sep06.pdf|format=PDF |accessdate=2006-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 130 yuta (leuwih ti 50%) ngeusian [[Pulo Jawa]] nu mangrupa pulo nu panglobana pangeusina sakaligus pulo tempatna ibu kota [[Jakarta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Calder |first=Joshua |title=Most Populous Islands |publisher=World Island Information |date=2006-05-03 |url=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm |accessdate=2006-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalobaannana urang Indonésia mangrupa [[Austronésia|Urang Austronésia]], sarta aya ogé kelompok urang [[Mélanésia]], [[Polinésia]], jeung [[Mikronésia]] utamina di Indonésia beulah wétan. Aya ogé urang nu asalna ti luar nagri saperti étnis [[Tionghoa]], [[urang India|India]], jeung [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Indonésia miboga kira-kira 4 yuta populasi urang Tionghoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;eiu&quot;&gt;{{cite paper |title=Country Profile 2008: Indonesia |pages= |publisher=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit Economist Intelligence Unit] |date=16 Mei 2008 | doi= |url=http://portal.eiu.com/report_dl.asp?issue_id=1973383782&amp;mode=pdf |format=pdf |id= |accessdate=2008-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ageman==
{{utama|Agama di Indonésia}}
[[Islam]] mangrupa [[agama]] mayoritas nu pangagemna saloba kira-kira 85,2% urang Indonésia, nu nyababkeun Indonésia salaku nagara kalawan populasi muslim nu panglobana sadunya.&lt;ref name='indoCIA'&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html|title=Indonesia - The World Factbook}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umat lian saperti [[Protéstan|Kristen Protéstan]] (8,9%), [[Katolik|Kristen Katolik]] (3%), [[Hindu]] (1,8%), [[Buddha]] (0,8%), jeung sajabana (0,3%). Pamaréntah Indonésia ogé sacara resmi ngakuan [[agama Konghucu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Heriyanto |title=The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia |journal=Religion |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=8 |month=August |year=2005 |url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate= 2006-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Basa==
{{utama|Basa di Indonésia}}
Indonésia miboga [[basa Indonésia]] salaku basa kahijian jeung [[basa nasional]]. Indonésia ogé kaasup salah sahiji nagara kareng basa panglobana di dunya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=World&amp;seq=10 Ethnologue Map]&lt;/ref&gt; laloba basa, miboga rébuan panyatur tapi kaayaanna kaancam ku sabab generasi ngorana teu nyaturkeunna deui, sarta para panyatur pindah ka basa nasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;endanger&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_language Endangered language]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kabudayaan ==
{{utama|Budaya Indonésia}}

=== Péntas ===
[[file:WayangKulit Scene Zoom.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Wayang|Wayang kulit]].]]
Indonésia miboga kira-kira 300 kelompok étnis nu boga rupa-rupa warisan budaya nu mekar sairing jaman, nu ogé dipangaruhan ku kabudayaan India, Arab, Cina, Éropa, sarta kaasup ogé budaya sorangan, [[Melayu]]. Saperti kasenian [[wayang]] ti wewengkon [[Jawa]] jeung [[Bali]] nu midangkeun carita-carita mitologi Hindu kawas [[Ramayana]] jeung [[Baratayuda]], ogé carita-carita adaptasi kaayaan modéren. Aya ogé kasenian tarian contona ti [[Sumatra]] saperti tari [[Tari Ratéb Meuseukat|Ratéb Meuseukat]] jeung tari [[Tari Seudati|Seudati]] ti [[Acéh]]. Aya ogé seni [[sisindiran]], [[gurindam]], jeung sajabana ti raloba wewengkon misalna Melayu.

=== Busana ===
{{utama|Daptar busana daérah Indonésia}}
[[file:Aesan Gede Songket Palembang.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Mojang [[Urang Palémbang|Palémbang]] keur maké [[songkét]], salah sahiji busana tradisional Indonésia.]]
Salah sahiji budaya pakéan ti Indonésia nyaéta [[batik]]. Sababaraha wewengkon nu katelah ti industri batikna saperti [[Yogyakarta]], [[Kota Surakarta|Surakarta]], [[Cirebon]], [[Pandeglang]], [[Garut]], [[Kabupatén Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]], jeung [[Kabupatén Pekalongan|Pekalongan]]. Busana lian ti wewengkon Indonésia saperti [[baju kurung]] jeung [[songkét]]na ti [[Sumatra Kulon]] ([[Minangkabau]]), kaén [[ulos]] ti [[Sumatra Kalér]] ([[Batak]]), [[kabaya]], [[baju bodo]] ti [[Sulawesi Kidul]], [[koteka]] ti [[Papua]], jeung sajabana.

=== Olahraga ===
{{utama|Olahraga Indonésia}}
[[file:Badminton Beijing 2008 Lu Lan vs Yulianti.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Maria Kristin Yulianti]] (beureum), nu meunang medali perunggu dina [[Olimpiade Usum Panas Beijing 2008]].]]
Olahraga nu populér di Indonésia utamina [[badminton]] jeung [[maén bal]]. Olahraga tradisional saperti [[takraw]] jeung [[karapan sapi]]. Pasanggiri adu tempur contona ''caci'' di [[Florés]], sarta ''[[pasola]]'' di [[Sumba]]. Olahraga béla diri nu populér di Indonésia misalna saperti [[pencak silat]].

=== Musik ===
{{utama|Musik Indonésia}}
Raloba wewengkon Indonésia miboga [[musik tradisional]]na sorangan. Aya ogé musik tradisional campuran saperti [[keroncong]] nu dipangaruhan ku [[Portugal|Portugis]] di wewengkon [[Kampung Tugu|Tugu]], [[Jakarta]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www2.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0404/28/metro/996265.htm |title=Kampung Tugu, Menyimpan Kenangan Sejarah |work=Kompas |date=28 April 2004 |accessdate=2008-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Msik Indonésia lianna saperti [[dangdut]] nyaéta musik aliran Melayu modéren nu dipangaruhan ku musik India.

[[file:Traditional indonesian instruments02.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Degung]]/Gamelan]]

[[daptar alat musik Indonésia|Alat musik tradisional Indonésia]] di antarana:
{{Col|2}}
* [[Angklung]]
* Bendé
* [[Calung]]
* [[Degung]]/[[Gamelan]]
* Gandang Tabuik
* Gendang Bali
* Gondang Batak
* Gong Kemada
* Gong Lambus
* Jidor
* [[Tembang Cianjuran|Kacapi Suling]]
* Kulcapi Batak
* Kendang Jawa
* Kenong
* [[Kulintang]]
* [[Rebab]]
* [[Rebana]]
* [[Saluang]]
* [[Saron]]
* [[Sasando]]
* [[Serunai]]
* Seurune Kale
* Suling Lembang
* Sulim Batak
* Suling Sunda
* [[Talempong]]
* Tanggetong
* Tifa, dan sebagainya
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Kulinér ===
{{utama|Masakan Indonésia}}
[[file:SOTO FOOD.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Soto]].]] 
[[Sangu]] mangrupa kadaharan utama di lolobana wewengkon Indonésia. [[Sambel]], [[saté]], [[baso]], [[soto]], jeung [[sangu goréng]] nyaéta sababaraha contoh kadaharan masarakat Indonésia.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106 40 of Indonesia's best dishes. Diaksés 5 Désémber 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sinema ===
{{utama|Perpileman Indonésia}}
[[file:Tjoet Nja' Dhien.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Poster pilem ''[[Tjoet Nja' Dhien]]'' (1988), pilem ngeunaan pahlawan nasional Indonésia ti Acéh.]]
Pilem kahiji nu diproduksi di nusantara nyaéta pilem taun [[1926]] kalawan judul ''[[Loetoeng Kasaroeng]]'' nu dijieun ku sutradara Walanda, G. Kruger jeung L. Heuveldorp, dina jaman [[Hindia Walanda]]. Pilem ieu dijieun ku Pausahaan Pilem Jawa NV di [[Bandung]] sarta diputer kahiji kalina dina 31 Désémber [[1926]] di téater Elite and Majestic, [[Bandung]]. Popularitas industri pilem Indonésia muncak dina jaman 1980-an sarta diputer di raloba bioskop di Indonésia,&lt;ref name=&quot;kompasmovies&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Kristianto |first=JB |title=Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia |publisher=Kompas |date=2 Juli 2005|url=http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/02/Bentara/1857854.htm |accessdate=2006-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Antawis 2000 nepi ka 2005, jumlah pilem Indonésia nu dirilis unggal taunna teras ningkatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kompasmovies&quot;/&gt; Pilem ''[[Laskar Pelangi]]'' (2008) mangrupa pilem kalawan pamasukan anu panglobana sapanjang sajarah pilem di Indonésia nepi ka danget ieu.

=== Kasusastraan ===
{{utama|Sastra Indonésia}}
Figur penting dina sastra modéren Indonésia saperti panulis Walanda [[Douwes Dekker|Multatuli]] nu méré kritikan kana kalakuan Walanda ka Indonésia dina jaman panjajahan Walanda; [[Muhammad Yamin]] jeung [[Hamka]] nu mangrupa panulis sarta pulitisi pra-kamerdikaan;&lt;ref&gt;Taylor (2003), halaman 299–301&lt;/ref&gt; sarta [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]], panulis novel Indonésia nu kakoncara salah sahijina nyaéta nulis novel Bumi Manusia.&lt;ref&gt;Vickers (2005) halaman 3 to 7; Friend (2003), halaman 74, 180&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sahiji conto panulis puisi Indonésia misalna [[Chairil Anwar]]. Raloba urang Indonésia miboga [[tradisi lisan]] nu kiat, nu ngarojong dina nerangkeun sarta ngamumulé kaayaan budayana.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO Jakarta, Indonesia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last= Czermak|first= Karen|authorlink= |coauthors= Philippe DeLanghe, Wei Weng|title=&quot;Preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage in Indonesia&quot;|publisher=SIL International|url=http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/unesco_jakarta.pdf|format=PDF |accessdate= 2007-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lingkungan hirup ==
{{utama|Flora Indonésia|Fauna Indonésia}}
[[file:Rafflesia sumatra.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''[[Rafflesia arnoldii]]'' kembang nu panggedéna sadunya.]]
[[file:Varanus komodoensis6.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Komodo]], sato réptil langka ti wewengkon [[Nusa Tenggara]].]]
Wewengkon Indonésia miboga raloba rupa-rupa mahluk hirup. Ku kituna ku sababaraha sumber nyebatkeun yén wewengkon lingkungan Indonésia mangrupa &quot;''Mega biodiversity''&quot; atanapi &quot;anéka rupa mahluk hirup nu loba&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/03/08/144934/1096302/10/pemerintah-siap-dukung-dana-pengembangan-obat-herbal-aids-kanker http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/03/08/144934/1096302/10/pemerintah-siap-dukung-dana-pengembangan-obat-herbal-aids-kanker&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.presidensby.info/index.php/fokus/2009/03/08/4070.html Dunia Sebut Indonesia Mega Biodiversity&lt;/ref&gt;. Rupa-rupa mahluk hirup Indonésia aya di paringkat ka-3 sadunya sanggeus [[Brasil]] jeung [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cites.org/eng/prog/economics/report_mega_2001.pdf Report on the CITES workshop on mega-biodiversity exporters (with the assistance of the European Commission)&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan kitu, [[Guinness World Records]] dina taun 2008 pernah nyutat rékor Indonésia salaku nagara nu panggancangna ruksak leuweungna sadunya. Unggal taunna, Indonésia dituar leuweungna saluas &lt;u&gt;+&lt;/u&gt;1,8 yuta héktar. Karuksakan ieu aya di wewengkon hulu/jero leuweung (hutan) nu ngaruksak ogé wewengkon di hilir (basisir).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0712/29/kesra01.html Sulung Prasetyo. Ekologi Indonésia Masuki Masa Genting, Paragraf 1. Sinar Harapan Online. Diaksés 13 Nopémber 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Hindia Walanda]]
* [[Sajarah Indonésia]]
* [[Gurat wanci sajarah Indonésia]]
* [[Gerakan 30 Séptémber|Gerakan 30 Séptémber 1965]]

== Rujukan ==
{{col|3}}
{{Reflist}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons|Indonesia}}
{{wikivoyage|Indonesia}}
* {{id}} [http://www.indonesia.go.id Loka resmi pamaréntah Indonésia]
* {{id}} [http://www.antara.co.id Antara - Kantor Warta Indonésia]
* {{en}} [http://www.my-indonesia.info/ Pariwisata Indonésia]

{{ngeunaan Indonésia}}
{{Propinsi di Indonésia}}
{{Template group|state=collapsed
|title = [[file:Nuvola filesystems www.png|23px]]&amp;nbsp;Géografi wewengkon
|list =
{{LN Indonesia}}
{{Asia}}
{{Asia Tenggara}}
}}
{{Template group|state=collapsed
|title = Organisasi internasional
|list =
{{OSI}}
{{APEC}}
{{G15}}
{{G20}}
{{ASEAN}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indonesia}}
[[Kategori:Indonésia| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Tenggara]]
[[Kategori:Nagara anggota ASEAN]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]</text>
      <sha1>gc1cvkei2ud2i3hidc69f5yxbgoahtf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abad ka-20</title>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18880" xml:space="preserve">Minangka catetan waktu nu geus kaliwat, '''abad ka-20''' nyaéta taun-taun antara 1901-2000. Dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]Abad ka-20 dimimitian ti [[1 Januari]] [[1901]] sarta dipungkas [[31 Desember]] [[2000]]. Sababaraha ahli sajarah nganggep jaman ti antara 1914 nepi ka 1991 minangka [[Abad Kaduapuluh hiji nu Pondok]] ''(Short Twentieth Century)''.

{{Tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
Dina basa sapopoe, disebut &quot;sarebu salapan ratus&quot; ([[1000]]), nunjul kana taun [[1900]] nepika  [[1999]].
The twentieth century was a remarkable shift in the very existence of humanity due to the technological, medical, social, idéological, and international innovations. Terms like [[genocide]], [[holocaust]], [[nuclear war]], and [[terrorism]] rose to common language and an influence on the lives of everyday péople.  &lt;!-- [[War]] reached an unprecedented scale where land and armies became one of many new (what??) --&gt; The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the [[19th century]], continued at an ever-incréasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world péace. As the 35th United States présidént [[John F. Kennedy]] said:

&quot;What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common length is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breath the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal.&quot;

Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century.

* [[20th century/Death rates|Death rates]]
* [[20th century/Infant mortality|Infant mortality]]
* [[20th century/Infectious disease|Infectious disease]]
* [[20th century/Life expectancy|Life expectancy]]
* [[20th century/Maternal death rates|Maternal death rates]]
* [[List of battles 1901-forward|Battles]]

== Kamekaran penting, kajadian jeung beubeunangan ==
=== Élmu jeung téhnologi ===
[[Gambar:AssemblyLine.jpg|thumb|250px|Line assembly Ford, 1913]]
* The [[assembly line]] and [[mass production]] of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and chéaper products. This allowed the [[automobile]] to become the most important méans of transportation.
* The invention of [[Airplane|heavier-than-air flying machines]] and the [[jet engine]] allowed for the world to become &quot;smaller&quot;. [[Space science|Space flight]] incréased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global réal-time communications via [[geosynchronous satellite]]s.
* [[Mass media]] technologies such as [[film]], [[radio]], and [[television]] allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact
* Mass availability of the [[telephone]] and later, the [[computer]], especially through the [[Internet]], provides péople with new opportunities for néar-instantanéous communication
* Applied [[electronics]], notably in its miniaturized form as [[integrated circuit]]s, made possible the above mentioned rise of [[mass media]], telecommunications, ubiquitous [[Computer|computing]], and all kinds of &quot;intelligent&quot; appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of [[Moore's Law|exponentially growing]] calculation power (see [[supercomputer]]).
* The development of [[Nitrogen]] fertilizer, [[pesticide]]s and [[herbicide]]s resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield.
* Advances in fundamental [[physics]] through the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum mechanics]] led to the development of [[nuclear weapon]]s, the [[nuclear reactor]], and the [[laser]].  [[Fusion power]] was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century.
* The [[big bang]] modél of [[cosmology]] was developed.
* Inventions such as the [[washing machine]] and [[air conditioning]] led to an incréase in both the quantity and quality of [[leisure time]] for the [[middle class]] in Western societies.
* Most influencing inventions in the 20th century: [[Antibiotics]], [[Internet]]
* [[Timeline of invention#1900-1999|More...]]

=== Perang jeung pulitik ===
[[Gambar:WW1_TitlePicture_For_Wikipedia_Article.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Warfare in the éarly 20th Century (1914-1918)'''&lt;br /&gt;''Clockwise from top:'' [[front line]] [[Trench warfare|Trenches]], 
a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Mark I (tank)|Mark I Tank]] crossing a trench,
the [[Royal Navy]] [[battleship]] [[HMS Irresistible (1898)|HMS Irresistible]] sinking after striking a [[Naval mine|mine]] at the [[battle of the Dardanelles]], 
a [[Vickers machine gun]] crew with [[gas mask]]s 
and a [[Sopwith Camel]] [[biplane]].]]
* Rising [[nationalism]] and incréasing national awareness were among the causes of [[World War I]], the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Jepang]], the [[United States]] and the [[British Commonwealth]]. World War I led to the création of many new countries, especially in [[Eastern Europe]].
* The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of [[Fascism]] and [[Nazism]] in Europe, and shortly to [[World War II]]. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of [[Jepang|Japanese]] aggression against [[China]] and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered gréatly in the Second—from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German [[genocide]] of the [[Jew]]s and others, known as the [[Holocaust]].
* Unhappiness in [[Russia]] led to the rise of [[Communism]] and the [[Russian Revolution]]. After the [[Soviet Union]]'s involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spréading all over the world: notably, to éastern [[Europe]], [[China]], [[Indochina]] and [[Cuba]]. This led to the [[Cold War]] with [[The West|the western world]], led by the [[United States]].
* The &quot;fall of Communism&quot; in the late [[1980s]] left the [[United States]] as the world's only [[superpower]]. It also led to the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] into successor states, many rife with [[ethnic nationalism]].
* Through the [[League of Nations]] and, after [[World War II]], the [[United Nations]], international cooperation incréased. Other efforts included the formation of the [[European Union]], léading to a common currency in much of [[Western Europe]], the [[euro]].
* The end of [[colonialism]] led to the independence of many nagara di [[Afrika]] jeung [[Asia]]. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense.
* The création of [[Israel]], a [[Jew]]ish state in a mostly [[Arab]] region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast [[oil]] fields in many of the [[Arab]] countries.

=== Five overall largest mass killings of the 20th century ===
(méasured in numbers of péople killed; also see [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/misc/misery.html])
* [[World War II]] and regime of [[Adolf Hitler]] (1937-1945), over 50 million déad, including the [[Holocaust]], killing two-thirds of the [[Judaism|Jewish]] population of Europe (6&amp;nbsp;million).
* Regime of [[Mao Zedong]] and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] famine (1949-1976), over 28 million déad.
* Regime of [[Joseph Stalin]] (1924-1953), over 20 million déad.
* [[World War I]] (1914-1918), over 15 million déad.
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918-1921), over 8.5 million déad.

=== Budaya jeung hiburan ===
[[Gambar:Film reel and film.jpg|thumb|250px|&quot;[[Film]]&quot; refers to the celluloid media on which motion pictures reside]]
* [[Cinema|Movies]], [[music]] and the [[medium|media]] had a major influence on [[fashion]] and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the [[United States]], American culture spréad rapidly over the world.
* After gaining political rights in the [[United States]] and much of [[Europe]] in the first part of the century, women became more independent throughout the century.
* modérn art developed new styles such as [[expressionism]], [[cubism]], and [[surrealism]].
* The [[automobile]] provided vastly incréased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the éarly to mid-century, spréading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a léading symbol of modérn society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles.
* [[Sport]]s became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on [[television]], became a popular activity.

==== Highest grossing films of the 20th century ====
# [[Titanic (1997 movie)|Titanic]] (1997)
# [[Star Wars]] (1977)
# [[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace]] (1999)
# [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]] (1982)
# [[Jurassic Park]] (1993)

==== Most critically acclaimed films ====
* [[Battleship Potemkin]] (1925)
* [[Citizen Kane]] (1941)
* [[Psycho]] (1960)
* [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)|The Wizard of Oz]] (1939)
* [[2001: A Space Odyssey]] (1968)
* [[The Godfather]] (1972)
* [[It's a Wonderful Life]] (1946)

=== Disease and medicine ===
* Though modérn medicine is better than ever, an [[influenza]] pandemic kills 25 million in [[1918]]-[[1919]] (the [[Spanish Flu]]), while [[AIDS]], killing many remains incurable and tréatments remain too expensive for wide use in [[developing countries]].
* Advances in [[medicine]], such as the invention of [[antibiotic]]s, decréased the number of péople dying from diséases. [[Contraceptive]] drugs and [[organ transplantation]] were developed. The discovery of [[DNA]] molecules and the advent of [[molecular biology]] allowed for [[cloning]] and [[genetic engineering]].

=== Natural resources and the environment ===
* The widespréad use of [[petroleum]] in industry—both as a chemical precursor to [[plastic]]s and as a fuel for the [[automobile]] and [[airplane]]—led to the vital géopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The [[Middle East]], home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of géopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century.
* A vast incréase in [[fossil fuel]] consumption léads to depletion of natural resources, while [[air pollution]] possibly léads to [[global warming]] and the [[ozone hole]]. The problem is incréased by world-wide [[deforestation]], also causing a loss of [[biodiversity]]. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decréased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net incréase in the amount of fossil fuel that is réadily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century.

== Significant people ==
=== Pamingpin dunya ===
* [[Afrika]]
** [[Gnassingbe Eyadema]], [[Togo]]
** [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
** [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Zambia]]
** [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[Kenya]]
** [[Idi Amin]], [[Uganda]]
** [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Afrika Kidul]]
** [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Zimbabwe]]
** [[Gamal Abdal Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Mesir]]
** [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Ghana]]
** [[Julius Nyerere]], [[Tanzania]]
** [[Habib Bourguiba]], [[Tunisia]]
** Colonel [[Moammar Al Qadhafi|Muammar Gaddafi]], [[Libya]]
** [[Cecil Rhodes]], [[Afrika Kidul]]
** [[Haile Selassie]], [[Étiopia]]
** [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], [[Senegal]]
** [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], [[Guinea]]
* [[Amérika]]
** [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[AS]]
** [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], [[AS]]
** [[Dwight Eisenhower]], [[AS]]
** [[John F. Kennedy]], [[AS]]
** [[Richard Nixon]], [[AS]]
** [[Ronald Reagan]], [[AS]]
** [[Bill Clinton]], [[AS]]
** [[George H. W. Bush]], [[AS]]
** [[George W. Bush]], [[AS]]
** [[Wilfrid Laurier]], [[Kanada]]
** [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Kanada]]
** [[Pierre Trudeau]], [[Kanada]]
** [[Che Guevara|Ernesto 'Che' Guevara]], [[Kuba]]
** [[Fidel Castro]], [[Kuba]]
** [[Juan Peron|Juan Perón]], [[Argentina]]
** [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chili]]
** [[Augusto Pinochet]], [[Chili]]
** [[Emiliano Zápata]], [[Meksiko]]
** [[Pancho Villa]], [[Meksiko]]
* [[Asia]]
** [[Mao Zedong]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]]
** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]]
** [[Pol Pot]], [[Cambodia]]
** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]]
** [[Indira Gandhi]], [[India]]
** [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Pakistan]]
** [[Mahathir Mohamad]], [[Malaysia]]
** [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[India]]
** [[Kaisar Hirohito]], [[Jepang]]
** [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Vietnam]]
** [[Sun Yat-sen]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]]
** [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Republik Cina]]
** Achmad [[Sukarno]], [[Indonesia]]
** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapura]]
* [[Eropa]]
** [[Kemal Atatürk]], [[Turki]]
** [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Winston Churchill]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Prancis]]
** [[Eamon de Valera]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]]
** [[Franz Ferdinand, Archduke Austria]], [[Austria-Hungaria]]
** Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Václav Havel]], [[Républik Céko]]
** [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Helmut Schmidt]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Helmut Kohl]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Gerhard Schröder]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Itali]]
** [[Francisco Franco]], [[Spanyol]]
** [[Jozef Pilsudski]], [[Polandia]]
** [[Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz 'Tito']], [[Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
** [[Milan Kucan|Milan Kučan]], [[Slovenia]]
** [[Olof Palme]], [[Swedia]]
** [[Nicolae Ceausescu]], [[Romania]]
** [[Lech Walesa]], [[Polandia]]
** [[John Paul II]], [[Dunya]]


* [[Wétan Tengah]]
** [[Abdul Nasser]], [[Mesir]] atawa [[United Arab Republic]]
** [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Mesir]] atawa [[United Arab Republic]]
** [[David Ben-Gurion]], [[Israel]]
** [[Golda Meir]], [[Israel]]
** [[Menachem Begin]], [[Israel]]
** [[Hafez el Assad]], [[Syria]]
** [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Irak]]
** [[King Hussein]], [[Yordania]]
* [[Rusia]] jeung [[Uni Soviet]]
** [[Czar Nicholas II]]
** [[Vladimir Lenin]]
** [[Joseph Stalin]]
** [[Leon Trotsky]]
** [[Nikita Khrushchev]]
** [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
** [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
** [[Boris Yeltsin]]
** [[Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin]]

=== Scientists ===

* [[Niels Bohr]]
* [[Albert Einstein]]
* [[Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Howard Walter Florey]]
* [[Sigmund Freud]]
* [[Kurt Gödel]]
* [[Fritz Haber]]
* [[Werner Karl Heisenberg]]
* [[Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov]]
* [[Linus Pauling]]
* [[Erwin Schrödinger]]
* [[John von Neumann]]
* [[Alan Turing]]

=== Economics and business ===

* [[John Maynard Keynes]]
* [[John Kenneth Galbraith]]
* [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Thomas J. Watson]]
* [[Bill Gates]]

=== Aerospace pioneers ===

* [[Robert Goddard (scientist)|Robert Goddard]]
* [[Wernher Von Braun]]
* [[Neil Armstrong]]
* [[Louis Bleriot]]
* [[Yuri Gagarin]]
* [[Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov]]
* [[Freddie Laker]]
* [[Charles Lindbergh]]
* [[Ronald E. McNair|Ron McNair]]
* [[Ellison S. Onizuka|Ellison Onizuka]]
* [[Herman Potocnik|Herman Potočnik Noordung]]
* [[Alan Shepard]]
* [[Valentina Tereshkova]]
* [[Wright Brothers]]

=== Military leaders ===
* [[Charles de Gaulle]]
* [[Dwight Eisenhower]]
* Sir [[Bernard Freyberg]]
* [[Douglas Haig]]
* [[Douglas MacArthur]]
* [[Rudolf Maister]]
* [[Bernard Montgomery]]
* [[Chester Nimitz]] 
* [[George Patton]]
* [[Erwin Rommel]]
* [[Franc Rozman Stane]]
* [[Leon Trotsky]]
* [[Mao Zedong]]
* [[Georgy Zhukov]]

=== Religious figures ===
* [[Grigori Rasputin]]
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Mother Theresa]] of [[Calcutta]]
* The 13th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Thubten Gyatso]]
* The 14th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]]
* The Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
* The Rev. [[Billy Graham]]
* [[Mohandas Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Prabhupada A.C. Bhaktivedanta]]

=== Artists ===
* [[Constatin Brancusi]]
* [[George Braque]]
* [[Salvador Dalí]]
* [[Marcel Duchamp]]
* [[Jacob Epstein]]
* [[Juan Gris]]
* [[Wassily Kandinsky]]
* [[Henri Matisse]]
* [[Joan Miró]]
* [[Amedeo Modigliani]]
* [[Piet Mondrian]]
* [[Henry Moore]]
* [[Pablo Picasso]]
* [[Jackson Pollock]]
* [[Andy Warhol]]

=== Entertainers ===
* [[The Beatles]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Bob Marley]]
* [[Charlie Chaplin]]
* [[Charlie Parker]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]]
* [[Groucho Marx]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
* [[Kraftwerk]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Lucille Ball]]
* [[Marilyn Monroe]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Pink Floyd]]
* [[Queen (band)]]
* [[Spike Jones]]
* [[Spike Milligan]]
* [[The Velvet Underground]]

=== Writers and poets ===
* [[Louis Aragon]]
* [[Samuel Beckett]]
* [[Jorge Luis Borges]]
* [[André Breton]]
* [[Basil Bunting]]
* [[Albert Camus]]
* [[Noam Chomsky]]
* [[Cid Corman]]
* [[Hart Crane]]
* [[Robert Creeley]] 
* [[e. e. cummings]]
* [[T. S. Eliot]]
* [[Paul Eluard]]
* [[William Faulkner]]
* [[Gabriel García Márquez]]
* [[Allen Ginsberg]]
* [[Alamgir Hashmi]]
* [[Seamus Heaney]]
* [[Ernest Hemingway]]
* [[H.D.]]
* [[Orrick Johns]]
* [[James Joyce]]
* [[Franz Kafka]]
* [[Jack Kerouac]]
* [[Philip Larkin]]
* [[Mina Loy]]
* [[Hugh MacDiarmid]]
* [[Antonio Machado]]
* [[Andre Malraux]]
* [[Marianne Moore]]
* [[Sean O'Casey]]
* [[Charles Olson]]
* [[George Oppen]]
* [[George Orwell]]
* [[Ezra Pound]]
* [[Marcel Proust]]
* [[Thomas Pynchon]]
* [[Ayn Rand]]
* [[Charles Reznikoff]]
* [[Dorothy Richardson]]
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
* [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
* [[Gary Snyder]]
* [[Gertrude Stein]] 
* [[Wallace Stevens]]
* [[John Millington Synge]]
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
* [[William Carlos Williams]]
* [[Virginia Woolf]]
* [[W. B. Yeats]]
* [[Louis Zukofsky]]

=== Sports figures ===
* [[Babe Ruth]]
* [[Muhammad Ali]]
* [[Wilfred Benitez]]
* [[Larry Bird]]
* Sir [[Donald Bradman]]
* [[Roberto Clemente]]
* [[Fausto Coppi]]
* [[Angel Cordero]]
* [[Wilfredo Gomez]]
* [[Wayne Gretzky]]
* Sir [[Edmund Hillary]]
* [[Magic Johnson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Martina Navratilova]]
* [[Diego Maradona]]
* [[Jack Nicklaus]]
* [[Pelé]]
* [[Jackie Robinson]]
* [[Martin Strel]]
* [[Mark Todd (NZ)|Mark Todd]]
* [[Mike Tyson]]
* [[Ted Williams]]

=== Notorious figures ===
* [[Adolf Hitler]]
* [[Saddam Hussein]]
* [[Joseph Goebbels]]
* [[Osama bin Laden]]
* [[Timothy McVeigh]]
* [[Charles Manson]]
* [[Harold Shipman]]
* [[Josef Stalin]]
* [[Jeffrey Dahmer]]

== Decades and years ==
{{DekadeJeungTaun1|20}}
{{Abad}}

[[Kategori:Abad jeung Dékadeu]]</text>
      <sha1>r01lqmgevjepvr69j1n8s4tvobju0cu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>630675</id>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-23T05:49:11Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="18886" xml:space="preserve">Minangka catetan waktu nu geus kaliwat, '''abad ka-20''' nyaéta taun-taun antara 1901-2000. Dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]Abad ka-20 dimimitian ti [[1 Januari]] [[1901]] sarta dipungkas [[31 Desember]] [[2000]]. Sababaraha ahli sajarah nganggep jaman ti antara 1914 nepi ka 1991 minangka [[Abad Kaduapuluh hiji nu Pondok]] ''(Short Twentieth Century)''.

{{Tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
Dina basa sapopoe, disebut &quot;sarebu salapan ratus&quot; ([[1000]]), nunjul kana taun [[1900]] nepika  [[1999]].
The twentieth century was a remarkable shift in the very existence of humanity due to the technological, medical, social, idéological, and international innovations. Terms like [[genocide]], [[holocaust]], [[nuclear war]], and [[terrorism]] rose to common language and an influence on the lives of everyday péople.  &lt;!-- [[War]] reached an unprecedented scale where land and armies became one of many new (what??) --&gt; The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the [[19th century]], continued at an ever-incréasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world péace. As the 35th United States présidént [[John F. Kennedy]] said:

&quot;What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common length is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breath the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal.&quot;

Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century.

----

* [[20th century/Death rates|Death rates]]
* [[20th century/Infant mortality|Infant mortality]]
* [[20th century/Infectious disease|Infectious disease]]
* [[20th century/Life expectancy|Life expectancy]]
* [[20th century/Maternal death rates|Maternal death rates]]
* [[List of battles 1901-forward|Battles]]

== Kamekaran penting, kajadian jeung beubeunangan ==
=== Élmu jeung téhnologi ===
[[Gambar:AssemblyLine.jpg|thumb|250px|Line assembly Ford, 1913]]
* The [[assembly line]] and [[mass production]] of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and chéaper products. This allowed the [[automobile]] to become the most important méans of transportation.
* The invention of [[Airplane|heavier-than-air flying machines]] and the [[jet engine]] allowed for the world to become &quot;smaller&quot;. [[Space science|Space flight]] incréased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global réal-time communications via [[geosynchronous satellite]]s.
* [[Mass media]] technologies such as [[film]], [[radio]], and [[television]] allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact
* Mass availability of the [[telephone]] and later, the [[computer]], especially through the [[Internet]], provides péople with new opportunities for néar-instantanéous communication
* Applied [[electronics]], notably in its miniaturized form as [[integrated circuit]]s, made possible the above mentioned rise of [[mass media]], telecommunications, ubiquitous [[Computer|computing]], and all kinds of &quot;intelligent&quot; appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of [[Moore's Law|exponentially growing]] calculation power (see [[supercomputer]]).
* The development of [[Nitrogen]] fertilizer, [[pesticide]]s and [[herbicide]]s resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield.
* Advances in fundamental [[physics]] through the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum mechanics]] led to the development of [[nuclear weapon]]s, the [[nuclear reactor]], and the [[laser]].  [[Fusion power]] was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century.
* The [[big bang]] modél of [[cosmology]] was developed.
* Inventions such as the [[washing machine]] and [[air conditioning]] led to an incréase in both the quantity and quality of [[leisure time]] for the [[middle class]] in Western societies.
* Most influencing inventions in the 20th century: [[Antibiotics]], [[Internet]]
* [[Timeline of invention#1900-1999|More...]]

=== Perang jeung pulitik ===
[[Gambar:WW1_TitlePicture_For_Wikipedia_Article.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Warfare in the éarly 20th Century (1914-1918)'''&lt;br /&gt;''Clockwise from top:'' [[front line]] [[Trench warfare|Trenches]], 
a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Mark I (tank)|Mark I Tank]] crossing a trench,
the [[Royal Navy]] [[battleship]] [[HMS Irresistible (1898)|HMS Irresistible]] sinking after striking a [[Naval mine|mine]] at the [[battle of the Dardanelles]], 
a [[Vickers machine gun]] crew with [[gas mask]]s 
and a [[Sopwith Camel]] [[biplane]].]]
* Rising [[nationalism]] and incréasing national awareness were among the causes of [[World War I]], the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Jepang]], the [[United States]] and the [[British Commonwealth]]. World War I led to the création of many new countries, especially in [[Eastern Europe]].
* The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of [[Fascism]] and [[Nazism]] in Europe, and shortly to [[World War II]]. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of [[Jepang|Japanese]] aggression against [[China]] and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered gréatly in the Second—from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German [[genocide]] of the [[Jew]]s and others, known as the [[Holocaust]].
* Unhappiness in [[Russia]] led to the rise of [[Communism]] and the [[Russian Revolution]]. After the [[Soviet Union]]'s involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spréading all over the world: notably, to éastern [[Europe]], [[China]], [[Indochina]] and [[Cuba]]. This led to the [[Cold War]] with [[The West|the western world]], led by the [[United States]].
* The &quot;fall of Communism&quot; in the late [[1980s]] left the [[United States]] as the world's only [[superpower]]. It also led to the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] into successor states, many rife with [[ethnic nationalism]].
* Through the [[League of Nations]] and, after [[World War II]], the [[United Nations]], international cooperation incréased. Other efforts included the formation of the [[European Union]], léading to a common currency in much of [[Western Europe]], the [[euro]].
* The end of [[colonialism]] led to the independence of many nagara di [[Afrika]] jeung [[Asia]]. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense.
* The création of [[Israel]], a [[Jew]]ish state in a mostly [[Arab]] region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast [[oil]] fields in many of the [[Arab]] countries.

=== Five overall largest mass killings of the 20th century ===
(méasured in numbers of péople killed; also see [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/misc/misery.html])
* [[World War II]] and regime of [[Adolf Hitler]] (1937-1945), over 50 million déad, including the [[Holocaust]], killing two-thirds of the [[Judaism|Jewish]] population of Europe (6&amp;nbsp;million).
* Regime of [[Mao Zedong]] and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] famine (1949-1976), over 28 million déad.
* Regime of [[Joseph Stalin]] (1924-1953), over 20 million déad.
* [[World War I]] (1914-1918), over 15 million déad.
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918-1921), over 8.5 million déad.

=== Budaya jeung hiburan ===
[[Gambar:Film reel and film.jpg|thumb|250px|&quot;[[Film]]&quot; refers to the celluloid media on which motion pictures reside]]
* [[Cinema|Movies]], [[music]] and the [[medium|media]] had a major influence on [[fashion]] and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the [[United States]], American culture spréad rapidly over the world.
* After gaining political rights in the [[United States]] and much of [[Europe]] in the first part of the century, women became more independent throughout the century.
* modérn art developed new styles such as [[expressionism]], [[cubism]], and [[surrealism]].
* The [[automobile]] provided vastly incréased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the éarly to mid-century, spréading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a léading symbol of modérn society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles.
* [[Sport]]s became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on [[television]], became a popular activity.

==== Highest grossing films of the 20th century ====
# [[Titanic (1997 movie)|Titanic]] (1997)
# [[Star Wars]] (1977)
# [[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace]] (1999)
# [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]] (1982)
# [[Jurassic Park]] (1993)

==== Most critically acclaimed films ====
* [[Battleship Potemkin]] (1925)
* [[Citizen Kane]] (1941)
* [[Psycho]] (1960)
* [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)|The Wizard of Oz]] (1939)
* [[2001: A Space Odyssey]] (1968)
* [[The Godfather]] (1972)
* [[It's a Wonderful Life]] (1946)

=== Disease and medicine ===
* Though modérn medicine is better than ever, an [[influenza]] pandemic kills 25 million in [[1918]]-[[1919]] (the [[Spanish Flu]]), while [[AIDS]], killing many remains incurable and tréatments remain too expensive for wide use in [[developing countries]].
* Advances in [[medicine]], such as the invention of [[antibiotic]]s, decréased the number of péople dying from diséases. [[Contraceptive]] drugs and [[organ transplantation]] were developed. The discovery of [[DNA]] molecules and the advent of [[molecular biology]] allowed for [[cloning]] and [[genetic engineering]].

=== Natural resources and the environment ===
* The widespréad use of [[petroleum]] in industry—both as a chemical precursor to [[plastic]]s and as a fuel for the [[automobile]] and [[airplane]]—led to the vital géopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The [[Middle East]], home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of géopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century.
* A vast incréase in [[fossil fuel]] consumption léads to depletion of natural resources, while [[air pollution]] possibly léads to [[global warming]] and the [[ozone hole]]. The problem is incréased by world-wide [[deforestation]], also causing a loss of [[biodiversity]]. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decréased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net incréase in the amount of fossil fuel that is réadily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century.

== Significant people ==
=== Pamingpin dunya ===
* [[Afrika]]
** [[Gnassingbe Eyadema]], [[Togo]]
** [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
** [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Zambia]]
** [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[Kenya]]
** [[Idi Amin]], [[Uganda]]
** [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Afrika Kidul]]
** [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Zimbabwe]]
** [[Gamal Abdal Nasser|Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Mesir]]
** [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Ghana]]
** [[Julius Nyerere]], [[Tanzania]]
** [[Habib Bourguiba]], [[Tunisia]]
** Colonel [[Moammar Al Qadhafi|Muammar Gaddafi]], [[Libya]]
** [[Cecil Rhodes]], [[Afrika Kidul]]
** [[Haile Selassie]], [[Étiopia]]
** [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], [[Senegal]]
** [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], [[Guinea]]
* [[Amérika]]
** [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[AS]]
** [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], [[AS]]
** [[Dwight Eisenhower]], [[AS]]
** [[John F. Kennedy]], [[AS]]
** [[Richard Nixon]], [[AS]]
** [[Ronald Reagan]], [[AS]]
** [[Bill Clinton]], [[AS]]
** [[George H. W. Bush]], [[AS]]
** [[George W. Bush]], [[AS]]
** [[Wilfrid Laurier]], [[Kanada]]
** [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Kanada]]
** [[Pierre Trudeau]], [[Kanada]]
** [[Che Guevara|Ernesto 'Che' Guevara]], [[Kuba]]
** [[Fidel Castro]], [[Kuba]]
** [[Juan Peron|Juan Perón]], [[Argentina]]
** [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chili]]
** [[Augusto Pinochet]], [[Chili]]
** [[Emiliano Zápata]], [[Meksiko]]
** [[Pancho Villa]], [[Meksiko]]
* [[Asia]]
** [[Mao Zedong]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]]
** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]]
** [[Pol Pot]], [[Cambodia]]
** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]]
** [[Indira Gandhi]], [[India]]
** [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Pakistan]]
** [[Mahathir Mohamad]], [[Malaysia]]
** [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[India]]
** [[Kaisar Hirohito]], [[Jepang]]
** [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Vietnam]]
** [[Sun Yat-sen]], [[Republik Rahayat Cina]]
** [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Republik Cina]]
** Achmad [[Sukarno]], [[Indonesia]]
** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapura]]
* [[Eropa]]
** [[Kemal Atatürk]], [[Turki]]
** [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Winston Churchill]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Prancis]]
** [[Eamon de Valera]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]]
** [[Franz Ferdinand, Archduke Austria]], [[Austria-Hungaria]]
** Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Václav Havel]], [[Républik Céko]]
** [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Helmut Schmidt]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Helmut Kohl]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Gerhard Schröder]], [[Jerman]]
** [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Itali]]
** [[Francisco Franco]], [[Spanyol]]
** [[Jozef Pilsudski]], [[Polandia]]
** [[Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz 'Tito']], [[Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
** [[Milan Kucan|Milan Kučan]], [[Slovenia]]
** [[Olof Palme]], [[Swedia]]
** [[Nicolae Ceausescu]], [[Romania]]
** [[Lech Walesa]], [[Polandia]]
** [[John Paul II]], [[Dunya]]


* [[Wétan Tengah]]
** [[Abdul Nasser]], [[Mesir]] atawa [[United Arab Republic]]
** [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Mesir]] atawa [[United Arab Republic]]
** [[David Ben-Gurion]], [[Israel]]
** [[Golda Meir]], [[Israel]]
** [[Menachem Begin]], [[Israel]]
** [[Hafez el Assad]], [[Syria]]
** [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Irak]]
** [[King Hussein]], [[Yordania]]
* [[Rusia]] jeung [[Uni Soviet]]
** [[Czar Nicholas II]]
** [[Vladimir Lenin]]
** [[Joseph Stalin]]
** [[Leon Trotsky]]
** [[Nikita Khrushchev]]
** [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
** [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
** [[Boris Yeltsin]]
** [[Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin]]

=== Scientists ===

* [[Niels Bohr]]
* [[Albert Einstein]]
* [[Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Howard Walter Florey]]
* [[Sigmund Freud]]
* [[Kurt Gödel]]
* [[Fritz Haber]]
* [[Werner Karl Heisenberg]]
* [[Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov]]
* [[Linus Pauling]]
* [[Erwin Schrödinger]]
* [[John von Neumann]]
* [[Alan Turing]]

=== Economics and business ===

* [[John Maynard Keynes]]
* [[John Kenneth Galbraith]]
* [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[Henry Ford]]
* [[Thomas J. Watson]]
* [[Bill Gates]]

=== Aerospace pioneers ===

* [[Robert Goddard (scientist)|Robert Goddard]]
* [[Wernher Von Braun]]
* [[Neil Armstrong]]
* [[Louis Bleriot]]
* [[Yuri Gagarin]]
* [[Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov]]
* [[Freddie Laker]]
* [[Charles Lindbergh]]
* [[Ronald E. McNair|Ron McNair]]
* [[Ellison S. Onizuka|Ellison Onizuka]]
* [[Herman Potocnik|Herman Potočnik Noordung]]
* [[Alan Shepard]]
* [[Valentina Tereshkova]]
* [[Wright Brothers]]

=== Military leaders ===
* [[Charles de Gaulle]]
* [[Dwight Eisenhower]]
* Sir [[Bernard Freyberg]]
* [[Douglas Haig]]
* [[Douglas MacArthur]]
* [[Rudolf Maister]]
* [[Bernard Montgomery]]
* [[Chester Nimitz]] 
* [[George Patton]]
* [[Erwin Rommel]]
* [[Franc Rozman Stane]]
* [[Leon Trotsky]]
* [[Mao Zedong]]
* [[Georgy Zhukov]]

=== Religious figures ===
* [[Grigori Rasputin]]
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Mother Theresa]] of [[Calcutta]]
* The 13th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Thubten Gyatso]]
* The 14th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]]
* The Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
* The Rev. [[Billy Graham]]
* [[Mohandas Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Prabhupada A.C. Bhaktivedanta]]

=== Artists ===
* [[Constatin Brancusi]]
* [[George Braque]]
* [[Salvador Dalí]]
* [[Marcel Duchamp]]
* [[Jacob Epstein]]
* [[Juan Gris]]
* [[Wassily Kandinsky]]
* [[Henri Matisse]]
* [[Joan Miró]]
* [[Amedeo Modigliani]]
* [[Piet Mondrian]]
* [[Henry Moore]]
* [[Pablo Picasso]]
* [[Jackson Pollock]]
* [[Andy Warhol]]

=== Entertainers ===
* [[The Beatles]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Bob Marley]]
* [[Charlie Chaplin]]
* [[Charlie Parker]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]]
* [[Groucho Marx]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
* [[Kraftwerk]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Lucille Ball]]
* [[Marilyn Monroe]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Pink Floyd]]
* [[Queen (band)]]
* [[Spike Jones]]
* [[Spike Milligan]]
* [[The Velvet Underground]]

=== Writers and poets ===
* [[Louis Aragon]]
* [[Samuel Beckett]]
* [[Jorge Luis Borges]]
* [[André Breton]]
* [[Basil Bunting]]
* [[Albert Camus]]
* [[Noam Chomsky]]
* [[Cid Corman]]
* [[Hart Crane]]
* [[Robert Creeley]] 
* [[e. e. cummings]]
* [[T. S. Eliot]]
* [[Paul Eluard]]
* [[William Faulkner]]
* [[Gabriel García Márquez]]
* [[Allen Ginsberg]]
* [[Alamgir Hashmi]]
* [[Seamus Heaney]]
* [[Ernest Hemingway]]
* [[H.D.]]
* [[Orrick Johns]]
* [[James Joyce]]
* [[Franz Kafka]]
* [[Jack Kerouac]]
* [[Philip Larkin]]
* [[Mina Loy]]
* [[Hugh MacDiarmid]]
* [[Antonio Machado]]
* [[Andre Malraux]]
* [[Marianne Moore]]
* [[Sean O'Casey]]
* [[Charles Olson]]
* [[George Oppen]]
* [[George Orwell]]
* [[Ezra Pound]]
* [[Marcel Proust]]
* [[Thomas Pynchon]]
* [[Ayn Rand]]
* [[Charles Reznikoff]]
* [[Dorothy Richardson]]
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
* [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
* [[Gary Snyder]]
* [[Gertrude Stein]] 
* [[Wallace Stevens]]
* [[John Millington Synge]]
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
* [[William Carlos Williams]]
* [[Virginia Woolf]]
* [[W. B. Yeats]]
* [[Louis Zukofsky]]

=== Sports figures ===
* [[Babe Ruth]]
* [[Muhammad Ali]]
* [[Wilfred Benitez]]
* [[Larry Bird]]
* Sir [[Donald Bradman]]
* [[Roberto Clemente]]
* [[Fausto Coppi]]
* [[Angel Cordero]]
* [[Wilfredo Gomez]]
* [[Wayne Gretzky]]
* Sir [[Edmund Hillary]]
* [[Magic Johnson]]
* [[Michael Jordan]]
* [[Martina Navratilova]]
* [[Diego Maradona]]
* [[Jack Nicklaus]]
* [[Pelé]]
* [[Jackie Robinson]]
* [[Martin Strel]]
* [[Mark Todd (NZ)|Mark Todd]]
* [[Mike Tyson]]
* [[Ted Williams]]

=== Notorious figures ===
* [[Adolf Hitler]]
* [[Saddam Hussein]]
* [[Joseph Goebbels]]
* [[Osama bin Laden]]
* [[Timothy McVeigh]]
* [[Charles Manson]]
* [[Harold Shipman]]
* [[Josef Stalin]]
* [[Jeffrey Dahmer]]

== Decades and years ==
{{DekadeJeungTaun1|20}}
{{Abad}}

[[Kategori:Abad jeung Dékadeu]]</text>
      <sha1>rbdgmq37xm1b8kz62doc0crhjk9brr4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2003</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>630670</id>
      <parentid>630654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-23T03:28:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.79.19.59</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadiah Nobel */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="930" xml:space="preserve">{{Taun nav|2003}}
{{C21TaunDumasarJejer}}
{{TaunDinaKalenderSejen}}
'''2003''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMIII]]''') mangrupa [[taun biasa nu dimimitian poé Rebo]] dina [[kalénder Gregori]].

[[Januari]] - 28 [[Propinsi di Indonesia]]
[[Donald Knuth]] elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

== Hadiah Nobel ==
'''[[Hadiah Nobel widang kimia]]:'''
[[Peter Agre]], [[Roderick MacKinnon]], pikeun papanggihanana ngeunaan kanal na [[mémbran sél]]

'''Élmu ékonomi:'''
[[Robert Engle]] jeung [[Clive Granger]], for work on analysing economic time series.  - [[Statistika ékonomi]]
----
&lt;center&gt;[[1990-an|◄]] '''[[2000-an]]''' [[2010-an|►]] ([[Abad ka-21]], 
[[Milénium ka-3]])''&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;[[1999|◄]] • [[2000]] • [[2001]] • [[2002]] • [[2003]] • [[2004]] • [[2005]] • [[2006]] • [[2007]] • [[2008]] • [[2009]] • [[2010|►]]&lt;/center&gt;
{{Commonscat|2003}}
{{Kajadian perbulan}}
{{Kalender-pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>sm9tij11swqa4r1cd2jknxeyrfjme6a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>630673</id>
      <parentid>630670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-23T05:17:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.79.19.59</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadiah Nobel */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="949" xml:space="preserve">{{Taun nav|2003}}
{{C21TaunDumasarJejer}}
{{TaunDinaKalenderSejen}}
'''2003''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMIII]]''') mangrupa [[taun biasa nu dimimitian poé Rebo]] dina [[kalénder Gregori]].

[[Januari]] - 28 [[Propinsi di Indonesia]]
[[Donald Knuth]] elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

== Hadiah Nobel ==
'''[[Hadiah Nobel widang kimia]]:'''
[[Peter Agre]], [[Roderick MacKinnon]], pikeun papanggihanana ngeunaan kanal na [[mémbran sél]]

'''Élmu ékonomi:'''
[[Robert Engle]] jeung [[Clive Granger]], for work on analysing economic time series.  - [[Statistika ékonomi]]
----
&lt;center&gt;[[1990-an|◄]] '''[[2000-an]]''' [[2010-an|►]] ([[Abad ka-21]], 
[[Milénium ka-3]])''&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;[[1999|◄]] • [[2000]] • [[2001]] • [[2002]] • [[2003]] • [[2004]] • [[2005]] • [[2006]] • [[2007]] • [[2008]] • [[2009]] • [[2010|►]]&lt;/center&gt;
{{Lists of years}}
{{Commonscat|2003}}
{{Kajadian perbulan}}
{{Kalender-pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>ae6izsao44w5s4htifptnqszi2yru7y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>630674</id>
      <parentid>630673</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-23T05:21:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.79.19.59</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hadiah Nobel */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="973" xml:space="preserve">{{Taun nav|2003}}
{{C21TaunDumasarJejer}}
{{TaunDinaKalenderSejen}}
'''2003''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMIII]]''') mangrupa [[taun biasa nu dimimitian poé Rebo]] dina [[kalénder Gregori]].

[[Januari]] - 28 [[Propinsi di Indonesia]]
[[Donald Knuth]] elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

== Hadiah Nobel ==
'''[[Hadiah Nobel widang kimia]]:'''
[[Peter Agre]], [[Roderick MacKinnon]], pikeun papanggihanana ngeunaan kanal na [[mémbran sél]]

'''Élmu ékonomi:'''
[[Robert Engle]] jeung [[Clive Granger]], for work on analysing economic time series.  - [[Statistika ékonomi]]
----
&lt;center&gt;[[1990-an|◄]] '''[[2000-an]]''' [[2010-an|►]] ([[Abad ka-21]], 
[[Milénium ka-3]])''&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;[[1999|◄]] • [[2000]] • [[2001]] • [[2002]] • [[2003]] • [[2004]] • [[2005]] • [[2006]] • [[2007]] • [[2008]] • [[2009]] • [[2010|►]]&lt;/center&gt;
{{DekadeJeungTaun1|21}}
{{Lists of years}}
{{Commonscat|2003}}
{{Kajadian perbulan}}
{{Kalender-pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>1w03lv5zaufb6dcvtkfnyqq0bltluku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Japan Airlines</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>630685</id>
      <parentid>593144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-23T10:50:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>112.200.7.102</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19982" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_Airline |
airline=Japan Airlines&lt;br /&gt;日本航空&lt;br /&gt;''Nihon Kōkū''|
logo=Japan Airlines Wordmark (2011).svg|
logo_size=110px|
IATA=JL|
ICAO=JAL|
callsign=Japanair|
parent=Japan Airlines Corp.|
founded=1951 (as Japan Air Lines)|
headquarters=[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]|
key_people=Haruka Nishimatsu(President and [[CEO]])|
hubs=[[Narita International Airport]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tokyo International Airport]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kansai International Airport]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Osaka International Airport]]|
focus_cities=[[Chubu Centrair International Airport|Chubu Centrair Int'l Airport]]|
frequent_flyer=[[JAL Mileage Bank]]|
lounge=SAKURA Lounge|
alliance= [[oneworld]] (as of April 1, 2007) |
fleet_size=232 (75 orders)|
destinations=125|
website= http://www.jal.com/|
}}
[[Gambar:800pix.jal.b747-400.ja8079.jpg|thumb|250px|JAL [[Boeing 747-400]] dina wanda rupa 1989-2002]]
[[Gambar:JAL Cargo B747-446F (JA402J) taxiing at London Heathrow Airport.jpg|thumb|right|250px|JAL Cargo Boeing 747-400 (JA402J) nungguan memeh ngapung]]
[[Gambar:JAL B767-300ER(JA656J) (6493004631).jpg|thumb|250px|A JAL Boeing 767 di [[Tokyo International Airport|Haneda]].]]
[[Gambar:JA731J (8711441335).jpg|thumb|250px|JAL Boeing 777-300ER]]

{{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines Corporation'''|株式会社日本航空|Kabushiki-gaisha Nihon Kōkū}} ({{tyo|9205}}), atawa '''JAL''', nyaéta operator [[airline]] panggedéna di Asia.

Dua parusahaan maké merek JAL nyaéta: {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines International'''|日本航空インターナショナル|Nihon Kōkū Intānashonaru}} jeung {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines Domestic'''|日本航空ジャパン|Nihon Kōkū Japan}}. [[Japan Airlines Domestic]] nu ngutamakeun jaringan terbang keur di jero negri Jepang, sedengekun JAL International boh keur international jeung domestik.  Dina 1 Oktober 2006, Japan Airlines International jeung Japan Airlines Domestic ngahiji dina maké ngaran Japan Airlines International.  JAL Corporation ogé mibanda tujuh parusahaan airline leutik atawa keur mantuan penerbangan JAL utama nyaéta:
* [[Hokkaido Air System]]
* [[JAL Express]]
* [[JALways]]
* [[J-Air]]
* [[Japan Air Commuter]]
* [[Japan Asia Airways]]
* [[Japan Transocean Air]]

JAL panglobana maké pesawat [[Boeing 747]] (ampir 76, dina March [[2005]]). Salah sahiji tina dua airline [[Asia]] nu ngapung ka [[Latin America|Amerika Latin]] ([[Malaysia Airlines]] ka [[Buenos Aires]], JAL ka [[Mexico City]] jeung [[São Paulo]]).

Japan Airlines bakal ngagabung ka [[oneworld]] dina 1 April 2007.

== Sajarah ==
=== Era regulasi ===
'''Japan Air Lines Co., Ltd.''' diadegkeun dina bulan Agustus [[1951]], ku pamaréntah Jepang keur ngawangun sistem transportasi udara nu bisa dipercaya, dipiharep bakal mantuan tumuwuhna ekonomi Jepang sanggeus éléh dina  [[World War II|Perang Dunya Kadua]].  Dina tanggal [[25 Oktober]], maké tilu kapal udara ti[[Northwest Airlines]] [[Martin Aircraft|Martin]] 2-0-2, sarta kru Northwest, Japan Air Lines mimiti ngalayanan sababaraha kota ti Tokyo. [http://www.japanair.com/e/aboutjal/history.php]
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
On 1 Agustus, [[1953]], the [[Diet of Japan]] passed the {{nihongo|Japan Air Lines Company Act|日本航空株式会社法|Nihon Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha Hō}}, forming a new state-owned '''Japan Air Lines''', which assumed all assets and liabilities of its private predecessor on October 1. Its first aircraft, a [[DC-3]] named &quot;Kinsei&quot;, was léased from [[Philippine Airlines]]. Japan Airlines, in addition to the 2-0-2's, used [[DC-3]], [[DC-4]], [[DC-6]] and [[DC-7]] during the [[1950s]].

On February 2, 1954, Japan Airlines began its first international service, flying from [[Tokyo]] to [[San Francisco]].  This flight, operating on a [[DC-6]]B, made stops at [[Wake Island]] and [[Honolulu]] before arriving in San Francisco, A one-way ticket for the twice-weekly flight cost $650.  To this day, San Francisco to Tokyo is Japan Airlines flight number 001.

In [[1960]], Japan Airlines bought their first jet, a [[DC-8]]. Soon after, they decided to re-equip their airline, using jet aircraft only. That decade, many new international destinations were established.

Under the {{nihongo|45/47 system|45/47体制|yon'go-yon'nana taisei}}, the so-called &quot;aviation constitution&quot; enacted by the Japanese government in [[1972]], JAL was granted [[flag carrier]] status to operate international routes, and was also designated to operate domestic trunk routes in competition with [[All Nippon Airways]]. During this era, JAL bought the [[Boeing 747]], the [[Boeing 727]] and the [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[DC-10]] to accommodate their growing list of routes within Japan and to other countries. In the [[1980]]s Japan Airlines performed special flights for the Crown Prince of Japan and the Princess, [[Pope]] [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]],  and for Japanese prime ministers. During that decade they also began to be more promotionally aware, with [[Model aircraft|plane models]] and other [[promotional item]]s being produced in quantity. It also bought new [[Boeing 767]] jets and retired the DC-8s and 727s.

=== Deregulated era ===
Japan began considering airline deregulation in the late 1970s, with the government announced the abandoning of the 45/47 system in 1985. In [[1987]], Japan Airlines was completely privatised, and the other two airlines in Japan, [[All Nippon Airways]] and [[Japan Air System]], were permitted to freely compete with JAL on domestic and international routes.

Japan Airlines began the [[1990s]] with flights to help evacuate Japanese citizens from [[Iraq]] before the start of the [[Gulf War]]. In [[1992]], [[Japan Air Charter]] was established, and in [[1997]] an agreement with [[The Walt Disney Company]] was announced, making Japan Airlines the official airline of [[Tokyo Disneyland]]. That yéar also [[JAL Express]] had been established, with [[Boeing 737]] aircraft. Also in 1997 the airline flew the Japanese prime minister to [[Peru]] to help negotiate in the Tupac Amaru kidnapping case. Japan Airlines acquired [[Boeing 777]]s during that decade.

[[Gambar:jal.cargo.b747-400.ja8909.arp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|JAL Cargo [[Boeing 747]]-400 takes off]]

In [[2001]] Japan Air System and Japan Airlines agreed to merge. On [[October 2]], [[2002]] they established a new holding company called {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines System'''|日本航空システム|Nihon Kōkū Shisutemu}}, forming a new core of the JAL Group.  Aircraft liveries were changed to match the design of the new JAL Group.  At that time the merged group of airlines was the sixth largest in the world by passengers carried, and the third largest méasured by revenue.

On [[April 1]], [[2004]], JAL changed its name to '''Japan Airlines International''' and JAS changed its name to '''Japan Airlines Domestic'''. JAS flight codes were changed to JAL flight codes, JAS check-in desks were refitted in JAL livery and JAS aircraft were gradually repainted. On [[June 26]], 2004, the parent company Japan Airlines System was renamed to '''Japan Airlines Corporation'''.

JAL applied to join the [[airline alliance]] Oneworld on [[October 25]], [[2005]]. JAL is currently codesharing with several members of Oneworld, including [[American Airlines]], [[British Airways]], [[Cathay Pacific]], [[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]], and [[Qantas]]. Also, Oneworld's [[LAN (airline)|LAN]] is one of the partners of JAL's frequent flyer programme, JAL Miléage Bank.

JALUX Inc., established 1962, is JAL's catering company which does a variety of work for the company including the &quot;De sky&quot; line of snack foods, supplying JAL's 'Blue Sky' restaurants and 'JAL-DFS' shops, Aircraft fuel components, cabin services and In-flight duty-free. JALUX merged with JAS Trading on January 2004 to unify support operations for the JAL group.

Japan Airlines is one of the most widely known companies by modél aeroplane collectors, their planes being produced in mass quantities by [[Schabak]], [[Wooster]], [[Herpa]], [[Flight Miniatures]], [[Long Prosper]] and [[Dragon Wings]].

[[Gambar:JAL 747 landing.JPG|thumb|A JAL 747-400 landing a Sydney airport]]

== Rute tujuan ==
{{further|[[Tujuan Japan Airlines|Rute tujuan JAL]]}}

== Fleet ==
The Japan Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft as August 2006:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jal.co.jp/en/aircraft/ Japan Airlines Corporate Fleet Information]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
|+ '''Japan Airlines Fleet'''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
!Aircraft
!Total
!Passengers
!Notes
|-
|[[Airbus A300|Airbus A300-600R]]
|22
|292
|Domestic routes&lt;br /&gt;Replacement aircraft: [[Boeing 787]]
|-
|[[Boeing 737#737-400|Boeing 737-400]]
|23
|150
|JAL Express/JTA domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-800]]
|(30 orders)
|
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-100|Boeing 747-100SR SUD]]
|1
|533
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-200|Boeing 747-200]]
|5
|
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-200|Boeing 747-200F]]
|8
|
|Cargo routes
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300]]
|10
|350&lt;br /&gt;483
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300SR]]
|2
|
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400]]
|33
|299 (11/87/201)&lt;br /&gt;346 (12/97/237)&lt;br /&gt;446 (52/394)
|Domestic and international routes
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400BCF]]
|1
|
|Cargo routes
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400D]]
|8
|568
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400F]]
|2
|
|Cargo routes
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-200]]
|3
|230
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
|19
|213&lt;br /&gt;239
|
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]]
|15&lt;br /&gt;(3 orders)
|
|
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ERF]]
|(4 orders)
|
|Cargo and international routes 
|-
|[[Boeing 777#777-200|Boeing 777-200]]
|14&lt;br /&gt;(1 order)
|389
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 777#777-200ER|Boeing 777-200ER]]
|11
| 
|International routes
|-
|[[Boeing 777#777-300|Boeing 777-300]]
|7
|470
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 777#777-300ER|Boeing 777-300ER]]
|6&lt;br /&gt;(7 orders)
|292
|International routes&lt;br /&gt;Launch customer
|-
|[[Boeing 787-3]]
|align=center|(13 orders) 
|
|
|-
|[[Boeing 787-8]]
|align=center|(17 orders)
|
| 
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-81]]
|18
|163
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-87]]
|8
|134
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30]]
|16
|166
|Domestic routes
|}
&lt;/center&gt;
The [[Boeing]] [[List of Boeing customer codes|customer codes]] for Japan Airlines are x'''46''' for JAL International (pre-merger JAL aircraft) and x'''89''' for JAL Domestic (former [[Japan Air System|JAS]] aircraft);

Aircraft disposed of include 8 [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-400]], 8 [[Boeing 747#747-100|Boeing 747-100]], 6 [[Boeing 747#747-100|Boeing 747SR]] (one now being used as a [[NASA]] [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]]), 19 [[Boeing 747#747-200|Boeing 747-200]], 5 [[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300]] and 10 [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] aircraft.

In December [[2004]], Japan Airlines announced the selection of the [[Boeing 787]] for its medium-size aircraft fleet. It is seeking 30 aircraft, with options on 20 more. Delivery is expected to start in [[2008]] and the aircraft will be used on domestic and international routes (ref: Airliner World, March 2005).

Japan Airlines confirmed an order for six new [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] aircraft, three freighter and three passenger modéls, valued at approximately $800 million at list prices (ref:Airliner World, September 2005).

On October 31, 2005 Japan Airlines operated its last two [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10|DC-10]] flights. One aircraft, JA8543, operating flight JL736 from [[Hong Kong International Airport]] to [[Narita International Airport]], touched down at 16:05. Another aircraft, JA8541, operating flight JL952 from [[Incheon International Airport]] to Narita International Airport touched down at 16:37, marking the DC-10's last flight with the airline, after over 30 yéars of  operations with the airline.

In the future, Japan Airline is looking forward to see the possibility to order the 747-8 aircraft.

Since 1984, Japan Airlines has been the largest [[Boeing 747]] operator in the world.

The average age of Japan Airlines fleet is 12.1 yéars, at April 2006.

== In-flight entertainment ==
The JAL and JAA onboard entertainment system is called ''MAGIC''. The system is updated by JAL Entertainment Network (JEN) and féatures credit card phone, movies, destination guides with instructions on how to fill out immigration cards, active aircraft stats, games, and more. There are three generations of the MAGIC system: MAGIC-I, MAGIC-II, and MAGIC-III. The latest MAGIC-III system which is installed in [[Boeing 767]] and [[Boeing 777]] aircraft (also available on select [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]] aircraft), provides Audio/Vidéo On Demand (AVOD) entertainment to all passengers. Aircraft with MAGIC-I and MAGIC-II have movies that automatically start when the AVOD system is turned on—once the aircraft réaches cruise level—and economy class passengers can tune in to watch the movie in progress. All movies restart upon completion. Executive (Business) and First class passengers have full AVOD control.

MAGIC systems have JAL's duty-free shopping catalogue, including flight crew recommendations and a vidéo of specials available on the flight. When the aircraft is in the pushback, taxi, takéoff, ascent, descent, stacking, landing, taxi, and docking phases of flight, all TV's in the cabin automatically tune into the vidéo camera outside the aircraft to provide &quot;Pilot Vision&quot; to the passengers. This féature is common on many Japanese airlines.

In June 2006, JAL announced a promotion féaturing the [[Nintendo DS Lite]]. Between June 1 and August 31, all Executive and First Class passengers would be offered use of Nintendo DS Lites specially manufactured for air travel (the wireless capabilities of these units were removed in order to conform with airline safety standards).[http://www.jal.co.jp/en/nds/]

The JAL Group has its own inflight magazine called Skyward, reflecting the company motto of &quot;Dream Skyward.&quot; Before merger with JAS (the current JAL Domestic), JAL's inflight magazine was called Winds. All of the JAL Group magazines are provided by JALUX.

== Incidents and accidents ==
* In [[1952]], a [[Martin 2-0-2]] of Japan Air Lines crashed, killing all 37 on board.
* [[Japan Airlines Flight 472]] was [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] by the [[Japanese Red Army]] on [[September 28]], [[1977]]. The [[Douglas DC-8]], en route from [[Paris]] to [[Tokyo International Airport|Haneda Airport]] in [[Tokyo]] with 156 péople on board, stopped in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. Shortly after taking off from Mumbai, five armed JRA members hijacked the aircraft and ordered it flown to [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]. At Dhaka, the hijackers took the passengers and crew hostage, demanding $6 million and the reléase of 9 imprisoned JRA members. A chartered JAL flight carried the money and 6 of the 9 imprisoned JRA members to Dhaka, where the exchange took place on [[October 2]]. The hijackers reléased 118 passengers and crewmembers, and all remaining hostages were freed later.
* [[Japan Airlines Flight 350]] was a [[Douglas DC-8|McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61]], [[aircraft registration]] {{airreg|JA|8061}}, on a domestic scheduled passenger flight from [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], [[Japan]], to [[Tokyo]].  The airplane crashed [[9 February]] [[1982]] on approach to  [[Tokyo International Airport|Tokyo Haneda Airport]]. Among the 166 passengers and 8 crew, 24 passengers were killed, with no losses among the crew.
* On [[August 12]], [[1985]], [[Japan Airlines Flight 123|Flight 123]], a Boeing 747 bound for [[Osaka International Airport]], [[Itami]]/[[Toyonaka]], suffered a crippling decompression shortly after takéoff from [[Tokyo International Airport]], [[Ota, Tokyo|Ota]], [[Tokyo]], lost all its hydraulic systems and, after attempting to limp back to Tokyo, crashed into a mountain ; it was the worst single-aircraft disaster in history (and the third-worst air disaster in history, after the [[9/11]] hijackings and the KLM-Pan Am Tenerife collision); 520 out of 524 péople on board died, one of them pregnant.  Rescuers indicated that fewer péople would have died had rescuers gone straight to the crash site instéad of waiting until the following morning.
* On [[August 12]], [[2005]] metal fragments fell in a Fukuoka residential aréa from a JALways' [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10|DC-10]]  bound for [[Honolulu]] after an engine briefly caught fire. A boy and a man were injured by fragments. The incident also happened exactly 20 yéars after Japan Airlines Flight 123. The plane was forced to return to [[Fukuoka Airport]]. The sight of flames coming from the engine was captured by a [[NHK]] TV news crew which happened to be recording because the service to Hawaii is soon to be withdrawn as it is unprofitable. [http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/national/news/20050812p2a00m0na026000c.html]

== Livery ==
The JAL livery is called the &quot;Arc of the Sun.&quot;  The livery féatures the motif of a rising sun on a créamy parchment colored background.  JAL is a strong supporter of [[UNICEF]] and expresses its support by having a &quot;We Support UNICEF&quot; logo on éach of the airline's aircraft.

JAL is known for adopting special liveries.  747 registration JA8908 carries an [[Adidas]] [[soccer]] livery. 747 registration JA8907 is the ''Matsui Jet'', féaturing the famous Japanese baseball player [[Hideki Matsui]]. The airline's [[Boeing 767-300]], registration JA8253, is the ''[[Expo 2005]]'' aircraft.  Various aircraft in the JAL fleet carry a ''[[Japan National Tourist Organization|Yokoso Japan]]'' logo supporting the Visit Japan campaign. During late 2005, Japan Airlines began using a Boeing 777 (registration JA8941), féaturing Japanese actor [[Shingo Katori]] on one side, and [[television]] series [[Saiyuki (manga)|Saiyuki]], along with its main character &quot;[[Son Goku#Saiyuki|Goku]]&quot; on the other side [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?id=986041,986040,986109,986121&amp;engine_version=6.0|1]

JALways' fleet includes some colourful Boeing 747 and DC-10 aircraft with &quot;Reso'cha&quot; titles.  These aircraft are used on charter flights to holiday destinations in the Pacific, such as [[Hawaii]].  Reso'cha is a marketing abbreviation for Resort Charter.  Reso'cha planes were formerly known as JAL Super Resort Express.

JAL is repainting all its aircraft with the new livery but JAL, JAA and JALways aircraft can still be seen in their old liveries.

JAL is also known for its liveries féaturing [[Tokyo Disneyland]] and [[Tokyo DisneySea]], as it is the official airline of the Tokyo Disney Resort. They sponsor the attraction Star Jets (not related to past Star Jets fleet with the old Red Crane livery), which féature a variation of the current livery on the ride vehicles. At one time there was more than 6 widebody aircraft painted with the special liveries.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commons|Japan Airlines}}
* [http://www.jal.co.jp/en/ Airline website for Japan] ([http://www.jal.co.jp/ Japanese])
* [http://www.japanair.com/ Airline Website for the Americas ([http://www.japanair.com/ English])
* [http://www.jal.jp/en/ Corporate website] ([http://www.jal.jp/ Japanese])
* [http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/?file=calcop&amp;opp=Japan%20Airlines Japan Airlines Fleet Age]
* [http://www.lovemyseat.com/airlines/Japan_Airlines/Japan_Airlines.html Japan Airlines Seating Guide]
* [http://www.planemad.net/Airline/JP/Japan_Airlines_(JL_JAL)/Fleet.htm?show=all Japan Airlines Fleet Detail]
* [http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/jal.htm Japan Airlines Passenger Opinions]

[[Kategori:Pausahaan penerbangan Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Pausahaan penerbangan nu ngadeg taun 1951]]
[[Kategori:Pausahaan nu kantor puseurna di Tokyo]]
[[Kategori:Aliansi pausahaan panghiberan WOW]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abad ka-18</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2020" xml:space="preserve">&lt;b&gt;
[[Abad ka-17]] - [[Abad ka-18]] - [[Abad ka-19]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 10: [[1791]] – [[1792]] – [[1793]] – [[1794]] – [[1795]] – [[1796]] – [[1797]] – [[1798]] – [[1799]] – [[1800]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 9: [[1781]] – [[1782]] – [[1783]] – [[1784]] – [[1785]] – [[1786]] – [[1787]] – [[1788]] – [[1789]] – [[1790]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 8: [[1771]] – [[1772]] – [[1773]] – [[1774]] – [[1775]] – [[1776]] – [[1777]] – [[1778]] – [[1779]] – [[1780]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 7: [[1761]] – [[1762]] – [[1763]] – [[1764]] – [[1765]] – [[1766]] – [[1767]] – [[1768]] – [[1769]] – [[1770]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 6: [[1751]] – [[1752]] – [[1753]] – [[1754]] – [[1755]] – [[1756]] – [[1757]] – [[1758]] – [[1759]] – [[1760]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 5: [[1741]] – [[1742]] – [[1743]] – [[1744]] – [[1745]] – [[1746]] – [[1747]] – [[1748]] – [[1749]] – [[1750]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 4: [[1731]] – [[1732]] – [[1733]] – [[1734]] – [[1735]] – [[1736]] – [[1737]] – [[1738]] – [[1739]] – [[1740]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 3: [[1721]] – [[1722]] – [[1723]] – [[1724]] – [[1725]] – [[1726]] – [[1727]] – [[1728]] – [[1729]] – [[1730]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 2: [[1711]] – [[1712]] – [[1713]] – [[1714]] – [[1715]] – [[1716]] – [[1717]] – [[1718]] – [[1719]] – [[1720]]
* [[Dasawarsa]] 1: [[1701]] – [[1702]] – [[1703]] – [[1704]] – [[1705]] – [[1706]] – [[1707]] – [[1708]] – [[1709]] – [[1710]]
&lt;b&gt; Daptar [[taun|tahun-tahun]] [[abad]] ka-18 [[Maséhi]]:

== Kajadian ==
=== Dasawarsa 1700-an ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1710-an]] ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1720-an]] ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1730-an]] ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1740-an]] ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1750-an]] ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1760-an]] ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1770-an]] ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1780-an]] ===

=== Dasawarsa [[1790-an]] ===

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Kalénder kajadian]]

== Decades and Years ==

[[Kategori:Abad jeung Dékadeu]]

{{Abad}}
{{DecadesAndYears1|18}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1582</title>
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      <comment>/* Nu babar */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1748" xml:space="preserve">{{Taun nav|1582}}
Taun ka-'''1582''' [[Maséhi]] dina [[Kalénder Grégorian]].
== Kajadian ==
== Nu babar ==
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!colspan=&quot;7&quot;| [[Oktober]]
|-
| [[Senén|Sn]] || [[Salasa|Sl]] || [[Rebo|Rb]] || [[Kemis|Km]] || [[Jumaah|Jm]] || style=&quot;background: #f3f3f3&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;[[Saptu|Sp]] || style=&quot;background: #ffa8a8&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;[[Minggu|Mn]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[15 Oktober|15]]
|style=&quot;background: #f3f3f3&quot;|[[16 Oktober|16]]&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;background: #ffa8a8&quot;|[[17 Oktober|17]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|[[18 Oktober|18]]
|[[19 Oktober|19]]
|[[20 Oktober|20]]
|[[21 Oktober|21]]
|[[22 Oktober|22]]
|style=&quot;background: #f3f3f3&quot;|[[23 Oktober|23]]&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;background: #ffa8a8&quot;|[[24 Oktober|24]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|[[25 Oktober|25]]
|[[26 Oktober|26]]
|[[27 Oktober|27]]
|[[28 Oktober|28]]
|[[29 Oktober|29]]
|style=&quot;background: #f3f3f3&quot;|[[30 Oktober|30]]&lt;/span&gt;
|style=&quot;background: #ffa8a8&quot;|[[31 Oktober|31]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
{{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}}
{{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}}

== Nu pupus ==
=== Nagara ===
* [[Britania]], nagara di [[Éropa]].
{{MonthR_31_Sen|Januari}}
{{MonthR_28_Kem|Pébruari}}
{{MonthR_31_Kem|Maret}}
{{MonthR_30_Min|April}}
{{MonthR_31_Sal|Méi}}
{{MonthR_30_Jum|Juni}}
{{MonthR_31_Min|Juli}}
{{MonthR_31_Reb|Agustus}}
{{MonthR_30_Sap|Séptémber}}
{{MonthR_31_Sen|Oktober}}
{{MonthR_30_Kem|Nopémber}}
{{MonthR_31_Sap|Désémber}}
----
{{MonthR_31_Jum|Januari}}
{{MonthR_28_Sen|Pébruari}}
{{MonthR_31_Sen|Maret}}
{{MonthR_30_Kem|April}}
{{MonthR_31_Sap|Méi}}
{{MonthR_30_Sal|Juni}}
{{MonthR_31_Kem|Juli}}
{{MonthR_31_Min|Agustus}}
{{MonthR_30_Reb|Séptémber}}
{{MonthR_31_Jum|Oktober}}
{{MonthR_30_Sen|Nopémber}}
{{MonthR_31_Reb|Désémber}}

== Poé peré ==
== Tumbu luar ==
{{kalender-pondok}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Kotak info Indonésia</title>
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      <text bytes="7225" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#switch: {{{1|}}}
|#default=
{{Infobox Country
|native_name              = ''Republik Indonesia''
|conventional_long_name   = Républik Indonésia
|common_name              = Indonésia
|image_flag               = Flag of Indonesia.svg
|image_coat               = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg
|image_map                = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg
|national_motto           = [[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''Bébéda tapi tetep hiji'')&lt;/small&gt;
|national_anthem = &lt;center&gt;[[File:Indonesiaraya.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
''[[Indonesia Raya]]''
|capital                  = [[Jakarta]]
|latd                     = 6
|latm                     = 10.5
|latNS                    = S
|longd                    = 106
|longm                    = 49.7
|longEW                   = E
|largest_city             = capital
|official_languages       = [[Basa Indonésia]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(bahasa nagara&lt;ref&gt;Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Pasal 36&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|government_type          = [[Républik]] [[Sistem présidénsial|présidénsial]]
|leader_title1            = [[Présidén Indonésia|Présidén]]
|leader_title2            = [[Wakil Présidén Indonésia|Wakil Présidén]]
|leader_name1             = [[Joko Widodo]]
|leader_name2             = [[Jusuf Kalla]]
|sovereignty_type         = Kamerdikaan
|sovereignty_note         = ti [[Walanda]]
|established_event1       = [[Proklamasi Kamerdikaan Indonésia|Proklamasi]]
|established_date1        = [[17 Agustus]] [[1945]]
|area                 = 1.904.569
|areami²                 = 735.358
|area_rank                = 15
|area_magnitude           = 
|percent_water            = 4,85%
|population_estimate      = 270.203.917&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bps.go.id/~ntt/vary/popi.htm Jam penduduk Indonesia]&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 19&amp;nbsp;Juni&amp;nbsp;2020
|population_estimate_rank = 4
|population_census        = 270.203.917&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | year = 2020 | url = http://www.bps.go.id/download_file/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf | title = Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 Data Agregrat per Provinsi | format = PDF | publisher = Badan Pusat Statistik | accessdate =2020-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census_year   = [[Sénsus Pangeusi Indonésia 2010|2020]]
|population_density   = 123,76
|population_densitymi²   = 323,05
|population_density_rank  = ka-84
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2011
|GDP_PPP                  = Rp 10,706 triliun{{br}}(AS$ 1,121 miliar)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |url=http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=35&amp;pr.y=9 |accessdate=30 November|accessyear= 2011|title=World Economic Outlook Database |date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank             = &lt;!-- 15 --&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = Rp 44,885 yuta{{br}}(AS$  $4.700)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = &lt;!-- 110 --&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year         = 2011
|GDP_nominal              = Rp 4,821 triliun{{br}}(AS$ 846 miliar)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_rank         = 17
|GDP_nominal_per_capita   = Rp 36,261 yuta{{br}}(AS$ 3.797)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank  = 110
|currency                 = [[Rupiah Indonésia|Rupiah]] (Rp)
|currency_code            = IDR
|time_zone                = [[Wanci Indonésia Kulon|WIB]] ([[UTC+7|+7]])&lt;br&gt;[[Wanci Indonésia Tengah|WITA]] ([[UTC+8|+8]])&lt;br&gt;[[Wanci Indonésia Wétan|WIT]] ([[UTC+9|+9]])
|utc_offset               = 
|time_zone_DST            =  
|utc_offset_DST           =
|drives_on                = Kénca
|cctld                    = [[.id]]
|calling_code             = 62
|HDI_year                 = 2006
|HDI                      = {{increase}}&amp;nbsp;0,734&lt;ref&gt;[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/87.html HDR Stats]&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_category             = &lt;font color=&quot;#ffcc00&quot;&gt;médium&lt;/font&gt;
|HDI_rank                 = 111
|footnotes                = {{Tnavbar|Kotak info Indonésia|plain=1}}
}}
|Olimpiade=
{{Infobox Country Olympics
|NOC=INA
|NOCname=[[Komite Olimpiade Indonqzxsia]]{{br}}[http://www.olympic.or.id/ Ramatloka resmi]
|negara=Indonqzxsia
|games={{{games|}}}
|competitors={{{competitors|}}}
|sports={{{sports|}}}
|flagbearer={{{flagbearer|}}}
|officials={{{officials|}}}
|gold={{{gold|0}}}
|silver={{{silver|0}}}
|bronze={{{bronze|0}}}
|total={{{total|0}}}
|rank={{{rank|}}}
|summerappearances=[[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1952|1952]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1956|1956]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1960|1960]]{{•}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#aaa&quot;&gt;1964&lt;/span&gt;{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1968|1968]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1972|1972]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1976|1976]]{{•}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#aaa&quot;&gt;1980&lt;/span&gt;{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1984|1984]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988|1988]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1992|1992]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1996|1996]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 2000|2000]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 2004|2004]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 2008|2008]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 2012|2012]]}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;

*Pemakaian untuk artikel negara ybs.: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Indo infobox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; 
{{Indo infobox}}
{{clear}}
*Pemakaian untuk artikel negara ybs. di Olimpiade: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Indo infobox|Olimpiade| ... parameter tambahan}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; 
{{Indo infobox
|Olimpiade
|games=2008
|competitors=24
|sports=7
|flagbearer=[[I Gusti Made Oka Sulaksana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2008-08-04|title=Atlet Indonesia ke Beijing|publisher=www.koni.or.id|url=http://www.koni.or.id/index.php/section/news/tag/Berita_olahraga/title/Atlet_Indonesia_ke_Beijing/type/1/id/445}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|gold=1
|silver=1
|bronze=3
|total=5
|officials=
|rank=30
}}
[[Kategori:Citakan kotak info nagara|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Citakan kotak info Indonésia|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{reflist}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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|#default=
{{Infobox Country
|native_name              = ''Republik Indonesia''
|conventional_long_name   = Républik Indonésia
|common_name              = Indonésia
|image_flag               = Flag of Indonesia.svg
|image_coat               = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg
|image_map                = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg
|national_motto           = [[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''Bébéda tapi tetep hiji'')&lt;/small&gt;
|national_anthem = &lt;center&gt;[[File:Indonesiaraya.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
''[[Indonesia Raya]]''
|capital                  = [[Jakarta]]
|latd                     = 6
|latm                     = 10.5
|latNS                    = S
|longd                    = 106
|longm                    = 49.7
|longEW                   = E
|largest_city             = capital
|official_languages       = [[Basa Indonésia]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(bahasa nagara&lt;ref&gt;Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Pasal 36&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|government_type          = [[Républik]] [[Sistem présidénsial|présidénsial]]
|leader_title1            = [[Présidén Indonésia|Présidén]]
|leader_title2            = [[Wakil Présidén Indonésia|Wakil Présidén]]
|leader_name1             = [[Joko Widodo]]
|leader_name2             = [[Jusuf Kalla]]
|sovereignty_type         = Kamerdikaan
|sovereignty_note         = ti [[Walanda]]
|established_event1       = [[Proklamasi Kamerdikaan Indonésia|Proklamasi]]
|established_date1        = [[17 Agustus]] [[1945]]
|area                 = 1.904.569
|areami²                 = 735.358
|area_rank                = 15
|area_magnitude           = 
|percent_water            = 4,85%
|population_estimate      = 270.203.917&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bps.go.id/~ntt/vary/popi.htm Jam penduduk Indonesia]&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 19&amp;nbsp;Juni&amp;nbsp;2020
|population_estimate_rank = 4
|population_census        = 270.203.917&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | year = 2020 | url = http://www.bps.go.id/download_file/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf | title = Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 Data Agregrat per Provinsi | format = PDF | publisher = Badan Pusat Statistik | accessdate =2020-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census_year   = [[Sénsus Pangeusi Indonésia 2020|2020]]
|population_density   = 123,76
|population_densitymi²   = 323,05
|population_density_rank  = ka-84
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2011
|GDP_PPP                  = Rp 10,706 triliun{{br}}(AS$ 1,121 miliar)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |url=http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=35&amp;pr.y=9 |accessdate=30 November|accessyear= 2011|title=World Economic Outlook Database |date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank             = &lt;!-- 15 --&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = Rp 44,885 yuta{{br}}(AS$  $4.700)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = &lt;!-- 110 --&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year         = 2011
|GDP_nominal              = Rp 4,821 triliun{{br}}(AS$ 846 miliar)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_rank         = 17
|GDP_nominal_per_capita   = Rp 36,261 yuta{{br}}(AS$ 3.797)&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank  = 110
|currency                 = [[Rupiah Indonésia|Rupiah]] (Rp)
|currency_code            = IDR
|time_zone                = [[Wanci Indonésia Kulon|WIB]] ([[UTC+7|+7]])&lt;br&gt;[[Wanci Indonésia Tengah|WITA]] ([[UTC+8|+8]])&lt;br&gt;[[Wanci Indonésia Wétan|WIT]] ([[UTC+9|+9]])
|utc_offset               = 
|time_zone_DST            =  
|utc_offset_DST           =
|drives_on                = Kénca
|cctld                    = [[.id]]
|calling_code             = 62
|HDI_year                 = 2006
|HDI                      = {{increase}}&amp;nbsp;0,734&lt;ref&gt;[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/87.html HDR Stats]&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_category             = &lt;font color=&quot;#ffcc00&quot;&gt;médium&lt;/font&gt;
|HDI_rank                 = 111
|footnotes                = {{Tnavbar|Kotak info Indonésia|plain=1}}
}}
|Olimpiade=
{{Infobox Country Olympics
|NOC=INA
|NOCname=[[Komite Olimpiade Indonqzxsia]]{{br}}[http://www.olympic.or.id/ Ramatloka resmi]
|negara=Indonqzxsia
|games={{{games|}}}
|competitors={{{competitors|}}}
|sports={{{sports|}}}
|flagbearer={{{flagbearer|}}}
|officials={{{officials|}}}
|gold={{{gold|0}}}
|silver={{{silver|0}}}
|bronze={{{bronze|0}}}
|total={{{total|0}}}
|rank={{{rank|}}}
|summerappearances=[[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1952|1952]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1956|1956]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1960|1960]]{{•}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#aaa&quot;&gt;1964&lt;/span&gt;{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1968|1968]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1972|1972]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1976|1976]]{{•}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#aaa&quot;&gt;1980&lt;/span&gt;{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1984|1984]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988|1988]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1992|1992]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 1996|1996]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 2000|2000]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 2004|2004]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 2008|2008]]{{•}} [[Indonésia di Olimpiade Usum Panas 2012|2012]]}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;

*Pemakaian untuk artikel negara ybs.: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Indo infobox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; 
{{Indo infobox}}
{{clear}}
*Pemakaian untuk artikel negara ybs. di Olimpiade: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Indo infobox|Olimpiade| ... parameter tambahan}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; 
{{Indo infobox
|Olimpiade
|games=2008
|competitors=24
|sports=7
|flagbearer=[[I Gusti Made Oka Sulaksana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2008-08-04|title=Atlet Indonesia ke Beijing|publisher=www.koni.or.id|url=http://www.koni.or.id/index.php/section/news/tag/Berita_olahraga/title/Atlet_Indonesia_ke_Beijing/type/1/id/445}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|gold=1
|silver=1
|bronze=3
|total=5
|officials=
|rank=30
}}
[[Kategori:Citakan kotak info nagara|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Citakan kotak info Indonésia|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{reflist}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hxcdzc0qphr62d2ezylddmeikmim22l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Obrolan pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>102539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>630677</id>
      <parentid>618158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-23T06:21:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MdsShakil</username>
        <id>26042</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>MdsShakil mindahkeun kaca [[Obrolan pamaké:Fervent Attack]] ka [[Obrolan pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh]] maké pindahan: Secara otomatis memindahkan halaman ketika mengganti nama pengguna &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Fervent Attack|Fervent Attack]]&quot; menjadi &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Irkham Mahfudh|Irkham Mahfudh]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1386" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;&quot;&gt;'''Bagéa, Lur!''' [[Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping|Wilujeng sumping]] di komunitas '''[[Wikipédia]]''', hususna Wikipédia édisi [[Basa Sunda]]. 
Pikeun pangwanoh ka baraya lianna, mangga eusian kaca [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|pamaké {{PAGENAME}}]] ku sababaraha hal nu peryogi kauninga, utamana ngeunaan widang naon waé nu janten interés sadérék. 

Pikeun hal-hal nu sipatna téhnis, mangga buka kaca :
:*[[Wikipédia:Pitulung|Pitulung]], atanapi mangga tingalan [[Wikipédia:NLD|nu loba ditanyakeun]] (sanajan can lengkep) ngeunaan ramatloka ieu. 
:*upami sadérék nembéan di Wikipédia ieu, mangga tingali cara maké di [[Wikipedia:Kursus kilat|Kursus kilat]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Cara nyieun artikel|Cara nyieun artikel]]
:*Nanyakeun atawa méré usul ngeunaan Wikipédia ieu di '''''[[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]'''''.
:*Pigunakeun '''[[Wikipédia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]]''' pikeun nyobaan ngédit.

Pikeun '''nanda tangan''' dina kaca sawala, siga kaca ieu, ketik &amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126; (opat kali tanda gelombang/''tilde'').
{|width=&quot;100%&quot;
|align=&quot;right&quot;|'''[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|Tidak berbahasa Sunda (don't speak Sundanese)?]]'''
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh|Irkham Mahfudh]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh#top|sawala]]) 26 Agustus 2021 08.13 (UTC)</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>102546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>630676</id>
      <parentid>618157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-23T06:21:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MdsShakil</username>
        <id>26042</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>MdsShakil mindahkeun kaca [[Pamaké:Fervent Attack]] ka [[Pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh]] maké pindahan: Secara otomatis memindahkan halaman ketika mengganti nama pengguna &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Fervent Attack|Fervent Attack]]&quot; menjadi &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Irkham Mahfudh|Irkham Mahfudh]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="902" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Indonesiaball with kopiah.png|thumb|Indonesiaball]]
{{userboxtop}}
{{#babel:id|jv|map-bms-3|ms-3|ar-2|en-2|su-2|de-1|ja-1|nl-1}}
{{userboxbottom}}
'''Irkham Mahfudh''' nyaéta ti [[Kabupatén Pemalang]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonesia]].

[[ace:Ureuëng Ngui:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[ban:Sang Anganggé:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[bjn:Pamakai:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[bug:Pengguna:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[ceb:Gumagamit:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[en:User:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[fa:كاربر:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[gor:Ta ohu'uwo:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[id:Pengguna:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[jv:Naraguna:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[mad:Pangangghuy:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[map-bms:Naraguna:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[mg:Mpikambana:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[min:Pangguno:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[ms:Pengguna:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[nl:Gebruiker:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[nn:Brukar:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[no:Bruker:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[tet:Uza-na'in:Irkham Mahfudh]]
[[zh-min-nan:Iōng-chiá:Irkham Mahfudh]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yamaha Byson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>630662</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-22T17:20:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>VpuipV</username>
        <id>21463</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar  '''Yamaha Byson''' (ogé biasa di sebut '''Yamaha FZ16''' atawa katelahna '''Si Kebo''') nyaéta mangrupa mptor sport nu diproduksi ku '''Yamaha Motor Company''. Sapeda motor iyeu mimiti diluncurkan di Indonésia téh nyaéta tanggal 21-22 September 2010 di padang savana [[Gunung Bromo]], [[Jawa Timur]].</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="305" xml:space="preserve">'''Yamaha Byson''' (ogé biasa di sebut '''Yamaha FZ16''' atawa katelahna '''Si Kebo''') nyaéta mangrupa mptor sport nu diproduksi ku '''Yamaha Motor Company''. Sapeda motor iyeu mimiti diluncurkan di Indonésia téh nyaéta tanggal 21-22 September 2010 di padang savana [[Gunung Bromo]], [[Jawa Timur]].</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>630663</id>
      <parentid>630662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-22T17:32:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>VpuipV</username>
        <id>21463</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="295" xml:space="preserve">'''Yamaha Byson''' (oge biasa di sebut &quot;Yamaha FZ16&quot; atawa katelahna '''Si Kebo'') nyaeta mangrupa motor sport nu diproduksi ku '''Yamaha Motor Company''. Sapeda motor iyeu mimiti diluncurkan di Indonesia teh nyaeta tanggal 21-22 September 2010 di padang savana [[Gunung Bromo]], [[Jawa Timur]].</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>630664</id>
      <parentid>630663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-22T17:35:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>VpuipV</username>
        <id>21463</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1695" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Automobile
| name = Yamaha Byson
| image = [[Berkas:Yamaha-byson-buche.jpeg|nirbing|upright=1.35]]
| aka = Yamaha FZ16{{ubl
| aka = Si Kebo}}
| manufacturer = [[Yamaha]]
| parent_company = [[Yamaha Corporation]]
| production = 2010-2018 
| class = Sport
| engine = 153 cc (9,34 cu in) [[Karburator |karburator ]] [[Mesin berpendingin udara | berpendingin udara]] [[Putaran empat-tak| 4-tak ]]2-katup SOHC satu silinder (2010–2018)
149 cc (9,09 cu in);&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://oto.detik.com/berita/d-1422983/ini-dia-spek-lengkap-yamaha-byson|title=Ini Dia Spek Lengkap Yamaha Byson|date=18 Agustus 2010|author=DetikOto|website=[[Detik.com]]|access-date=20 Agustus 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; injeksi bahan bakar 4-tak 2-katup SOHC silinder tunggal berpendingin udara (2015–2018)
| power = 10,1 kW / 7500 rpm
| torque = 13,6 Nm / 6000 rpm
| compression = 9,5:1
| ignition = [[Sistem_pengapian_kondensator| CDI]]
| transmission = 5 percepatan
| top_speed = 112.34 km/h (69.80mph)
| suspension = Depan: teleskopik {{br}} Belakang: monocross
| brakes = Depan: cakram double piston {{br}} Belakang: tromol
| tires = Depan: 100/80-17M/C 52P {{br}} Belakang: 120/70-17M/C 58P&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
| rake_trail = 
| wheelbase = 
| length= 2.075 mm
| width= 780 mm
| height= 1.045 mm
| seat_height = 790 mm
| dry_weight = 
| wet_weight = 137 kg 
| fuel_capacity = 12 liter
| related = 
| similar = 
}}
'''Yamaha Byson''' (oge biasa di sebut &quot;Yamaha FZ16&quot; atawa katelahna '''Si Kebo'') nyaeta mangrupa motor sport nu diproduksi ku '''Yamaha Motor Company''. Sapeda motor iyeu mimiti diluncurkan di Indonesia teh nyaeta tanggal 21-22 September 2010 di padang savana [[Gunung Bromo]], [[Jawa Timur]].</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dinasti Ming</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>630665</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-22T23:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>24750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:id:Special:Redirect/revision/19271646|Dinasti Ming]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2933" xml:space="preserve">== Dinasti Ming ==
{{Kotakinfo Nagara||||||||||||||native_name=大明|conventional_long_name=Ming Raya|common_name=Dinasti Ming|government_type=Monarki|image_flag=Seal of Ming dynasty.svg|image_coat=Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor's_imperial_robe.svg|symbol_type=|image_map=Map of Ming Chinese empire 1415 (cropped).jpg|capital=[[Nanjing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1368-1421)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Beijing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1421-1644)
&lt;!-- &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;These were the capitals exile of Southern Ming: capital_exile          = [[Nanjing]] &lt;small&gt;(1644)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Fuzhou]] &lt;small&gt;(1645-1646)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Guangzhou]] &lt;small&gt;(1646-1647),&lt;/small&gt; [[Zhaoqing]] &lt;small&gt;(1446-1652)&lt;/small&gt;etc. --&gt;|latd=39|latm=54|latNS=N|longd=116|longm=23|longEW=E|currency=Koin, kertas uang|footnotes=&lt;br /&gt;¹ Didasarkan atas perkiraan C.J. Peers dalam buku ''Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520-1840''}}'''Dinasti Ming''' ( [[Aksara Tionghoa|Basa Cina]] :明朝, hanyu pinyin : ''ming chao'' ) ( [[1368]] - [[1644]] ) nyaéta salah sahiji tina dua dinasti nu diadegkeun ku pemberontakan tani sapanjang sajarah [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] . Dinasti ieu mangrupikeun dinasti Han pamungkas anu maréntah saatos dinasti Song . Dina 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang junun nundungkeun bangsa Mongol balik kalér jeung ngaruntagkeun Dinasti Yuan maranéhanana ngadegkeun. Anjeunna ngadegkeun dinasti Ming (大明國; Dà Míng Guó), kalayan puseur dayeuhna di Yingtian (kiwari Nanjing ) sateuacan putrana, Zhu Di, anu janten kaisar ka-3 mindahkeun puseur dayeuh ka Shuntian (kiwari [[Béijing|Beijing]] ). 

Mangsa mimiti Dinasti Ming ditandaan ku periode tenang jeung kamakmuran di handapeun Kaisar Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang. Kaisar Hongwu ngaréformasi sistim pamaréntahan jeung birokrasi ku cara ngadegkeun organ birokrasi anyar anu silih imbang pikeun nyegah munculna lembaga pamaréntahan anu boga wewenang teuing. Anjeunna ogé ngalaksanakeun pangwangunan ékonomi, ngeureunkeun sadaya ekspedisi militér pikeun masihan waktos sareng katengtreman rahayat pikeun ngalaksanakeun tanggung jawabna dina unggal widangna. Kawijakan ieu hasil ditandaan ku ngaronjatma jumlah pangeusi jadi 10.650.000 rumah tangga atawa 65.000.000 urang dina taun [[1393]] .

Dina ahir Dinasti Ming, pemberontakan raged sakuliah nagara jeung di puncak na, Beijing ragrag ka cangkingan pemberontak dipingpin ku Li Zicheng . Eleh ieu ngabakukarkeun Chongzhen gantung diri di pasir tukangeun Kota Terlarang . Li, nu kungsi paséa jeung Wu Sangui, nangkep kulawargana di Beijing, ngabalukarkeun Wu mutuskeun nyerah ka Manchu nu lajeng nalukkeun Li Zicheng sarta ngawasa Beijing dina 1644.

Saatos Beijing diparéntah ku suku Manchu, aranjeunna teras ngadegkeun Dinasti Qing anu nandaan runtagna Dinasti Ming. Sésa-sésa wadyabalad anu satia ka Dinasti Ming tuluy ngungsi ka Cina kidul jeung neruskeun perlawanan sacara misah. Ming Kidul antukna tiasa diruntagkeun ku Kaisar Kangxi dina [[1683]] .</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>630666</id>
      <parentid>630665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-22T23:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dare Haqqu Moslem</username>
        <id>24750</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2935" xml:space="preserve">== Dinasti Ming ==
{{Kotakinfo Nagara||||||||||||||native_name=大明|conventional_long_name=Ming Raya|common_name=Lambang Nagara|government_type=Monarki|image_flag=Seal of Ming dynasty.svg|image_coat=Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor's_imperial_robe.svg|symbol_type=|image_map=Map of Ming Chinese empire 1415 (cropped).jpg|capital=[[Nanjing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1368-1421)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Beijing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1421-1644)
&lt;!-- &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;These were the capitals exile of Southern Ming: capital_exile          = [[Nanjing]] &lt;small&gt;(1644)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Fuzhou]] &lt;small&gt;(1645-1646)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Guangzhou]] &lt;small&gt;(1646-1647),&lt;/small&gt; [[Zhaoqing]] &lt;small&gt;(1446-1652)&lt;/small&gt;etc. --&gt;|latd=39|latm=54|latNS=N|longd=116|longm=23|longEW=E|currency=Koin, kertas uang|footnotes=&lt;br /&gt;¹ Didasarkan atas perkiraan C.J. Peers dalam buku ''Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520-1840''}}'''Dinasti Ming''' ( [[Aksara Tionghoa|Basa Cina]] :明朝, hanyu pinyin : ''ming chao'' ) ( [[1368]] - [[1644]] ) nyaéta salah sahiji tina dua dinasti nu diadegkeun ku pemberontakan tani sapanjang sajarah [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] . Dinasti ieu mangrupikeun dinasti Han pamungkas anu maréntah saatos dinasti Song . Dina 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang junun nundungkeun bangsa Mongol balik kalér jeung ngaruntagkeun Dinasti Yuan maranéhanana ngadegkeun. Anjeunna ngadegkeun dinasti Ming (大明國; Dà Míng Guó), kalayan puseur dayeuhna di Yingtian (kiwari Nanjing ) sateuacan putrana, Zhu Di, anu janten kaisar ka-3 mindahkeun puseur dayeuh ka Shuntian (kiwari [[Béijing|Beijing]] ). 

Mangsa mimiti Dinasti Ming ditandaan ku periode tenang jeung kamakmuran di handapeun Kaisar Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang. Kaisar Hongwu ngaréformasi sistim pamaréntahan jeung birokrasi ku cara ngadegkeun organ birokrasi anyar anu silih imbang pikeun nyegah munculna lembaga pamaréntahan anu boga wewenang teuing. Anjeunna ogé ngalaksanakeun pangwangunan ékonomi, ngeureunkeun sadaya ekspedisi militér pikeun masihan waktos sareng katengtreman rahayat pikeun ngalaksanakeun tanggung jawabna dina unggal widangna. Kawijakan ieu hasil ditandaan ku ngaronjatma jumlah pangeusi jadi 10.650.000 rumah tangga atawa 65.000.000 urang dina taun [[1393]] .

Dina ahir Dinasti Ming, pemberontakan raged sakuliah nagara jeung di puncak na, Beijing ragrag ka cangkingan pemberontak dipingpin ku Li Zicheng . Eleh ieu ngabakukarkeun Chongzhen gantung diri di pasir tukangeun Kota Terlarang . Li, nu kungsi paséa jeung Wu Sangui, nangkep kulawargana di Beijing, ngabalukarkeun Wu mutuskeun nyerah ka Manchu nu lajeng nalukkeun Li Zicheng sarta ngawasa Beijing dina 1644.

Saatos Beijing diparéntah ku suku Manchu, aranjeunna teras ngadegkeun Dinasti Qing anu nandaan runtagna Dinasti Ming. Sésa-sésa wadyabalad anu satia ka Dinasti Ming tuluy ngungsi ka Cina kidul jeung neruskeun perlawanan sacara misah. Ming Kidul antukna tiasa diruntagkeun ku Kaisar Kangxi dina [[1683]] .</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:id:Special:Redirect/revision/19271646|Dinasti Ming]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5870" xml:space="preserve">== Dinasti Ming ==
{{Kotakinfo Nagara||||||||||||||native_name=大明|conventional_long_name=Ming Raya|common_name=Dinasti Ming|government_type=Monarki|image_flag=Seal of Ming dynasty.svg|image_coat=Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor's_imperial_robe.svg|symbol_type=|image_map=Map of Ming Chinese empire 1415 (cropped).jpg|capital=[[Nanjing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1368-1421)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Beijing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1421-1644)
&lt;!-- &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;These were the capitals exile of Southern Ming: capital_exile          = [[Nanjing]] &lt;small&gt;(1644)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Fuzhou]] &lt;small&gt;(1645-1646)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Guangzhou]] &lt;small&gt;(1646-1647),&lt;/small&gt; [[Zhaoqing]] &lt;small&gt;(1446-1652)&lt;/small&gt;etc. --&gt;|latd=39|latm=54|latNS=N|longd=116|longm=23|longEW=E|currency=Koin, kertas uang|footnotes=&lt;br /&gt;¹ Didasarkan atas perkiraan C.J. Peers dalam buku ''Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520-1840''}}'''Dinasti Ming''' ( [[Aksara Tionghoa|Basa Cina]] :明朝, hanyu pinyin : ''ming chao'' ) ( [[1368]] - [[1644]] ) nyaéta salah sahiji tina dua dinasti nu diadegkeun ku pemberontakan tani sapanjang sajarah [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] . Dinasti ieu mangrupikeun dinasti Han pamungkas anu maréntah saatos dinasti Song . Dina 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang junun nundungkeun bangsa Mongol balik kalér jeung ngaruntagkeun Dinasti Yuan maranéhanana ngadegkeun. Anjeunna ngadegkeun dinasti Ming (大明國; Dà Míng Guó), kalayan puseur dayeuhna di Yingtian (kiwari Nanjing ) sateuacan putrana, Zhu Di, anu janten kaisar ka-3 mindahkeun puseur dayeuh ka Shuntian (kiwari [[Béijing|Beijing]] ). 

Mangsa mimiti Dinasti Ming ditandaan ku periode tenang jeung kamakmuran di handapeun Kaisar Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang. Kaisar Hongwu ngaréformasi sistim pamaréntahan jeung birokrasi ku cara ngadegkeun organ birokrasi anyar anu silih imbang pikeun nyegah munculna lembaga pamaréntahan anu boga wewenang teuing. Anjeunna ogé ngalaksanakeun pangwangunan ékonomi, ngeureunkeun sadaya ekspedisi militér pikeun masihan waktos sareng katengtreman rahayat pikeun ngalaksanakeun tanggung jawabna dina unggal widangna. Kawijakan ieu hasil ditandaan ku ngaronjatma jumlah pangeusi jadi 10.650.000 rumah tangga atawa 65.000.000 urang dina taun [[1393]] .

Dina ahir Dinasti Ming, pemberontakan raged sakuliah nagara jeung di puncak na, Beijing ragrag ka cangkingan pemberontak dipingpin ku Li Zicheng . Eleh ieu ngabakukarkeun Chongzhen gantung diri di pasir tukangeun Kota Terlarang . Li, nu kungsi paséa jeung Wu Sangui, nangkep kulawargana di Beijing, ngabalukarkeun Wu mutuskeun nyerah ka Manchu nu lajeng nalukkeun Li Zicheng sarta ngawasa Beijing dina 1644.

Saatos Beijing diparéntah ku suku Manchu, aranjeunna teras ngadegkeun Dinasti Qing anu nandaan runtagna Dinasti Ming. Sésa-sésa wadyabalad anu satia ka Dinasti Ming tuluy ngungsi ka Cina kidul jeung neruskeun perlawanan sacara misah. Ming Kidul antukna tiasa diruntagkeun ku Kaisar Kangxi dina [[1683]] .

== Dinasti Ming ==
{{Kotakinfo Nagara||||||||||||||native_name=大明|conventional_long_name=Ming Raya|common_name=Lambang Nagara|government_type=Monarki|image_flag=Seal of Ming dynasty.svg|image_coat=Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor's_imperial_robe.svg|symbol_type=|image_map=Map of Ming Chinese empire 1415 (cropped).jpg|capital=[[Nanjing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1368-1421)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Beijing]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1421-1644)
&lt;!-- &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;These were the capitals exile of Southern Ming: capital_exile          = [[Nanjing]] &lt;small&gt;(1644)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Fuzhou]] &lt;small&gt;(1645-1646)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Guangzhou]] &lt;small&gt;(1646-1647),&lt;/small&gt; [[Zhaoqing]] &lt;small&gt;(1446-1652)&lt;/small&gt;etc. --&gt;|latd=39|latm=54|latNS=N|longd=116|longm=23|longEW=E|currency=Koin, kertas uang|footnotes=&lt;br /&gt;¹ Didasarkan atas perkiraan C.J. Peers dalam buku ''Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520-1840''}}'''Dinasti Ming''' ( [[Aksara Tionghoa|Basa Cina]] :明朝, hanyu pinyin : ''ming chao'' ) ( [[1368]] - [[1644]] ) nyaéta salah sahiji tina dua dinasti nu diadegkeun ku pemberontakan tani sapanjang sajarah [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] . Dinasti ieu mangrupikeun dinasti Han pamungkas anu maréntah saatos dinasti Song . Dina 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang junun nundungkeun bangsa Mongol balik kalér jeung ngaruntagkeun Dinasti Yuan maranéhanana ngadegkeun. Anjeunna ngadegkeun dinasti Ming (大明國; Dà Míng Guó), kalayan puseur dayeuhna di Yingtian (kiwari Nanjing ) sateuacan putrana, Zhu Di, anu janten kaisar ka-3 mindahkeun puseur dayeuh ka Shuntian (kiwari [[Béijing|Beijing]] ). 

Mangsa mimiti Dinasti Ming ditandaan ku periode tenang jeung kamakmuran di handapeun Kaisar Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang. Kaisar Hongwu ngaréformasi sistim pamaréntahan jeung birokrasi ku cara ngadegkeun organ birokrasi anyar anu silih imbang pikeun nyegah munculna lembaga pamaréntahan anu boga wewenang teuing. Anjeunna ogé ngalaksanakeun pangwangunan ékonomi, ngeureunkeun sadaya ekspedisi militér pikeun masihan waktos sareng katengtreman rahayat pikeun ngalaksanakeun tanggung jawabna dina unggal widangna. Kawijakan ieu hasil ditandaan ku ngaronjatma jumlah pangeusi jadi 10.650.000 rumah tangga atawa 65.000.000 urang dina taun [[1393]] .

Dina ahir Dinasti Ming, pemberontakan raged sakuliah nagara jeung di puncak na, Beijing ragrag ka cangkingan pemberontak dipingpin ku Li Zicheng . Eleh ieu ngabakukarkeun Chongzhen gantung diri di pasir tukangeun Kota Terlarang . Li, nu kungsi paséa jeung Wu Sangui, nangkep kulawargana di Beijing, ngabalukarkeun Wu mutuskeun nyerah ka Manchu nu lajeng nalukkeun Li Zicheng sarta ngawasa Beijing dina 1644.

Saatos Beijing diparéntah ku suku Manchu, aranjeunna teras ngadegkeun Dinasti Qing anu nandaan runtagna Dinasti Ming. Sésa-sésa wadyabalad anu satia ka Dinasti Ming tuluy ngungsi ka Cina kidul jeung neruskeun perlawanan sacara misah. Ming Kidul antukna tiasa diruntagkeun ku Kaisar Kangxi dina [[1683]] .</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gedung Kologdam</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>630671</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Akbar Soepadhi</username>
        <id>23282</id>
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      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar  [[Gambar:Jaarbeurs.JPG|jmpl|tetempoan hareup Gedung Kologdam]] '''Gedung Kologdam''' nyaéta wangunan kolonial di [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]. Dina taun 1920-an, Gedung Kologdam dijadikeun ajang [[Jaarbeurs|Jaarbeurs de Bandung]] (pameran dagang taunan). Komplek wangunan ieu katut pendopona ayeuna geus dirobah jadi Markas Komando Pendidikan dan Pelatihan [[Kodam III/Siliwangi|Komando Daerah Militer III/Siliwangi]].  Wangunan jeung komplek sakurilingna dirancang ku Wolff Scho...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2957" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Jaarbeurs.JPG|jmpl|tetempoan hareup Gedung Kologdam]]
'''Gedung Kologdam''' nyaéta wangunan kolonial di [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]. Dina taun 1920-an, Gedung Kologdam dijadikeun ajang [[Jaarbeurs|Jaarbeurs de Bandung]] (pameran dagang taunan). Komplek wangunan ieu katut pendopona ayeuna geus dirobah jadi Markas Komando Pendidikan dan Pelatihan [[Kodam III/Siliwangi|Komando Daerah Militer III/Siliwangi]].

Wangunan jeung komplek sakurilingna dirancang ku Wolff Schoemaker, arsiték anu kasohor di Hindia Walanda. Wangunan ieu diwangun taun 1920 sarta dijadikeun lokasi utama kanggo acara Jaarbeurs de Bandung. Pameran dagang munggaran dilaksanakeun ti 20 Méi nepi ka 3 Juni 1920, satuluyna unggal bulan Juni jeung Juli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Budaya visual Indonesia: membaca makna perkembangan gaya visual karya desain di Indonesia abad ke-20|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=PoDl8Fn6GNcC&amp;dq=bandung+jaarbeurs&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s|publisher=Erlangga|date=2007|isbn=978-979-781-949-1|language=id|first=Agus|last=Sachari|pages=146}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rupa-rupa konférénsi jeung paméran ti rupa-rupa industri di Priangan jeung sabudeureunana diayakeun di ieu kompleks.

== Arsitéktur ==
Dina taun 1919, [[Arsitek|arsiték]] [[Wolff Schoemaker]] ngararancang Pusat Pameran Dagang (Jaarbeurs) sanggeus studi banding di Amérika Serikat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Het Indische bouwen: architectuur en stedebouw in Indonesie : Dutch and Indisch architecture 1800-1950|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wUa4nQEACAAJ&amp;dq=het+indische+bouwen&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=JNkYVdHMCcS2uASovIDQDg&amp;redir_esc=y|publisher=Gemeentemuseum Helmond|date=1990|language=nl|first=Gemeentemuseum|last=Helmond|pages=28-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangunan ieu mangrupikeun desain manehna anu dijiéun pang mimitina sanggeus balik ti [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]]. Dirarancang dina gaya Art Deco sarta dipangaruhan ku gaya arsiték Frank Lloyd Wright,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; wangunan ieu ngabentuk salib. Tilu arca manusa ngahias fasad wangunan dina desain nu dipangaruhan ku gaya Amsterdam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hartono|first=Samuel|date=Juli 2007|title=The Amsterdam School dan Perkembangan Arsitektur Kolonial di Hindia Belanda Antara 1915-1940|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122020/http://puslit2.petra.ac.id/gudangpaper/files/1345.pdf|journal=DIMENSI (Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur)|publisher=Petra Christian University|issue=35|page=58|access-date=23 Agustus 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina jaman kolonial Walanda, wangunan ieu dijadikeun puseur ''Departement van Oorlog'' atawa Departemen Perang ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Api Sejarah 1, Mahakarya Perjuangan Ulama dan Santri dalam Menegakkan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, edisi revisi|last=Suryanegara|first=Ahmad Mansur|publisher=Surya Dinasti|year=2018|isbn=9786027123717|location=Bandung|pages=227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Kategori:Wangunan sajarah di Jawa Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Arsitéktur]]</text>
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    <title>Kategori:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</title>
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        <username>Akbar Soepadhi</username>
        <id>23282</id>
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      <comment>Nyieun kaca kosong</comment>
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    <title>Obrolan pamaké:Fervent Attack</title>
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    <redirect title="Obrolan pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh" />
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        <username>MdsShakil</username>
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      <comment>MdsShakil mindahkeun kaca [[Obrolan pamaké:Fervent Attack]] ka [[Obrolan pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh]] maké pindahan: Secara otomatis memindahkan halaman ketika mengganti nama pengguna &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Fervent Attack|Fervent Attack]]&quot; menjadi &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Irkham Mahfudh|Irkham Mahfudh]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="40" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Obrolan pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh]]</text>
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    <title>Pamaké:Fervent Attack</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MdsShakil</username>
        <id>26042</id>
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      <comment>MdsShakil mindahkeun kaca [[Pamaké:Fervent Attack]] ka [[Pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh]] maké pindahan: Secara otomatis memindahkan halaman ketika mengganti nama pengguna &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Fervent Attack|Fervent Attack]]&quot; menjadi &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Irkham Mahfudh|Irkham Mahfudh]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="32" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Pamaké:Irkham Mahfudh]]</text>
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      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar  &lt;includeonly&gt;{{Infobox | abovestyle     = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}} | subheaderstyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|sub_header_raw}} | above          = {{{unit_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | subheader = {{{native_name|}}}  | imagestyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|image_box_raw}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt={{{alt|}}}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}}  | headerstyle = {{WPMILHIST I...</comment>
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| header52 = {{#if:{{{aircraft_attack|}}}{{{aircraft_bomber|}}}{{{aircraft_electronic|}}}{{{aircraft_fighter|}}}{{{aircraft_interceptor|}}}{{{aircraft_patrol|}}}{{{aircraft_recon|}}}{{{aircraft_trainer|}}}{{{aircraft_transport|}}}{{{aircraft_tanker|}}}{{{aircraft_helicopter|}}}{{{aircraft_helicopter_attack|}}}{{{aircraft_helicopter_cargo|}}}{{{aircraft_helicopter_multirole|}}}{{{aircraft_helicopter_observation|}}}{{{aircraft_helicopter_trainer|}}}{{{aircraft_helicopter_utility|}}}{{{aircraft_general|}}} |Pesawat tempur}}

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{{Documentation}}
{{collapsible option}}
[[Kategori:Citakan kotak info militér]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>630681</id>
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| data45 = {{{notable_commanders|}}}

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  <page>
    <title>Kodam III/Siliwangi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar  {{Kotak info unit militér|unit_name=Komando Daerah Militér III/Siliwangi|image=Lambang Kodam Siliwangi.png|image_size=140px|caption=Lambang Kodam III/Siliwangi|start_date='''[[20 Mei]] [[1946]]'''|country={{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonésia]]|branch=|command_structure=[[TNI Angkatan Darat]]|type=[[Komando Daerah Militér]]|role=|size=|colors={{color box|#0B8038|'''HÉJO'''}}|colors_label=[[Barét]]|motto=''Esa Hilang Dua Terbilang'' &lt;!-- Rantai Komando --&gt;|commander1=...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2910" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info unit militér|unit_name=Komando Daerah Militér III/Siliwangi|image=Lambang Kodam Siliwangi.png|image_size=140px|caption=Lambang Kodam III/Siliwangi|start_date='''[[20 Mei]] [[1946]]'''|country={{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonésia]]|branch=|command_structure=[[TNI Angkatan Darat]]|type=[[Komando Daerah Militér]]|role=|size=|colors={{color box|#0B8038|'''HÉJO'''}}|colors_label=[[Barét]]|motto=''Esa Hilang Dua Terbilang''
&lt;!-- Rantai Komando --&gt;|commander1=[[Mayor Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Kunto Arief Wibowo]]|commander1_label=Panglima|commander2=[[Brigadir Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Widjanarko]]|commander2_label=Kapala Staf|commander3=[[Brigadir Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Dadang Arif Abdurahman]]|commander3_label=Inspektur|commander4=[[Brigadir Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Kuat Budiman]]|commander4_label=Kapala Kelompok Staf Ahli|garrison=[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]]|website=[https://siliwangi.tniad.mil.id/ siliwangi.tniad.mil.id]|march=Mars Siliwangi}}
'''Komando Daerah Militér III/Siliwangi''' (disingkat '''Kodam III/SLW''') nyaéta Komando Pertahanan Daérah anu ngawengku propinsi Banten jeung Jawa Kulon. Markas Komando nyaéta di Jl. Acéh No. 69 Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat.

Dina tanggal 22 Agustus 1945 atawa lima poé sanggeus [[Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia]], pamaréntah ngadegkeun Badan Kaamanan Rakyat (BKR) sebagai salah sahiji antisipasi ngalawan ancaman nu beuki nambahan. Salajeungna tanggal 5 Oktober 1945, BKR diganti ngaran jadi Tentara Kaamanan Rakyat (TKR).

[[Jawa Kulon]] meunang ngabentuk Komandemen-I TKR anu ngawasa 3 divisi. Divisi-I ngawengku Karesidenan [[Banten]] jeung [[Bogor]] (kantor pusatna di Serang), Divisi-II ngawengku Karesidenan [[Jakarta]] jeung [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]] (kantor pusatna di Linggarjati), sarta Divisi-III ngawengku Karesidenan Priangan (kantor pusatna di [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]).

Dina tanggal 20 Méi 1946, tilu divisi éta dihijikeun jadi &quot;Divisi Siliwangi&quot; jeung kantor pusatna di [[Tasikmalaya]]. Ngaran Siliwangi terus dipertahankeun, sanajan ngaran unitna robah jadi Tentara &amp; Wilayah (T&amp;T) III Siliwangi, 24 Juli 1950. Saterusna dina 24 Oktober 1959 jadi Kodam VI/Siliwangi, tuluy robah deui jadi Kodam III/Siliwangi dina 2 Pébruari 1985.

Keur jaman kolonial Walanda, hiji tempat ieu dingaranan ''Paleis van den Legercommandant'' atawa Padumukan Panglima Tentara Walanda, nu lokasina gigireun ''Departement van Oorlog'' (ayeuna jadi [[Gedung Kologdam]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Api Sejarah 1, Mahakarya Perjuangan Ulama dan Santri dalam Menegakkan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, edisi revisi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AMxDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en|publisher=Surya Dinasti|date=2018|isbn=978-602-71237-1-7|language=id|first=Ahmad Mansur|last=Suryanegara|location=Bandung|pages=227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* {{id}} {{resmi|siliwangi.mil.id}}
[[Kategori:Wangunan sajarah di Jawa Kulon]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>630683</id>
      <parentid>630682</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-23T09:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Akbar Soepadhi</username>
        <id>23282</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Militér]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2932" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info unit militér|unit_name=Komando Daerah Militér III/Siliwangi|image=Lambang Kodam Siliwangi.png|image_size=140px|caption=Lambang Kodam III/Siliwangi|start_date='''[[20 Mei]] [[1946]]'''|country={{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonésia]]|branch=|command_structure=[[TNI Angkatan Darat]]|type=[[Komando Daerah Militér]]|role=|size=|colors={{color box|#0B8038|'''HÉJO'''}}|colors_label=[[Barét]]|motto=''Esa Hilang Dua Terbilang''
&lt;!-- Rantai Komando --&gt;|commander1=[[Mayor Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Kunto Arief Wibowo]]|commander1_label=Panglima|commander2=[[Brigadir Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Widjanarko]]|commander2_label=Kapala Staf|commander3=[[Brigadir Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Dadang Arif Abdurahman]]|commander3_label=Inspektur|commander4=[[Brigadir Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Kuat Budiman]]|commander4_label=Kapala Kelompok Staf Ahli|garrison=[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]]|website=[https://siliwangi.tniad.mil.id/ siliwangi.tniad.mil.id]|march=Mars Siliwangi}}
'''Komando Daerah Militér III/Siliwangi''' (disingkat '''Kodam III/SLW''') nyaéta Komando Pertahanan Daérah anu ngawengku propinsi Banten jeung Jawa Kulon. Markas Komando nyaéta di Jl. Acéh No. 69 Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat.

Dina tanggal 22 Agustus 1945 atawa lima poé sanggeus [[Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia]], pamaréntah ngadegkeun Badan Kaamanan Rakyat (BKR) sebagai salah sahiji antisipasi ngalawan ancaman nu beuki nambahan. Salajeungna tanggal 5 Oktober 1945, BKR diganti ngaran jadi Tentara Kaamanan Rakyat (TKR).

[[Jawa Kulon]] meunang ngabentuk Komandemen-I TKR anu ngawasa 3 divisi. Divisi-I ngawengku Karesidenan [[Banten]] jeung [[Bogor]] (kantor pusatna di Serang), Divisi-II ngawengku Karesidenan [[Jakarta]] jeung [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]] (kantor pusatna di Linggarjati), sarta Divisi-III ngawengku Karesidenan Priangan (kantor pusatna di [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]).

Dina tanggal 20 Méi 1946, tilu divisi éta dihijikeun jadi &quot;Divisi Siliwangi&quot; jeung kantor pusatna di [[Tasikmalaya]]. Ngaran Siliwangi terus dipertahankeun, sanajan ngaran unitna robah jadi Tentara &amp; Wilayah (T&amp;T) III Siliwangi, 24 Juli 1950. Saterusna dina 24 Oktober 1959 jadi Kodam VI/Siliwangi, tuluy robah deui jadi Kodam III/Siliwangi dina 2 Pébruari 1985.

Keur jaman kolonial Walanda, hiji tempat ieu dingaranan ''Paleis van den Legercommandant'' atawa Padumukan Panglima Tentara Walanda, nu lokasina gigireun ''Departement van Oorlog'' (ayeuna jadi [[Gedung Kologdam]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Api Sejarah 1, Mahakarya Perjuangan Ulama dan Santri dalam Menegakkan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, edisi revisi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AMxDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en|publisher=Surya Dinasti|date=2018|isbn=978-602-71237-1-7|language=id|first=Ahmad Mansur|last=Suryanegara|location=Bandung|pages=227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* {{id}} {{resmi|siliwangi.mil.id}}
[[Kategori:Wangunan sajarah di Jawa Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Militér]]</text>
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