Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 12973 1244844 1243744 2022-08-29T10:52:30Z 197.149.178.146 /* Historia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Watiriko''' ni [[kabila]] dogo lililo [[kusini]] mwa [[wilaya ya Mpwapwa]], [[mkoa wa Dodoma]] ulio katikati ya nchi ya [[Tanzania]], hasa [[Kibakwe]], [[Chamtumile]], [[Ikuyu]], [[Wotta]] na maeneo ya karibu na hayo. Kabila hilo lina asili ya mchanganyiko wa [[Wahehe]] na [[Wagogo]]. Maneno yao ni mchanganyiko wa maneno ya makabila hayo mawili, isipokuwa mila na desturi zao zimeelemea sana kwa Wagogo, mfano: [[Tohara|wanatahiri]] [[watoto]] [[Mwanaume]]. [[Michezo]] yao ya [[Utamaduni|kiutamaduni]] na [[nyimbo]] zao ni za Kigogo zaidi, japo pia wana baadhi ya nyimbo za kitamaduni zenye asili ya Kihehe kama "kiduo". ==Historia== Inasemekana wahamizi wa zama za [[vita]] vya kikabila kabla ya [[vita kuu ya kwanza]], walitokea upande wa kusini wa [[Tanganyika]], hasa [[mkoa wa Iringa]], wakaja mpaka [[mto Ruaha]], wakavuka [[mto]] hadi [[Mpwapwa]] kusini ya sasa, wakachagua kuishi huko. Kusudi wapate kukubalika katika [[jamii]] ya nchi hii mpya (ambapo ilikuwa ni [[himaya]] ya Wagogo, ijapo walikuta sehemu ile haikuwa na wakazi) iliwalazimu kuiga [[mila]] na [[desturi]] za wenyeji wa karibu na eneo lile, mfano: kutoga [[masikio]], kutoa [[meno]] mawili ya chini, kufanya tohara kwa wanaume na watoto wa kike. Kwa njia hiyo walikubalika katika jamii ile na waliweza kuwa watawala (au ''watemi''). Waliweza [[Ndoa|kuoa]] wenyeji wa pale, na matokeo yake ikapatikana [[lugha]] iliyokuwa mchanganyiko wa Kigogo na [[Kihehe]]; hadi leo lugha hiyo wanaiita [[Kitiriko]]. Kabila hili linatawaliwa na koo chache zenye nguvu kama vile [[Mduwile]] ambao chimbuko lao ni maeneo ya bondeni katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Lwihomelo]] ambapo kuna eneo lijulikanalo kama [[Pitiliko]]. Koo nyingine ni kama Chugulu, Semwali na Kinoga ambao asili yao ni [[mlima]] [[Semi]] karibu na Kibakwe. {{mbegu-utamaduni-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiriko}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mpwapwa]] 7t8xcbwgpscj2d9yodpcef5mctkmwgj 0 14545 1244810 1231649 2022-08-28T15:17:00Z Alexphangia 54669 added flag wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Lubumbashi |nickname = L'shi - Lubum |picha_ya_bendera = |ukubwa_wa_picha = 100px |picha_ya_seal = |picha_ya_bendera = Flag of Lubumbashi.svg |seal_size = |pushpin_map = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Lubumbashi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |settlement_type = Jiji |motto = |picha_ya_satelite =Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] |subdivision_type1 = Mikoa |subdivision_name1 = [[mkoa wa Katanga Juu|Katanga Juu]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |leader_title = [[Gavana]] |leader_name = Moise Katumbi |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |area_total_km2 = 747 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |kimo_m = 1208 |population_as_of = 2015 |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 1,794,118 |population_density_km2 = |latd=11 |latm=40 |lats= 0|latNS=S |longd=27 |longm=29 |longs= 0|longEW=E |website = |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg|thumb|Jiji la Lubumbashi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Hoteli ya Belle.]] '''Lubumbashi''' (zamani ilijulikana kwa [[Kifaransa]] kama ''Élisabethville'' na kwa [[Kiholanzi]] kama ''Elizabethstad'') ni [[mji]] wa pili kwa ukubwa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (zamani ilijulikana kama [[Zaire]]) ukifuata [[mji mkuu]] wa [[taifa]] wa [[Kinshasa]] na ni [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]] cha sehemu ya [[kusini]] ya nchi. Mji huu ndio [[makao makuu]] ya [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] ambao una [[madini]] ya [[shaba]] na uko karibu na mpaka wa [[Zambia]]. Makadirio ya [[idadi]] ya watu ni karibu [[milioni]] 1.8. == Jiografia == Lubumbashi uko karibu [[mita]] 1,000 juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. [[Mto Kafue]] unatiririka kando ya mpaka wa Zambia na uaendelea kupitia sehemu za Zambia hadi kuingia [[Mto Zambezi]]. == Historia == [[Wabelgiji]] walianzishwa mji wa ''Élisabethville'' (wakati mwingine ''Elizabethville'' katika Kifaransa, au '''Elisabethstad''' katika Kiholanzi) [[mwaka]] [[1910]]. Mji huu ulifanikiwa na [[maendeleo]] ya kanda hii kwenye sekta ya madini ya shaba. [[Wachimbaji]] [[Mgodi|migodi]] katika Élisabethville waligoma mnamo [[Desemba]] [[1941]] katika kupinga [[serikali]] ya Wabelgigi iliyowalazimisha kufanya [[kazi]] ngumu, kwa sababu ya "jitihada za vita". Wabelgiji walianzisha [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Élisabethville (sasa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lubumbashi]]) mnamo [[1954]]-[[1955]]. Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa [[manispaa]] wa Desemba [[1957]], watu wa Élisabethville waliwapiga [[kura]] wengi wa wagombea wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[Nationalist Alliance de Bakongo]], ambacho kilidai [[uhuru]] mara moja kutoka kwa Wabelgiji. Élisabethville ulitumikia kama mji mkuu na kitovu cha biashara wa Jimbo la kujitenga la [[Katanga]] wakati wa [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] vya miaka [[1960]]-[[1963]]. [[Moise Tshombe]] alitangaza uhuru wa Katanga mnamo Julai 1960. [[Viongozi]] wa Kongo walimtia nguvuni akashtakiwa kwa [[uhaini]] Aprili [[1961]], hata hivyo alikubali kufutilia washauri wake wa kigeni na vikosi vya kijeshi kubadilishana na uhuru wake. Tshombe alirejea Élisabethville lakini akakaidi [[mkataba]] akaanza kupigana upya. Vikosi vya jeshi vya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] vilipinga [[wanajeshi]] wa Katanga na kuchukua udhibiti wa mji mnamo Desemba 1961 chini ya mamlaka makuu. [[Roger Trinquier]], anayejulikana kwa machapishwo yake kuhusiana na vita, alikuwa mshauri wa kijeshi Kifaransa wa Rais Tshombe mpaka shinikizo la kimataifa, likiongozwa na Ubelgiji, lilisababishwa kuitwa tena na Ufaransa. [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] hatimaye alipotwaa [[mamlaka]] alibadilisha [[jina]] la Élisabethville kuwa "Lubumbashi" na mwaka wa [[1972]] alibadilisha Katanga kuwa "Shaba." Kongo aliingia uangamizaji mwingine wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe katika [[miaka ya 1990]]. Waasi wa [[Muungano wa Democratic Forces kwa Ukombozi wa Kongo]] waliteka Lubumbashi mwezi Aprili [[1997]]. Kiongozi wa waasi [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] alizungumza kutoka Lubumbashi kujitangaza [[rais]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] tarehe [[17 Mei]] 1997 baada ya Mobutu Sese Seko kukimbia Kinshasa. Wakati Laurent-Désiré Kabila aliamua kuteua [[bunge]] la mpito, mwaka [[1999]], uamuzi ulitolewa kufunya Bunge katika Lubumbashi, ili kuimarisha [[umoja]] tete wa nchi. Bunge liliwekwa katika jengo la Bunge la Wapinduzi wa Katanga, iliyokuwa na makao makuu yake katika [[jiji]] hili pia katika [[miaka ya 1960]]. Lubumbashi kwa hiyo ulikuwa mji wa mkuu wa Sheria wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kuanzia 1999 hadi [[2003]], wakati [[taasisi]] zote kuu za nchi zililetwa jijini Kinshasa. == Serikali == Kuanzia 2000-2006, [[Floribert Kaseba Makunko]] alikuwa meya wa Lubumbashi; baadaye alichaguliwa kwenye [[Bunge la Taifa]] mwaka 2006. == Utamaduni na uchumi == Mji huu una [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lubumbashi]], ambacho kina [[maktaba]]. Kuna pia [[magazeti]] ya kila [[siku]]. Lubumbashi unatumika kama [[kiungo]] muhimu cha kibiashara na [[viwanda]] vya kitaifa. Viwanda hivyo ni pamoja na viwanda vya [[nguo]], [[bidhaa]] za [[chakula]] na [[vinywaji]], [[ufiatuaji]] [[matofali]], na [[uyeyushaji wa shaba]]. == Usafiri == === Reli === Lubumbashi iko katika mstari wa [[reli]] baina ya [[Ilebo]], [[Kindu]], [[Sakania]] na [[Kolwezi]]; hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa [[miundombinu]] ya uwekezaji katika mfumo wa reli, reli ina sifa ya kutoaminika. Katika [[miaka ya 1960]], sehemu ya kutoka kwa [[Mutshatsha]] hadi Lubumbashi iliwekewa [[umeme]] wa hadi [[25 KV AC]]. === Angani === Lubumbashi ni nyumbani kwa [[uwanja wa ndege]] wa kisasa wa [[Lubumbashi International Airport]]. Kwa hiyo, mji huu unatumika kama kituo cha usambazaji wa [[madini]] kama vile [[shaba]], [[kobalti]], [[zinki]], [[stani]] na [[makaa ya mawe]]. == Utalii == [[Picha:Banque commerciale du Congo de Lubumbashi.JPG|thumb|right|Benki ya biashara ya Kongo.]] Vivutio katika mji huu ni pamoja na [[bustani]], [[mbuga ya wanyama]], [[Kiwanda cha Pombe]] na [[jumba]] la [[makumbusho]] la kanda la [[National Museum of Lubumbashi]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Kusoma zaidi == * [[Tim Butcher]]: ''Blood River - A Journey To Africa's Broken Heart'' , 2007. ISBN 0-7011-7981-3 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11213|title=Villes de RD Congo - Lubumbashi|date=2006-05-29|publisher=[[United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo|MONUC]]|language=French|accessdate=2008-09-16|archivedate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217062018/http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11213}} * [http://www.inchi-yetu.be/ Tuvuti isiyo rasmi ya Katanga] * [http://www.fondationmaisha.org/ Organization for street children in Lubumbashi] * [http://www.luboom.com/ Unofficial English language site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.luboom.com/ |date=20160423041825 }} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/CG/0/Lubumbashi.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 177m (alama nyekundu ni reli)] {{New DRC provincial capitals}} {{coord|11|40|S|27|28|E|region:CD_type:city|display=title}} {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Lubumbashi]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] aeq7s2itiisma9kzk54k3v7v44wu4rw 1244811 1244810 2022-08-28T15:17:18Z Alexphangia 54669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Lubumbashi |nickname = L'shi - Lubum |picha_ya_bendera = |ukubwa_wa_picha = 100px |picha_ya_seal = Lubumbashi coat of arms.svg |picha_ya_bendera = Flag of Lubumbashi.svg |seal_size = |pushpin_map = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Lubumbashi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |settlement_type = Jiji |motto = |picha_ya_satelite =Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] |subdivision_type1 = Mikoa |subdivision_name1 = [[mkoa wa Katanga Juu|Katanga Juu]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |leader_title = [[Gavana]] |leader_name = Moise Katumbi |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |area_total_km2 = 747 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |kimo_m = 1208 |population_as_of = 2015 |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 1,794,118 |population_density_km2 = |latd=11 |latm=40 |lats= 0|latNS=S |longd=27 |longm=29 |longs= 0|longEW=E |website = |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg|thumb|Jiji la Lubumbashi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Hoteli ya Belle.]] '''Lubumbashi''' (zamani ilijulikana kwa [[Kifaransa]] kama ''Élisabethville'' na kwa [[Kiholanzi]] kama ''Elizabethstad'') ni [[mji]] wa pili kwa ukubwa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (zamani ilijulikana kama [[Zaire]]) ukifuata [[mji mkuu]] wa [[taifa]] wa [[Kinshasa]] na ni [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]] cha sehemu ya [[kusini]] ya nchi. Mji huu ndio [[makao makuu]] ya [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] ambao una [[madini]] ya [[shaba]] na uko karibu na mpaka wa [[Zambia]]. Makadirio ya [[idadi]] ya watu ni karibu [[milioni]] 1.8. == Jiografia == Lubumbashi uko karibu [[mita]] 1,000 juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. [[Mto Kafue]] unatiririka kando ya mpaka wa Zambia na uaendelea kupitia sehemu za Zambia hadi kuingia [[Mto Zambezi]]. == Historia == [[Wabelgiji]] walianzishwa mji wa ''Élisabethville'' (wakati mwingine ''Elizabethville'' katika Kifaransa, au '''Elisabethstad''' katika Kiholanzi) [[mwaka]] [[1910]]. Mji huu ulifanikiwa na [[maendeleo]] ya kanda hii kwenye sekta ya madini ya shaba. [[Wachimbaji]] [[Mgodi|migodi]] katika Élisabethville waligoma mnamo [[Desemba]] [[1941]] katika kupinga [[serikali]] ya Wabelgigi iliyowalazimisha kufanya [[kazi]] ngumu, kwa sababu ya "jitihada za vita". Wabelgiji walianzisha [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Élisabethville (sasa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lubumbashi]]) mnamo [[1954]]-[[1955]]. Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa [[manispaa]] wa Desemba [[1957]], watu wa Élisabethville waliwapiga [[kura]] wengi wa wagombea wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[Nationalist Alliance de Bakongo]], ambacho kilidai [[uhuru]] mara moja kutoka kwa Wabelgiji. Élisabethville ulitumikia kama mji mkuu na kitovu cha biashara wa Jimbo la kujitenga la [[Katanga]] wakati wa [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] vya miaka [[1960]]-[[1963]]. [[Moise Tshombe]] alitangaza uhuru wa Katanga mnamo Julai 1960. [[Viongozi]] wa Kongo walimtia nguvuni akashtakiwa kwa [[uhaini]] Aprili [[1961]], hata hivyo alikubali kufutilia washauri wake wa kigeni na vikosi vya kijeshi kubadilishana na uhuru wake. Tshombe alirejea Élisabethville lakini akakaidi [[mkataba]] akaanza kupigana upya. Vikosi vya jeshi vya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] vilipinga [[wanajeshi]] wa Katanga na kuchukua udhibiti wa mji mnamo Desemba 1961 chini ya mamlaka makuu. [[Roger Trinquier]], anayejulikana kwa machapishwo yake kuhusiana na vita, alikuwa mshauri wa kijeshi Kifaransa wa Rais Tshombe mpaka shinikizo la kimataifa, likiongozwa na Ubelgiji, lilisababishwa kuitwa tena na Ufaransa. [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] hatimaye alipotwaa [[mamlaka]] alibadilisha [[jina]] la Élisabethville kuwa "Lubumbashi" na mwaka wa [[1972]] alibadilisha Katanga kuwa "Shaba." Kongo aliingia uangamizaji mwingine wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe katika [[miaka ya 1990]]. Waasi wa [[Muungano wa Democratic Forces kwa Ukombozi wa Kongo]] waliteka Lubumbashi mwezi Aprili [[1997]]. Kiongozi wa waasi [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] alizungumza kutoka Lubumbashi kujitangaza [[rais]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] tarehe [[17 Mei]] 1997 baada ya Mobutu Sese Seko kukimbia Kinshasa. Wakati Laurent-Désiré Kabila aliamua kuteua [[bunge]] la mpito, mwaka [[1999]], uamuzi ulitolewa kufunya Bunge katika Lubumbashi, ili kuimarisha [[umoja]] tete wa nchi. Bunge liliwekwa katika jengo la Bunge la Wapinduzi wa Katanga, iliyokuwa na makao makuu yake katika [[jiji]] hili pia katika [[miaka ya 1960]]. Lubumbashi kwa hiyo ulikuwa mji wa mkuu wa Sheria wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kuanzia 1999 hadi [[2003]], wakati [[taasisi]] zote kuu za nchi zililetwa jijini Kinshasa. == Serikali == Kuanzia 2000-2006, [[Floribert Kaseba Makunko]] alikuwa meya wa Lubumbashi; baadaye alichaguliwa kwenye [[Bunge la Taifa]] mwaka 2006. == Utamaduni na uchumi == Mji huu una [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lubumbashi]], ambacho kina [[maktaba]]. Kuna pia [[magazeti]] ya kila [[siku]]. Lubumbashi unatumika kama [[kiungo]] muhimu cha kibiashara na [[viwanda]] vya kitaifa. Viwanda hivyo ni pamoja na viwanda vya [[nguo]], [[bidhaa]] za [[chakula]] na [[vinywaji]], [[ufiatuaji]] [[matofali]], na [[uyeyushaji wa shaba]]. == Usafiri == === Reli === Lubumbashi iko katika mstari wa [[reli]] baina ya [[Ilebo]], [[Kindu]], [[Sakania]] na [[Kolwezi]]; hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa [[miundombinu]] ya uwekezaji katika mfumo wa reli, reli ina sifa ya kutoaminika. Katika [[miaka ya 1960]], sehemu ya kutoka kwa [[Mutshatsha]] hadi Lubumbashi iliwekewa [[umeme]] wa hadi [[25 KV AC]]. === Angani === Lubumbashi ni nyumbani kwa [[uwanja wa ndege]] wa kisasa wa [[Lubumbashi International Airport]]. Kwa hiyo, mji huu unatumika kama kituo cha usambazaji wa [[madini]] kama vile [[shaba]], [[kobalti]], [[zinki]], [[stani]] na [[makaa ya mawe]]. == Utalii == [[Picha:Banque commerciale du Congo de Lubumbashi.JPG|thumb|right|Benki ya biashara ya Kongo.]] Vivutio katika mji huu ni pamoja na [[bustani]], [[mbuga ya wanyama]], [[Kiwanda cha Pombe]] na [[jumba]] la [[makumbusho]] la kanda la [[National Museum of Lubumbashi]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Kusoma zaidi == * [[Tim Butcher]]: ''Blood River - A Journey To Africa's Broken Heart'' , 2007. ISBN 0-7011-7981-3 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11213|title=Villes de RD Congo - Lubumbashi|date=2006-05-29|publisher=[[United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo|MONUC]]|language=French|accessdate=2008-09-16|archivedate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217062018/http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11213}} * [http://www.inchi-yetu.be/ Tuvuti isiyo rasmi ya Katanga] * [http://www.fondationmaisha.org/ Organization for street children in Lubumbashi] * [http://www.luboom.com/ Unofficial English language site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.luboom.com/ |date=20160423041825 }} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/CG/0/Lubumbashi.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 177m (alama nyekundu ni reli)] {{New DRC provincial capitals}} {{coord|11|40|S|27|28|E|region:CD_type:city|display=title}} {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Lubumbashi]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] 12xfu20ytllohgz3mq0gzvdquklezo1 1244812 1244811 2022-08-28T15:17:54Z Alexphangia 54669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Lubumbashi |nickname = L'shi - Lubum |picha_ya_bendera = |ukubwa_wa_picha = 100px |picha_ya_bendera = Flag of Lubumbashi.svg |picha_ya_nembo = Lubumbashi coat of arms.svg |seal_size = |pushpin_map = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Lubumbashi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |settlement_type = Jiji |motto = |picha_ya_satelite =Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] |subdivision_type1 = Mikoa |subdivision_name1 = [[mkoa wa Katanga Juu|Katanga Juu]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |leader_title = [[Gavana]] |leader_name = Moise Katumbi |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |area_total_km2 = 747 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |kimo_m = 1208 |population_as_of = 2015 |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 1,794,118 |population_density_km2 = |latd=11 |latm=40 |lats= 0|latNS=S |longd=27 |longm=29 |longs= 0|longEW=E |website = |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg|thumb|Jiji la Lubumbashi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na Hoteli ya Belle.]] '''Lubumbashi''' (zamani ilijulikana kwa [[Kifaransa]] kama ''Élisabethville'' na kwa [[Kiholanzi]] kama ''Elizabethstad'') ni [[mji]] wa pili kwa ukubwa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (zamani ilijulikana kama [[Zaire]]) ukifuata [[mji mkuu]] wa [[taifa]] wa [[Kinshasa]] na ni [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]] cha sehemu ya [[kusini]] ya nchi. Mji huu ndio [[makao makuu]] ya [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] ambao una [[madini]] ya [[shaba]] na uko karibu na mpaka wa [[Zambia]]. Makadirio ya [[idadi]] ya watu ni karibu [[milioni]] 1.8. == Jiografia == Lubumbashi uko karibu [[mita]] 1,000 juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. [[Mto Kafue]] unatiririka kando ya mpaka wa Zambia na uaendelea kupitia sehemu za Zambia hadi kuingia [[Mto Zambezi]]. == Historia == [[Wabelgiji]] walianzishwa mji wa ''Élisabethville'' (wakati mwingine ''Elizabethville'' katika Kifaransa, au '''Elisabethstad''' katika Kiholanzi) [[mwaka]] [[1910]]. Mji huu ulifanikiwa na [[maendeleo]] ya kanda hii kwenye sekta ya madini ya shaba. [[Wachimbaji]] [[Mgodi|migodi]] katika Élisabethville waligoma mnamo [[Desemba]] [[1941]] katika kupinga [[serikali]] ya Wabelgigi iliyowalazimisha kufanya [[kazi]] ngumu, kwa sababu ya "jitihada za vita". Wabelgiji walianzisha [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Élisabethville (sasa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lubumbashi]]) mnamo [[1954]]-[[1955]]. Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa [[manispaa]] wa Desemba [[1957]], watu wa Élisabethville waliwapiga [[kura]] wengi wa wagombea wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[Nationalist Alliance de Bakongo]], ambacho kilidai [[uhuru]] mara moja kutoka kwa Wabelgiji. Élisabethville ulitumikia kama mji mkuu na kitovu cha biashara wa Jimbo la kujitenga la [[Katanga]] wakati wa [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] vya miaka [[1960]]-[[1963]]. [[Moise Tshombe]] alitangaza uhuru wa Katanga mnamo Julai 1960. [[Viongozi]] wa Kongo walimtia nguvuni akashtakiwa kwa [[uhaini]] Aprili [[1961]], hata hivyo alikubali kufutilia washauri wake wa kigeni na vikosi vya kijeshi kubadilishana na uhuru wake. Tshombe alirejea Élisabethville lakini akakaidi [[mkataba]] akaanza kupigana upya. Vikosi vya jeshi vya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] vilipinga [[wanajeshi]] wa Katanga na kuchukua udhibiti wa mji mnamo Desemba 1961 chini ya mamlaka makuu. [[Roger Trinquier]], anayejulikana kwa machapishwo yake kuhusiana na vita, alikuwa mshauri wa kijeshi Kifaransa wa Rais Tshombe mpaka shinikizo la kimataifa, likiongozwa na Ubelgiji, lilisababishwa kuitwa tena na Ufaransa. [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] hatimaye alipotwaa [[mamlaka]] alibadilisha [[jina]] la Élisabethville kuwa "Lubumbashi" na mwaka wa [[1972]] alibadilisha Katanga kuwa "Shaba." Kongo aliingia uangamizaji mwingine wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe katika [[miaka ya 1990]]. Waasi wa [[Muungano wa Democratic Forces kwa Ukombozi wa Kongo]] waliteka Lubumbashi mwezi Aprili [[1997]]. Kiongozi wa waasi [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] alizungumza kutoka Lubumbashi kujitangaza [[rais]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] tarehe [[17 Mei]] 1997 baada ya Mobutu Sese Seko kukimbia Kinshasa. Wakati Laurent-Désiré Kabila aliamua kuteua [[bunge]] la mpito, mwaka [[1999]], uamuzi ulitolewa kufunya Bunge katika Lubumbashi, ili kuimarisha [[umoja]] tete wa nchi. Bunge liliwekwa katika jengo la Bunge la Wapinduzi wa Katanga, iliyokuwa na makao makuu yake katika [[jiji]] hili pia katika [[miaka ya 1960]]. Lubumbashi kwa hiyo ulikuwa mji wa mkuu wa Sheria wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kuanzia 1999 hadi [[2003]], wakati [[taasisi]] zote kuu za nchi zililetwa jijini Kinshasa. == Serikali == Kuanzia 2000-2006, [[Floribert Kaseba Makunko]] alikuwa meya wa Lubumbashi; baadaye alichaguliwa kwenye [[Bunge la Taifa]] mwaka 2006. == Utamaduni na uchumi == Mji huu una [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lubumbashi]], ambacho kina [[maktaba]]. Kuna pia [[magazeti]] ya kila [[siku]]. Lubumbashi unatumika kama [[kiungo]] muhimu cha kibiashara na [[viwanda]] vya kitaifa. Viwanda hivyo ni pamoja na viwanda vya [[nguo]], [[bidhaa]] za [[chakula]] na [[vinywaji]], [[ufiatuaji]] [[matofali]], na [[uyeyushaji wa shaba]]. == Usafiri == === Reli === Lubumbashi iko katika mstari wa [[reli]] baina ya [[Ilebo]], [[Kindu]], [[Sakania]] na [[Kolwezi]]; hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa [[miundombinu]] ya uwekezaji katika mfumo wa reli, reli ina sifa ya kutoaminika. Katika [[miaka ya 1960]], sehemu ya kutoka kwa [[Mutshatsha]] hadi Lubumbashi iliwekewa [[umeme]] wa hadi [[25 KV AC]]. === Angani === Lubumbashi ni nyumbani kwa [[uwanja wa ndege]] wa kisasa wa [[Lubumbashi International Airport]]. Kwa hiyo, mji huu unatumika kama kituo cha usambazaji wa [[madini]] kama vile [[shaba]], [[kobalti]], [[zinki]], [[stani]] na [[makaa ya mawe]]. == Utalii == [[Picha:Banque commerciale du Congo de Lubumbashi.JPG|thumb|right|Benki ya biashara ya Kongo.]] Vivutio katika mji huu ni pamoja na [[bustani]], [[mbuga ya wanyama]], [[Kiwanda cha Pombe]] na [[jumba]] la [[makumbusho]] la kanda la [[National Museum of Lubumbashi]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Kusoma zaidi == * [[Tim Butcher]]: ''Blood River - A Journey To Africa's Broken Heart'' , 2007. ISBN 0-7011-7981-3 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11213|title=Villes de RD Congo - Lubumbashi|date=2006-05-29|publisher=[[United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo|MONUC]]|language=French|accessdate=2008-09-16|archivedate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217062018/http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11213}} * [http://www.inchi-yetu.be/ Tuvuti isiyo rasmi ya Katanga] * [http://www.fondationmaisha.org/ Organization for street children in Lubumbashi] * [http://www.luboom.com/ Unofficial English language site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.luboom.com/ |date=20160423041825 }} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/CG/0/Lubumbashi.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 177m (alama nyekundu ni reli)] {{New DRC provincial capitals}} {{coord|11|40|S|27|28|E|region:CD_type:city|display=title}} {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Lubumbashi]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] 4nxzn5zb9dk5ulvi4zbenyxc7vb3v8n 0 20634 1244835 1242360 2022-08-29T08:49:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | jina = [[Picha:Wikipedia-favicon.png|16px|Favicon of Wikipedia]] Wikipedia ya Kiswahili | screenshot = | logo = [[Picha:Wikipedia-logo-v2-sw.svg|140px]] | maelezo ya picha = Logo ya Wikipedia ya Kiswahili | kisara = http://sw.wikipedia.org/ | kibiashara = Hapana | mahala = [[Miami, Florida]] | aina = [[Kamusi elezo|Mradi wa Kamusi Elezo ya Interneti]] | lugha = [[Kiswahili]] | watumiaji = {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} watumiaji, {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} wakabidhi tarehe {{Date}} | kujisajiri = Hiari | mmiliki = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | mwanzo = {{start date and age|df=yes|2003|3|8}} }} '''Wikipedia ya Kiswahili''' (au '''Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili''') ni toleo la [[kamusi elezo]] ya [[Wikipedia]] kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswahili]]. Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ilianzishwa [[tarehe]] [[8 Machi]] [[2003]], na tarehe [[{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]], [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]], imefikia makala zipatazo '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''', [[idadi]] inayoifanya iwe Wikipedia ya 81 (kati ya 317 zilizo hai) kwa [[hesabu]] ya makala zote.<ref>[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#10_000.2B_articles Wikipedia ya Kiswahili inakua siku hadi siku: itazame [[:m:List_of_Wikipedias#10_000.2B_articles|Meta-Wiki]]]</ref>. Mwaka [[2019]] Wikipedia ya Kiswahili iliangaliwa mara 65,856 kwa siku, mwaka [[2020]] mara 73,056 na mwaka 2021 (Januari-Oktoba) 83,595 ambayo inakaribia kuwa sawa na mara 3,500 kwa [[saa]]. Mwaka huo kurasa zilizotazamwa zilikuwa 70,419,110, sawa na 192,929 kwa siku na 8,038 kwa saa. Mwaka 2022 idadi iliongezeka zaidi kwa kuwa kwenye mwezi Mei 2022 kurasa zetu zilifunguliwa mara 240,641 kwa siku<ref>https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/sw.wikipedia.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|2-year|(access)~desktop*mobile-app*mobile-web|monthly</ref>. Karibu [[nusu]] ya wasomaji wetu wako [[Tanzania]]<ref>Linganisha https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/sw.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal|table|last-month|(access)~desktop*mobile-app*mobile-web|monthly</ref>, halafu [[Kenya]], [[Marekani]] na sehemu nyingine [[duniani]], kama [[India]], [[Urusi]] na [[Nigeria]]<ref>Asilimia hucheza mwezi kwa mwezi. Kwenye mwezi Juni 2022 kurasa zetu zilifunguliwa kutoka Tanzania 40%, Kenya 17%, Marekani 13%, Uhindi 5%, Urusi na Nigeria 4%, nchi zote nyingine 17%.</ref>. Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ilikuwa inafunguliwa na 0,01% ya wanaofungua Wikipedia duniani kote mwezi Septemba 2018, ikiwa katika nafasi ya 65 kati ya lugha zote. Takwimu husika zinacheza kirahisi kama, kwa mfano, kutokana na habari zinazotangazwa na [[vyombo vya habari]], watu wengi wanatafuta habari zaidi kwenye [[intaneti]], maana Waswahili walioko Marekani si wengi sana, lakini wana urahisi wa kutumia intaneti, hivyo wanaweza wakawazidi watumiaji wa Tanzania ambako watu wengi bado hawana njia ya kutumia mtandao. Mwezi huohuo, waliofungua Wikipedia nchini Kenya walikuwa 0,10% za wasomaji wote duniani; kumbe nchini Tanzania waliofungua Wikipedia walikuwa 0,04% tu za wasomaji wote duniani. Mnamo Januari [[2021]] kati ya waliofungua Wikipedia nchini Tanzania, 14% waliifungua kwa Kiswahili. Kumbe nchini Kenya waliofungua Wikipedia ya Kiswahili walikuwa 4% tu, lakini kuna ongezeko kubwa, kwa sababu mnamo Septemba 2018, waliofungua Wikipedia nchini Kenya walikuwa 0,08% za wasomaji wote duniani; kati yao waliofungua Wikipedia ya Kiswahili walikuwa 1.7%. Kumbe nchini Tanzania waliofungua Wikipedia walikuwa 0,03% za wasomaji wote duniani, lakini kati yao 11.2% waliifungua kwa Kiswahili, asilimia inayozidi kukua kadiri makala zinavyoongezeka na kuwa bora zaidi. == Maendeleo == [[Picha:Mwanzo 1.JPG|thumb|250px|Ukurasa wa "Mwanzo" ulivyokuwa mwaka 2004.]] Mnamo [[Julai]] [[2006]] Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ilifikisha makala 1,000 na tarehe [[14 Septemba]] mwaka huohuo ilifikia makala ya 2,000. Mnamo Julai [[2007]] ilifikisha makala 5,000 na tarehe [[26 Septemba]] 2007, 6,000. Tarehe [[21 Aprili]] [[2008]], Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ilifikisha makala 7,000 na tarehe [[19 Desemba]] 2008 ilifikisha makala 8,000, hasa baada ya kuanzishwa makala nyingi za mbegu za [[kata]] za [[Tanzania]]. Makala za mbegu za Tanzania, ziliendelea kuisukuma Wikipedia ya Kiswahili hadi kufikia kiwango cha makala 9,000 tarehe [[2 Februari]] [[2009]] na makala 10,000 tarehe [[21 Februari]] 2009. Ilipofika tarehe [[9 Aprili]] 2009, Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ilifikia kiwango cha makala 11,000 na tarehe [[25 Aprili]] 2009 ilifikia makala 12,000. Mnamo tarehe [[20 Juni]] [[2009]], Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ilibadilisha ukurasa wake wa mwanzo katika sura mpya. Mnamo tarehe [[17 Agosti]] 2009 ilifikia makala zipatazo 13,000, na kuendelea kuifanya iwe Wikipedia ya kwanza kwa ukubwa katika Afrika. Haikushia hapo: tarehe [[11 Septemba]] 2009, Wikipedia hii ilifikia makala 14,000 na tarehe [[25 Desemba]] 2009 makala 15,000. [[Picha:Wikipedia 20000 articles.png|80px|right]] Tarehe [[31 Mei]] [[2010]] ilifikia makala 18,000 na tarehe [[21 Agosti]] mwaka huohuo makala 20,000. Tarehe [[28 Oktoba]] [[2011]] ilifikia makala 22,000. Tarehe [[15 Februari]] [[2014]] ilifikia makala 26,000 na tarehe [[28 Oktoba]] mwaka huohuo makala 27,000. Tarehe [[25 Januari]] [[2015]] ilivuka idadi ya makala 28,000, tarehe [[13 Juni]] 2015 ilifikia makala 29,000, tarehe [[22 Septemba]] mwaka huohuo ilifikia makala 30,000 na kuendelea tena. Upande wa maharirio, tarehe [[10 Oktoba]] 2015 yamefikia idadi ya [[milioni]] 1. Tarehe [[10 Novemba]] mwaka huohuo ilivuka makala 31,000 na kupiku [[Wikipedia ya Kiyoruba]]. Tarehe [[13 Februari]] [[2016]] ilivuka idadi ya makala 32,000 na kusonga mbele kiasi cha kufikia 33,000 tarehe [[18 Aprili]] 2016, halafu 34,000 tarehe [[20 Agosti]] 2016 kwa makala [[Kinung]]. Makala juu ya [[James Tate (mwandishi)|James Tate]] imeifanya itimize idadi ya 35,000 tarehe [[12 Januari]] [[2017]]. Mwaka huohuo, tarehe [[20 Mei]] 2017 idadi ya makala ilifikia 36,000, tarehe [[30 Julai]] ilifikia 37,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Ziwa Ambussel]], tarehe [[12 Oktoba]] 38,000 kwa makala juu ya [[mto Jubba]] na tarehe [[24 Desemba]] ilifikia 39,000. Tarehe [[17 Machi]] [[2018]] mradi wa [[milima]] umeleta makala ya 40,000: [[Nidze]]. Mradi wa [[mito ya Tanzania]] umesukuma Wikipedia hii kufikia idadi ya makala 41,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Mto Ligunga]] tarehe [[2 Mei]] 2018 na 42,000 kwa ukurasa wa [[mto Jigulu]] tarehe [[21 Mei]]. Mradi wa [[mito ya Kenya]] umefikisha idadi ya makala kuwa 43,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Mto Kaptarit]] tarehe [[7 Julai]] 2018, kuwa 44,000 tarehe [[30 Julai]] kwa ukurasa juu ya [[mto Nyairoko]], kuwa 45,000 tarehe [[12 Agosti]] kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Mto Ilangi]], kuwa 46,000 tarehe [[15 Oktoba]] kwa ukurasa juu ya [[mto Wakavi]], tena kuwa 47,000 tarehe [[8 Novemba]] kwa ukurasa juu ya [[mto Olkimatare]]. Tarehe [[7 Februari]] [[2019]] mradi wa [[Orodha ya visiwa vya Tanzania|visiwa vya Tanzania]] umevusha Wikipedia yetu katika elfu ya 48 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[kisiwa cha Musira]]. Tarehe [[23 Machi]] 2019 mradi wa [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda|Mito ya Uganda]] umevusha Wikipedia yetu katika elfu ya 49 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[mto Wangodugu]], tarehe [[3 Mei]] 2019 umeifikisha katika idadi ya 50,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[mto Ocere]], tarehe [[31 Mei]] umeivusha tena katika elfu ya 51 kwa makala juu ya [[mto Osia]] na tarehe 16 Julai umeifikisha idadi ya 52,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Mto Rwoho]]. Tarehe [[10 Agosti]] 2019 mradi kuhusu ugatuzi nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]] umezaa makala ya 53,000 kuhusu [[Tarafa ya Tiémélékro]]. Tunawashukuru wachangiaji wetu kutoka nchi hiyo ya [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Tarehe [[4 Oktoba]] 2019 mradi kuhusu [[watakatifu]] wa [[Afrika]] umefikisha makala za Wikipedia hii katika idadi ya 54,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[wafiadini]] [[Suksesi na wenzake 17]], na tarehe [[13 Desemba]] 2019 [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika|mradi huohuo]] umefikisha idadi ya makala hadi 55,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Yusto askofu]]. Tarehe [[10 Machi]] [[2020]] mradi wa [[Makabila ya Uganda]] umefikisha Wikipedia yetu kwenye makala ya 56,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Wakumam]]. Tarehe [[17 Machi]] 2020 mradi wa [[wachezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] umefikisha Wikipedia yetu kwenye makala ya 57,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Gilmar Rinaldi]]. Kurasa elfu kwa juma moja tu! Tarehe [[3 Aprili]] 2020 mradi wa [[mito]] ya [[Burundi]] umefikisha Wikipedia yetu kwenye makala ya 58,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Mto Gihororo (Karuzi)]]. Tarehe [[22 Mei]] 2020 mradi wa [[miji]] ya [[Rwanda]] umefikisha Wikipedia yetu kwenye makala ya 59,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Mukarange]]. Tarehe [[20 Agosti]] 2020 mradi wa [[mito]] ya [[Burundi]] umefikisha Wikipedia yetu kwenye makala ya 60,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[Mto Rubirizi (Muramvya)]]. Tarehe [[8 Novemba]] 2020 Wikipedia yetu imetimiza tena idadi hiyo (baada ya makala 907 kufutwa na steward fulani kwa mkupuo mmoja). Ukurasa husika ni juu ya [[mtakatifu]] [[Andrea Avellino]]. Tarehe [[15 Machi]] [[2021]] tumefikia makala 61,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[mtakatifu]] [[Agrikola wa Chalon]]. Tarehe [[7 Mei]] 2021 mradi wa [[miji]] ya [[Italia]] umefikisha Wikipedia yetu kwenye makala ya 62,000 kwa ukurasa juu ya [[San Giovanni Rotondo]]. Tarehe [[8 Juni]] 2021 mradi wa Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha kuhusu viwanja vya michezo umefikisha Wikipedia yetu hadi kutunga makala ya 63,000 na kusonga mbele haraka. Tarehe [[19 Juni]] 2021 Wikipedia hii imevuka makala ya 64,000 kutokana na tendo la kurudisha makala 907 lililofanywa na steward aliyekuwa amezifuta kwa mkupuo mmoja mwaka 2020. Tarehe [[5 Julai]] 2021 imefikia idadi ya 65,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Mwea]] katika mradi wa [[kata]] za [[Kenya]] na tarehe [[14 Agosti]] 2021 imefikia idadi ya 66,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Makutano]] katika mradi huohuo. Tarehe [[9 Septemba]] 2021 imefikia idadi ya 67,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Nairagie Ngare]] katika mradi wa vijiji vya Kenya. Tarehe [[29 Oktoba]] 2021 imefikia idadi ya 68,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Chambishi]] katika mradi wa miji ya [[Zambia]]. Tarehe [[11 Januari]] [[2022]] imefikia idadi ya 69,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Maroua]] katika mradi wa miji ya [[Kamerun]]. Tarehe [[10 Machi]] 2022 imefikia idadi ya 70,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Ilesa]] katika mradi wa miji ya [[Nigeria]]. Tarehe [[23 Aprili]] 2022 Wikipedia hii imefikia idadi ya 71,000 kwa makala nyingi za mradi wa [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki|Arusha Editathon Muziki]]. Sasa kazi kubwa ni kuziweka sawa. Tarehe [[14 Mei]] 2022 imefikia idadi ya 72,000 na kusonga mbele. Bado kazi ya kuweka sawa makala nyingi zilizotungwa kwa mashindano. Tarehe [[6 Juni]] 2022 imefikia idadi ya 73,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Frenda]], mji wa [[Algeria]]. Tarehe [[15 Julai]] 2022 Wikipedia hii imefikia idadi ya 74,000 kwa makala juu ya [[Ghuba ya Venezuela]]. ==Kati ya Wikipedia za Afrika== Kwa lugha zenye asili ya Afrika na [[visiwa]] vya jirani, Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili ndiyo ya nne kwa idadi ya makala zote ikifuatia Wikipedia ya [[Kiarabu cha Misri]], ile ya [[Kiafrikaans]] na ile ya [[Kimalagasy]]. Kwa kuangalia yaliyomo halisi (bila makala mafupi sana) ndiyo ya tatu baada ya Kiarabu cha Misri na Kiafrikaans. Pia ilikuwa ya kwanza kati ya Wikipedia za [[lugha za Niger-Kongo]] kuvuka kiwango cha makala 1,000. Sasa zimeongezeka, lakini ya Kiswahili bado inaongoza. Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili ilikuwa ya pili katika Afrika nzima kuvuka kiasi cha makala 10,000 baada ya [[Wikipedia ya Kiafrikaans]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901052536/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/08/27/business/wiki.php ''Building Wikipedia in African languages''], by Noam Cohen, [[:en:International Herald Tribune|International Herald Tribune]], [[27 Agosti]] [[2006]].</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Wikipedia ya Kiafrikaans]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiarabu]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kibulgaria]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kicheki]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kichina]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kidenmark]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiebrania]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiesperanto]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiestonia]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kifaransa]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kifini]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kihaiti Kreole]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kihispania]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiholanzi]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kihungaria]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiindonesia]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiitalia]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kijapani]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kijerumani]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiingereza]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiingereza Rahisi]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kikatala]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kikorea]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kikroatia]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kilingala]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kilithuania]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kinorwei]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kipoland]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kireno]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiromania]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kirusi]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiserbia]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kislovakia]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kislovene]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiswidi]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kituruki]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiukraini]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiwolofu]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kiyoruba]] * [[Wikipedia ya Kizulu]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [[mwanzo|Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili]] * [http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaSW.htm Statistics for Swahili Wikipedia] by Erik Zachte * [https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerLanguageBreakdown.htm Page Views per Language] - inaonyesha wikipedia za lugha mbalimbali pamoja na Kiswahili zinaangaliwa katika nchi gani hasa * [https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryBreakdown.htm Pages Views per country] - inaonyesha ni wikipedia zipi zinazoangaliwa namna gani nchi kwa nchi (kwa wikipedia yetu ni hasa Tanzania) {{Mawikipedia}} {{Wikipedia za Kiafrika}} [[Jamii:Kiswahili]] [[Jamii:Wikipedia kwa lugha tofauti]] 15kyvlgb05j7znw07pwjo4pm0978c2a 0 76753 1244823 1232863 2022-08-28T23:23:01Z Kwamikagami 2602 /* Mikondo tofauti ya ufeministi leo */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:8marchrallydhaka (55).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Maandamano]] katika [[Sikukuu ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake]] huko [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], tarehe [[8 Machi]] [[2005]].]] [[File:Femen 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kikosi cha Femen ni Wafeministi wenye [[itikadi kali]].]] '''Ufeministi''' (kutoka [[mzizi]] wa [[Kilatini]] ''femina'', yaani ''wa kike''; kwa [[Kifaransa]] ''féminisme'' linamaanisha '''harakati ya ukombozi wa wanawake‎''') ni [[jina]] linalojumlisha aina nyingi za misimamo, itikadi na [[tapo|matapo]] tofautitofauti yanayochanga [[lengo]] kuu la kutetea [[haki]] za [[wanawake]] dhidi ya [[ubaguzi wa jinsia]] uliotawala [[dunia]] kwa muda mrefu sana upande wa [[siasa]], [[uchumi]], [[utamaduni]], [[dini]] na [[jamii]] kwa jumla.<ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book |author=Hawkesworth, M.E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27 |isbn=9780742537835}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book |author=Beasley, Chris.|title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas|year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=9780761963356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=hooks, bell.|title=Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics |year=2000|publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=9780745317335}}</ref> Wafuasi wa nadharia hii wanashikilia kwamba, pana haja ya kuwa na usawa wa kijinsia licha ya kuwapo kwa tofauti za kimaumbile. <ref>K.E. Kipyegon, uk.7</ref> Kati ya haki hizo za msingi, ufeministi umepigania kwa mfano zile za [[kupiga kura]], kupata [[serikali|vyeo serikalini]], kufanya [[kazi]], kulipwa [[mshahara]], [[mali|kumiliki]], kupata [[malezi]], kufanya [[mkataba|mikataba]] sawa na [[wanaume]] n.k. Ufeministi umepinga pia [[ubakaji]] wa aina zote.<ref name="Echols">{{Cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |authorlink=Alice Echols |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo |year=1989 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=0-8166-1787-2}}</ref> Ufeministi ni kati ya matapo yaliyochangia zaidi mabadiliko katika jamii.<ref name="Messer-Davidow">{{Cite book |author=Messer-Davidow, Ellen |title=Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse |url=https://archive.org/details/discipliningfemi0000mess |year=2002 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, [[North Carolina|N.C.]] |isbn=0-8223-2843-7}}</ref> ==Historia== Katika historia harakati za kudai haki za wanawake zilianza katika [[Ulaya]] wakati haki za binadamu zilipoanza kutangazwa, ambazo awali zilijadiliwa kwa wanaume pekee. Harakati ya kuwapa wanawake haki za kupiga kura kwenye uchaguzi wa kisiasa ilikuwa [[kampeni]] ya awali kuanzia [[karne ya 19]], lakini hasa [[karne ya 20|ya 20]]. ==Mikondo tofauti ya ufeministi leo== [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|thumb]] Mgawanyiko umeanza kujitokeza kati ya wale wanaotaka wanawake wafanane kabisa na wanaume na wale wanaoona umuhimu wa kutunza upekee wa mwanamke katika uhusiano wa kukamilishana na mwanamume. Kwa mfano: * wengine husema wanaume na wanawake wanapaswa kutendewa sawa katika mambo yote. Wanadhani [[hoja]] ya [[jadi]] kuwa wanawake wana kazi ya kutunza nyumba na kuangalia watoto si sawa: wanawake na wanaume wanapaswa kushiriki katika shughuli zote sawasawa. * wengine hukubali kuna tofauti muhimu kati ya jinsia lakini tofauti hizo zisiruhusiwe kuwapa wanaume [[kipaumbele]]. Kama wanawake wanapendelea kukaa nyumbani na kuangalia watoto ni sawa, lakini wasilazimishwe kufanya hivyo, nao wanapaswa kupata namna ya [[malipo]] kwa kazi hiyo ama sehemu ya ma[[pato]] ya familia au pia haki za malipo ya [[pensheni]] kutoka [[serikali]] kwa wakati wa [[uzee]] kwa ajili ya miaka waliyoitumia kwa [[kazi ya nyumbani]]. * wengine husema jamii imepokea utaratibu wake kutokana na mapenzi ya wanaume, hivyo ni lazima kuwa na aina ya [[mapinduzi]] katika jamii. * kuna wafuasi wa ufeministi wanaoamini ya kwamba hakuna tofauti za maana kati ya jinsia lakini wengine hufundisha kuwa wanawake ni tofauti kabisa na wanaume, na ni muhimu watoe mchango wao wa pekee. Kuna namna nyingi za kueleza tofauti katika itikadi ya ufeministi lakini hiai hapa ndizo tatu kubwa: '''Ufeministi wa kitamaduni''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi ambayo inaangazia ubaguzi katika kawaida ya jamii. Ndio wanoataka utamaduni uthamini hulka za wanawake kuliko ilivyo sasa. Kwa mfano hawa wanaweza kusema wanawake wanachukuliwa vibaya katika vyeo vya juu kutokana na wanaume. '''Ufeministi wa uhuru''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi ambayo inaangazia haki za wanawake za kufanya usawa na wanaume hasa. Ndio wanaotaka sheria iruhusu yote yanayoruhusiwa tayari kwa wanaume. Kwa mfano haki za kupiga kura, za kuwania wadhifa wa siasa, au kuvaa mavazi yoyote. '''Ufeministi mkali (radical feminism)''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi dubwana kupita nyingine inayodai kwamba hakuna tofauti kati ya wanaume na wanawake ila zile zinazofundishwa na jamii. Kwa mfano, kulingana na itikadi hii, tabia kati ya jinsia siyo ya kibiolojia bali ni ya mafunzo tu. Wafausi hao wanaamini tofauti hizi zipo ili wanaume waweze kudhulumu wanawake. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|30em| refs}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book | last = Assiter | first = Alison | author-link = Alison Assiter | title = Pornography, feminism, and the individual | publisher = Pluto Press | location = London Winchester, Mass | year = 1989 | isbn = 9780745303192 }} * {{cite book |last=DuBois |first=Ellen Carol |title=Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage |url=https://archive.org/details/harriotstantonbl0000dubo |year=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn. |isbn=0-300-06562-0}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=Eleanor |title=Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/century_fle_1996_00_7206 |publisher=The Belknap Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-674-10653-6}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Robin Truth Goodman |last=Goodman |first=Robin Truth |title=Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Public: Women and the 'Re-Privatization' of Labor |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryin0000good |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010}} * Hewlett, Sylvia Ann (1986). ''A Lesser Life: the Myth of Women's Liberation in America''. First ed. New York: W. Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-04855-2 * Lyndon, Neil (1992). ''No More Sex Wars: the Failures of Feminism''. London: Mandarin, 1993, cop. 1992. ISBN 0-7493-1565-2 * {{cite journal |doi=10.1353/jowh.2004.0036 |title='In Labor Alone is Happiness': Women's Work, Social Work, and Feminist Reform Endeavors in Wilhelmine Germany—A Transatlantic Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-womens-history_2004_16_4/page/127 |year=2004 |last1=Schroder |first1=Iris |last2=Schuler |first2=Anja |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=16 |pages=127–47}} * Richard, Janet Radcliffe (1980). ''The Sceptical Feminist: a Philosophical Enquiry'', in series, ''Pelican Books''. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1982, cop. 1980. Without ISBN * {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09699089800200034 |title=The archigenderic territories: Mansfield park and a handful of dust |year=1998 |last1=Mathur |first1=Piyush |journal=Women's Writing |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=71–81}} * Mitchell, Brian (1998). ''Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster''. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. xvii, 390 p.&nbsp;0-89526-376-9 * {{cite book |last=Stansell |first=Christine |title=The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present |year=2010 |isbn= 978-0-679-64314-2 }} * Steichen, Donna (1991). ''Ungodly Rage: the Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism''. San Francisco, Calif.: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-348-4 * {{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Doris |last2=O'Hare |first2=Carol |title=Jailed for Freedom: American Women Win the Vote |url=https://archive.org/details/jailedforfreedom00stev |year=1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-25-2}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Marjorie W. |title=One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement |year=1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-26-0}} * {{cite web |title=Interface volume 3 issue 2: Feminism, women's movements and women in movement |url=http://www.interfacejournal.net/2011/12/interface-volume-3-issue-2-feminism-womens-movements-and-women-in-movement/ |date=December 13, 2011}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Feminism}} * [http://www.feminist.com/resources/links/ Feminist.com directory] * [http://www.feministvoices.com/ Psychology's Feminist Voices] * [http://majumbeni.blogspot.de/p/utafiti.html 4. NADHARIA YA UFEMINISTI ( Mtazamo wa kike)] (blogu ya "Mwalimu wa Kiswahili" * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-topics/ ''Topics in Feminism''], at the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] * [http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php Feminist Perspectives Scale] {{Wayback|url=http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php |date=20160828032933 }} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 ''Early Video on the Emancipation of Women''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 |date=20111125151820 }}, documentary filmed ca. 1930, which includes footage from the 1890s * [http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement] {{Wayback|url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ |date=20111010135158 }}, Special Collections Library, Duke University *[http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/59779/Kipyegon_Nafasi%20na%20utambulisho%20wa%20mwanamke%20katika%20natala%20na%20kifo%20kisimani.pdf?sequence=4 Keter Ebrahim Kipyegon, Nafasi na utambulisho wa mwanamke katika Natala na Kifo, Nairobi 2013 (inajadili kwa upana ufeministi katika fasihi)] *[http://www.hawa.or.tz/introduction Tovuti ya shirika lisilo la serikali la “Haki za Wanawake na Maendeleo”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hawa.or.tz/introduction |date=20150316142207 }} *[http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/serayamaendeleoyawanawakenajinsia.pdf Sera ya maendeleo ya wanawake na jinsia, Wizara ya maendeleo ya jamii, wanawake na watoto, Dar es Salaam mwaka 2000] {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] ae3y2js65s9riwwsrj9rpfgkjg5yk4i 1244824 1244823 2022-08-28T23:24:03Z Kwamikagami 2602 /* Mikondo tofauti ya ufeministi leo */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:8marchrallydhaka (55).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Maandamano]] katika [[Sikukuu ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake]] huko [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], tarehe [[8 Machi]] [[2005]].]] [[File:Femen 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kikosi cha Femen ni Wafeministi wenye [[itikadi kali]].]] '''Ufeministi''' (kutoka [[mzizi]] wa [[Kilatini]] ''femina'', yaani ''wa kike''; kwa [[Kifaransa]] ''féminisme'' linamaanisha '''harakati ya ukombozi wa wanawake‎''') ni [[jina]] linalojumlisha aina nyingi za misimamo, itikadi na [[tapo|matapo]] tofautitofauti yanayochanga [[lengo]] kuu la kutetea [[haki]] za [[wanawake]] dhidi ya [[ubaguzi wa jinsia]] uliotawala [[dunia]] kwa muda mrefu sana upande wa [[siasa]], [[uchumi]], [[utamaduni]], [[dini]] na [[jamii]] kwa jumla.<ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book |author=Hawkesworth, M.E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27 |isbn=9780742537835}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book |author=Beasley, Chris.|title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas|year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=9780761963356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=hooks, bell.|title=Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics |year=2000|publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=9780745317335}}</ref> Wafuasi wa nadharia hii wanashikilia kwamba, pana haja ya kuwa na usawa wa kijinsia licha ya kuwapo kwa tofauti za kimaumbile. <ref>K.E. Kipyegon, uk.7</ref> Kati ya haki hizo za msingi, ufeministi umepigania kwa mfano zile za [[kupiga kura]], kupata [[serikali|vyeo serikalini]], kufanya [[kazi]], kulipwa [[mshahara]], [[mali|kumiliki]], kupata [[malezi]], kufanya [[mkataba|mikataba]] sawa na [[wanaume]] n.k. Ufeministi umepinga pia [[ubakaji]] wa aina zote.<ref name="Echols">{{Cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |authorlink=Alice Echols |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo |year=1989 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=0-8166-1787-2}}</ref> Ufeministi ni kati ya matapo yaliyochangia zaidi mabadiliko katika jamii.<ref name="Messer-Davidow">{{Cite book |author=Messer-Davidow, Ellen |title=Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse |url=https://archive.org/details/discipliningfemi0000mess |year=2002 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, [[North Carolina|N.C.]] |isbn=0-8223-2843-7}}</ref> ==Historia== Katika historia harakati za kudai haki za wanawake zilianza katika [[Ulaya]] wakati haki za binadamu zilipoanza kutangazwa, ambazo awali zilijadiliwa kwa wanaume pekee. Harakati ya kuwapa wanawake haki za kupiga kura kwenye uchaguzi wa kisiasa ilikuwa [[kampeni]] ya awali kuanzia [[karne ya 19]], lakini hasa [[karne ya 20|ya 20]]. ==Mikondo tofauti ya ufeministi leo== [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|thumb|Alama ya ufeministi mkali]] Mgawanyiko umeanza kujitokeza kati ya wale wanaotaka wanawake wafanane kabisa na wanaume na wale wanaoona umuhimu wa kutunza upekee wa mwanamke katika uhusiano wa kukamilishana na mwanamume. Kwa mfano: * wengine husema wanaume na wanawake wanapaswa kutendewa sawa katika mambo yote. Wanadhani [[hoja]] ya [[jadi]] kuwa wanawake wana kazi ya kutunza nyumba na kuangalia watoto si sawa: wanawake na wanaume wanapaswa kushiriki katika shughuli zote sawasawa. * wengine hukubali kuna tofauti muhimu kati ya jinsia lakini tofauti hizo zisiruhusiwe kuwapa wanaume [[kipaumbele]]. Kama wanawake wanapendelea kukaa nyumbani na kuangalia watoto ni sawa, lakini wasilazimishwe kufanya hivyo, nao wanapaswa kupata namna ya [[malipo]] kwa kazi hiyo ama sehemu ya ma[[pato]] ya familia au pia haki za malipo ya [[pensheni]] kutoka [[serikali]] kwa wakati wa [[uzee]] kwa ajili ya miaka waliyoitumia kwa [[kazi ya nyumbani]]. * wengine husema jamii imepokea utaratibu wake kutokana na mapenzi ya wanaume, hivyo ni lazima kuwa na aina ya [[mapinduzi]] katika jamii. * kuna wafuasi wa ufeministi wanaoamini ya kwamba hakuna tofauti za maana kati ya jinsia lakini wengine hufundisha kuwa wanawake ni tofauti kabisa na wanaume, na ni muhimu watoe mchango wao wa pekee. Kuna namna nyingi za kueleza tofauti katika itikadi ya ufeministi lakini hiai hapa ndizo tatu kubwa: '''Ufeministi wa kitamaduni''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi ambayo inaangazia ubaguzi katika kawaida ya jamii. Ndio wanoataka utamaduni uthamini hulka za wanawake kuliko ilivyo sasa. Kwa mfano hawa wanaweza kusema wanawake wanachukuliwa vibaya katika vyeo vya juu kutokana na wanaume. '''Ufeministi wa uhuru''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi ambayo inaangazia haki za wanawake za kufanya usawa na wanaume hasa. Ndio wanaotaka sheria iruhusu yote yanayoruhusiwa tayari kwa wanaume. Kwa mfano haki za kupiga kura, za kuwania wadhifa wa siasa, au kuvaa mavazi yoyote. '''Ufeministi mkali (radical feminism)''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi dubwana kupita nyingine inayodai kwamba hakuna tofauti kati ya wanaume na wanawake ila zile zinazofundishwa na jamii. Kwa mfano, kulingana na itikadi hii, tabia kati ya jinsia siyo ya kibiolojia bali ni ya mafunzo tu. Wafausi hao wanaamini tofauti hizi zipo ili wanaume waweze kudhulumu wanawake. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|30em| refs}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book | last = Assiter | first = Alison | author-link = Alison Assiter | title = Pornography, feminism, and the individual | publisher = Pluto Press | location = London Winchester, Mass | year = 1989 | isbn = 9780745303192 }} * {{cite book |last=DuBois |first=Ellen Carol |title=Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage |url=https://archive.org/details/harriotstantonbl0000dubo |year=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn. |isbn=0-300-06562-0}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=Eleanor |title=Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/century_fle_1996_00_7206 |publisher=The Belknap Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-674-10653-6}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Robin Truth Goodman |last=Goodman |first=Robin Truth |title=Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Public: Women and the 'Re-Privatization' of Labor |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryin0000good |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010}} * Hewlett, Sylvia Ann (1986). ''A Lesser Life: the Myth of Women's Liberation in America''. First ed. New York: W. Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-04855-2 * Lyndon, Neil (1992). ''No More Sex Wars: the Failures of Feminism''. London: Mandarin, 1993, cop. 1992. ISBN 0-7493-1565-2 * {{cite journal |doi=10.1353/jowh.2004.0036 |title='In Labor Alone is Happiness': Women's Work, Social Work, and Feminist Reform Endeavors in Wilhelmine Germany—A Transatlantic Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-womens-history_2004_16_4/page/127 |year=2004 |last1=Schroder |first1=Iris |last2=Schuler |first2=Anja |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=16 |pages=127–47}} * Richard, Janet Radcliffe (1980). ''The Sceptical Feminist: a Philosophical Enquiry'', in series, ''Pelican Books''. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1982, cop. 1980. Without ISBN * {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09699089800200034 |title=The archigenderic territories: Mansfield park and a handful of dust |year=1998 |last1=Mathur |first1=Piyush |journal=Women's Writing |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=71–81}} * Mitchell, Brian (1998). ''Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster''. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. xvii, 390 p.&nbsp;0-89526-376-9 * {{cite book |last=Stansell |first=Christine |title=The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present |year=2010 |isbn= 978-0-679-64314-2 }} * Steichen, Donna (1991). ''Ungodly Rage: the Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism''. San Francisco, Calif.: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-348-4 * {{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Doris |last2=O'Hare |first2=Carol |title=Jailed for Freedom: American Women Win the Vote |url=https://archive.org/details/jailedforfreedom00stev |year=1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-25-2}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Marjorie W. |title=One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement |year=1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-26-0}} * {{cite web |title=Interface volume 3 issue 2: Feminism, women's movements and women in movement |url=http://www.interfacejournal.net/2011/12/interface-volume-3-issue-2-feminism-womens-movements-and-women-in-movement/ |date=December 13, 2011}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Feminism}} * [http://www.feminist.com/resources/links/ Feminist.com directory] * [http://www.feministvoices.com/ Psychology's Feminist Voices] * [http://majumbeni.blogspot.de/p/utafiti.html 4. NADHARIA YA UFEMINISTI ( Mtazamo wa kike)] (blogu ya "Mwalimu wa Kiswahili" * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-topics/ ''Topics in Feminism''], at the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] * [http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php Feminist Perspectives Scale] {{Wayback|url=http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php |date=20160828032933 }} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 ''Early Video on the Emancipation of Women''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 |date=20111125151820 }}, documentary filmed ca. 1930, which includes footage from the 1890s * [http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement] {{Wayback|url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ |date=20111010135158 }}, Special Collections Library, Duke University *[http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/59779/Kipyegon_Nafasi%20na%20utambulisho%20wa%20mwanamke%20katika%20natala%20na%20kifo%20kisimani.pdf?sequence=4 Keter Ebrahim Kipyegon, Nafasi na utambulisho wa mwanamke katika Natala na Kifo, Nairobi 2013 (inajadili kwa upana ufeministi katika fasihi)] *[http://www.hawa.or.tz/introduction Tovuti ya shirika lisilo la serikali la “Haki za Wanawake na Maendeleo”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hawa.or.tz/introduction |date=20150316142207 }} *[http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/serayamaendeleoyawanawakenajinsia.pdf Sera ya maendeleo ya wanawake na jinsia, Wizara ya maendeleo ya jamii, wanawake na watoto, Dar es Salaam mwaka 2000] {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] kmko2jjggyqamqxdf1oclmwh41l8k7n 0 87588 1244822 988627 2022-08-28T22:25:09Z Holdkóros 16992 Wikidata –1995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Patrick''' ([[17 Mei]] [[1905]] &ndash; [[7 Novemba]] [[1995]]) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Mwaka wa 1954, alipokea '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Tamthiliya]]''' kwa [[tamthiliya]] yake ''The Teahouse of the August Moon''. {{DEFAULTSORT:Patrick, John}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1905]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Category:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Tamthiliya]] {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} dpltnpdkxzqcfh19sisnwzjihg30yt8 10 126215 1244843 1239967 2022-08-29T09:52:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Bikira Maria |title = [[Bikira Maria]] |bodyclass = hlist |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |image = [[File:Sassoferrato - Jungfrun i bön.jpg|125px]] |group1 = [[Familia takatifu|Familia]] |list1 = * [[Yosefu (mume wa Maria)|Yosefu]] (mume) * [[Yesu]] (mtoto) * [[Yohakimu]] (baba) * [[Ana]] (mama) * [[Elizabeti (Injili)|Elizabeti]] * [[Ndugu wa Yesu]] |group2 = [[Maisha ya Bikira Maria|Maisha]] |list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup |group1 = Maisha ya awali katika [[Mapokeo]] |list1 = * [[Kukingiwa dhambi ya asili]] * [[Kuzaliwa kwa Bikira Maria|Kuzaliwa]] * [[Maria kutolewa hekaluni|Kutolewa hekaluni]] * [[Arusi ya Bikira Maria|Arusi]] ** [[Ubikira wa kudumu]] |group2 = Katika [[Biblia]] |list2 = * [[Kupashwa habari]] * [[Ziara ya Bikira Maria|Maamkio]] * [[Noeli|Kumzaa Yesu]] * [[Kutolewa hekaluni|Yesu kutolewa hekaluni]] * [[Kukimbilia Misri]] * [[Kurudi Nazareti]] * [[Mtoto Yesu kupatikana hekaluni]] * [[Arusi ya Kana]] * [[Msalaba wa Yesu]] ** [[Maneno saba]] ** [[Yesu kushushwa]] * [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|Ufufuko]] * [[Mama wa Kanisa|Maria katika Kanisa la mwanzo]] |group3 = Maisha ya baadaye katika [[Mapokeo]] |list3 = * [[Kulala kwa Mama wa Mungu|Kifo]] * [[Maria kupalizwa mbinguni|Kupalizwa mbinguni]] * [[Bikira Maria Malkia|Kutawazwa]] ** [[Mwanamke wa Ufunuo]] |group4 = [[Apokrifa]] |list4 = * [[Injili ya Yakobo]] }} |group4 = [[Mariolojia]] |list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup |group1 = [[Majadiliano ya kiekumeni kuhusu Maria|Ukristo]] |list1 = * [[Mariolojia ya Kikatoliki|Kikatoliki]] * [[Mariolojia ya Kiorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]] * [[Mariolojia ya Kiprotestanti|Kiprotestanti]] ** [[Mariolojia ya Kianglikana|Kianglikana]] ** [[Mariolojia ya Kilutheri|Kilutheri]] |group2 = [[Mariamu katika Uislamu|Uislamu]] |list2 = * [[Mariamu katika Kurani|Kurani]] }} |group5 = Heshima |list5 = {{Navbox|subgroup |above= * [[Heshima ya pekee]] * [[Makanisa ya Bikira Maria|Makanisa]] ** [[Patakatifu pa Bikira Maria|Patakatifu]] * [[Njozi za Bikira Maria|Njozi]] * [[Sala kwa Bikira Maria|Sala]] * [[Sikukuu za Bikira Maria|Sikukuu]] * [[Usimamizi wa Bikira Maria|Usimamizi]] |group1 = [[Sifa za Bikira Maria|Sifa]] |list1 = * [[Bikira Maria wa Mateso]] * [[Bikira Maria wa Rozari]] * [[Eva mpya]] * [[Kikao cha hekima]] * [[Mama wa Kristo]] * [[Mama wa Mungu]] * [[Mama wa Kanisa]] * [[Maria Mshenga]] ([[Mshenga wa neema zote|wa neema zote]]) * [[Mkombozi mshiriki]] * [[Moyo Safi wa Bikira Maria|Moyo Safi]] * [[Msaada wa Wakristo]] * [[Nyota ya bahari]] * [[Panagia]] * [[Theotokos]] |group2 = [[Sala kwa Bikira Maria|Sala]] |list2= * [[Angelus]] * [[Antifona za Bikira Maria|Antifona]] ** [[Alma Redemptoris Mater]] ** [[Ave Regina caelorum]] ** [[Salve Regina]] ** [[Regina caeli]] * [[Magnificat]] * [[Memorare]] * [[Rozari]] * [[Tenzi za Bikira Maria|Tenzi]] ** [[Akathistos]] |group3 = [[Bikira Maria katika sanaa|Sanaa]] |list3= {{Navbox|subgroup |group1 = [[Bikira Maria katika sanaa ya Magharibi|Ukristo wa Magharibi]] |list1 = * [[Kupalizwa Maria katika sanaa|Kupalizwa mbinguni]] * [[Black Madonna]] * [[Pietà]] * [[Malkia wa Mbingu katika sanaa|Malkia wa Mbingu]] * [[Stabat Mater (sanaa)|Stabat Mater]] |group2 = [[Bikira Maria katika sanaa ya Mashariki|Ukristo wa Mashariki]] |list2 = * [[Mama wa Mungu Derzhavnaya]] * [[Eleusa]] ** [[Mama wa Mungu wa Vladimir]] * [[Hodegetria]] }} }} |below = }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Bikira Maria]] </noinclude> 2meox04jxpkte1lygkw4mzo74avs30r 0 139753 1244804 1226314 2022-08-28T12:01:50Z Snow Lion Fenian 52908 wikitext text/x-wiki Hii ni orodha ya wafalme wa mwisho wa Afrika. {| class="wikitable" width="99%" !Nchi / Himaya ! colspan="2" |Mfalme !Wadhifa !Kuzaliwa !Kutawala kuanzia !Mwisho wa kutawala !Sababu !Kifo !Nembo |- | align="center" |'''[[Burundi]]''' | align="center" |[[File:Ntare V.png|117x117px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Ntare_V_of_Burundi|Ntare V]] |[[:en:List_of_kings_of_Burundi|Mfalme Burundi]] | align="center" |<small>2 Desemba 1947</small> | align="center" |<small>8 Julai 1966</small> | align="center" |<small>28 Novemba 1966</small> | align="center" |Kuondolewa | align="center" |<small>29 Aprili 1972</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg|80x80px]] |- | align="center" |[[Afrika ya Kati|'''Afrika ya kati''']] | align="center" |[[File:Bokassa_colored.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokassa_colored.png|117x117px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Jean-Bédel_Bokassa|Bokassa I]] |[[:en:Emperor_of_Central_Africa|Mfalme wa Afrika ya kati]] | align="center" |<small>22 Februari 1921</small> | align="center" |<small>4 Desemba 1976</small> | align="center" |<small>20 Septemba 1979</small> | align="center" |<small>Kuondolewa</small> | align="center" |<small>3 Novemba 1996</small> | align="center" |[[File:Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Central_Africa_(1976–1979).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Central_Africa_(1976%E2%80%931979).svg|87x87px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Misri]]''' | align="center" |[[File:Fuad_II_in_Capri.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuad II in Capri.JPG|80x80px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Fuad_II_of_Egypt|Fuad II]] |[[:en:King_of_Egypt_and_the_Sudan|Mfalme wa Misri na Sudan]] | align="center" |<small>16 Januari 1952</small> | align="center" |<small>26 Julai 1952</small> | align="center" |<small>18 Juni 1953</small> | align="center" |<small>Kuondolewa</small> | align="center" |<small>Hai</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(1922–1953).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(1922%E2%80%931953).svg|97x97px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Ethiopia]]''' |[[File:Haile_Selassie_(1969).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_(1969).jpg|107x107px]] |[[:en:Haile_Selassie_I|Haile Selassie I]] |[[:en:Emperor_of_Ethiopia|Mfalme wa Ethiopia]] |<small>23 Julai 1892</small> |<small>2 Novemba 1930</small> |<small>12 Septemba 1974</small> | align="center" |Kuondolewa | align="center" |<small>27 Agosti 1975</small> |[[File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ethiopia_(Haile_Selassie).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ethiopia_(Haile_Selassie).svg|78x78px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Gambia]]''' | rowspan="3" |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1953-Dress.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1953-Dress.JPG|119x119px]] | rowspan="3" align="center" |[[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth II]] |[[:en:Queen_of_the_Gambia|Malkia wa Gambia]] | rowspan="3" align="center" |<small>21 Aprili 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>18 Februari 1965</small> | align="center" |<small>24 Aprili 1970</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | rowspan="3" align="center" |Hai | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_The_Gambia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_The_Gambia.svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Ghana]]''' |[[:en:Queen_of_Ghana|Malkia wa Ghana]] | align="center" |<small>6 Machi 1957</small> | align="center" |<small>1 Julai 1960</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Kenya]]''' |[[:en:Queen_of_Kenya|Malkia wa Kenya]] | align="center" |<small>12 Desemba 1963</small> | align="center" |<small>12 Desemba 1964</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | align="center" |<!--Nembo Rasmi ya Kenya angalia tovuti yoyote ya serikali ya Kenya n.k. mygov.go.ke--> |- | align="center" |'''[[Libya]]''' | align="center" |[[File:IdrisI3.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IdrisI3.jpg|111x111px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Idris_of_Libya|Idris I]] |[[:en:King_of_Libya|Mfalme wa Libya]] | align="center" |<small>12 Machi 1889</small> | align="center" |<small>24 Desemba 1951</small> | align="center" |<small>1 Septemba 1969</small> | align="center" |Kuondolewa | align="center" |<small>25 Mei 1983</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Libya.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Libya.svg|86x86px]] |- | align="center" |[[:en:Merina_Kingdom|Madagascar]] | align="center" |[[File:Ranavalona_III_of_Madagascar.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ranavalona_III_of_Madagascar.jpg|101x101px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Ranavalona_III|Ranavalona III]] |[[:en:Queen_of_Madagascar|Malkia wa Madagascar]] | align="center" |<small>22 Novemba 1861</small> | align="center" |<small>30 Julai 1883</small> | align="center" |<small>28 Februari 1897</small> | align="center" |Kuondolewa | align="center" |<small>23 Mei 1917</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Merina_Kingdom.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Merina_Kingdom.svg|95x95px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Malawi]]''' | rowspan="4" |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1953-Dress.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1953-Dress.JPG|119x119px]] | rowspan="4" align="center" |[[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth II]] |[[:en:Queen_of_Malawi|Malkia wa Malawi]] | rowspan="4" align="center" |<small>21 Aprili 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>6 Julai 1964</small> | align="center" |<small>6 Julai 1966</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | rowspan="4" align="center" |Hai | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg|72x72px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Morisi]]''' |[[:en:Queen_of_Mauritius|Malkia wa Morisi]] | align="center" |<small>12 Machi 1968</small> | align="center" |<small>12 Machi 1992</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Nigeria]]''' |[[:en:Queen_of_Nigeria|Malkia wa Nigeria]] | align="center" |<small>1 Januari 1960</small> | align="center" |<small>1 1963</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria_(1960-1979).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria_(1960-1979).svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |{{flag|Rhodesia}} |Malkia wa Rhodesia | align="center" |<small>11 Novemba 1965</small> | align="center" |<small>2 Machi 1970</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rhodesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rhodesia.svg|72x72px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Rwanda]]''' | align="center" |[[File:Tutsi_King_Kigeli_in_Exile.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tutsi_King_Kigeli_in_Exile.jpg|120x120px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Kigeli_V_of_Rwanda|Kigeli V Ndahindurwa]] |[[:en:List_of_kings_of_Rwanda|Mwami wa Rwanda]] | align="center" |<small>29 Juni 1936</small> | align="center" |<small>25 Julai 1959</small> | align="center" |<small>28 Januari 1961</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | align="center" |<small>16 Oktoba 2016</small> | align="center" |[[File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.png|102x102px]] |- | align="center" |[[Sierra Leone|'''Sierra Leone''']] | rowspan="3" |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1953-Dress.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1953-Dress.JPG|119x119px]] | rowspan="3" align="center" |[[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth II]] |[[:en:Queen_of_Sierra_Leone|Malkia wa Sierra Leone]] | rowspan="3" align="center" |<small>21 Aprili 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>27 Aprili 1961</small> | align="center" |<small>19 Aprili 1971</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | rowspan="3" align="center" |Hai | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |[[Afrika Kusini|'''Afrika Kusini''']] |[[:en:Monarchy_of_South_Africa|Malkia wa Afrika Kusini]] | align="center" |<small>6 Februari 1952</small> | align="center" |<small>31 Mei 1961</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_South_Africa_(1932-2000).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_South_Africa_(1932-2000).svg|79x79px]] |- | align="center" |{{flag|Tanganyika}} |[[:en:Queen_of_Tanganyika|Malkia wa Tanganyika]] | align="center" |<small>9 Desemba 1961</small> | align="center" |<small>9 Desemba 1962</small> | align="center" |<small>Katiba ya Jamhuri imepitishwa</small> | align="center" |[[File:Tanganyika_coat_of_arms.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanganyika_coat_of_arms.svg|81x81px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Tunisia]]''' | align="center" |[[File:Lamine_Bey.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamine_Bey.jpg|137x137px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Muhammad_VIII_al-Amin|Muhammad VIII al-Amin]] |[[:en:List_of_Beys_of_Tunis|Mfalme Tunisia]] | align="center" |<small>4 Septemba 1881</small> | align="center" |<small>15 Mei 1943</small> | align="center" |<small>25 Julai 1957</small> | align="center" |Kuondolewa | align="center" |<small>30 Septemba 1962</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat of Arms of the beys of Tunis (Husseinic dynasty).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunisia_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.PNG|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Uganda]]''' |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1953-Dress.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1953-Dress.JPG|119x119px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth II]] |[[:en:Queen_of_Uganda|Malkia wa Uganda]] | align="center" |<small>21 Aprili 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>9 Oktoba 1962</small>{{efn|name=Crown}} | align="center" |<small>9 Oktoba 1963</small> | align="center" |Marekebisho ya Katiba | align="center" |Hai | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg|75x75px]] |- | align="center" |'''[[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]]''' | align="center" |[[File:Jamshid_bin_Abdullah_of_Zanzibar.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamshid_bin_Abdullah_of_Zanzibar.jpg|109x109px]] | align="center" |[[:en:Jamshid_bin_Abdullah|Jamshid bin Abdullah]] |[[:en:List_of_Sultans_of_Zanzibar|Sultan wa Zanzibar]] | align="center" |<small>16 Septemba 1929</small> | align="center" |<small>1 Julai 1963</small> | align="center" |<small>12 Januari 1964</small> | align="center" |Kuondolewa | align="center" |Hai | align="center" |[[File:Emblem_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg|70x70px]] |} [[Jamii:Orodha za watawala]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] tnxvw90y7c9t2lqzblrx84vr3cntiz2 0 144557 1244845 1200398 2022-08-29T10:56:03Z Z thomas 4036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:20220813 ECM22 Rowing 8055.jpg|thumb|Bodnar (2022)]] '''Nicoleta-Ancuța Bodnar''' (alizaliwa 25 Septemba [[1998]]) ni [[mpiga kasia]] wa [[Romania]] ambaye anashindana sana katika kupiga kasia mara mbili, pamoja na [[Simona Radiș]]. Alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika Michezo ya [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] [[ya 2021]] na ya fedha katika [[Mashindano ya mabingwa wa Dunia]]  [[ya]] [[wapiga kasia 2019]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Nicoleta-Ancuța Bodnar|date=2021-09-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicoleta-Ancu%C8%9Ba_Bodnar&oldid=1042748949|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Nicoleta-Ancuța Bodnar|date=2021-09-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicoleta-Ancu%C8%9Ba_Bodnar&oldid=1042748949|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref>. ==Marejeo== <references /> {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:USLWO]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Romania]] [[Jamii:Michezo ya Olimpiki]] pntohph0nrp3y8hwynblz6a4tr8pp70 0 145740 1244805 1208036 2022-08-28T13:17:43Z Isis Horus Seth 55707 Visueal illustration, picture added, which is in the other variants of the page. wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Woman Apocalypse Hungary.jpg|thumb|Mwanamke aliyevikwa Jua au Mwanamke wa Apocalypse - sitiari kuu katika [[Kitabu cha Ufunuo]] - uchoraji na Ferenc Szoldatits.]] [[File:Patrona Hungariae - Török bankház.jpg|thumb|Mwanamke aliyevikwa Jua, picha ya maandishi kwenye uso wa 'Benki ya Uturuki' huko [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]].]] [[File:Woman of the Apocalypse (Hortus deliciarum).jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] katika ''[[Hortus deliciarum]]'' unaojumlisha matukio yanayosimuliwa katika Ufu. 12.]] '''Mwanamke wa Ufunuo''' ni [[Wahusika|mhusika]] mmojawapo wa [[kitabu]] [[Ufunuo wa Yohane|hicho]] cha [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Habari zake zinapatikana katika sura ya 12. ==Habari zenyewe katika Kitabu cha Ufunuo== ''12:1 Kisha ishara kubwa ikaonekana mbinguni. Palikuwa hapo mwanamke aliyevikwa jua, na mwezi chini ya miguu yake, na taji ya nyota kumi na mbili juu ya kichwa chake!'' ''2 Alikuwa mja mzito, na akapaaza sauti kwa maumivu na uchungu wa kujifungua mtoto.'' ''3 Ishara nyingine ikatokea mbinguni: joka kubwa jekundu na lenye pembe kumi na vichwa saba; na kila kichwa kilikuwa na taji.'' ''4 Joka hilo liliburuta kwa mkia wake theluthi moja ya nyota za anga na kuzitupa duniani. Nalo lilisimama mbele ya huyo mama aliyekuwa karibu kujifungua mtoto, tayari kabisa kummeza mtoto, mara tu atakapozaliwa.'' ''5 Kisha mama huyo akajifungua mtoto wa kiume, ambaye atayatawala mataifa yote kwa fimbo ya chuma. Lakini mtoto akanyakuliwa na kupelekwa kwa Mungu na kwenye kiti chake cha enzi.'' ''6 Huyo mama akakimbilia jangwani, ambako Mungu alikuwa amemtayarishia mahali pa usalama ambapo angehifadhiwa kwa muda wa siku elfu moja mia mbili na sitini.'' ''7 Kisha kukazuka vita mbinguni: Mikaeli na malaika wake walipigana na hilo joka, nalo likawashambulia pamoja na malaika wake.'' ''8 Lakini joka hilo halikuweza kuwashinda, na hatimaye hapakuwa tena na nafasi mbinguni kwa ajili yake na malaika wake.'' ''9 Basi, joka hilo kuu likatupwa nje. Joka hilo ndiye yule nyoka wa kale ambaye huitwa pia Ibilisi au Shetani. Ndiye anayeudanganya ulimwengu wote. Naam, alitupwa duniani, na malaika wake wote pamoja naye.'' ''10 Kisha nikasikia sauti kubwa kutoka mbinguni ikisema: "Sasa ukombozi utokao kwa Mungu umefika! Nguvu na Utawala wa Mungu wetu umedhihirika. Na Kristo wake ameonyesha mamlaka yake! Maana yule mdhalimu wa ndugu zetu, aliyesimama mbele ya Mungu akiwashtaki usiku na mchana, sasa ametupwa nje.'' ''11 Ndugu zetu wameshinda kwa damu ya Mwanakondoo na kwa nguvu ya ukweli walioutangaza; maana hawakuyathamini maisha yao kuwa kitu sana, wakawa tayari kufa.'' ''12 Kwa sababu hiyo, furahini enyi mbingu na vyote vilivyomo ndani yenu. Lakini, ole wenu nchi na bahari, maana Ibilisi amewajieni akiwa na ghadhabu kuu, kwa sababu anajua kwamba siku zake zilizobakia ni chache."'' ''13 Joka lilipotambua kwamba limetupwa chini duniani, likaanza kumwinda yule mama aliyekuwa amejifungua mtoto wa kiume.'' ''14 Lakini mama huyo akapewa mabawa mawili ya tai apate kuruka mbali sana na hilo joka, mpaka mahali, pake jangwani ambapo angehifadhiwa salama kwa muda wa miaka mitatu na nusu.'' ''15 Basi, joka likatapika maji mengi kama mto, yakamfuata huyo mama nyuma ili yamchukue.'' ''16 Lakini nchi ikamsaidia huyo mama: ikajifunua kama mdomo na kuyameza maji hayo yaliyotoka kinywani mwa hilo joka.'' ''17 Basi, joka hilo likamkasirikia huyo mama, likajiondokea, likaenda kupigana na wazawa wengine wa huyo mama, yaani wote wanaotii amri za Mungu na kuuzingatia ukweli wa Yesu.'' ''18 Na likajisimamia ukingoni mwa bahari.'' ==Ufafanuzi== [[Mtaalamu|Wataalamu]] [[Uprotestanti|Waprotestanti]] wa [[Biblia]] wanakubaliana kusema kuwa huyo [[mwanamke]] anawakilisha [[taifa la Mungu]] ([[Kanisa]] au [[Israel|Israeli]])<ref>[https://lifehopeandtruth.com/prophecy/revelation/revelation-12/]</ref>. [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] wanakubali, lakini wengi wao, kuanzia [[mababu wa Kanisa]]<ref>Ancient witnesses to the Marian interpretation include [[Epiphanius of Salamis]], [[Ticonius]], [[Quodvultdeus]], [[Cassiodorus]], [[Andreas of Caesarea]] and [[Oikoumenios]].</ref>, wanaongeza kwamba [[Bikira Maria]] kuliko wanawake wote ni kielelezo cha pekee cha mwanamke kadiri ya mpango wa [[Mungu]], hivyo ni sura ya Kanisa na anadokezwa katika habari hizo<ref name="Pius_X">St. Pius X, Ad diem illum. ash 36. 458–59: "No one of us does not know that that woman signifies the Virgin Mary, who brought forth our Head with her virginity intact. But the Apostle continues: 'And being with child, she cried out, laboring in birth, and was in pain to be delivered. ' Therefore John saw the Most Holy Mother of God already enjoying eternal happiness, and yet laboring from some hidden birth. With what birth? Surely ours, we who, being yet detained in exile, are still to be brought forth to the perfect love of God and eternal happiness."</ref><ref name="Pius_XII">Pius XII, Munificentissimus Deus. AAS 42. 762–63: "We frequently find theologians and preachers who, following the footsteps of the Holy Fathers, use words and events from sacred Scripture with some freedom to explain their belief in the Assumption... . And furthermore, the Scholastic doctors have considered the Assumption of the Virgin Mother of God as signified not only in the various figures of the Old Testament, but also in that woman clothed with the sun, whom the Apostle John contemplated on the island of Patmos."</ref><ref>Paul VI, Signum Magnum, May 13, 1967 AAS 59: "The great sign which the Apostle John saw in heaven, 'a woman clothed with the sun' is interpreted by the sacred liturgy, not without foundation, as referring to the most Blessed Mary, the Mother of all men by the grace of Christ the Redeemer."</ref><ref name="John_Paul_II">John Paul II, Redemptoris Mater, March 15, 1987. Vatican Translation. #24: "... she who was the one 'full of grace' was brought into the mystery of Christ in order to be his Mother and thus the Holy Mother of God, through the Church remains in that mystery as 'the woman' spoken of by the Book of Genesis (3:15) at the beginning and by the Apocalypse (12:1) at the end of the history of salvation."</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Vyanzo== {{refbegin}} *{{citation|author=‘Abdu’l‑Bahá|date=2014|title=Some Answered Questions|publisher=Bahá’í International Community|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/some-answered-questions/some-answered-questions.pdf?92606f1a}} *{{cite book|last=Baker Eddy|first=Mary|title=Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures|year=1910|publisher=Christian Science Publishing Society|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-87952-038-0|pages=|url=https://www.christianscience.com/the-christian-science-pastor/science-and-health/chapter-i-prayer}} *{{cite book|last=Brading|first= D.A.|title= Mexican Phoenix. Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries.|url=https://archive.org/details/mexicanphoenixou00dabr|location= Cambridge |publisher=University Press|date= 2001}} * {{cite book | last=Gialdino | first=C.C. | title=I simboli dell'Unione europea: bandiera, inno, motto, moneta, giornata | publisher=Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato | series=Per conoscere l'Unione europea | year=2005 | isbn=978-88-240-2503-4 | url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/carlo_curti_gialdino_the_symbols_of_the_european_union_origin_of_the_design_for_the_european_flag-en-df9f9dde-98a3-461b-a8a8-8f9c13012343.html| language=it}} *{{cite book|author=Hippolytus|title= On Christ and Antichrist|translator= J.H. MacMahon|series= Ante-Nicene Fathers|volume= Vol. 5|editor1= Alexander Roberts|editor2= James Donaldson|editor3= A. Cleveland Coxe.|location=Buffalo, NY|publisher= Christian Literature Publishing Co.|date= 1886|url= http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0516.htm}} * {{cite book | last=Koester | first=Craig | title=Revelation and the end of all things | url=https://archive.org/details/revelationendofa0000koes | publisher=W.B. Eerdmans | publication-place=Grand Rapids, Mich | year=2001 | isbn=0-8028-4660-2 | oclc=45620640}} *{{cite book|first=Michael|last= Rohrmayer|title=Marianisches Wallfahrtsbuch|date= 1844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mY9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45|publisher=Manz}} * {{cite book | last=Suggit | first=J.N. | title=Commentary on the Apocalypse | publisher=Catholic University of America Press | series=Fathers of the church | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8132-0112-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGpSK6yLzvUC&pg=PA107 }} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} * Chivalric precursors to St. George and the Dragon, 14 images under [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woman_and_dragon Wikimedia:Virgin and Serpent] * Immaculata as ''[http://www.catholicculture.com/Radiation_of_Fatherhood.pdf Radiation of Fatherhood] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicculture.com/Radiation_of_Fatherhood.pdf |date=20170222130132 }}'' 126 images under [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Madonna_on_the_crescent Wikimedia:Mondsickelmadonna] * Scriptural parturition imagery of Revelation chapter 12, 24 images under [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woman_of_the_Apocalypse Wikimedia:Woman of the Apocalypse] * Eastern icon of the type ''Matka Boska Ostrobramska'' – 28 images [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Our_Lady_of_the_Gate_of_Dawn Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn] at the Eastern Gate, Vilnius, Lithuania {{Bikira Maria}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Bikira Maria]] e0b7titsv7k8qn1235og4bn51dicrk5 0 145753 1244839 1207692 2022-08-29T09:27:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patakatifu pa Bikira Maria''' ni mahali popote ambapo [[mama]] wa [[Yesu]] anaheshimiwa kwa namna ya pekee, ama kwa kuwa aliishi huko, ama [[njozi za Bikira Maria|alitokea]] ama alifanya [[muujiza]]. Mara nyingi ni lengo la [[hija]] hasa ya [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali. Kati ya patakatifu maarufu zaidi, kuna: * [[Bikira Maria wa Fatima|Fatima]], [[Ureno]] * [[Bikira Maria wa Guadalupe|Guadalupe]], [[Mexiko|Meksiko]] * [[bikira Maria wa Lurdi|Lurdi]], [[Ufaransa]] * [[Bikira Maria wa Loreto|Loreto]], [[Italia]] * [[Bikira Maria wa Mlima Karmeli|Mlima Karmeli]], [[Israel|Israeli]] {{Bikira Maria}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Bikira Maria]] mfpe20fpyiana6zng6dhfxrkquztahz 1244840 1244839 2022-08-29T09:30:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe (new).JPG|thumb|[[Basilika]] la Guadalupe, linalotembelewa na watu [[milioni]] 10 hivi kwa mwaka, kuliko patakatifu pengine popote pa [[Bikira Maria]].]] '''Patakatifu pa Bikira Maria''' ni mahali popote ambapo [[mama]] wa [[Yesu]] anaheshimiwa kwa namna ya pekee, ama kwa kuwa aliishi huko, ama [[njozi za Bikira Maria|alitokea]] ama alifanya [[muujiza]]. Mara nyingi ni lengo la [[hija]] hasa ya [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali. Kati ya patakatifu maarufu zaidi, kuna: * [[Bikira Maria wa Guadalupe|Guadalupe]], [[Mexiko|Meksiko]] * [[Bikira Maria wa Fatima|Fatima]], [[Ureno]] * [[bikira Maria wa Lurdi|Lurdi]], [[Ufaransa]] * [[Bikira Maria wa Loreto|Loreto]], [[Italia]] * [[Bikira Maria wa Mlima Karmeli|Mlima Karmeli]], [[Israel|Israeli]] {{Bikira Maria}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Bikira Maria]] bg1bb1418lht3tbxea97zh246xnwozf 0 152334 1244806 1236558 2022-08-28T14:01:47Z ChriKo 35 ChriKo alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Aframomum corrorima]] hadi [[Mtunguu]]: Jina la Kiswahili ni bora wikitext text/x-wiki {{futa}} '''Aframomum corrorima''' ni aina ya [[mmea]] unaotoa [[Ua|maua]] katika [[familia]] ya [[tangawizi]], Zingiberaceae. Ni mmea wa kudumu ambao hutoa shina za majani urefu wa mita 1-2 kutoka mizizi ya rhizomatous. Majani yaliyopangwa kwa mpangilio ni kijani kibichi, urefu wa 10-30 cm na 2.5-6 cm kwa upana, umbo la duara hadi umbo la mviringo. Maua ya waridi hubebwa karibu na ardhi na kutoa nafasi kwa matunda mekundu, yenye nyama laini yenye mbegu za hudhurungi zinazong'aa, ambazo kwa kawaida huwa na kipenyo cha milimita 3-5. [[Viungo (chakula)|Viungo]] hivi, vinavyojulikana kama kadiamu ya [[Ethiopia]], iliki ya uwongo, au korarima, hupatikana kutoka mbegu za mmea (kawaida hukaushwa), na hutumiwa sana katika vyakula vya Ethiopia na Eritrea. Ni kiungo katika berbere, mitmita, awaze, na mchanganyiko mwingine wa viungo, na pia hutumiwa kuonja [[kahawa]]. === Marejeo === [[Jamii:Mimea]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] l64mnf7hoix53dc5d6gy0rg3vvkrmgg 1244820 1244806 2022-08-28T20:39:17Z ChriKo 35 Badiliko la matini wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji (Mimea) | rangi = lightgreen | jina = Mtangawizi | picha = Aframomum zambesiacum foliage.JPG | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mtunguu wa Zambesi (''Aframomum zambesiacum'') | himaya = [[Plantae]] (Mimea) | divisheni_bila_tabaka = [[Angiospermae]] (Mimea inayotoa maua) | ngeli_bila_tabaka = [[Monocots]] (Mimea ambayo mche wao una jani moja) | oda_bila_tabaka = [[Commelinids]] (Mimea kama [[jaja]]) | oda = [[Zingiberales]] (Mimea kama [[mtangawizi]]) | familia = [[Zingiberaceae]] (Mimea iliyo na mnasaba na mtangawizi) | jenasi = ''[[Aframomum]]'' | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]] | subdivision = '''Spishi 50''' }} '''Mitunguu''', '''mitungulu''', '''mitunguru''' au '''miiliki mwitu''' ni [[mmea|mimea]] ya [[mmea wa kudumu|kudumu]] ya [[jenasi]] ''[[Aframomum]]'' katika [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Zingiberaceae]] (familia ya [[mtangawizi]]). [[Mbegu]] za [[spishi]] nyingi hutumika kama [[kiungo (chakula)|kiungo]] ambacho ladha yake inafanana na [[pilipili manga]] au [[iliki]]. Mimea hiyo hutokea [[Afrika]] [[kusini mwa Sahara]]. Wana [[shinaukoka|mashinaukoka]] ambayo hutoa [[shina|mashina]] marefu ya hadi [[m]] 2 au zaidi kutoka kwa [[fundo|mafundo]] yao. Mashina hayo yanabeba [[jani|majani]] yasiyoelekeana hadi [[sm]] 30 kwa urefu. [[Ua|Maua]] hukua kwa [[kishada|vishada]] kwenye mashina mafupi yanayotoka moja kwa moja kutoka kwa shinaukoka. ==Spishi za Afrika ya Mashariki== * ''Aframomum amaniensis'', [[Mtunguu wa Usambara]] * ''Aframomum angustifolium'', [[Mtunguu Majani-membamba]] * ''Aframomum corrorima'', [[Mtunguu wa Kawaida]] au mwiliki bandia * ''Aframomum mala'' * ''Aframomum melegueta'' - inakuzwa nchini [[Ethiopia]] * ''Aframomum orientale'' * ''Aframomum spiroligulatum'' * ''Aframomum uniflorum'' * ''Aframomum verrucosum'' * ''Aframomum zambesiacum'', [[Mtunguu wa Zambesi]] au nangawo ==Picha== <gallery> Aframomum angustifolium fruit.jpg|Matunda ya mtunguu majani-membamba Aframomum zambesiacum fruits.JPG|Matunda ya mtunguu wa Zambesi KororimaWhole01.jpg|Iliki bandia </gallery> [[Jamii:Mtangawizi na jamaa]] 7szs7091gkywyncu7ssaue0k2vujyyd 1244821 1244820 2022-08-28T20:41:16Z ChriKo 35 Sahihisho wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji (Mimea) | rangi = lightgreen | jina = Mtunguu | picha = Aframomum zambesiacum foliage.JPG | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mtunguu wa Zambesi (''Aframomum zambesiacum'') | himaya = [[Plantae]] (Mimea) | divisheni_bila_tabaka = [[Angiospermae]] (Mimea inayotoa maua) | ngeli_bila_tabaka = [[Monocots]] (Mimea ambayo mche wao una jani moja) | oda_bila_tabaka = [[Commelinids]] (Mimea kama [[jaja]]) | oda = [[Zingiberales]] (Mimea kama [[mtangawizi]]) | familia = [[Zingiberaceae]] (Mimea iliyo na mnasaba na mtangawizi) | jenasi = ''[[Aframomum]]'' | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]] | subdivision = '''Spishi 50''' }} '''Mitunguu''', '''mitungulu''', '''mitunguru''' au '''miiliki mwitu''' ni [[mmea|mimea]] ya [[mmea wa kudumu|kudumu]] ya [[jenasi]] ''[[Aframomum]]'' katika [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Zingiberaceae]] (familia ya [[mtangawizi]]). [[Mbegu]] za [[spishi]] nyingi hutumika kama [[kiungo (chakula)|kiungo]] ambacho ladha yake inafanana na [[pilipili manga]] au [[iliki]]. Mimea hiyo hutokea [[Afrika]] [[kusini mwa Sahara]]. Wana [[shinaukoka|mashinaukoka]] ambayo hutoa [[shina|mashina]] marefu ya hadi [[m]] 2 au zaidi kutoka kwa [[fundo|mafundo]] yao. Mashina hayo yanabeba [[jani|majani]] yasiyoelekeana hadi [[sm]] 30 kwa urefu. [[Ua|Maua]] hukua kwa [[kishada|vishada]] kwenye mashina mafupi yanayotoka moja kwa moja kutoka kwa shinaukoka. ==Spishi za Afrika ya Mashariki== * ''Aframomum amaniensis'', [[Mtunguu wa Usambara]] * ''Aframomum angustifolium'', [[Mtunguu Majani-membamba]] * ''Aframomum corrorima'', [[Mtunguu wa Kawaida]] au mwiliki bandia * ''Aframomum mala'' * ''Aframomum melegueta'' - inakuzwa nchini [[Ethiopia]] * ''Aframomum orientale'' * ''Aframomum spiroligulatum'' * ''Aframomum uniflorum'' * ''Aframomum verrucosum'' * ''Aframomum zambesiacum'', [[Mtunguu wa Zambesi]] au nangawo ==Picha== <gallery> Aframomum angustifolium fruit.jpg|Matunda ya mtunguu majani-membamba Aframomum zambesiacum fruits.JPG|Matunda ya mtunguu wa Zambesi KororimaWhole01.jpg|Iliki bandia </gallery> [[Jamii:Mtangawizi na jamaa]] m18xmyavkv698b0253lpxeeo22rk2ka 1244826 1244821 2022-08-29T07:50:07Z ChriKo 35 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji (Mimea) | rangi = lightgreen | jina = Mtunguu | picha = Aframomum zambesiacum foliage.JPG | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mtunguu wa Zambesi (''Aframomum zambesiacum'') | himaya = [[Plantae]] (Mimea) | divisheni_bila_tabaka = [[Angiospermae]] (Mimea inayotoa maua) | ngeli_bila_tabaka = [[Monocots]] (Mimea ambayo mche wao una jani moja) | oda_bila_tabaka = [[Commelinids]] (Mimea kama [[jaja]]) | oda = [[Zingiberales]] (Mimea kama [[mtangawizi]]) | familia = [[Zingiberaceae]] (Mimea iliyo na mnasaba na mtangawizi) | jenasi = ''[[Aframomum]]'' | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]] | subdivision = '''Spishi 50''' }} '''Mitunguu''', '''mitungulu''', '''mitunguru''' au '''miiliki mwitu''' ni [[mmea|mimea]] ya [[mmea wa kudumu|kudumu]] ya [[jenasi]] ''[[Aframomum]]'' katika [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Zingiberaceae]] (familia ya [[mtangawizi]]). [[Mbegu]] za [[spishi]] nyingi hutumika kama [[kiungo (chakula)|kiungo]] ambacho ladha yake inafanana na [[pilipili manga]] au [[iliki]]. Mimea hiyo hutokea [[Afrika]] [[kusini mwa Sahara]]. Ina [[shinaukoka|mashinaukoka]] ambayo hutoa [[shina|mashina]] marefu ya hadi [[m]] 2 au zaidi kutoka kwa [[fundo|mafundo]] yao. Mashina hayo yanabeba [[jani|majani]] yasiyoelekeana hadi [[sm]] 30 kwa urefu. [[Ua|Maua]] hukua kwa [[kishada|vishada]] kwenye mashina mafupi yanayotoka moja kwa moja kutoka kwa shinaukoka. ==Spishi za Afrika ya Mashariki== * ''Aframomum amaniensis'', [[Mtunguu wa Usambara]] * ''Aframomum angustifolium'', [[Mtunguu Majani-membamba]] * ''Aframomum corrorima'', [[Mtunguu wa Kawaida]] au mwiliki bandia * ''Aframomum mala'' * ''Aframomum melegueta'' - inakuzwa nchini [[Ethiopia]] * ''Aframomum orientale'' * ''Aframomum spiroligulatum'' * ''Aframomum uniflorum'' * ''Aframomum verrucosum'' * ''Aframomum zambesiacum'', [[Mtunguu wa Zambesi]] au nangawo ==Picha== <gallery> Aframomum angustifolium fruit.jpg|Matunda ya mtunguu majani-membamba Aframomum zambesiacum fruits.JPG|Matunda ya mtunguu wa Zambesi KororimaWhole01.jpg|Iliki bandia </gallery> [[Jamii:Mtangawizi na jamaa]] 5ezcvnsihb5dsmy6lswzkz9n2sg4gcd 1 152338 1244808 1230524 2022-08-28T14:01:47Z ChriKo 35 ChriKo alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano:Aframomum corrorima]] hadi [[Majadiliano:Mtunguu]]: Jina la Kiswahili ni bora wikitext text/x-wiki == Futa == Tafsiri ya google 1:1, enwiki kama chanzo '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 16:43, 13 Juni 2022 (UTC) i3poaj4wavh1xvjdtmigzgzns7vrhm3 3 154167 1244819 1238690 2022-08-28T19:51:19Z Telezia sampa 54732 Reply wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 12:20, 3 Agosti 2022 (UTC) :[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|@Anuary Rajabu]] sawa Asante sana Kwa ukarimu '''[[Mtumiaji:Telezia sampa|Telezia sampa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Telezia sampa#top|majadiliano]])''' 19:51, 28 Agosti 2022 (UTC) pb3zyy15nh2b37vmwu03ye2wcjj4wcz 0 157526 1244814 1244552 2022-08-28T19:12:47Z Idd ninga 30188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayanda Ayanda Precious Bans''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika kusini]] anaehudumu kama mbunge katika jimbo la Cape Magharibi tangu Mei [[2019]].Ayanda ni mwanachama wa [[ANC|African National Congress]] na anawakilisha eneo bunge la Karoo ya kati. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] c57k5l1jtsd5oozdo4l0ch5v4d1y37y 3 157547 1244818 1244541 2022-08-28T19:25:42Z Idd ninga 30188 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 12:26, 25 Agosti 2022 (UTC) ==Kuhusu Vyanzo== Salamu, karibu sana katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, tunafahamu kwamba wewe ni mtumiaji mgeni, Moja ya Mambo ya muhimu sana na kuyakuzingatia ni kuhusu vyanzo katika makala utakazo anzisha, hakikisha makala zako hazijawekwa link za Wikipedia ya Kiingereza, kwani Link hizo hazifai kutumika kama Vyanzo katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, Amani sana , '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 19:25, 28 Agosti 2022 (UTC) 2i90y6has8snesdcfy8elgb7w07ydie 0 157565 1244817 1244567 2022-08-28T19:17:42Z Idd ninga 30188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Beauty Nomvuzo Dlulane''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alikuwa mbunge kwaajili ya kongamano la [[Afrika]] tangu 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prevalence of Depression among HIV Positive Adults on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in O.R. Tambo, Eastern Cape, South Africa: A cross-sectional descriptive study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-33145/v1|work=dx.doi.org|date=2020-06-10|accessdate=2022-08-25|author=Dlulane Yola Zimasa, Apalata Teke, Dominic Targema Abaver}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] 759xtuo4xcrd7jbp97pripr16om9g67 0 157569 1244815 1244571 2022-08-28T19:13:56Z Idd ninga 30188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Altia Sthembile Hlongo''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye amekuwa mbunge katika chama cha siasa cha [[African National Congress]] <ref>Africa National Congress </ref>[[African National Congress|National Congress.]]<ref>Africa National Congress </ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist{}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za siasa]] bmcxduujnw04m81qobtlztfy4g03euq 1244816 1244815 2022-08-28T19:14:26Z Idd ninga 30188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Altia Sthembile Hlongo''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye amekuwa mbunge katika chama cha siasa cha [[African National Congress]] <ref>Africa National Congress </ref>[[African National Congress|National Congress.]]<ref>Africa National Congress </ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za siasa]] lmrl4akupo24i78g5empcc3sn24a5ef 0 157709 1244807 2022-08-28T14:01:47Z ChriKo 35 ChriKo alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Aframomum corrorima]] hadi [[Mtunguu]]: Jina la Kiswahili ni bora wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mtunguu]] gagmrz4z2eacoovrz72rtxgkbme16c7 1 157710 1244809 2022-08-28T14:01:47Z ChriKo 35 ChriKo alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano:Aframomum corrorima]] hadi [[Majadiliano:Mtunguu]]: Jina la Kiswahili ni bora wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano:Mtunguu]] lzqczxf3ntabe9ilcuczkrp964r4ig3 3 157711 1244813 2022-08-28T19:08:58Z Idd ninga 30188 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{karibu}}~~~~' wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 19:08, 28 Agosti 2022 (UTC) i5azaopzmxqur2pipwgfeqtteo5axab 2 157712 1244825 2022-08-29T07:15:08Z Josephkusaga 53660 Ruge alikuwa rafiki mkubwa wa Joseph kusaga wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ruge Mutahaba]] l5h3h5nagkq9ninxzq4q20cxtsrsdc9 0 157713 1244827 2022-08-29T07:53:56Z ChriKo 35 Redirect mpya wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mtunguu]] [[Jamii:Zingiberaceae]] 0xsd78z4eb9vr4to85idiifi6mqqs94 0 157714 1244828 2022-08-29T07:56:30Z ChriKo 35 Redirect mpya wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mtunguu]] [[Jamii:Mtangawizi na jamaa]] 77yi9hfgn3uh7itv80jnxjai4slmoaj 0 157715 1244829 2022-08-29T07:58:16Z ChriKo 35 Redirect mpya wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mtunguu]] [[Jamii:Mtangawizi na jamaa]] 77yi9hfgn3uh7itv80jnxjai4slmoaj 0 157716 1244830 2022-08-29T08:00:01Z ChriKo 35 Redirect mpya wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mtunguu]] [[Jamii:Mtangawizi na jamaa]] 77yi9hfgn3uh7itv80jnxjai4slmoaj 3 157717 1244831 2022-08-29T08:35:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{karibu}} ~~~~' wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:35, 29 Agosti 2022 (UTC) cmyvi5c5mfrksj9l6ifzhow54s8k0qp 3 157718 1244832 2022-08-29T08:36:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{karibu}} ~~~~' wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:36, 29 Agosti 2022 (UTC) cch89nn43swj5i37tdmwdbs5xmaffo5 3 157719 1244833 2022-08-29T08:37:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{karibu}} ~~~~' wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:37, 29 Agosti 2022 (UTC) lawo02su0mjeuxsi8yhx3vu143iikm3 3 157720 1244834 2022-08-29T08:38:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{karibu}} ~~~~' wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:38, 29 Agosti 2022 (UTC) 4bcelr3qbpmcep884qsovcxom0j9y39 0 157721 1244836 2022-08-29T09:20:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Fra bartolomeo 02 Vision of St Bernard with Sts Benedict and John the Evangelist.jpg|thumb|right|270px|''Maria kumtokea Mt. Bernardo'', [[mchoro]] wa [[Fra Bartolommeo]], [[1504]] hivi. [[Uffizi, Florence]].]] '''Njozi za Bikira Maria''' ni maono ya [[Bikira Maria]] yaliyoripotiwa na watu mbalimbali, hasa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali, kwamba yamewapata nje ya [[ndoto]], na kwamba walimuona akiwa yuko sehemu fulani, na si kusikia...' wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fra bartolomeo 02 Vision of St Bernard with Sts Benedict and John the Evangelist.jpg|thumb|right|270px|''Maria kumtokea Mt. Bernardo'', [[mchoro]] wa [[Fra Bartolommeo]], [[1504]] hivi. [[Uffizi, Florence]].]] '''Njozi za Bikira Maria''' ni maono ya [[Bikira Maria]] yaliyoripotiwa na watu mbalimbali, hasa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali, kwamba yamewapata nje ya [[ndoto]], na kwamba walimuona akiwa yuko sehemu fulani, na si kusikia tu [[sauti]] yake <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syMABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|last=Zimdars-Swartz|first=Sandra L.|title=Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781400861637|page=4|quote=An apparition is best understood as a specific kind of vision in which a person or being not normally within the visionary's perceptual range appears to that person, not in a world apart as in a dream, and not as a modification of a concrete object as in the case of a weeping icon or moving statue, but as part of the environment, without apparent connection to verifiable visual stimuli.}}</ref>. Njozi zinaweza zikawa za kweli au siyo. Mtu anaweza akadanganya kwa makusudi, anaweza akadanganyika mwenyewe katika inavyofafanuliwa na [[saikolojia]] kwa nafasi mbalimbali<ref>The [[Catholic Church]] believes that it is possible for actually-supernatural Marian apparitions to occur, but also believes that many claimed apparitions are fabricated by the seer or the result of something other than divine intervention. For this reason, the Catholic Church has a formal evaluation process established for assessing claimed apparitions.</ref>, lakini kwa wenye [[imani]] ya [[dini]] ni jambo ambalo linawezekana kutokea kweli<ref>Believers consider such apparitions to be real and objective interventions of divine power, rather than subjective experiences generated by the perceiving individuals, even in cases where the apparition is reportedly seen by only some, not all, of the people present at the event's location.</ref>. Kwao Bikira Maria kutokea watu ni uthibitisho wa uwajibikaji wake kama [[mama wa Kanisa]] na wa waumini wake. Anaweza kuwatokea kuitikia maombi yao, kuahidi msaada wake<ref>Apparitions are often accompanied by other alleged supernatural phenomena, such as medical cures.</ref> , kufariji au kuonya, akikumbusha kweli za imani na maadili yanayotakiwa n.k.<ref>''Dictionary of Mary'', Catholic Book Publishing Co. New York. 1985, Imprimatur, p25-26</ref> [[File:MaryjazLaSalette.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Statue of [[Our Lady of La Salette]], an apparition reported to have occurred in France.]] [[File:Santuário de Fátima (36) - Jul 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|225px|The [[Sanctuary of Fátima|Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima]] is one of the largest Marian shrines in the world]] [[File:Virgen de guadalupe1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Our Lady of Guadalupe]] is widely considered integral to the [[Culture of Mexico|cultural identity of Mexico]] and [[Latin American culture]]]] [[Kanisa Katoliki]] lina taratibu zake katika kutathmini [[ukweli]] wa njozi hizo; kati ya vigezo vinavyotumika kuna unyofu na uadilifu wa wanaodai kutokewa, usahihi wa imani wa ujumbe wanaosimulia wamepewa, matunda mazuri yanayofuata <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19780225_norme-apparizioni_en.html|title=Norms Regarding the Manner of Proceeding in the Discernment of Presumed Apparitions or Revelations|publisher=[[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]|date=1978-02-24}}</ref>. Pamoja na kwamba Kanisa hilo limekataa njiozi nyingi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apparitions Statistics, Modern : University of Dayton, Ohio|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/apparitions-statistics-modern.php|access-date=2020-06-19|website=udayton.edu}}</ref>, hata likithibisha ukweli wa njozi fulani, hakuna anayelazimika kuiamini kwa sababu ni mafunuo binafsi tu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2019/05/15/this-map-illustrates-500-years-of-marys-apparitions/|title=This map illustrates 500 years of Mary's apparitions|website=[[Aleteia]]|first=Philip|last=Kosloski|date=2019-05-15|access-date=2019-10-07|quote=Even if the Church recognizes an apparition as worthy of belief, no Catholic is obligated to believe in any private revelation, such as an apparition. The Church simply says that a person can find spiritual aid from an apparition, if he or she so chooses.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Private and public revelation | work=Catholic Culture | url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/most/getwork.cfm?worknum=162 | access-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref>, ambayo ni tofauti na [[ufunuo]] rasmi uliokamilika wakati wa [[Mitume wa Yesu]]. Njozi kadhaa za Bikira Maria zimeathiri sana [[maisha]] ya watu, kama ile ya [[Bikira Maria Guadalupe]] huko [[Mexico]] ambayo iliwavuta wakazi asili kukubali [[ubatizo]] kwa mamilioni na ni sehemu ya [[utambulisho]] wa [[taifa]]. Mara nyingi njozi zinasababisha [[ujenzi]] wa [[patakatifu]] panapokuwa mahali pa [[hija]] kwa wengi, [[karne]] hata karne<ref name="ewtn.com">[http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ZSHRINE.HTM "Shrine Of Guadalupe Most Popular In World", Zenit News, June 13, 1999]</ref><ref>[https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/interior/religiao-movimenta-330-milhoes-de-turistas-por-ano-e-seis-milhoes-vao-a-fatima-5677138.html "Religion moves 330 million tourists a year and six million go to Fátima"], Diário de Notícias, February 19, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/fatima-espera-receber-8-milhoes-de-visitantes-em-2017 "Fátima expects to receive 8 million visitors in 2017"], in Sapo20, December 15, 2016.</ref>, lakini pia uanzishwaji wa [[Mtawa|mashirika ya kitawa]], vyama vya kitume, [[sala]] mpya n.k. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite book | first=Kevin | last=McClure | title=The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary | publisher=Aquarian Press | location=Wellingborough | year=1983 | isbn=0-85030-351-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/evidenceforvisio00mccl }} * {{cite book | first=René | last=Laurentin | title=The Apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary Today | publisher=Veritas Publications | location=Dublin | orig-year=1990| year=1991 | isbn=1853901199 | author-link=René Laurentin }} * {{cite book | first=Catherine M. | last=Odell | title=Those Who Saw Her: Apparitions of Mary | publisher=[[Our Sunday Visitor]] | location=Huntington | year=1995 | isbn=0-87973-664-X | url=https://www.christianbook.com/those-revised-and-updated-apparitions-mary/catherine-odell/9781592765980/pd/765980 }} * {{cite book | first=Janice T. | last=Connell | title=Meetings with Mary: Visions of The Blessed Mother | url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/30678/meetings-with-mary-by-janice-t-connell/ | url-access=registration | publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] | location=United States | year=1996 | isbn=0-345-39705-3 }} * {{cite book | first=G. Scott | last=Sparrow | title=Sacred Encounters with Mary | publisher=Thomas More Association/[[Ave Maria Press]] | location=Chicago | year=2004 | isbn=1-59471-047-3 }} * {{cite book | first=Joan Carroll | last=Cruz | title=See How She Loves Us: 50 Approved Apparitions of Our Lady | url=https://tanbooks.com/catholic-miracles/joan-carroll-cruz/see-how-she-loves-us-50-approved-apparitions-of-our-lady/ | publisher=TAN Books | location=Charlotte NC | year=2012 | isbn=9780895557186 }} * [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/our-lady-of-the-nations-9780198718383 Maunder, Chris. ''Our Lady of the Nations: Apparitions of Mary in 20th-century Catholic Europe''], Oxford University Press, 2016 ISBN|9780198718383 * [https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691630434/encountering-mary Zimdars-Swartz, Sandra L., ''Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje''], Princeton University Press, 2014, ISBN|9781400861637 {{Bikira Maria}} [[Category:Bikira Maria]] [[Category:Historia ya Kanisa]] c3x8oov2v6uqjr07k7sshbaa6pp2qd9 1244837 1244836 2022-08-29T09:23:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fra bartolomeo 02 Vision of St Bernard with Sts Benedict and John the Evangelist.jpg|thumb|right|270px|''Maria kumtokea Mt. Bernardo'', [[mchoro]] wa [[Fra Bartolommeo]], [[1504]] hivi. [[Makumbusho ya Uffizi]], [[Florence]].]] [[File:Virgen de guadalupe1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Bikira Maria wa Guadalupe]].]] [[File:MaryjazLaSalette.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Sanamu]] ya [[Bikira Maria wa La Salette]].]] [[File:Santuário de Fátima (36) - Jul 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|225px|Patakatifu pa Fatima, [[Ureno]]]] '''Njozi za Bikira Maria''' ni maono ya [[Bikira Maria]] yaliyoripotiwa na watu mbalimbali, hasa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali, kwamba yamewapata nje ya [[ndoto]], na kwamba walimuona akiwa yuko sehemu fulani, na si kusikia tu [[sauti]] yake <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syMABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|last=Zimdars-Swartz|first=Sandra L.|title=Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781400861637|page=4|quote=An apparition is best understood as a specific kind of vision in which a person or being not normally within the visionary's perceptual range appears to that person, not in a world apart as in a dream, and not as a modification of a concrete object as in the case of a weeping icon or moving statue, but as part of the environment, without apparent connection to verifiable visual stimuli.}}</ref>. Njozi zinaweza zikawa za kweli au siyo. Mtu anaweza akadanganya kwa makusudi, anaweza akadanganyika mwenyewe katika inavyofafanuliwa na [[saikolojia]] kwa nafasi mbalimbali<ref>The [[Catholic Church]] believes that it is possible for actually-supernatural Marian apparitions to occur, but also believes that many claimed apparitions are fabricated by the seer or the result of something other than divine intervention. For this reason, the Catholic Church has a formal evaluation process established for assessing claimed apparitions.</ref>, lakini kwa wenye [[imani]] ya [[dini]] ni jambo ambalo linawezekana kutokea kweli<ref>Believers consider such apparitions to be real and objective interventions of divine power, rather than subjective experiences generated by the perceiving individuals, even in cases where the apparition is reportedly seen by only some, not all, of the people present at the event's location.</ref>. Kwao Bikira Maria kutokea watu ni uthibitisho wa uwajibikaji wake kama [[mama wa Kanisa]] na wa waumini wake. Anaweza kuwatokea kuitikia maombi yao, kuahidi msaada wake<ref>Apparitions are often accompanied by other alleged supernatural phenomena, such as medical cures.</ref> , kufariji au kuonya, akikumbusha kweli za imani na maadili yanayotakiwa n.k.<ref>''Dictionary of Mary'', Catholic Book Publishing Co. New York. 1985, Imprimatur, p25-26</ref> [[Kanisa Katoliki]] lina taratibu zake katika kutathmini [[ukweli]] wa njozi hizo; kati ya vigezo vinavyotumika kuna unyofu na uadilifu wa wanaodai kutokewa, usahihi wa imani wa ujumbe wanaosimulia wamepewa, matunda mazuri yanayofuata <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19780225_norme-apparizioni_en.html|title=Norms Regarding the Manner of Proceeding in the Discernment of Presumed Apparitions or Revelations|publisher=[[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]|date=1978-02-24}}</ref>. Pamoja na kwamba Kanisa hilo limekataa njiozi nyingi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apparitions Statistics, Modern : University of Dayton, Ohio|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/apparitions-statistics-modern.php|access-date=2020-06-19|website=udayton.edu}}</ref>, hata likithibisha ukweli wa njozi fulani, hakuna anayelazimika kuiamini kwa sababu ni mafunuo binafsi tu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2019/05/15/this-map-illustrates-500-years-of-marys-apparitions/|title=This map illustrates 500 years of Mary's apparitions|website=[[Aleteia]]|first=Philip|last=Kosloski|date=2019-05-15|access-date=2019-10-07|quote=Even if the Church recognizes an apparition as worthy of belief, no Catholic is obligated to believe in any private revelation, such as an apparition. The Church simply says that a person can find spiritual aid from an apparition, if he or she so chooses.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Private and public revelation | work=Catholic Culture | url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/most/getwork.cfm?worknum=162 | access-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref>, ambayo ni tofauti na [[ufunuo]] rasmi uliokamilika wakati wa [[Mitume wa Yesu]]. Njozi kadhaa za Bikira Maria zimeathiri sana [[maisha]] ya watu, kama ile ya [[Bikira Maria wa Guadalupe]] huko [[Mexico]] ambayo iliwavuta wakazi asili kukubali [[ubatizo]] kwa mamilioni na ni sehemu ya [[utambulisho]] wa [[taifa]]. Mara nyingi njozi zinasababisha [[ujenzi]] wa [[patakatifu]] panapokuwa mahali pa [[hija]] kwa wengi, [[karne]] hata karne<ref name="ewtn.com">[http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ZSHRINE.HTM "Shrine Of Guadalupe Most Popular In World", Zenit News, June 13, 1999]</ref><ref>[https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/interior/religiao-movimenta-330-milhoes-de-turistas-por-ano-e-seis-milhoes-vao-a-fatima-5677138.html "Religion moves 330 million tourists a year and six million go to Fátima"], Diário de Notícias, February 19, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/fatima-espera-receber-8-milhoes-de-visitantes-em-2017 "Fátima expects to receive 8 million visitors in 2017"], in Sapo20, December 15, 2016.</ref>, lakini pia uanzishwaji wa [[Mtawa|mashirika ya kitawa]], vyama vya kitume, [[sala]] mpya n.k. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite book | first=Kevin | last=McClure | title=The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary | publisher=Aquarian Press | location=Wellingborough | year=1983 | isbn=0-85030-351-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/evidenceforvisio00mccl }} * {{cite book | first=René | last=Laurentin | title=The Apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary Today | publisher=Veritas Publications | location=Dublin | orig-year=1990| year=1991 | isbn=1853901199 | author-link=René Laurentin }} * {{cite book | first=Catherine M. | last=Odell | title=Those Who Saw Her: Apparitions of Mary | publisher=[[Our Sunday Visitor]] | location=Huntington | year=1995 | isbn=0-87973-664-X | url=https://www.christianbook.com/those-revised-and-updated-apparitions-mary/catherine-odell/9781592765980/pd/765980 }} * {{cite book | first=Janice T. | last=Connell | title=Meetings with Mary: Visions of The Blessed Mother | url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/30678/meetings-with-mary-by-janice-t-connell/ | url-access=registration | publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] | location=United States | year=1996 | isbn=0-345-39705-3 }} * {{cite book | first=G. Scott | last=Sparrow | title=Sacred Encounters with Mary | publisher=Thomas More Association/[[Ave Maria Press]] | location=Chicago | year=2004 | isbn=1-59471-047-3 }} * {{cite book | first=Joan Carroll | last=Cruz | title=See How She Loves Us: 50 Approved Apparitions of Our Lady | url=https://tanbooks.com/catholic-miracles/joan-carroll-cruz/see-how-she-loves-us-50-approved-apparitions-of-our-lady/ | publisher=TAN Books | location=Charlotte NC | year=2012 | isbn=9780895557186 }} * [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/our-lady-of-the-nations-9780198718383 Maunder, Chris. ''Our Lady of the Nations: Apparitions of Mary in 20th-century Catholic Europe''], Oxford University Press, 2016 ISBN|9780198718383 * [https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691630434/encountering-mary Zimdars-Swartz, Sandra L., ''Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje''], Princeton University Press, 2014, ISBN|9781400861637 {{Bikira Maria}} [[Category:Bikira Maria]] [[Category:Historia ya Kanisa]] 9lo2bw9c5mc2wsg1z19elryglhmuurc 1244838 1244837 2022-08-29T09:27:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fra bartolomeo 02 Vision of St Bernard with Sts Benedict and John the Evangelist.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Maria kumtokea Mt. Bernardo'', [[mchoro]] wa [[Fra Bartolommeo]], [[1504]] hivi. [[Makumbusho ya Uffizi]], [[Florence]].]] [[File:Virgen de guadalupe1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Bikira Maria wa Guadalupe]].]] [[File:MaryjazLaSalette.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Sanamu]] ya [[Bikira Maria wa La Salette]].]] [[File:Sanctuary NDL 2.jpg|thumb|Patakatifu pa [[Lourdes]], [[Ufaransa]].]] [[File:Santuário de Fátima (36) - Jul 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|225px|Patakatifu pa Fatima, [[Ureno]]]] '''Njozi za Bikira Maria''' ni maono ya [[Bikira Maria]] yaliyoripotiwa na watu mbalimbali, hasa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali, kwamba yamewapata nje ya [[ndoto]], na kwamba walimuona akiwa yuko sehemu fulani, na si kusikia tu [[sauti]] yake <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syMABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|last=Zimdars-Swartz|first=Sandra L.|title=Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781400861637|page=4|quote=An apparition is best understood as a specific kind of vision in which a person or being not normally within the visionary's perceptual range appears to that person, not in a world apart as in a dream, and not as a modification of a concrete object as in the case of a weeping icon or moving statue, but as part of the environment, without apparent connection to verifiable visual stimuli.}}</ref>. Njozi zinaweza zikawa za kweli au siyo. Mtu anaweza akadanganya kwa makusudi, anaweza akadanganyika mwenyewe katika inavyofafanuliwa na [[saikolojia]] kwa nafasi mbalimbali<ref>The [[Catholic Church]] believes that it is possible for actually-supernatural Marian apparitions to occur, but also believes that many claimed apparitions are fabricated by the seer or the result of something other than divine intervention. For this reason, the Catholic Church has a formal evaluation process established for assessing claimed apparitions.</ref>, lakini kwa wenye [[imani]] ya [[dini]] ni jambo ambalo linawezekana kutokea kweli<ref>Believers consider such apparitions to be real and objective interventions of divine power, rather than subjective experiences generated by the perceiving individuals, even in cases where the apparition is reportedly seen by only some, not all, of the people present at the event's location.</ref>. Kwao Bikira Maria kutokea watu ni uthibitisho wa uwajibikaji wake kama [[mama wa Kanisa]] na wa waumini wake. Anaweza kuwatokea kuitikia maombi yao, kuahidi msaada wake<ref>Apparitions are often accompanied by other alleged supernatural phenomena, such as medical cures.</ref> , kufariji au kuonya, akikumbusha kweli za imani na maadili yanayotakiwa n.k.<ref>''Dictionary of Mary'', Catholic Book Publishing Co. New York. 1985, Imprimatur, p25-26</ref> [[Kanisa Katoliki]] lina taratibu zake katika kutathmini [[ukweli]] wa njozi hizo; kati ya vigezo vinavyotumika kuna unyofu na uadilifu wa wanaodai kutokewa, usahihi wa imani wa ujumbe wanaosimulia wamepewa, matunda mazuri yanayofuata <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19780225_norme-apparizioni_en.html|title=Norms Regarding the Manner of Proceeding in the Discernment of Presumed Apparitions or Revelations|publisher=[[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]|date=1978-02-24}}</ref>. Pamoja na kwamba Kanisa hilo limekataa njiozi nyingi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apparitions Statistics, Modern : University of Dayton, Ohio|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/apparitions-statistics-modern.php|access-date=2020-06-19|website=udayton.edu}}</ref>, hata likithibisha ukweli wa njozi fulani, hakuna anayelazimika kuiamini kwa sababu ni mafunuo binafsi tu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2019/05/15/this-map-illustrates-500-years-of-marys-apparitions/|title=This map illustrates 500 years of Mary's apparitions|website=[[Aleteia]]|first=Philip|last=Kosloski|date=2019-05-15|access-date=2019-10-07|quote=Even if the Church recognizes an apparition as worthy of belief, no Catholic is obligated to believe in any private revelation, such as an apparition. The Church simply says that a person can find spiritual aid from an apparition, if he or she so chooses.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Private and public revelation | work=Catholic Culture | url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/most/getwork.cfm?worknum=162 | access-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref>, ambayo ni tofauti na [[ufunuo]] rasmi uliokamilika wakati wa [[Mitume wa Yesu]]. Njozi kadhaa za Bikira Maria zimeathiri sana [[maisha]] ya watu, kama ile ya [[Bikira Maria wa Guadalupe]] huko [[Mexico]] ambayo iliwavuta wakazi asili kukubali [[ubatizo]] kwa mamilioni na ni sehemu ya [[utambulisho]] wa [[taifa]]. Mara nyingi njozi zinasababisha [[ujenzi]] wa [[patakatifu]] panapokuwa mahali pa [[hija]] kwa wengi, [[karne]] hata karne<ref name="ewtn.com">[http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ZSHRINE.HTM "Shrine Of Guadalupe Most Popular In World", Zenit News, June 13, 1999]</ref><ref>[https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/interior/religiao-movimenta-330-milhoes-de-turistas-por-ano-e-seis-milhoes-vao-a-fatima-5677138.html "Religion moves 330 million tourists a year and six million go to Fátima"], Diário de Notícias, February 19, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/fatima-espera-receber-8-milhoes-de-visitantes-em-2017 "Fátima expects to receive 8 million visitors in 2017"], in Sapo20, December 15, 2016.</ref>, lakini pia uanzishwaji wa [[Mtawa|mashirika ya kitawa]], vyama vya kitume, [[sala]] mpya n.k. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite book | first=Kevin | last=McClure | title=The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary | publisher=Aquarian Press | location=Wellingborough | year=1983 | isbn=0-85030-351-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/evidenceforvisio00mccl }} * {{cite book | first=René | last=Laurentin | title=The Apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary Today | publisher=Veritas Publications | location=Dublin | orig-year=1990| year=1991 | isbn=1853901199 | author-link=René Laurentin }} * {{cite book | first=Catherine M. | last=Odell | title=Those Who Saw Her: Apparitions of Mary | publisher=[[Our Sunday Visitor]] | location=Huntington | year=1995 | isbn=0-87973-664-X | url=https://www.christianbook.com/those-revised-and-updated-apparitions-mary/catherine-odell/9781592765980/pd/765980 }} * {{cite book | first=Janice T. | last=Connell | title=Meetings with Mary: Visions of The Blessed Mother | url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/30678/meetings-with-mary-by-janice-t-connell/ | url-access=registration | publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] | location=United States | year=1996 | isbn=0-345-39705-3 }} * {{cite book | first=G. Scott | last=Sparrow | title=Sacred Encounters with Mary | publisher=Thomas More Association/[[Ave Maria Press]] | location=Chicago | year=2004 | isbn=1-59471-047-3 }} * {{cite book | first=Joan Carroll | last=Cruz | title=See How She Loves Us: 50 Approved Apparitions of Our Lady | url=https://tanbooks.com/catholic-miracles/joan-carroll-cruz/see-how-she-loves-us-50-approved-apparitions-of-our-lady/ | publisher=TAN Books | location=Charlotte NC | year=2012 | isbn=9780895557186 }} * [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/our-lady-of-the-nations-9780198718383 Maunder, Chris. ''Our Lady of the Nations: Apparitions of Mary in 20th-century Catholic Europe''], Oxford University Press, 2016 ISBN|9780198718383 * [https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691630434/encountering-mary Zimdars-Swartz, Sandra L., ''Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje''], Princeton University Press, 2014, ISBN|9781400861637 {{Bikira Maria}} [[Category:Bikira Maria]] [[Category:Historia ya Kanisa]] pd1ew7xcqla1nlts1sss9ulrliakrw7 0 157722 1244841 2022-08-29T09:47:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore - Roma.jpg|thumb|[[Basilika kuu la Bikira Maria]] [[jiji|jijini]] [[Roma]], [[Italia]].]] [[File:Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida, 2007.jpg|thumb|Basilika la Aparecida, [[Brazil]], 1955.]] [[File:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe (new).JPG|thumb|[[Basilika]] la Guadalupe, linalotembelewa na watu [[milioni]] 10 hivi kwa mwaka, kuliko patakatifu pengine popote pa [[Bikira Maria]].]] '''Makanisa...' wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore - Roma.jpg|thumb|[[Basilika kuu la Bikira Maria]] [[jiji|jijini]] [[Roma]], [[Italia]].]] [[File:Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida, 2007.jpg|thumb|Basilika la Aparecida, [[Brazil]], 1955.]] [[File:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe (new).JPG|thumb|[[Basilika]] la Guadalupe, linalotembelewa na watu [[milioni]] 10 hivi kwa mwaka, kuliko patakatifu pengine popote pa [[Bikira Maria]].]] '''Makanisa ya Bikira Maria''' ni [[maabadi]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] ambapo [[mama]] wa [[Yesu]] anaheshimiwa kwa namna ya pekee, kwa kuwa ama aliishi huko, ama [[njozi za Bikira Maria|alitokea]] ama alifanya [[muujiza]], ama waumini wenyewe walijisikia [[hamu]] ya kuonyesha [[shukrani]] yao kwake. [[Kanisa kama jengo|Makanisa]] ya namna hiyo yalijengwa tangu [[karne]] za kwanza za [[Historia ya Kanisa|historia ya Ukristo]], hasa baada ya [[Hati ya Milano]] iliyowapa wananchi [[uhuru wa dini]] katika [[Dola la Roma]]<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04295c.htm Catholic encyclopedia]</ref><ref>''Early Christian Art and Architecture '' by R. L. P. Milburn (Feb 1991) ISBN|0520074122 Univ California Press page 303</ref><ref name=Nor161 >''Encyclopedia of Sacred Places'' by Norbert C. Brockman 2011 ISBN|159884654X page 161</ref>, na siku hizi zinapatikana katika [[Bara|mabara]] yote, hata [[Bara la Antaktiki|Antaktiki]]. Mara nyingi ni [[patakatifu]] palipo lengo la [[hija]] hasa ya [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali. Kubwa kuliko yote ni [[Basilika]] la [[Bikira Maria Aparecida]], [[Brazil]], ambalo limezidiwa tu na [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]] huko [[Roma]]-[[Vatikani|Vatikano]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Patakatifu pa Bikira Maria]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'': "Ecclesiastical Architecture" [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05257a.htm] * Giovanni Meriana, Guida ai santuari della Liguria (Guide of shrines in Liguria), Sagep Editrice publisher, Genoa (Italy), 1990. * Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). ''The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance''. Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN|0-669-20900-7 (Paperback). * {{cite book |editor = Henry A. Millon |title = Italian Renaissance Architecture: from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo|publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]] |location = London |year = 1994 |isbn = 0-500-27921-7 }} * [[Banister Fletcher]], ''A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method'', ISBN|0-7506-2267-9 * Arnold Hauser, ''Mannerism: The Crisis of the Renaissance and the Origins of Modern Art'', Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]], 1965, ISBN|0-674-54815-9 * Brigitte Hintzen-Bohlen, Jurgen Sorges, ''Rome and the Vatican City'', Konemann, ISBN|3-8290-3109-2 * Janson, H.W., Anthony F. Janson, ''History of Art'', 1997, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.. ISBN|0-8109-3442-6 * [[Nikolaus Pevsner]], ''An Outline of European Architecture'', Pelican, 1964, ISBN|978-0-14-020109-3 * Ilan Rachum, ''The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia'', 1979, Octopus, ISBN|0-7064-0857-8 ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite book |title= ''Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture'' |last=Schloeder |first=Steven | author-link=Steven Schloeder |year=1998 |publisher= San Francisco: Ignatius Press |isbn=0-89870-631-9}} {{Bikira Maria}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Bikira Maria]] [[Jamii:makanisa]] pdcwa8df01bov4zee2a9js1e839mzt2 0 157723 1244842 2022-08-29T09:48:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Mariamu katika Kurani]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Mariamu katika Kurani]] 9pmjjrv7j7lsyc6gpx5xd0fcnd6m6co