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foo</text>
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      <comment>unit test</comment>
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foo</text>
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      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
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      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
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      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
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      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
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      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
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      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
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      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
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      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
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      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
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      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Llissa capplà</title>
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== {{-ca-}} ==

=== Nomr ===
test{{ca-nom|f}}

# {{sense accepcions}} (''[[Liza ramada]]'')

jh{{-sin-}}
* [[agut]], [[cabeçut]], [[calua]], [[caluc]], [[caluga]], [[caluga negra]], [[capçut]], [[capgròs]], [[capplà]], [[llissa]], [[llissa agut]], [[llissa cabuda]], [[llissa calua]], [[llissa calua negra]], [[llissa de cap gros]], [[llissa de cap pla]], [[llissa de roquer]], [[llissa llobarrera]], [[llissa morro puntegut]], [[llissa morruda]], [[llissa roquera]], [[llíssera]], [[llíssera de cap pla]], [[sama]], [[calunga negra]], [[cap pla]], [[cap-gros]], [[cap-pla]], [[cap-plà]], [[capplá]], [[capsut]], [[casut]], [[lliça calva negra]], [[llisa calua negra]], [[llisa calva negra]], [[llisa cap-pla]], [[llisa de cap pla]], [[llisa morru puntegut]], [[llisa morruda]], [[llissa cap pla]], [[llissa de cap-pla]], [[llissa-agud]], [[llissara]], [[llíssera de cap-pla]], [[morragueta]], [[sàbalo]]

{{-hiper-}}
* [[peixos]] &gt; [[mugílids]]

{{-trad-}}
{{inici}}
*Test123{{en}}: {{trad|en|thinlip grey mullet}}, {{trad|en|thinlip mullet}}
* Test{{es}}: {{trad|es|cabezuda}}, {{trad|es|capiton}}, {{trad|es|capitón}}, {{trad|es|lisa}}, {{trad|es|liza}}, {{trad|es|morraguete}}, {{trad|es|mújol}}
{{mig}}
* {{fr}}: {{trad|fr|muge pointu}}, {{trad|fr|mulet porc}}, {{trad|fr|mulet-porc}}
* {{pt}}: {{trad|pt|puntchioedo-sama}}
{{final}}

=== Referències ===
* {{ca-dicc|termcat}}

{{catllengua|ca|Peixos}}</text>
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Tests for mention [[User:Zilant63]] [[User:Zilant17|Zilant17]] ([[User talk:Zilant17|talk]]) 20:10, 24 May 2022 (UTC)


&lt;code&gt;test on July 19&lt;/code&gt; &lt;br /&gt;

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      <text bytes="8645" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Palmasdelmarplaya.JPG|right|thumb|425x425px|The beach at Palmas Del Mar.]]
'''Palmas del Mar''' is a [[beach resort]] located in the municipality of [[Humacao, Puerto Rico|Humacao]], [[Puerto Rico]], on the southeast corner of the island.

Palmas del Mar is one of the largest master-planned, resort-oriented developments in the Caribbean with approximately 2,750 acres of land devoted to a variety of residential, commercial and resort uses.  The gated community is located on the southeast coast of Puerto Rico, approximately 35 miles from San Juan.

Inside the gates of Palmas del Mar is a variety of lush landscapes and paved walking and golf cart paths throughout the community. 32 different neighborhoods dot the landscape from single family luxury home to townhouses and apartments. The Palmas Academy a Pre-K to 12th grade [[English language]] school, a 60 acre tropical rain forest, shopping, spas and 20 restaurants are all within a cart ride, making Palmas del Mar is the most complete resort in the Caribbean.
[[File:Puerto-rico-palmas-del-mar-marina-1152x600.jpg|thumb|Palmas del Mar Marina]]
Set in approximately {{convert|2750|acre|km2}} of land, the resort includes over 25 different neighborhoods (many of which consist of villas); a bank; retail shops; The Palmas Academy, a private school; an equestrian centre; two golf courses; 20 tennis courts; 16 restaurants; a casino; a country club with spa; a beach club; a full-service marina; and security and strict-access control 24 hours a day.

Palmas Academy was founded in 1992 by a group of parents and educators. The Academy is a coeducational, nonsectarian institution with English as the language of instruction and an excellent Spanish curriculum. The campus has {{convert|18|acre|m2}} of land surrounded by a natural settings. The Academy has access to many of the facilities at Palmas del Mar community. The school also instructs in sports such as soccer, volleyball, golf, cross country, basketball, tennis, track and field, and swimming. In addition, the school also has several clubs, such as The Drama Club, The Debate Club, The Environmental Club, The Living Green Team, El Club de Oratoria, Advanced Art, The Student Council, among others.
[[File:PALMAS_DEL_MAR_2.jpg|thumb|Palmas del Mar]]
Palmas del Mar also have the Palmas Athletic Club (PAC). Palmas Athletic Club is a family fun, sports and social environment in the Caribbean. The PAC offer an experience like no other, with a full range of activities and services for the family to enjoy. Throughout the years, Palmas Athletic Club has been the center of entertainment and enjoyment for Palmas Del Mar community with a wide range of social and sport activities.

== Pterocarpus Forest at Palmas del Mar ==
[[File:Palmas_del_Mar_PR_-_Pterocarpus_Forest_IMG_2304.jpg|thumb|Palmas del Mar PR - Pterocarpus Forest IMG 2304]]
The Pterocarpus Forest nature preserve at Palmas is a unique 51-acre swamp forest, opened to the public in March 2013.  This is one of the largest remaining swamp forests in Puerto Rico and serves as habitat to 44 species of flora and 52 species of fauna, of which 13 are considered endemic. This Forest grows in an area permanently flooded by fresh water and the predominant species in this type of wetland is the Pterocarpus Officinalis tree (“Dragonsblood Tree”), commonly known in Spanish as palo de pollo because of the shape of its aerial roots. The tree may grow more than 65 feet tall, with large aerial roots that allow it to grow in flooded soil.

Once common in Puerto Rico’s coastal wetlands, the remaining Pterocarpus forests are few, widely inaccessible, fragmented and in danger of disappearing altogether. The Forest restoration project, including the construction of a new 3/4-mile, elevated Boardwalk and the establishment of permanent conservation, education and research programs is an undertaking of the Palmas del Mar Homeowners Association (PHA) and the Friends of the Pterocarpus Forest (incorporated as the nonprofit PHA Pterocarpus Forest, Inc.). It is a community effort which represents an opportunity to preserve a unique, increasingly rare ecosystem, and make it available so that the public in general can enjoy this invaluable recreational, educational and ecological resource now and in the future.

With donations from friends of the Forest, foundations, corporations, government agencies and other organizations such as Para la Naturaleza, PHA has completed the cleanup of the Forest and created a 3/4mile boardwalk that takes visitors inside the Forest allowing them to explore the environment at close range.   In addition, interpretive signage about the nature and functions of Pterocarpus forests and the forest’s flora and fauna have been installed at numerous stations inside the Forest.  Educational materials have been created as well.  Also, an information/activity gazebo and a bird observation tower have been built at the entrance to the Forest.

Through interactive opportunities the Forest preserve will, over time, become create an “outdoor classroom” for visitors and students.  The educational goals of the Pterocarpus Forest preserve are to:

(1) Teach the concepts, interactions and value of the increasingly scarce Pterocarpus forest, herbaceous wetland ecology, and their flora and fauna.

(2) Explain the role of Pterocarpus swamp forest in water quality, wildlife habitat and biological productivity.

(3) Facilitate conservation and create an appreciation for the Pterocarpus ecosystem and Puerto Rico’s natural resources.

These objectives support the goals of conservation by creating a group of educated citizens who will become allies in the effort to preserve properties of high ecological value. The project will result in the first exhibition of its kind ever devoted to the interpretation of the ecology of Pterocarpus forests.

The project offers an unparalleled opportunity to create a study and research preserve and a new eco-tourism attraction, while conserving one of the few remaining Pterocarpus Forest and the only one that will be effortlessly accessible to the public for recreational and educational purposes.

== Palmas del Mar Homeowners Association Architectural Review Board (PHA-ARB) ==
The Palmas del Mar Homeowners Association Restrictive Covenants establish the Architectural Standards for Palmas del Mar. No structure or thing shall be placed, erected, installed or posted on the Properties and no improvement or work (which term shall include, without limitation, clearing, excavation, grading, staking and other site work, exterior alterations of existing improvements or planting or removal of landscaping), shall take place except in strict compliance with this Article, other provisions of this Declaration and the Design Guidelines and the appropriate endorsement from the Palmas del Mar Homeowners Association Architectural Review Board (PHA-ARB).
[[File:PALMANOVA_PLAZA_AT_PALMAS_DEL_MAR.jpg|thumb|PALMANOVA PLAZA AT PALMAS DEL MAR]]
The Design Guidelines have been prepared to help homeowners, architects/engineers, and builders to understand and become active participants in the design process, to ensure long-term community quality and elegance. The intent is to coordinate the architectural diversity while creating an interesting blend of homes that follows the Mediterranean Character of Palmas del Mar, and enhance the natural environment around us.

Building or improving a property at Palmas del Mar should be a pleasurable experience the homeowners. A residence at Palmas del Mar represents a major investment, and to maintain market values the quality of design is very important. Design accepted at Palmas del Mar provide a higher level of architectural interest and detail than communities located in urbanizations or prediction oriented communities. Therefore, to make the most of an investment, Palmas del Mar requires that any homeowner procure the services of a registered Architect or Engineer to design your home and your exterior landscape.

== In popular culture ==
A large portion of the [[Menudo (band)|Puerto Rican boy band Menudo]]'s second feature film, [[Una Aventura Llamada Menudo]], was filmed at Palmas del Mar.
[[File:PALMAS_DEL_MAR.jpg|thumb|Palmas del Mar Marina]]
Many other television series and movies have been filmed at Palmas del Mar.

== See more about Palmas del Mar ==
http://www.palmaspha.org/

http://www.palmasdelmar.com/v2/brochure/#p=1

http://www.palmasdelmar.com/v2/

http://pterocarpus.org/

https://app.box.com/v/arb&lt;nowiki/&gt;{{Portal|Puerto Rico}}{{coord|18|04|55|N|65|47|53|W|display=title}}

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[[User:Zilant63]][[User:Zilant17|Zilant17]] ([[User talk:Zilant17|talk]]) 18:31, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

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[[User:Zilant63]][[User:Zilant17|Zilant17]] ([[User talk:Zilant17|talk]]) 18:31, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

:test1 for reply after a mention [[User:Zilant17|Zilant17]] ([[User talk:Zilant17|talk]]) 18:31, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

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[[User:Zilant63]][[User:Zilant17|Zilant17]] ([[User talk:Zilant17|talk]]) 18:31, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

:test1 for reply after a mention [[User:Zilant17|Zilant17]] ([[User talk:Zilant17|talk]]) 18:31, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

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@[[User:Zilant17|Zilant17]] [[User:Zilant63|zilant63]] ([[User talk:Zilant63|talk]]) 19:07, 19 July 2022 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Student Council's Discretion</title>
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      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Student Council's Discretion]]&quot; ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (expires 01:13, 20 July 2022 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only administrators] (expires 01:13, 20 July 2022 (UTC)))</comment>
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      <text bytes="46869" xml:space="preserve">{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{update|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name            = Student Council's Discretion
| image           = Seitokai no Ichizon vol01.jpg
| caption         = Cover of ''Seitokai no Ichizon'' volume 1 as published by [[Fujimi Shobo]], featuring the character Kurimu Sakurano
| ja_kanji        = 生徒会の一存
| ja_romaji       = Seitokai no Ichizon
| genre           = [[Comedy]], [[slice of life]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/catalog/student-councils-discretion|title= Student Council's Discretion|publisher= [[Sentai Filmworks]]|accessdate= June 25, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161346/https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/catalog/student-councils-discretion|archive-date= June 25, 2018|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = light novel
| title           = Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai Gijiroku
| author          = Aoi Sekina
| illustrator     = [[Kira Inugami]]
| publisher       = [[Fujimi Shobo]]
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = Male
| imprint           = [[Fujimi Fantasia Bunko]]
| first           = January 19, 2008
| last            = January 20, 2012
| volumes         = 10
| volume_list     = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| author          = Aoi Sekina
| illustrator     = 10mo
| publisher       = [[Fujimi Shobo]]
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| magazine        = [[Dragon Age Pure]] (vol. 12–15)&lt;br/&gt;[[Monthly Dragon Age]]
| first           = August 20, 2008
| last            = July 9, 2013
| volumes         = 8
| volume_list     = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = light novel
| title           = Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai Mokushiroku
| author          = Aoi Sekina
| illustrator     = [[Kira Inugami]]
| publisher       = [[Fujimi Shobo]]
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = Male
| imprint           = [[Fujimi Fantasia Bunko]]
| first           = September 20, 2008
| last            = July 20, 2018
| volumes         = 9
| volume_list     = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| title           = Seitokai no Ichizon Nya✩
| author          = Sekina Aoi
| illustrator     = Sorahiko Mizushima
| publisher       = [[Kadokawa Shoten]]
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = ''[[Seinen manga|Seinen]]''
| magazine        = [[Comptiq]]
| magazine_en     = 
| first           = May 9, 2009
| last            = December 10, 2009
| volumes         = 1
| volume_list     = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = tv series
| director        = [[Takuya Satō (director)|Takuya Satō]]
| writer          = [[Jukki Hanada]]
| music           = Shuhei Kamimura
| studio          = [[Studio Deen]]
| licensee        = {{English anime licensee|NA=[[Sentai Filmworks]]}}
| network         = [[Nippon BS Broadcasting|BS11]], [[Chiba TV]], [[Sun Television|Sun TV]], [[Tokyo MX]], [[TV Aichi]], [[TV Kanagawa|tvk]], [[TV Saitama]], [[TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting|TVQ]]
| network_en      = {{English anime network|US=[[Anime Network]]}}
| first           = October 2, 2009
| last            = December 18, 2009
| episodes        = 12
| episode_list    = #Seitokai no Ichizon (2009)
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| title           = Seitokai no Ichizon Petit
| author          = Aoi Sekina
| illustrator     = Rentan Migiri
| publisher       = [[Kadokawa Shoten]]
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = ''[[Seinen manga|Seinen]]''
| magazine        = [[Comp Ace]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Comptiq]]
| magazine_en     = 
| first           = October 26, 2009
| last            = 
| volumes         = 2
| volume_list     = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| title           = Seitokai no Nichijō
| author          = Aoi Sekina
| illustrator     = Ashio
| publisher       = [[Fujimi Shobo]]
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| magazine        = [[Monthly Dragon Age]]
| magazine_en     = 
| first           = June 9, 2011
| last            = 
| volumes         = 
| volume_list     = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| title           = Seitokai no Ichizon Otsu
| author          = Aoi Sekina
| illustrator     = Sorahiko Mizushima
| publisher       = [[Kadokawa Shoten]]
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = ''[[Seinen manga|Seinen]]''
| magazine        = [[Comptiq]]
| magazine_en     = 
| first           = September 10, 2011
| last            = February 10, 2013
| volumes         = 3
| volume_list     = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = ONA
| title           = Seitokai no Ichizon Lv.2
| director        = Ken'ichi Imaizumi
| producer        = 
| writer          = [[Reiko Yoshida]]
| music           = Tomohiro Anzai
| studio          = [[Anime International Company|AIC]]
| licensee        = {{English anime licensee|NA=[[Sentai Filmworks]]}}
| network         = [[Nico Nico Douga]]
| network_en      = {{English anime network|US=[[Anime Network]]}}
| first           = October 13, 2012
| last            = December 15, 2012
| episodes        = 10 + OVA
| episode_list    = #Seitokai no Ichizon Lv.2 (2012)
| runtime         = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = light novel
| title           = Hekiyou Gakuen Shin Seitokai Gijiroku
| author          = Aoi Sekina
| illustrator     = Kira Inugami
| publisher       = Fujimi Shobo
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = Male
| imprint           = Fujimi Fantasia Bunko
| first           = November 20, 2012
| last            = March 19, 2013
| volumes         = 2
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| title           = Shin Seitokai no Ichizon
| author          = Aoi Sekina
| illustrator     = Dicca Suemitsu
| publisher       = Fujimi Shobo
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = ''Shōnen''
| magazine        = Monthly Dragon Age
| magazine_en     = 
| first           = January 9, 2013
| last            = February 8, 2014
| volumes         = 3
| volume_list     = 
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{nihongo|'''''Student Council's Discretion'''''|生徒会の一存|Seitokai no Ichizon|lit. ''Discretion of the student council''}} is a collection of Japanese [[light novel]]s by Aoi Sekina, with illustrations by [[Kira Inugami]]. The series started with the release of the first volume on January 19, 2008,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/lnovel/bk_detail.php?pcd=200710000272|script-title=ja:生徒会の一存 - 碧陽学園生徒会議事録１|publisher=[[Kadokawa Shoten]]|language=Japanese|accessdate=May 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223055959/http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/lnovel/bk_detail.php?pcd=200710000272|archive-date=February 23, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; published by [[Fujimi Shobo]] under their ''[[Fujimi Fantasia Bunko]]'' label. Originally the series was called {{nihongo|'''''Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai Gijiroku'''''|碧陽学園生徒会議事録||lit. ''Hekiyou Academy Student Council Minutes''}}, but was later changed to test123 the subtitle of the first volume, {{nihongo|&quot;Seitokai no Ichizon&quot;|生徒会の一存}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fujimishobo.co.jp/sp/seitokaino_natsu/|title=Kadokawa Shoten|language=Japanese|access-date=November 11, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913173506/http://www.fujimishobo.co.jp/sp/seitokaino_natsu/|archive-date=September 13, 2008|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Plot==
The student council members of Hekiyou Academy in [[Hokkaidō]] are selected by a popularity contest. As a result, the members are usually a group of [[bishōjo|pretty girls]]. The sole male member is Ken Sugisaki, who entered the student council by becoming the top-scoring student in the level which he had to [[Cramming (education)|cram]] to achieve.

The series revolves around the meetings inside the student council room in {{nihongo|Private High School Hekiyou Academy|私立高校・碧陽学園|Shiritsu Kōkō Hekiyō Gakuen}}. The story (as written in the series) has a [[metafiction]] component where, under the student council president Sakurano Kurimu orders, vice president Ken Sugisaki has to write stories to show the other students how brilliant the student council is. Ken negotiates with [[Fujimi Shobo]] to publish these stories. The author himself likens the series to that of a [[yonkoma]] novel&lt;ref&gt;Postscript from {{nihongo|Seitokai no Ichizon Hekiyō Gakuen Seitokai Gijiroku 1|生徒会の一存 碧陽学園生徒会議事録1||lit. ''The Student Council's Discretion Hekiyō Academy Student Council Minutes 1''}}, page 265&lt;/ref&gt; which portrays the characters having comical conversations and [[parody]]ing [[otaku]] culture.

==Characters==

===Hekiyou Academy student council===
;{{Nihongo|Ken Sugisaki|杉崎 鍵|Sugisaki Ken}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Takashi Kondō]]}}
:Ken is a 2nd Year student, and holds the Student Council &quot;Blue Chip&quot; Seat for Vice-President - Valedictorian. He entered the student council as the top-scoring student in his year; the highest scoring student has a choice to be in the student council. He had to work hard to improve his score, being in the lowest score bracket when he enrolled. He is referred to as &quot;Kī-kun&quot; by Chizuru, from his given name {{Nihongo|Ken|鍵}} which also can be read as {{Nihongo|Kagi|鍵||key}}. He loves playing [[eroge]] and [[bishōjo game]]s, and plans on making the rest of the student council members his &quot;harem&quot;. On the surface, he seems to be lazy and carefree, but he is actually very hardworking and always stays behind after dismissal to finish all the student council work so that the student council can have fun as always. Ken also has a serious side to him, and he truly cares for those around him; According to Kurimu, they have yet to find someone who dislikes Ken. Ken reveals to Lilicia that the student council itself is his &quot;dream&quot;, where his goals and happiness co-exist.

:A unique trivia about Ken is that he starts every episode with behavior that exasperates the other members of the student council, but at the end of each episode Ken always shows his serious side, making the other members of the student council grateful to him. Ken was bullied in the past by his classmates during [[middle school]] despite his apparent happiness and two-timed two girls, he even asked to be bullied in middle school. In contrast to his active self in the student council, Ken was often isolated socially in middle school. In the last episode, it is revealed that he met all of the girls in the current student council throughout the year before joining, one in each season. Each of the four girls changed his life in some way for the better and help create the perverse and goofy, but kind and hard-working person that he is now. It's because of those encounters that he strove to be in the student council for the sole purpose of repaying them by making all four of the girls happy. Currently, Sugisaki and Kurimu are dating at the present story.

;{{Nihongo|Kurimu Sakurano|桜野 くりむ|Sakurano Kurimu}}
:{{Anime voice|[[Mariko Honda]]}}
:Kurimu is a senior in Hekiyou Academy, and is the president of the student council.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Dragon Magazine (Fujimi Shobo)|Dragon Magazine]]'' 2008 September issue, page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; She has an extreme sweet tooth, and has a pink/reddish hair. Her [[nickname]] is {{Nihongo|Aka-chan|アカちゃん}}, which was given to her by Chizuru; She added an extra character to her first name, and changed it to {{Nihongo|Kurimuzon|クリムゾン||Crimzon}} and translated to Japanese becomes {{Nihongo|Aka|赤||Red}}. Her nickname can also mean {{Nihongo|Aka-chan|赤ちゃん||baby}}. This is often used as a joke against her in the series, poking fun of her childish size and looks, despite being a senior. However, acting childish around Chizuru does not seem to bother her. She is well liked by most of the other students. Most of the episodes start out with Kurimu making a statement in front of a whiteboard. She is the cause of most of Ken's labor and why he became an [[eroge]] maniac.&lt;ref&gt;Postscript from {{nihongo|Seitokai no Ichizon Hekiyō Gakuen Seitokai Gijiroku 1|生徒会の一存 碧陽学園生徒会議事録1||lit. ''The Student Council's Discretion - Hekiyō Academy Student Council Minutes 1''}}, page 202 - 203&lt;/ref&gt;

:Kurimu and Ken met in the spring (桜野 = field of cherry blossoms) when she was Vice President at the time, Ken decided to help her carry boxes. He asked for her help in becoming a better person, and Kurimu suggested playing a dating sim game as she said that the main character's job is to make everyone happy. Their meeting gave him a goal in mind and taught him to look towards the future. Like the season she represents, she's often the first to suggest something and is always looking towards the bigger picture in mind. She has a very large ego calling herself the best student council in the world, and that she is destined to be a god. She is very childish, but has an arrogant self image, thinking she has F-size breasts and is 170 cm tall and her clothes make her look small. She is also not very mature for her age. The anime suggests that she has feelings for Ken. Currently, Sugisaki and Kurimu are dating at the present story.


;{{Nihongo|Chizuru Akaba|紅葉 知弦|Akaba Chizuru}}
:{{Anime voice|[[Yuka Saitō (voice actress)|Yuka Saitō]] (first season), [[Mina (voice actress)|Mina]] (second season)}}
:Chizuru is the Secretary of the Student Council. She has a tall and model-like figure. She is a mature woman who seems to spend most of her time being quite serious. However, she has a sadistic side to her, which is shown when she &quot;brain-washes&quot; Ken and Kurimu. Also, she makes a lot of references to her sadism in the anime. She loves to cuddle and &quot;abuse&quot; the President (Kurimu) in a little sister way, and is an avid reader. Sometimes, it is hinted towards her wanting to be [[Yuri (genre)|involved with]] Kurimu. She is hinted towards having a couple part-time jobs despite being too young legally to even have a job. While she is identified as the cool, serious type, she can embrace her more cutesy side to her once hopping around dressed as a cute sheep.

:Chizuru and Ken met in autumn, when Ken was suffering from a broken heart. Their meeting healed it and showed her compassion for others. Like the season she represents, she always seems a bit gloomy and hard to approach but has a certain elegance to her. In middle school, she was bullied by her best friend. As her friend was scared of losing Chizuru's friendship, she attempted to isolate Chizuru. The bullying created emotional scars that were later healed by the student council. Chizuru states she is not a morning person, with her hugging Kurimu in the morning. She is very manipulative, able to control Kurimu and Ken. She calls Ken her slave, and even set the ringtone to repeat &quot;my slave&quot; when he calls. In the anime she is hinted to have feelings for Ken. In the novel it appears her feelings grow to the point of being nervous around Ken.

;{{Nihongo|Minatsu Shiina|椎名 深夏|Shiina Minatsu}}
:{{Anime voice|[[Misuzu Togashi]]}}
:Minatsu is a bold character and Student Council Vice-president. A tomboy with impressive athletic skills, and is surprisingly also good in math, which Ken considers to be uncharacteristic of her. She's popular among girls and has a bit of a [[Yuri (genre)|yuri]] taste. She's in the same class with Ken but she's an orthodox [[tsundere]] without any 'dere' (short for {{Nihongo|dere-dere|でれでれ}}) to be found. She also has a little sister, Mafuyu. She is very protective of Mafuyu and despises anyone who tries to hurt her. She is into a lot of [[shōnen manga]] as most of her suggestions tend to be based on typical shōnen manga plots.

:Minatsu and Ken met in the summer. Due to how she was, he looked up to her and to be like her, but she told him that he should not aim to be like her but to aim for the impossible. Their meeting taught him not to be lazy and work if he desires something. Like the season she represents, she is fired up and is always ready to take action, especially when it has something to do with anime or manga. Both Minatsu and Mafuyu never got to know their father, and Minatsu was unwilling to meet her mothers' boyfriend saying it had nothing to do with them, creating a rift between Minatsu and her mother, but their mother always took care of them no matter how tired she was.  In the anime and novel, her feelings for Ken grow so much that she is aware that she's in love with Ken. She is seen kissing him in volume 8 of the light novel and episode 4 of the second season of the anime.

;{{Nihongo|Mafuyu Shiina|椎名 真冬|Shiina Mafuyu}}
:{{Anime voice|Yuki Horinaka (first season), [[Iori Nomizu]] (second season)}}
:Mafuyu is the Student Council Treasurer, Minatsu's sister, and the only freshman in the Council. She is a swaying [[bishōjo]], and is afraid of males (though she lightens up to Ken). Ken thought her to be &quot;the easiest character to see the ending&quot; but later turns out to be the most feared one by some reason, even when compared to Chizuru, particularly the fact that she's a [[fujoshi]], and that she fantasizes pairing Ken romantically with a boy  named Nakameguro she writing (who turns out to be an actual person). When it comes to [[yaoi|boys' love]], Mafuyu can actually be just as perverted, if not worse, than Ken. She's addicted to video games, and spends much of her free time playing with a [[handheld game console]] that resembles a pink [[PlayStation Portable]].

:Mafuyu and Ken met in the winter chatting online with him as Yuki (with Ken as Key) and even having a more spirited personality online. Ken fell asleep once in the snow and, despite her fear of men, Mafuyu took him out of the freezing cold. Their meeting showed him a clear understanding about what strength really is. Like the season she represents, she's extremely passive and keeps a lot to herself, but she will show her real self and her real feelings if she feels comfortable. Despite her shy personality (or based on Ken's logic, because she is shy) she confesses her love to Ken, although she says she just wanted to share her feelings with him rather than start a relationship, because she loves the Student Council's atmosphere most of all, implying that even when she loves him she doesn't want to change how things are at the moment.

;{{Nihongo|Satori Magiru|真儀瑠 紗鳥|Magiru Satori}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Mami Kosuge]]}}
:Satori is a teacher of Japanese and an advisor of the Student Council. She is also one of primary characters of author's previous work &quot;Material Ghost&quot;.

;{{Nihongo|Tsukushi Saionji|西園寺 つくし|Saionji Tsukushi}}
:Transfer student who was elected to the new President of the Student Council.

;{{Nihongo|Runa Minase|水無瀬 流南|Minase Runa}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Houko Kuwashima]]}}
:New Vice-president of the Student Council.

;{{Nihongo|Hokuto Kagami|火神 北斗|Kagami Hokuto}}
:New Treasurer of the Student Council. Though her number of votes in the popularity poll was sixth place, she was awarded the election since Ringo Sugisaki and Rie Shiraki, the fourth place and the fifth place, declined.

;{{Nihongo|Touko Hinomori|日守 東子|Hinomori Tōko}}
:New Secretary of the Student Council. Since she always wears a mask, there are few students those who have ever seen the face of her before. But the students who noticed that she was extremely cute unanimously voted for her.

===Students===
;{{Nihongo|Lilicia Toudou|藤堂 リリシア|Tōdō Ririshia}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Mamiko Noto]]}}
:Lilicia is the President of the Journalism Club, and ranked fifth in the school's popularity poll; just falling short of getting into the Student Council. Lilicia and Kurimu are constantly at loggerheads. Lilicia also seems to be extremely afraid of Chizuru. She claims that she despises the current Student Council because they always laze around, doing nothing. She constantly targets Ken for her attacks toward the Student Council for being a two-timing individual, though her sister Elise states that it is because she likes him. Despite her repeated attempts to slander the Student Council, she has a mutual respect for them.

;{{Nihongo|Meguru Uchuu|宇宙 巡|Uchū Meguru}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ryōko Shintani]]}}
:Ken and Minatsu's classmate. She is cute but failed to garner votes in the popularity poll due to defects in her character. Subsequently, she became an idol to show them what she could do.  She made a film with Ken starring in it, to which the audio from the film was misunderstood by the girls of the student council about Ken's identity.

;{{Nihongo|Mamoru Uchuu|宇宙 守|Uchū Mamoru}}
:{{Voiced by|Yūdai Satō}}
:Meguru's younger brother. He has a crush on Minatsu but she does not notice his feelings.
:Meguru and Mamoru are called &quot;{{Nihongo|Space Siblings|スペース姉弟|Supēsu Kyōdai}}&quot; by classmates from their surname.

;{{Nihongo|Yoshiki Nakameguro|中目黒 善樹|Nakameguro Yoshiki}}
:{{Anime voice|[[Kazutomi Yamamoto]]}}
:Nakameguro is Ken and Minatsu's classmate. He transferred to Hekiyou Academy since he was bullied by his classmates at the previous school. He likes Ken better than pushy Space Siblings but Ken does not want to become too close to him because he has the same surname as the character of Mafuyu's BL novels by coincidence as well as looking identical to her pictures of her character.

;{{Nihongo|Meiku Kazami|風見 めいく|Kazami Meiku}}
:New President of the Journalism Club.

===Other characters===
;{{Nihongo|Elise Toudou|藤堂 エリス|Tōdō Erisu}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ai Shimizu]]}}
:Lilicia's younger sister. She spent time with Ken at school as part of her sister's plan to dig up information on the student council. Afterward, she states that Ken already knew why she was there and played with her anyway. Because of that, she has taken a liking to Ken, and she addresses him as &quot;nii-sama&quot;. She is also quite mature for her age (especially when it comes to &quot;adult&quot; matters) and pretty smart, even managing to get a tough math problem right before Kurimu did.

;{{Nihongo|Echo of Death|残響死滅 (エコー・オブ・デス)|Ekō obu Desu}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Takahiro Sakurai]]}}
:A made up Ken's older brother from Minatsu's Fantasy, and Mafuyu also uses the character in her fantasy.

;{{Nihongo|Ringo Sugisaki|杉崎 林檎|Sugisaki Ringo}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Madoka Yonezawa]]}}
:Ken's step-sister. Very innocent and loves her brother very much to the point of wanting to marry him.

;{{Nihongo|Asuka Matsubara|松原 飛鳥|Matsubara Asuka}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ami Koshimizu]]}}
:Ken's childhood friend and former girlfriend. She is also close to Ringo.

==Media==

===Manga===
A manga adaptation by 10mo started serialization in [[Fujimi Shobo]]'s shōnen manga magazine ''[[Dragon Age Pure]]'' on August 20, 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;ANN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-04-29/darker-than-black-seikishi-seitokai-no-ichizon-get-new-manga|title=''Darker than Black'', ''Seikishi'', ''Seitokai no Ichizon'' Get New Manga (Updated)|date=April 29, 2009|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=May 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502213029/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-04-29/darker-than-black-seikishi-seitokai-no-ichizon-get-new-manga|archive-date=May 2, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another manga adaptation by Sorahiko Mizushima started serialization in [[Kadokawa Shoten]]'s ''[[Comptiq]]'' magazine on May 9, 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;ANN&quot;/&gt; On December 24, 2014, KADOKAWA released the English digital volumes of the manga series on BookWalker, their official eBook store.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = BOOK WALKER Global:Student Council's Discretion｜ New Release: Page 1｜ KADOKAWA eBook Store - BookWalker|url = http://global.bookwalker.jp/series/21666/?adpcnt=7qM_VsdH|website = eBook Store│BOOK WALKER Global|accessdate = December 10, 2015|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151211132259/http://global.bookwalker.jp/series/21666/?adpcnt=7qM_VsdH|archive-date = December 11, 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Light novel===
{{expand section|date=March 2016}}

===Anime===
A 12-episode [[anime]] series adaptation produced by [[Studio Deen]], written by [[Jukki Hanada]], and directed by [[Takuya Satō (director)|Takuya Satō]] aired in [[Japan]] between October 2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d.hatena.ne.jp/moonphase/20090318|script-title=ja:ご意見・ご指摘・ご感想・タレコミなどはこちらから|date=March 18, 2009|publisher=Moon Phase|language=Japanese|accessdate=May 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321060651/http://d.hatena.ne.jp/moonphase/20090318|archive-date=March 21, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-16/seitokai-no-ichizon-light-novels-tv-anime-green-lit|title=''Seitokai no Ichizon'' Light Novels' TV Anime Green-Lit (Updated)|date=January 16, 2009|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=May 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421213736/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-16/seitokai-no-ichizon-light-novels-tv-anime-green-lit|archive-date=April 21, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and December 18, 2009. A second season titled ''Seitokai no Ichizon Lv.2'' aired in Japan on the Nico Live section of [[Nico Nico Douga]] between October 13 and December 15, 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seitokai-no-ichizon.com/|title=''Seitokai no Ichizon''|publisher=Kadokawa|access-date=October 14, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919181546/http://seitokai-no-ichizon.com/|archive-date=September 19, 2012|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Lv.2'' was produced by [[Anime International Company|AIC]], written by [[Reiko Yoshida]], and directed by Ken'ichi Imaizumi.

====Seitokai no Ichizon (2009)====

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;&quot;
|- style=&quot;border-bottom: 3px solid #CCF;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:3em;&quot;  | No.
! Title
! style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; | Original air date
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 01
| Title           = Student Council Chats
| AltTitle        = Daberu Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|駄弁る生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|10|2}}
| ShortSummary    = Hekiyou Academy Student Council. Only those who are chosen may enter this sacred paradise. Ken Sugisaki is the only person chosen as a member for his academic excellence; miraculously recovering from having the lowest academic score in the academy. It's just any other day as he attempts to create a harem for himself with the council members, who ignore his attempts.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 02
| Title           = Student Council Studies
| AltTitle        = Benkyō suru Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|勉強する生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|10|9}}
| ShortSummary    = There is a shadow lurking among the Hekiyou Academy students, a monster called midterm exams. Will the student council member manage to improve Student Council president Kurimu Sakurano's grades into somewhat a norm? Or is this study group doomed before it even begins?
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 03
| Title           = Student Council Interviewed
| AltTitle        = Shuzai sareru Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|取材される生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|10|16}}
| ShortSummary    = Lilicia Toudou, president of the news paper club constantly antagonizes the student council by looking for scandals. She attempts to bring the student council down for good as she interview each of its members. Though there seems to be a small group of students who questions the point of her actions when the student council is already known for its questionable conducts. Cameo of Enma Ai from [[Hell Girl]].
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 04
| Title           = Student Council Creates
| AltTitle        = Sōsaku suru Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|創作する生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|10|27}}
| ShortSummary    = To improve the student council's public image into something more positive, Kurimu decides to create a novel about the student council. With each member requesting story lines that is pure chaos, the writer Ken loses it, writing a story solely based on his fantasy.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 05
| Title           = Student Council Rests
| AltTitle        = Kyūkei suru Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|休憩する生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|10|30}}
| ShortSummary    = Summer, summer uniforms, and swimsuits; those are enough to cause Ken Sugisaki to go out of control and be immediately locked into a locker. But that wasn't enough to stop him from using his imagination solely based on the chatter he hears in the room. To make matters worse the air conditioner in the student council room is out of service, and slowly everyone in the room is taking off their clothes.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 06
| Title           = Student Council Reaches Out
| AltTitle        = Sashinoberu Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|差し伸べる生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|11|6}}
| ShortSummary    = The student council is in the midst of deciding the theme for the school festival held during the fall season when Mafuyu and Minatsu announce they will be transferring schools. Minatsu suggests fighting, Mafuyu &quot;competition&quot;, Chizuru pushes for &quot;pain&quot; and Ken pushes for &quot;licentious&quot;. To try to stop the sisters from transferring they suggest going with the fight theme.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 07
| Title           = Student Council Steps Out
| AltTitle        = Fumidasu Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|踏み出す生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|11|13}}
| ShortSummary    = The Student Council decides to go on a summer trip to Tokyo but because the president is convinced that airplanes can't fly (she refers to them as lumps of metal) they end up taking a sleeper train. Once in Tokyo they spend the night telling ghost stories and watching the sun rise.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 08
| Title           = Student Council Envies
| AltTitle        = Shitto suru Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|嫉妬する生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|11|20}}
| ShortSummary    = Ken causes a commotion when he shows up to the student council office with a mysterious girl.  He explains that he is looking after Elise, Lilicia's younger sister until she comes pick her up.  They end up playing with string figures, Shiritori, and more children's games, but for some reason Elise can turn these games into something much deeper.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 09
| Title           = My Student Council
| AltTitle        = Watashi no Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|私の生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|11|27}}
| ShortSummary    = A flashback shows Chizuru comforting Ken, who appears to be heartbroken. The Student Council begins their new topic, &quot;Reading Books&quot;, as Ken asks what books the rest of the Student Council are reading. Chizuru jokes about the book she reads, and when Ken falls in despair, she ends up stating that the real book she wanted to read was the love fortune book. After Chizuru does a handshake fortune-telling with Ken, Kurimu interrupts the fortune saying she wants the book. Chizuru informs everyone the first person to react is jealous, and while leaving she thanks Ken and leaves a letter for the Council to read. The letter contains a clue to Chizuru's past.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 10
| Title           = Tidying Student Council
| AltTitle        = Katazukeru Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|片付ける生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|12|4}}
| ShortSummary    = It is the day of the Hekiyou Festival, and the Student Council discusses how to make a &quot;Tear Jerking Story&quot; but in the end they find it too difficult. Just as the festival ends they try to sort out the &quot;lost and found&quot; items to verify what belongs to who. In the end after Kurimu gives her grand speech, Ken was just about to be left alone to work on cleaning up the lost and found items, but everyone agrees to stay and help finish up the remaining work.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 11
| Title           = The Fragmented Student Council
| AltTitle        = Kakeru Seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|欠ける生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|12|11}}
| ShortSummary    = In the beginning Ken talks to &quot;Yuki&quot; what he can do to change but gets teased rather than getting a serious answer. A flashback shows how Ken and Mafuyu &quot;met&quot;. Ken is missing due to illness, so the girls end up talking about part time jobs while also finishing up the paperwork. In the end Mafuyu suggests to go visit Ken which they decided to go. The Student Council run into Ken's former junior high classmates, and his classmates tells the council about how he two-timed girls and was the outcast in junior high. Kurimu fights back telling them he said the aforementioned girls are now happy, but they continue to insult him, causing Mafuyu to hit one of them with her bag. The Student Council taught them a lesson as Lilicia makes an appearance stating &quot;the journalism club is meant to make false stories of the Student council.&quot; Ken is then nursed by everyone. Mafuyu finally confesses to Ken.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 12
| Title           = The Student Council's Discretion
| AltTitle        = Seitokai no Ichizon
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|生徒会の一存}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2009|12|18}}
| ShortSummary    = After Mafuyu confesses to Ken, the council ends up talking about each of their plans for the future. A new transfer student shows up for help, and it turns out it's none other than Nakameguro, who was guided to the council in asking Ken to help find his way home. Nakameguro and Ken end up talking about their pasts on their way home, and Nakameguro goes on to say that Ken is amazing and he's strong but Ken disagrees, saying he is weak without the help of the student council. Ken goes on to explain how he was influenced by each of the student council members during his first year as the seasons went by.
}}
|}

====Seitokai no Ichizon Lv.2 (2012)====

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;&quot;
|- style=&quot;border-bottom: 3px solid #CCF;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:3em;&quot;  | No.
! Title
! style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; | Original air date
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 00
| Title           = Sugisaki's Memories
| AltTitle        = sugisaki MEMORIARU
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|すぎさきメモリアル}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|10|13}}
| ShortSummary    = Setting takes place before the events of the first season, in Ken's first year at Heikyou Academy. Ken decides to go buy a dating sim game, but the shop assistant, Runa Minase, offers him poor recommendations when he asks for help, going as far as to spoil the games for him. And although he decides to devote his time to making others happy as shown from the results of the harem ending he has always envisioned, he sets his goals on joining the Student Council. Although the ever blunt Runa discourages him from trying to go for the blue chip seat, seeing that he will never catch up to her (the valedictorian), he continues to study hard while balancing work and a social life. Eventually he ends up tied for first in the rankings with Runa, and gets the blue chip seat when Runa states she doesn't want it.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 01
| Title           = The student council brainstorms
| AltTitle        = TEKO iresuru seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|テコいれする生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|10|20}}
| ShortSummary    = The Student Council members brainstorm ideas on how to change up the show's settings (breaking the fourth wall). They discuss a variety of ideas, such as giving more speaking parts to the girls, changing the plot, and ways to attract new viewers. At the end, they decide to keep the status quo of how the student council functions.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 02
| Title           = The student council gets suspicious
| AltTitle        = utagau seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|疑う生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|10|27}}
| ShortSummary    = Kurimu's cake has gone missing! As a furious Kurimu demands to know where the cake went, Ken plays the role of detective as he tries to figure out where her cake has gone. As each member pleads their innocence, the case becomes more confusing when the advisor Magiru knows who the culprit is but collapses before she can reveal the clue and Ken gets knocked out and loses his memories. Can the council figure out who the real culprit is?
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 03
| Title           = The student council gets a job
| AltTitle        = shuushoku suru seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|就職する生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|11|3}}
| ShortSummary    = The Student Council discuss what jobs they want to have in the future, and even role play what they expect it to be like, although it's not as exactly as Ken hoped for.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 04
| Title           = The student council collects
| AltTitle        = kaishuu suru seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|回収する生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|11|10}}
| ShortSummary    = Kurimu proposes that they survey the school and get some feedback on what the Student Council could do to help reform the school. While going to collect survey, Ken gets jealous when Minatsu begins talking to another boy in the hallway, and Minatsu also gets jealous when Ken talks to a group of girls in a classroom. Ken and Minatsu try to figure out if they have any feelings for each other.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 05
| Title           = Holy war
| AltTitle        = seisen
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|聖戦}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|11|17}}
| ShortSummary    = Chizuru, Minatsu, and Mafuyu are out doing other things, so it's just Kurimu and Ken in the council room, who try to figure out what to talk about. They end up playing catch while answering questions and answers with each others, and the others eventually come back. Later that night, Ken can't find the serial number to his dating sim game in his apartment. He ends up calling his stepsister Ringo Sugisaki at their house for the number, but she seems to toy with him, causing him to get desperate to hilarious results. He ends up getting the number, but it turns out he bought the wrong version of the game.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 06
| Title           = The student council welcomes
| AltTitle        = kangei suru seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|歓迎する生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|11|24}}
| ShortSummary    = Ken brings Ringo to visit the Student Council, and the other members are immediately won over by her shy and cute demeanor. However, Ringo is extremely pure and creates a lot of misunderstandings due to her bizarre statements.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 07
| Title           = S-Size hunter
| AltTitle        = S SAIZUHANTAA
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|Sサイズハンター}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|12|1}}
| ShortSummary    = Ken is assigned to follow Lilicia around as the focus of a spinoff anime for supporting characters. Ken ends up trying to make Lilicia more popular while they stalk Mafuyu and Kurimu through a department store at the same time.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 08
| Title           = The student council chases
| AltTitle        = oi kakeru seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|追いかける生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|12|8}}
| ShortSummary    = After Ken and his ex-girlfriend Asuka Matsubara go to an onsen under the guise of being a fake married couple, a curious Student Council decides to go to the onsen also. Ken suspects that Asuka brought him there for another reason, but it's not until they get into the baths until he finds out that she wants him to stop pursuing his goal of a harem, and instead focus his attention on her. He refuses, and tells her that he wants to continue his goal of making everyone happy, even though he realizes now that some people will be hurt along the way. The rest of the council members get distracted along the way in their search for Ken, but the two groups end up running into each other. Although Asuka appears to insult each of the members, they end up brushing it off like it was nothing and talk about Ken.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 09
| Title           = The student council doesn't end
| AltTitle        = owaranai seitokai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|終わらない生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|12|15}}
| ShortSummary    = It's the last meeting of the year for the Student Council, since Chizuru and Kurimu are graduating the next day and Mafuyu and Minatsu will be transferring schools to the mainland. The council debates on something to pass down to future student councils. Chizuru suggests they leave the light novels (written about them) for the next council, and everyone agrees. They also clean up and shop for supplies for improving the appearance of the council room. They run into different people they've encountered in the student council this past year, and plan the valedictorian and farewell speech, to be made by Kurimu and Ken respectively. As the meeting finishes, Ken suddenly bursts out that he has been wanting to say something to the council the whole time. He ends up speaking to each of the members individually from his heart and thanking each of them for making the Student Council so worth it. They all respond that they will always accept Ken and encourage him to make his dreams come true.
}}
|}

====Seitokai no Shukujitsu (OVA 2013)====
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;&quot;
|- style=&quot;border-bottom: 3px solid #CCF;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:3em;&quot;  | No.
! Title
! style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; | Original release date
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 01
| Title           = The Giving Student Council
| AltTitle        = Watasu seito-kai
| RAltTitle       = &amp;nbsp;({{Nihongo2|渡す生徒会}})
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|7|5}}
| ShortSummary    = An OVA bundled with the eighth volume of the Seitokai Series Spinoff novel. Takes place during Valentine's Day of the second season. Each of the girls struggle to figure out how to approach and give chocolate to Ken.
}}
|}

===Music===
;Opening themes
:# &quot;Treasure&quot; - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}}.
:# &quot;Precious&quot;
;Ending themes
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Mousou Fetish&quot;|妄想☆ふぇてぃっしゅ!||&quot;Fantasy Fetish&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}} (ep 1)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Ue Ue Shita Shita Hidari Migi Hidari Migi BA&quot;|上上下下左右左右BA||&quot;Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}} (ep 2)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Mousou Fetish ~Shiina Shimai ver.~&quot;|妄想☆ふぇてぃっしゅ! 〜椎名姉妹ver.〜||&quot;Fantasy Fetish ~Shiina Sisters ver.~&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}}, vice president &amp; treasurer (ep 3)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Mousou Fetish ~2 ban~&quot;|妄想☆ふぇてぃっしゅ! 〜2ばん〜||&quot;Fantasy Fetish ~2nd~&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}}(ep 4)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Ue Ue Shita Shita Hidari Migi Hidari Migi BA ~Ganbare Kurimu ver.~&quot;|上上下下左右左右BA 〜がんばれくりむver.〜||&quot;Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A ~Don't Give Up Kurimu ver.~&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}}, president &amp; secretary (ep 5)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Ue Ue Shita Shita Hidari Migi Hidari Migi BA ~2 ban~&quot;|上上下下左右左右BA 〜2ばん〜||&quot;Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A ~2nd~&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}} (ep 6)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Mousou Fetish ~Sasuga Chizuru ver.~&quot;|妄想☆ふぇてぃっしゅ! 〜さすが!!知弦ver.〜||&quot;Fantasy Fetish ~Expected Chizuru ver.~&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}} (ep 7)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Ue Ue Shita Shita Hidari Migi Hidari Migi BA ~Shiina Shimai ver.~&quot;|上上下下左右左右BA 〜椎名姉妹ver.〜||&quot;Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A ~Shiina Sisters ver.~&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}}, vice president &amp; treasurer (ep 8)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Yurupa Wonderful&quot;|ゆるぱ☆わンダフル||&quot;Wonderful Yurupa&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}} (ep 9)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Yurupa Wonderful ~Kurimu&amp;Chitsuru ver.~&quot;|ゆるぱ☆わンダフル 〜くりむ&amp;知弦ver.〜||&quot;Wonderful Yurupa ~Kurimu&amp;Chizuru ver.~&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}}, president &amp; secretary (ep 10)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Zettai Kaichou Sengen?&quot;|ぜったいかいちょーせんげん?||&quot;Absolute President Declaration?&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Sakurano Kurimu|桜野くりむ}} (ep 11)
:# {{nihongo|&quot;Yurupa Wonderful ~2ban~&quot;|ゆるぱ☆わンダフル 〜2ばん〜||&quot;Wonderful Yurupa ~2nd~&quot;}} - {{nihongo|Hekiyou Gakuen Seitokai|碧陽学園生徒会}} (ep 12

==Reception==
{{expand section|date=March 2016}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://anime.webnt.jp/seitokai/ Official anime website] {{in lang|ja}}
*{{ann|light novel|14493|Seitokai no Ichizon}}

{{Monthly Dragon Age}}
{{Studio Deen}}
{{Anime International Company}}
{{Jukki Hanada}}

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&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Student Council's Discretion]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Student Council's Discretion/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o1vjs3yq3k92nyyzrgr13iuwiqn0yqw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kamandi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>113595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>518112</id>
      <parentid>447977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T00:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etonkovidova</username>
        <id>27425</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Kamandi]]&quot; ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (expires 01:13, 20 July 2022 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only administrators] (expires 01:13, 20 July 2022 (UTC)))</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31892" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Fictional character}}
{{Infobox comics character and title
&lt;!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics--&gt;
| image          = KamandiSolicit.jpg
| imagesize      = &lt;!-- default 250 --&gt;
| caption        = Cover for ''Countdown Special: Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth''. Art by [[Ryan Sook]].
| publisher      = [[DC Comics]]
| debut          = ''Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth'' #1 (October 1972)
| creators       = [[Jack Kirby]]
| alter_ego      = 
| full_name      =
| species        = Human
| homeworld      = Earth A.D.
| alliances      = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;
| partners       = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;
| supports       = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;
| aliases        = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;
| powers         = Skilled fighter

&lt;!--Series section--&gt; 
|title               = Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth
|cvr_image           = Kamandi 001.jpg
|cvr_caption         = Cover for ''Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth'' #1 (October 1972). Art by [[Jack Kirby]] and [[Mike Royer]].
|cvr_alt             = 
|schedule            = '''(vol. 1)'''&lt;br&gt; Bimonthly &lt;br&gt; '''''The Kamandi Challenge'''''&lt;br&gt; Monthly
|format              = [[Ongoing series]] &lt;br&gt; [[Limited series (comics)|Limited series]]
|limited             = 
|ongoing             = 
|1shot               = 
|genre               = [[Science-fiction]]
|pub_series          = 
|date                = {{collapsible list|
'''(vol. 1)'''&lt;br&gt; October 1972 – September 1978 &lt;br&gt; '''''The Kamandi Challenge'''''&lt;br&gt; March 2017 – February 2018}}
|1stishhead          = 
|1stishyr            = 
|1stishmo            =  
|endishyr            =  
|endishmo            =  
|1stishhead#         = 
|1stishyr#           = 
|1stishmo#           = 
|endishyr#           = 
|endishmo#           = 
|issues              = '''(vol. 1)''': 59 &lt;br&gt; '''''The Kamandi Challenge''''': 12
|main_char_team      = Kamandi&lt;br&gt;Dr. Canus&lt;br&gt;Pyra
|writers             = {{collapsible list|
'''(vol. 1)'''&lt;br&gt;[[Jack Kirby]]&lt;br&gt; [[Gerry Conway]]&lt;br&gt; [[Elliot S. Maggin]]&lt;br&gt; [[Dennis O'Neil]]&lt;br&gt; [[Jack C. Harris]]&lt;br&gt; '''''The Kamandi Challenge'''''&lt;br&gt;[[Dan Abnett]]&lt;br&gt; [[Peter Tomasi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jimmy Palmiotti]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Tynion IV]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bill Willingham]]&lt;br&gt;[[Steve Orlando]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marguerite Bennett]]&lt;br&gt;[[Keith Giffen]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tom King (writer)|Tom King]]&lt;br&gt;[[Greg Pak]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rob Williams (comics)|Rob Williams]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gail Simone]] }}
|artists             = 
|pencillers          = {{collapsible list|
'''(vol. 1)'''&lt;br&gt; [[Jack Kirby]]&lt;br&gt; [[Chic Stone]]&lt;br&gt; [[Keith Giffen]]&lt;br&gt; [[Dick Ayers]]&lt;br&gt; '''''The Kamandi Challenge'''''&lt;br&gt;[[Dale Eaglesham]]&lt;br&gt; [[Neal Adams]]&lt;br&gt;[[Amanda Conner]]&lt;br&gt;Carlos D'Anda&lt;br&gt;[[Ivan Reis]]&lt;br&gt;[[Philip Tan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dan Jurgens]]&lt;br&gt;[[Steve Rude]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kevin Eastman]]&lt;br&gt;Joe Prado&lt;br&gt;[[Walter Simonson]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ryan Sook]] }}
|inkers              = {{collapsible list|
'''(vol. 1)'''&lt;br&gt;[[D. Bruce Berry]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mike Royer]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ernie Chan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alfredo Alcala]] 
}}
|letterers           = 
|colorists           = 
|editors             = 
|creative_team_month = 
|creative_team_year  = 
|creators_series     = 
|TPB                 = 
|ISBN                = 
|nonUS               = 
}}

'''Kamandi''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|m|æ|n|d|i}}) is an American [[comic book]] character, created by artist [[Jack Kirby]] and published by  [[DC Comics]]. The bulk of Kamandi's appearances occurred in the comic series ''Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth'', which ran from 1972 to 1978.

Kamandi is a young hero in a [[apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic]] future. After a huge event called &quot;The Great Disaster&quot;, humans have been reduced back to savagery in a world ruled by intelligent, highly evolved animals.

==Publication history==

===Creators===
DC editor [[Carmine Infantino]] had tried to acquire the license to publish ''[[Planet of the Apes (comics)|Planet of the Apes]]'' comic books. When this failed to happen, he asked [[Jack Kirby]] for a series with a similar concept. Kirby had not seen the films but he knew the rough outline and he had also created a very similar story, &quot;The Last Enemy!&quot;, in [[Harvey Comics]]' ''[[Alarming Tales]]'' that predated the original ''[[Planet of the Apes (novel)|Planet of the Apes]]'' novel. He also had an unused comic strip he created in 1956, titled ''Kamandi of the Caves''. Kirby brought all those elements together to create ''Kamandi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McAvennie|first= Michael|last2=Dolan|first2=Hannah, ed.|chapter= 1970s|title = DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2010|location= London, United Kingdom|isbn= 978-0-7566-6742-9|page= 153|quote = Kirby had already introduced a similar concept and characters in ''Alarming Tales'' #1 (1957)...Coupling the premise with his unpublished &quot;Kamandi of the Caves&quot; newspaper strip, Kirby's Last Boy on Earth roamed a world that had been ravaged by the &quot;Great Disaster&quot; and taken over by talking animals.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although his initial plan was to not work on the comic books themselves, the cancellation of ''[[Forever People]]'' freed him up to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Brian|last=Cronin |url= http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/02/18/comic-book-legends-revealed-248/|title= Comic Book Legends Revealed #248 |publisher= [[Comic Book Resources]]|date=February 18, 2010|accessdate=May 27, 2010|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101001114743/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/02/18/comic-book-legends-revealed-248/|archivedate=October 1, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===The series===
The ''Kamandi'' series was launched in October&amp;ndash;November 1972, and was written and drawn by [[Jack Kirby]].&lt;ref name=Guide&gt;{{cite book |last1=Cowsill |first1=Alan |last2=Irvine |first2=Alex |last3=Korte |first3=Steve |last4=Manning |first4=Matt |last5=Wiacek |first5=Win |last6=Wilson |first6=Sven |title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe |date=2016 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-1-4654-5357-0 |page=164}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book went to a monthly publishing schedule quickly, a sign of its early popularity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sacks |first1=Jason |last2=Dallas |first2=Keith |title=American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1970s |date=2014 |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |isbn=978-1605490564 |page=80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kirby provided art and story through the comic's 37th issue, in January 1976. Kirby also drew issues #38 through #40, although they were scripted by [[Gerry Conway]]. Kirby subsequently left DC, but the series continued, initially written by Conway and drawn by Chic Stone. Later issues were alternately written by [[Paul Levitz]], [[Dennis O'Neil]], [[David Anthony Kraft]], [[Elliot S. Maggin]], and [[Jack C. Harris]], with art by [[Pablo Marcos]], [[Keith Giffen]], and [[Dick Ayers]]. It was canceled during the &quot;[[DC Implosion]]&quot; of 1978, despite respectable sales figures. The final published issue was #59, cover-dated September&amp;ndash;October 1978. Two additional issues, completed but not released, were included in ''[[Cancelled Comic Cavalcade]]'' #2.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.comics.org/issue/32652/ ''Cancelled Comic Cavalcade'' #2 (Fall 1978)] at the Grand Comics Database&lt;/ref&gt;

===Entering the DC Universe===
During Kirby's run on the book, Steve Sherman indicated in the letters column that the series was connected to Kirby's contemporary ''[[OMAC (Buddy Blank)|OMAC]]'' series{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}, which was set sometime prior to the Great Disaster. The only explicit connection to the [[DC Universe]] occurs in issue #29, where Kamandi discovers a group of apes who worship Superman's costume, and who speak of legends of Superman trying and failing to stop the Great Disaster.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greenberger |first1=Robert |last2=Pasko |first2=Martin |title=The Essential Superman Encyclopedia |date=2010 |publisher=Del Rey |isbn=978-0-345-50108-0 |page=145}}&lt;/ref&gt; The story leaves it ambiguous whether the legends are true, although Kamandi believes Superman was real, and whether the costume is indeed Superman's.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]]; [[Steve Sherman|Sherman, Steve]]|penciller= Kirby, Jack|inker= [[D. Bruce Berry|Berry, D. Bruce]]|story= Mighty One!|title= Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth|issue= 29|date= May 1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Various non-Kirby stories tie the series more explicitly to the DC Universe. Kamandi met [[Batman]] in ''[[The Brave and the Bold]]'' #120 (July 1975)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[Bob Haney|Haney, Bob]]|penciller= [[Jim Aparo|Aparo, Jim]]|inker= Aparo, Jim|story= This Earth Is Mine|title= [[The Brave and the Bold]]|issue= 120|date= July 1975}}&lt;/ref&gt; and #157 (December 1979).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= Haney, Bob; [[Mike W. Barr|Barr, Mike W.]]|penciller= Aparo, Jim|inker= Aparo, Jim|story= Time...My Dark Destiny!|title= The Brave and the Bold|issue= 157|date= December 1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Superman (comic book)|Superman]]'' #295 (January 1976) establishes that the costume seen in issue #29 was indeed Superman's, and that Earth A.D. is an alternate future for Earth-One, distinct from that of the [[Legion of Super-Heroes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[Elliot S. Maggin|Maggin, Elliot S.]]|penciller= [[Curt Swan|Swan, Curt]]|inker= [[Bob Oksner|Oksner, Bob]]|story= Costume, Costume--Who's Got the Costume?|title= [[Superman (comic book)|Superman]]|issue= 295|date= January 1976}}&lt;/ref&gt; Issues #49&amp;ndash;50 of the series establish that Kamandi's grandfather was the elderly Buddy Blank, hero of the ''OMAC'' series, and features a brief return of OMAC's satellite ally, [[Brother Eye]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= Maggin, Elliot S.|penciller= [[Dick Ayers|Ayers, Dick]]|inker= [[Ernie Chan|Chan, Ernie]]; [[Alfredo Alcala|Alcala, Alfredo]]|story= Trial by Fear!|title= Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth|issue= 49|date= February–March 1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[Dennis O'Neil|O'Neil, Dennis]]|penciller= Ayers, Dick|inker= Alcala, Alfredo; [[Manuel Auad|Auad, Manuel]]|story= The Death Worshippers!|title= Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth|issue= 50|date= April&amp;ndash;May 1977}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kirby's Kamandi story in ''[[Cancelled Comic Cavalcade]]'' #2 guest stars [[Sandman (DC Comics)|The Sandman]] and establishes that Kamandi is [[Jed Walker]].

The 1975&amp;ndash;1977 ''[[Hercules Unbound]]'' series and the OMAC backup stories in ''Kamandi'' and ''[[Warlord (DC Comics)|The Warlord]]'' tie OMAC to both the storyline of ''Hercules Unbound'' and to the [[Atomic Knights]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Markstein&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.toonopedia.com/kamandi.htm |title=Kamandi, The Last Boy On Earth |first=Don |last=Markstein |year=2010 |publisher=[[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]] |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6UGkSfzeA?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/kamandi.htm |archivedate=November 22, 2014 |url-status=live |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; indicating that the Great Disaster was the atomic war of 1986 that precipitated the events of the latter. ''[[Superman (comic book)|Superman]]'' #295 (Jan. 1976) implied that the Great Disaster was a natural occurrence.

''[[DC Comics Presents]]'' #57 (May 1983) reveals that the events of the Atomic Knights stories were a fantasy in the mind of Gardner Grayle,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[Dan Mishkin|Mishkin, Dan]]; [[Gary Cohn (comics)|Cohn, Gary]]|penciller= [[Alex Saviuk|Saviuk, Alex]]|inker= [[Frank McLaughlin (artist)|McLaughlin, Frank]]|story= Days of Future Past!|title= [[DC Comics Presents]]|issue= 57|date= May 1983}}&lt;/ref&gt; but ''DC Comics Presents'' #64&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[Mark Evanier|Evanier, Mark]]|penciller= Saviuk, Alex|inker= McLaughlin, Frank|story= May You Live in Interesting Times!|title= DC Comics Presents|issue= 64|date= December 1983}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Crisis on Infinite Earths]]'' #2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[Marv Wolfman|Wolfman, Marv]]|penciller= [[George Pérez|Pérez, George]]|inker= [[Dick Giordano|Giordano, Dick]]|story= Time and Time Again!|title= [[Crisis on Infinite Earths]]|issue= 2|date= May 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; make clear that Kamandi still existed in an alternate future of Earth-One.

In the wake of the Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Great Disaster did not occur, and the boy who would have become Kamandi instead became [[Tommy Tomorrow]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Markstein&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic|writer= Wolfman, Marv|penciller= Pérez, George|inker= [[Jerry Ordway|Ordway, Jerry]]|story= Final Crisis|title= Crisis on Infinite Earths|issue= 12|date= March 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Revival===
In the aftermath of the ''[[Infinite Crisis]]'' limited series, a bunker named ''Command D'' has been built under the ruins of the city of [[Blüdhaven]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Tim|last=Janson|url= http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=109538|title= Counting Down to Countdown IV: The Great Disaster and the Atom: Kamandi and the Great Disaster!|publisher= [[Newsarama]]|date= April 19, 2007|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090208115701/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=109538|archivedate=February 8, 2009 |url-status=dead|accessdate= January 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 2007, DC Nation house ads showed a partial picture of [[Darkseid]] and mention a &quot;Great Disaster&quot;. Additional DC promotional art for the series ''[[Countdown to Final Crisis|Countdown]]'' show the Statue of Liberty in ruins, similar to ''Kamandi'' #1. [[Dan DiDio]] later revealed that the Statue's appearance in that teaser ad was a reference to the ''[[Sinestro Corps War]]''. Throughout 2007, DC Comics contained continual references to a coming Great Disaster. In ''Countdown'' #31, Buddy Blank and his unnamed blond grandson are introduced into the storyline. As of ''Countdown'' #6, The Great Disaster is in its early stages on Earth-51 due to the outbreak of a virus, which is causing humans to develop animal-like features, and animals to develop humanoid features. In ''Countdown'' #5, the virus claims Earth-51's Buddy Blank's daughter, but his grandson is safe. Una, an alternate Earth's version of the [[Legion of Super-Heroes]] [[Luornu Durgo|Triplicate Girl]], gives him her Legion flight ring, which he uses to safely get him to [[Cadmus]]' &quot;Command D&quot; facility, which was used to control [[OMAC (comics)|Brother Eye]], and has the defenses necessary to protect them from the virus'  victims. As he settles in, he hopes that his grandson can forgive him for making him &quot;The last boy on Earth.&quot;

In ''[[Countdown: Arena]]'' #2, an ape Starman from Earth-17 mentions he is attempting to form a truce between the forces of Kamandi and Ben Boxer, indicating a second variant Kamandi Earth, unlike Earth-51.

Kamandi and [[Etrigan the Demon|The Demon]] appear in &quot;Devil's Play&quot; written by [[Joe Kubert]] and [[Brandon Vietti]] with art by Vietti, published in ''Joe Kubert Presents'' #6 (May 2013).

===Final Crisis===
{{Main|Final Crisis}}
Kamandi is seen in DC's ''[[Final Crisis]]'' [[Limited series (comics)|limited series]], a sequel to the earlier ''[[Crisis on Infinite Earths]]'' and ''[[Infinite Crisis]].''  In the first issue he appears in what seems to be a time distortion, asking [[Anthro (comics)|Anthro]], the &quot;first&quot; boy on Earth, for the weapon the New God [[Metron (comics)|Metron]] gave him, a reference to the series' opening scene in which Anthro, like [[Prometheus]], is given knowledge in the form of fire. He makes another appearance in the second issue as one of the captives of the evil [[New Gods]] alongside [[Batman]], warning the detective character [[Dan Turpin]] that they are making slaves of them. In the final issue, he appears on Earth-51 after it has been reconstructed.

===DC Rebirth===
[[File:Kamandi challenge 02.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cover of ''The Kamandi Challenge'' #2, art by [[Kenneth Rocafort]]. This 12-issue limited series brought Kamandi back to the [[DC Universe]] in 2017.]]
As part of the [[DC Rebirth]] continuity and commemorating the 100th anniversary of Jack Kirby's birth,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://comicbook.com/dc/2016/10/03/dc-announces-kamandi-challenge-creative-teams-and-teases-more-pl/|title= DC Announces ''Kamandi Challenge'' Creative Teams, And Teases More Plans to Celebrate Jack Kirby's 100th Birthday|first= Russ|last= Burlingame|date= October 3, 2016|publisher= ComicBook.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005750/https://comicbook.com/dc/2016/10/03/dc-announces-kamandi-challenge-creative-teams-and-teases-more-pl/|archivedate= January 24, 2018|url-status=live|df= mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; in January 2017 DC published the first number of ''The Kamandi Challenge'', a 12-part [[Limited series (comics)|limited series]] with each issue featuring a new creative team (a total of 12 writers and 12 artists for the miniseries), a concept loosely inspired on 1985's ''[[DC Challenge]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://comicsalliance.com/kamandi-challenge-1-preview/|title= An Epic Adventure Is Underway In ''The Kamandi Challenge'' #1|first= Elle|last= Collins|date= December 22, 2016|publisher= [[ComicsAlliance]]|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070730/https://comicsalliance.com/kamandi-challenge-1-preview/|archivedate= January 24, 2018|url-status=live|df= mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Writers on the series included [[Dan Abnett]], [[Peter Tomasi]], [[Jimmy Palmiotti]], [[James Tynion IV]], [[Bill Willingham]], [[Steve Orlando]], [[Marguerite Bennett]], [[Keith Giffen]], [[Tom King (writer)|Tom King]], [[Greg Pak]], [[Rob Williams (comics)|Rob Williams]] and [[Gail Simone]] while artists were [[Dale Eaglesham]], [[Neal Adams]], [[Amanda Conner]], Carlos D'Anda, [[Ivan Reis]], [[Philip Tan]], [[Dan Jurgens]], [[Steve Rude]], [[Kevin Eastman]], Joe Prado, [[Walter Simonson]] and [[Ryan Sook]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://comicsalliance.com/dc-kamandi-challenge/|title= DC Reveals Art And New Details For ''Kamandi Challenge'' Tribute To Kirby|first= Chris|last= Sims|date= October 3, 2016|publisher= ComicsAlliance|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20181219225634/https://comicsalliance.com/dc-kamandi-challenge/|archivedate= December 19, 2018|url-status=live|df= mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fictional character biography==
[[File:Kamandi.Earth.AD.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Earth A.D. from ''Kamandi'' #32 (1975)]]
In the eponymous series, Kamandi is a teenage boy on a post-apocalyptic Earth which the textual narrative describes as &quot;Earth A.D. (After Disaster)&quot;. The Earth has been ravaged by a mysterious calamity called the Great Disaster. The precise nature of the Great Disaster is never revealed in the original series, although it &quot;had something to do with [[radiation]]&quot; (in the series' letter column, Jack Kirby and his then-assistant [[Steve Sherman]] repeatedly asserted that the Great Disaster was not a [[nuclear war]], a fact confirmed in issue #35). The Disaster wiped out human civilization and a substantial portion of the human population. A few isolated pockets of humanity survived in underground bunkers, while others quickly reverted to pre-technological savagery.

Shortly before the Great Disaster, a scientist at [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]], Dr. Michael Grant, developed a drug called Cortexin, which stimulated the reasoning abilities of animals. During the Great Disaster, Grant released the experimental animals affected by the drug, and dumped the Cortexin itself into the stream created by a broken water main. In the ensuing days, animals escaping from the [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoo]] drank from that stream and became affected by the drug.

By Kamandi's time, an unspecified period after the Great Disaster, the effects of Cortexin and the radiation unleashed by the Great Disaster itself had caused a wide variety of animals (most of them are descendants of escaped zoo animals following the disaster) including but not limited to [[barracuda]]s, [[bat]]s, [[cheetah]]s, [[coyote]]s, [[crocodile]]s, [[dog]]s, [[gopher]]s, [[gorilla]]s, [[kangaroo]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[lion]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[Cougar|puma]]s, [[rat]]s, [[sloth]]s, [[tiger]]s, and [[Gray wolf|wolves]], to become bipedal, humanoid, and sentient, possessing the power of speech. Others animals ranging from [[dolphin]]s, [[killer whale]]s, and [[snake]]s developed sentience, but retained more or less their original size and form. The newly intelligent animal species, equipped with weapons and technology salvaged from the ruins of human civilization, began to struggle for territory. [[Horse]]s were apparently not affected, and serve as a means of transportation in the technologically impoverished world of Earth A.D.

By this time, most surviving humans are acting bestial, with very limited reasoning ability. Most have only the most rudimentary ability to speak, although they can be trained. The precise cause of the loss of reasoning ability is ambiguous in the original series. The animals treat humans as beasts, using them for labor or as pets.

Kamandi is the last survivor of the human outpost in the &quot;Command D&quot; bunker near what was once New York City. &quot;Kamandi&quot; is a corruption of &quot;Command D&quot;; it is unclear if Kamandi ever had any other name. Raised by his elderly grandfather, Kamandi has extensive knowledge of the pre-Disaster world, thanks to a library of [[microfilm]] and old videos, but he has spent most of his time inside the bunker, and is unaware of the state of the world outside. When his grandfather is killed by a wolf, Kamandi leaves the bunker in search of other human outposts.

He soon discovers that the only other intelligent humans left on Earth are [[Ben Boxer]] and his friends Steve and Renzi, a trio of mutants genetically engineered to survive in Earth A.D. He also makes a number of animal friends including Dr. Canus, the canine scientist of Great Caesar (leader of the Tiger Empire) and Caesar's teenage son Tuftan. Later additions to the cast included the alien woman Pyra, the girl Spirit and the consulting detective Mylock Bloodstalker and his associate Doile. Even the most sympathetic animals, however, are nonplussed by Kamandi and Ben's ability to speak.

Kamandi and his friends set out to explore the world of Earth A.D., in hopes of one day restoring humanity to sentience and civilization.

==Other versions==

===Elseworlds===
The [[Elseworlds]] miniseries '''''Kamandi: At Earth's End''''' was issued in 1993, but had little relation to the Kirby comic except by name. This series was followed up by ''[[Superman: At Earth's End]]'', both were written by [[Tom Veitch]].

===Superman/Batman===
In the third story arc of the ''[[Superman/Batman]]'' series, which showed the heroes traveling through time, they met or fought with, variously, [[Sgt. Rock]], [[Jonah Hex]], [[Darkseid]], and Kamandi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[Jeph Loeb|Loeb, Jeph]]|penciller= [[Carlos Pacheco|Pacheco, Carlos]]|inker= [[Jesus Merino|Merino, Jesus]]|story= Absolute Power, Part 3 of 5: &quot;When Time Goes Asunder...&quot;|title= [[Superman/Batman]]|issue= 16|date= Late February 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Superman &amp; Batman: Generations===
In ''[[Superman &amp; Batman: Generations]] III'' #3 (May 2003), one of the stories was set during the century immediately following the 'Great Disaster' engineered by Luthor's robotized brain. It dealt with Superman II, Batman, and other survivors of the technological age dealing with Kamandi-like intelligent animals and overgrown ruins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite comic| writer= [[John Byrne (comics)|Byrne, John]]|penciller= Byrne, John|inker= Byrne, John|story= Century 22: Out of the Ashes|title= [[Superman &amp; Batman: Generations]] III|issue= 3|date= May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Wednesday Comics===
[[Dave Gibbons]] and [[Ryan Sook]] produced a Kamandi serial for ''[[Wednesday Comics]]'' in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jeffrey |last=Renaud|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&amp;id=22701 |title= ''Wednesday Comics'': Dave Gibbons|publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=August 26, 2009|accessdate=May 27, 2010|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100109191240/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&amp;id=22701|archivedate=January 9, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jamie |last=Trecker|url=http://www.newsarama.com/comics/080906-Wednesday-Thursday-Sook.html |title= ''Wednesday Comics'' Thursday 4: Ryan Sook Brings Kamandi to Life|publisher= Newsarama|date= August 6, 2009|accessdate= May 27, 2010|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100106192818/http://www.newsarama.com/comics/080906-Wednesday-Thursday-Sook.html|archivedate=January 6, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The stories for ''Wednesday Comics'' have their own continuity.

===The Multiversity===
The sixth issue of &quot;[[The Multiversity]],&quot; titled the &quot;[[Multiversity Guidebook]],&quot; features Kamandi on his version of Earth as one of the 52 Earths of the Multiverse. Kamandi is shown searching an ancient ruin in this issue.

==In other media==
===Television===
* An animated ''Kamandi'' television series was optioned during the late 1970s, but was cancelled before entering the production phase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last= Stewart|first= Tom|date= April 2007|title= Kirby Goes to the Devil: The Saga of Devil Dinosaur and the Escape of Jack Kirby|journal= [[Back Issue!]]|issue= 21|pages= 65–69|publisher= [[TwoMorrows Publishing]]|location= Raleigh, North Carolina}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kamandi appears in ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'', voiced by [[Mikey Kelley]]. In the teaser introduction to the episode &quot;Dawn of the Deadman&quot;, he, Dr. Canus and Batman evade a group of Rat Men. In &quot;Last Bat on Earth&quot;, he teams up with Batman when [[Gorilla Grodd]] goes to Kamandi's time through [[Professor Carter Nichols]]'s time machine and takes control of the gorillas there. In &quot;The Malicious Mr. Mind&quot;, Kamandi assists Batman when the Misfit follows Kamandi to Batman's time. In &quot;Joker: The Vile and the Villainous&quot;, Misfit and his robots attack Kamandi and the Tiger Men in order to claim a doomsday device that was in their possession that the Tiger Men were worshiping. When a time portal opens and it is first thought to be Batman coming to Kamandi's aid, it is actually [[Joker (character)|Joker]] who came to Misfit's aid and they defeat Kamandi and the Tiger Men. Afterwards, Joker accidentally pushes a button on the doomsday device which blows up the Earth. Kamandi appears in the final episode &quot;Mitefall&quot; at the strike party that takes place when the show is cancelled.
* Kamandi is mentioned in [[The CW]]'s live-action [[Arrowverse]] series ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]''. In the episode &quot;[[The Flash (season 5)#ep108|Failure Is An Orphan]]&quot; of the series' fifth season, [[Eobard Thawne]] / [[Reverse-Flash]] tells [[Nora West-Allen|Nora West-Allen / XS]] that he has been tracking the timeline &quot;from [[Anthro (comics)|Anthro]] the first boy to Kamandi the last.&quot; The episode aired on March 12, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/dc/2019/03/13/the-flash-name-drops-two-significant-dc-heroes--and-teases-crisi/|title='The Flash' Name-Drops Two Significant DC Heroes -- And Teases &quot;Crisis on Infinite Earths?&quot;|website=Comicbook.com|last=Burlingame|first=Russ|date=March 12, 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190630220404/https://comicbook.com/dc/2019/03/13/the-flash-name-drops-two-significant-dc-heroes--and-teases-crisi/|archivedate= June 30, 2019|url-status=live|df= mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite episode|title= Failure Is an Orphan|series= The Flash|series-link= The Flash (2014 TV series)|credits= Nguyen, Viet (director); [[Zack Stentz|Stentz, Zack]] (writer)|network= [[The CW]]|air-date= March 12, 2019|season= 5|number= 108}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Toys===
* Kamandi was included in [[DC Universe Classics]] Wave 14, released in 2010.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

===Miscellaneous===
* A [[DC animated universe]] version of Kamandi appears in the comic book ''[[DC Animated Universe Comics#Justice League Adventures/Justice League Unlimited|Justice League Adventures]]'' #30, and is aided by the [[Wally West|Flash]].{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==Collected editions==
* ''Kamandi [[DC Archive Editions|Archive]]:
** ''Volume 1'' collects ''Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth'' #1-10, 224 pages, October 2005, {{ISBN|1-4012-0414-7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/kamandi-archives-vol-1|title= ''Kamandi Archives'' Volume 1|publisher= DC Comics.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141208194949/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/kamandi-archives-vol-1|archivedate= December 8, 2014|url-status=live|accessdate= January 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Volume 2'' collects ''Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth'' #11-20, 228 pages, February 2007, {{ISBN|1-4012-1208-5}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/kamandi-archives-vol-2|title= ''Kamandi Archives'' Volume 2|publisher= DC Comics.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130622012649/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/kamandi-archives-vol-2|archivedate= June 22, 2013|url-status=live|accessdate= January 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Countdown Special: Kamandi, the Last Boy on Earth 80-Page Giant'' #1 collects ''Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth'' #1, #10 and #29.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.dccomics.com/comics/countdown-special-kamandi-the-last-boy-on-earth-80-page-giant-2008/countdown-special-kamandi|title= ''Countdown Special: Kamandi, the Last Boy on Earth 80-Page Giant'' #1|publisher= DC Comics.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130622013347/http://www.dccomics.com/comics/countdown-special-kamandi-the-last-boy-on-earth-80-page-giant-2008/countdown-special-kamandi|archivedate= June 22, 2013|url-status=live|accessdate= January 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Kamandi by Jack Kirby Omnibus'' 
** ''Volume 1'' collects ''Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth'' #1-20, 448 pages, September 2011, {{ISBN|1-4012-3233-7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/kamandi-the-last-boy-on-earth-omnibus-vol-1|title= ''Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth Omnibus'' Volume 1|publisher= DC Comics.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141208191920/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/kamandi-the-last-boy-on-earth-omnibus-vol-1|archivedate= December 8, 2014|url-status=live|accessdate= January 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Volume 2'' collects ''Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth'' #21-40, 424 pages, December 2012, {{ISBN|1401236723}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/kamandi-the-last-boy-on-earth-omnibus-vol-2|title= ''Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth Omnibus'' Volume 2|publisher= DC Comics.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141208200504/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/kamandi-the-last-boy-on-earth-omnibus-vol-2|archivedate= December 8, 2014|url-status=live|accessdate= January 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Wednesday Comics'' collects ''Wednesday Comics'' #1-12, 200 pages, June 2010, {{ISBN|1401227473}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/wednesday-comics|title= ''Wednesday Comics''|publisher= DC Comics|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151117132639/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/wednesday-comics|archivedate= November 17, 2015|url-status=live|accessdate= November 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Jack Kirby bibliography]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{gcdb|type=character|search=Kamandi|title=Kamandi}}
*{{comicbookdb|type=character|id=2503|title=Kamandi}}
*[http://en.dcdatabaseproject.com/Kamandi Kamandi] at the DC Database Project
*[http://www.mikesamazingworld.com/mikes/features/character.php?page=appearances&amp;characterid=872 Kamandi] at Mike's Amazing World of Comics

{{Jack Kirby|state=collapsed}}

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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Kamandi]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Kamandi/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{dablink|For other persons named Michael Moore, see [[Michael Moore (disambiguation)|Michael Moore]].}}
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{{Infobox comics creator
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Stuart Moore
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|5|05|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cookeville, Tennessee]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = American
| area = Comic book writer
| alias =
| notable works =
| awards =
}}

'''Michael Stuart Moore''' (born May 5, 1974 in [[Cookeville, Tennessee]]) is an American comic book writer.

==Biography==

===Career===
Moore was born in Cookeville, Tennessee with both African-American and Brazilian ancestry. He took an early interest in writing and has read comics since he was seven years old. He began to write and submit stories to [[Eclipse Comics]] while still in high school, which were never published. Moore found success in 1997 after being signed on as a writer for [[Azteca Productions]], and wrote and co-plotted the first issue of the [[Team Tejas]] series. He later became the writer for the new [[El Gato Negro]] series, ''[[El Gato Negro: Nocturnal Warrior]]'', in a three-part story-arc entitled, &quot;''Legacy''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.comicsbulletin.com/news/109527018723506.htm Comics Bulletin EL GATO NEGRO RETURNS IN NOVEMBER]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Personal life===
He became engaged to be married in October 2008, with wedding plans in the fall of 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://egnfanclub.blogspot.com/2008/10/congratulations-michael.html EGN FANCLUB: Congratulations Michael!]&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[P.A.C.A.S.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/kenjisparks Official MySpace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724033652/http://www.comicspace.com/elgatodreamer/ Official ComicSpace]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Michael S.}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
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[[Category:People from Cookeville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:American comics writers]]

{{US-comics-writer-stub}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Michael S. Moore]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Michael S. Moore/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{Healthcare in Canada sidebar}}
[[File:Total health expenditure per capita, US Dollars PPP.png|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Health spending per capita, in $US [[Purchasing power parity|PPP-adjusted]]
, with the US and Canada compared amongst other first world nations.]]

'''Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States''' is often made by government, [[public health]] and [[public policy analyst]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Szick&quot;&gt;Szick S, Angus DE, Nichol G, Harrison MB, Page J, Moher D. [http://www.ices.on.ca/file/Health%20care%20delivery%20in%20Canada%20and%20the%20United%20States%20-%20Are%20there%20relevant%20differences%20in%20health%20care%20outcomes.pdf &quot;Health Care Delivery in Canada and the United States: Are There Relevant Differences in Health Care Outcomes?&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831080524/http://www.ices.on.ca/file/Health%20care%20delivery%20in%20Canada%20and%20the%20United%20States%20-%20Are%20there%20relevant%20differences%20in%20health%20care%20outcomes.pdf |date=August 31, 2006 }} Toronto: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, June 1999. (Publication no. 99-04-TR.)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Esmail&quot;&gt;Esmail N, Walker M. [http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/admin/books/files/HowGoodIsCanHealthCare2005.pdf &quot;How good is Canadian Healthcare?: 2005 Report.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613221007/http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/admin/books/files/HowGoodIsCanHealthCare2005.pdf |date=June 13, 2006 }} Fraser Institute July 2005, Vancouver BC.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Nair C, Karim R, Nyers C |title=Health care and health status. A Canada—United States statistical comparison |journal=Health Reports |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=175–83 |year=1992 |pmid=1421020 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/05/04/sci-tech/compare040504 &quot;Canadian health care quality comparable to other rich countries&quot;.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225141323/http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/05/04/sci-tech/compare040504 |date=December 25, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinch&quot;&gt;Kinch T. [https://www.scribd.com/document/175028256/Tyler-Kinch-Constructing-Canada-The-2007-2010-United-States-health-care-reform-debate-and-the-construction-of-knowledge-about-Canada-s-single-payer &quot;Tyler Kinch: Constructing Canada: The 2007-2010 United States health care reform debate and the construction of knowledge about Canada’s single payer health care system&quot;] April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; The two countries had similar [[healthcare system]]s before Canada changed its system in the 1960s and 1970s. The United States spends much more money on healthcare than Canada, on both a per-capita basis and as a percentage of GDP.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD Canada&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/33/38979719.pdf |title=OECD Health Data 2008: How Does Canada Compare |accessdate=2011-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628131552/http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/BriefingNoteCANADA2012.pdf|archivedate=June 28, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, per-capita spending for health care in Canada was US$3,678; in the U.S., US$6,714. The U.S. spent 15.3% of GDP on healthcare in that year; Canada spent 10.0%.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD Canada&quot;/&gt; In 2006, 70% of healthcare spending in Canada was financed by government, versus 46% in the United States. Total government spending per capita in the U.S. on healthcare was 23% higher than Canadian government spending, and U.S. government expenditure on healthcare was just under 83% of total Canadian spending (public and private) though these statistics don't take into account population differences.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization, [http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?strISO3_select=ALL&amp;strIndicator_select=nha&amp;intYear_select=latest&amp;fixed=country&amp;language=english Core Health Indicators]. U.S. government spending was US$2724 vs. US$2214 on a [[purchasing power parity]] basis ($2724 and $2121 on a non-adjusted basis); total U.S. spending was US$6096 vs. US$3137 (PPP) ($6096 and $3038 on a non-adjusted basis).&lt;/ref&gt; Test.

Studies have come to different conclusions about the result of this disparity in spending. A 2007 review of all studies comparing health outcomes in Canada and the US in a Canadian peer-reviewed medical journal found that &quot;health outcomes may be superior in patients cared for in Canada versus the United States, but differences are not consistent.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Medicine&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author = Guyatt G.H. | year = 2007 | title = A systematic review of studies comparing health outcomes in Canada and the United States | url = http://www.openmedicine.ca/article/view/8/1 | journal = Open Medicine | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = e27-36 | display-authors = etal | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070705032644/http://www.openmedicine.ca/article/view/8/1 | archivedate = July 5, 2007 | df = mdy-all | pmid = 20101287 | pmc = 2801918 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the noted differences were a higher life expectancy in Canada, as well as a lower infant mortality rate than the United States.

One commonly cited comparison, the 2000 World Health Organization's ratings of &quot;overall health service performance&quot;, which used a &quot;composite measure of achievement in the level of health, the distribution of health, the level of responsiveness and fairness of financial contribution&quot;, ranked Canada 30th and the US 37th among 191 member nations.  This study rated the US &quot;responsiveness&quot;, or quality of service for individuals receiving treatment, as 1st, compared with 7th for Canada.  However, the average life expectancy for Canadians was 80.34 years compared with 78.6 years for residents of the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2000&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/annex01_en.pdf |title=Health system attainment and performance in all Member States, ranked by eight measures, estimates for 1997 |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[The Who|The WHO]]'s study methods were criticized by some analyses.
While life-expectancy and infant mortality are commonly used in comparing nationwide health care, they are in fact affected by many factors other than the quality of a nation's health care system, including individual behavior and population makeup.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBER 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=June E. |last1=O'Neill |first2=Dave M. |last2=O'Neill |title=Health Status, Health Care and Inequality: Canada vs. the U.S. |journal=Forum for Health Economics &amp; Policy |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages= |doi=10.2202/1558-9544.1094 |year=2008 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w13429.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2007 report by the [[Congressional Research Service]] carefully summarizes some recent data and noted the &quot;difficult research issues&quot; facing international comparisons.&lt;ref&gt;Congressional Research Service, [http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34175_20070917.pdf &quot;U.S. Health Care Spending: Comparison with Other OECD Countries&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126203047/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34175_20070917.pdf |date=January 26, 2011 }}, September 17, 2007.  Order Code RL34175&lt;/ref&gt;

==Government involvement==
In 2004, government funding of healthcare in Canada was equivalent to $1,893 per person.  In the US, government spending per person was $2,728.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34175_20070917.pdf |title=Comparison with Other OECD Countries |accessdate=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126203047/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34175_20070917.pdf |archivedate=January 26, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Canadian healthcare system is composed of at least 10 mostly autonomous provincial healthcare systems that report to their provincial governments, and a federal system which covers the military and [[First Nations]]. This causes a significant degree of variation in funding and coverage within the country.

===History===
Canada and the US had similar healthcare systems in the early 1960s,&lt;ref name=&quot;Szick&quot;/&gt; but now have a different mix of funding mechanisms. Canada's universal [[single-payer healthcare]] system covers about 70% of expenditures, and the [[Canada Health Act]] requires that all insured persons be fully insured, without co-payments or user fees, for all medically necessary hospital and physician care.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}  About 91% of hospital expenditures and 99% of total physician services are financed by the public sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/944-e.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129172850/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/944-e.htm |archive-date=January 29, 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In the United States, with its mixed public-private system, 16% or 45 million American residents are uninsured at any one time.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nchc.org/facts/coverage.shtml The National Coalition on Health Care, Facts About Healthcare – Health Insurance Coverage.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822142929/http://www.nchc.org/facts/coverage.shtml |date=August 22, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. is one of two [[OECD]] countries not to have some form of universal health coverage, the other being Turkey. Mexico established a universal healthcare program by November 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oecdwash.org/PDFILES/health2003_wash.pdf |title=Reforming Health Systems in OECD Countries |accessdate=2007-07-11 |last=Docteur |first=Elizabeth |date=2003-06-23 |work=Presentation, OECD Breakfast Series in Partnership with NABE. |publisher=OECD |page=20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929011836/http://www.oecdwash.org/PDFILES/health2003_wash.pdf |archivedate=September 29, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Health insurance===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2016}}
The governments of both nations are closely involved in healthcare. The central structural difference between the two is in [[health insurance]]. In Canada, the federal government is committed to providing funding support to its provincial governments for healthcare expenditures as long as the province in question abides by accessibility guarantees as set out in the [[Canada Health Act]], which explicitly prohibits billing end users for procedures that are covered by [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} While some label Canada's system as &quot;socialized medicine&quot;, health economists do not use that term.  Unlike systems with public delivery, such as the UK, the Canadian system provides public coverage for a combination of public and private delivery. Princeton University health economist Uwe E. Reinhardt says that single-payer systems are not &quot;socialized medicine&quot; but &quot;social insurance&quot; systems, since providers (such as doctors) are largely in the private sector.&lt;ref&gt;Reinhardt, U.E. ''et al.'' [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118411829790962883 Letters: For Children's Sake, This 'Schip' Needs to Be Relaunched.] ''Wall Street Journal'', July 11, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  Similarly, Canadian hospitals are controlled by private boards or regional health authorities, rather than being part of government.
&lt;ref&gt;[[Healthcare in Canada]].&lt;/ref&gt;

In the US, direct government funding of health care is limited to [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], [[Medicaid]], and the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]] (SCHIP), which cover eligible senior citizens, the very poor, disabled persons, and children. The federal government also runs the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Administration]], which provides care directly to retired or disabled veterans, their families, and survivors through medical centers and clinics.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.va.gov/about_va/vahistory.asp History: VA.]&lt;/ref&gt;

The U.S. government also runs the [[Military Health System]]. In fiscal year 2007, the MHS had a total budget of $39.4 billion and served approximately 9.1 million beneficiaries, including active-duty personnel and their families, and retirees and their families. The MHS includes 133,000 personnel, 86,000 military and 47,000 civilian, working at more than 1,000 locations worldwide, including 70 inpatient facilities and 1,085 medical, dental, and veterans' clinics.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.health.mil/About-MHS Military Health System.]&lt;/ref&gt;

One study estimates that about 25 percent of the uninsured in the U.S. are eligible for these programs but remain unenrolled; however, extending coverage to all who are eligible remains a fiscal and political challenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaiser Uninsured&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/7613.pdf |title=Characteristics of the Uninsured: Who is Eligible for Public Coverage and Who Needs Help Affording Coverage?  |accessdate=2007-07-19 |work=Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For everyone else, health insurance must be paid for privately. Some 59% of U.S. residents have access to health care insurance through employers, although this figure is decreasing, and coverages as well as workers' expected contributions vary widely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/p60-235.pdf| title=Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007 |accessdate=2008-08-26 |work=U.S. Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those whose employers do not offer health insurance, as well as those who are self-employed or unemployed, must purchase it on their own. Nearly 27 million of the 45 million uninsured U.S. residents worked at least part-time in 2007, and more than a third were in households that earned $50,000 or more per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2007&quot; /&gt;

===Funding===

Despite the greater role of private business in the US, federal and state agencies are increasingly involved, paying about 45% of the $2.2 trillion the nation spent on medical care in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Julie |last=Appleby |title=Universal care appeals to USA |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/2006-10-15-universal-usat_x.htm |work=USA Today |date=2006-10-16 |accessdate=2007-05-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. government spends more on healthcare than on Social Security and national defense combined, according to the [[Brookings Institution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.opportunity08.org/Files/FD.ashx?guid=98a417e5-5972-4031-b361-e11e00981f55 |title=Meeting the Dilemma of Health Care Access |accessdate=2007-06-21 |format=PDF |work=Opportunity 08: A Project of the Brookings Institution |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211359/http://www.opportunity08.org/Files/FD.ashx?guid=98a417e5-5972-4031-b361-e11e00981f55 |archivedate=September 27, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beyond its direct spending, the US government is also highly involved in healthcare through regulation and legislation. For example, the [[Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973]] provided grants and loans to subsidize [[Health Maintenance Organizations]] and contained provisions to stimulate their popularity. HMOs had been declining before the law; by 2002 there were 500 such plans enrolling 76 million people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/6225.php |title=Health Care Expenditures in the USA |accessdate=2007-07-18 |work=National Center for Health Statistics | publisher=Medical News Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Canadian system has been 69–75% [[publicly funded healthcare|publicly funded]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/36/38979632.xls |title=OECD Health Data 2007 – Frequently Requested Data |accessdate=2007-08-27 |format=Excel |work=OECD }}&lt;/ref&gt; though most services are delivered by private providers, including physicians (although they may derive their revenue primarily from government billings). Although some doctors work on a purely fee-for-service basis (usually family physicians), some family physicians and most specialists are paid through a combination of fee-for-service and fixed contracts with hospitals or health service management organizations.

Canada's universal health plans do not cover certain services.  Non-cosmetic [[Dentistry|dental care]] is covered for children up to age 14 in some provinces.  Outpatient prescription drugs are not required to be covered, but some provinces have drug cost programs that cover most drug costs for certain populations.  In every province, seniors receiving the [[Guaranteed Income Supplement]] have significant additional coverage; some provinces expand forms of drug coverage to all seniors,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coverme.com/LH/CoverMe/miniWhy/English/NotCovered/A_NS.html |title=CoverMe Government Health Insurance Coverage |publisher=Coverme.com |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; low-income families,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coverme.com/LH/CoverMe/miniWhy/English/NotCovered/A_SK.html |title=CoverMe Government Health Insurance Coverage |publisher=Coverme.com |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; those on social assistance,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coverme.com/LH/CoverMe/miniWhy/English/NotCovered/A_NF.html |title=CoverMe Government Health Insurance Coverage |publisher=Coverme.com |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; or those with certain medical conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gnb.ca/0212/intro-e.asp |title=Health – Prescription Drug Program |publisher=Gnb.ca |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some provinces cover all drug prescriptions over a certain portion of a family's income.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/pharmacare/index.html |title=Manitoba Pharmacare Program Information: 2007–2008 |accessdate=2007-08-27 |work=Province of Manitoba }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Drug prices are also regulated, so brand-name prescription drugs are often significantly cheaper than in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aarp.org/bulletin/prescription/Articles/a2003-08-12-whydrugs.html |title=Why Drugs Cost Less Up North: Important Differences in American, Canadian Systems Produce Big Price Disparities |date=June 2003 | accessdate=2007-07-02 |work=AARP Bulletin }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Optometry]] is only covered in some provinces and is sometimes only covered for children under a certain age.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/mhsip/index.html#insuredmedicalbenefits |title=Manitoba Health Benefits |publisher=Gov.mb.ca |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visits to non-physician specialists may require an additional fee. Also, some procedures are only covered under certain circumstances. For example, [[circumcision]] is not covered, and a fee is usually charged when a parent requests the procedure; however, if an infection or [[medical necessity]] arises, the procedure would be covered.

According to Dr. Albert Schumacher, former president of the Canadian Medical Association, an estimated 75 percent of Canadian healthcare services are delivered privately, but funded publicly.

&lt;blockquote&gt;Frontline practitioners whether they're GPs or specialists by and large are not salaried. They're small hardware stores. Same thing with labs and radiology clinics ... The situation we are seeing now are more services around not being funded publicly but people having to pay for them, or their insurance companies. We have sort of a passive privatization.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/healthcare/public_vs_private.html Public vs. private health care.] ''CBC'', December 1, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Coverage and access==
In both Canada and the United States, access can be a problem. Studies suggest that 40% of U.S. citizens do not have adequate health insurance, if any at all. In Canada, 5% of Canadian citizens have not been able to find a regular doctor, with a further 9% having never looked for one.  Yet, even if some cannot find a family doctor, every Canadian citizen is covered by the national health care system.  The U.S. data is evidenced in a 2007 Consumer Reports study on the U.S. health care system which showed that the underinsured account for 24% of the U.S. population and live with skeletal health insurance that barely covers their medical needs and leaves them unprepared to pay for major medical expenses.  When added to the population of uninsured (approximately 16% of the U.S. population), a total of 40% of Americans ages 18–64 have inadequate access to healthcare, according to the Consumer Reports study.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2007/08/cu_insurance.html Consumer Reports Study on the Uninsured], 08-07-06&lt;/ref&gt; The Canadian data comes from the 2003 Canadian Community Health Survey,&lt;ref name=&quot;Statcan&quot;&gt;[http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/040615/d040615b.htm Canadian Community Health Survey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231215220/http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/040615/d040615b.htm |date=December 31, 2006 }}, 04-06-15&lt;/ref&gt;

In the U.S., the federal government does not guarantee [[universal healthcare]] to all its citizens, but [[publicly funded healthcare]] programs help to provide for the elderly, disabled, the poor, and children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cms.hhs.gov |title=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services |accessdate=2007-06-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act]] or EMTALA also ensures public access to [[emergency services]]. The EMTALA law forces emergency healthcare providers to stabilize an emergency health crisis and cannot withhold treatment for lack of evidence of insurance coverage or other evidence of the ability to pay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cms.hhs.gov/EMTALA/ |title=Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services: Emergency Medical Treatment &amp; Labor Act |publisher=Cms.hhs.gov |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; EMTALA does not absolve the person receiving emergency care of the obligation to meet the cost of emergency healthcare not paid for at the time and it is still within the right of the hospital to pursue any debtor for the cost of emergency care provided. In Canada, emergency room treatment for legal Canadian residents is not charged to the patient at time of service but is met by the government.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], 59.3% of U.S. citizens have [[health insurance]] related to employment, 27.8% have government-provided health-insurance; nearly 9% purchase health insurance directly (there is some overlap in these figures), and 15.3% (45.7 million) were uninsured in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2007&quot;/&gt; An estimated 25 percent of the uninsured are eligible for government programs but unenrolled.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaiser Uninsured&quot; /&gt; About a third of the uninsured are in households earning more than $50,000 annually.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2007&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seymour, J.A. [http://www.businessandmedia.org/articles/2007/20070718153509.aspx Health Care Lie: '47 Million Uninsured Americans'. Michael Moore, politicians and the media use inflated numbers of those without health insurance to promote universal coverage.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911132241/http://www.businessandmedia.org/articles/2007/20070718153509.aspx |date=September 11, 2007 }} Business and Media Institute, July 18, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  A 2003 report by the Congressional Budget Office found that many people lack health insurance only temporarily, such as after leaving one employer and before a new job. The number of chronically uninsured (uninsured all year) was estimated at between 21 and 31 million in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=4211&amp;sequence=0 |title=How Many People Lack Health Insurance and For How Long? |accessdate=2007-06-20 |work=Congressional Budget Office Report, 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study, by the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, estimated that 59 percent of uninsured adults have been uninsured for at least two years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/7451-021.pdf |title=The Uninsured: A Primer |accessdate=2007-07-19 |work=Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202907/http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/7451-021.pdf |archivedate=September 27, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; One indicator of the consequences of Americans' inconsistent health care coverage is a study in ''Health Affairs'' that concluded that half of personal bankruptcies involved medical bills.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Himmelstein DU, Warren E, Thorne D, Woolhandler S |s2cid=73034397 |title=Illness and injury as contributors to bankruptcy |journal=Health Affairs (Project Hope) |volume=Suppl Web Exclusives |pages=W5–63–W5–73 |year=2005 |pmid=15689369 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.w5.63 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although other sources dispute this,&lt;ref&gt;Todd Zywicki, [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=587901 &quot;An Economic Analysis of the Consumer Bankruptcy Crisis&quot;], 99 NWU L. Rev. 1463 (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; it is possible that [[medical debt]] is the principal cause of [[bankruptcy in the United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/06/05/earlyshow/health/main5064981.shtml
|title= Medical Debt Huge Bankruptcy Culprit&amp;nbsp;— Study: It's Behind Six-In-Ten Personal Filings
|publisher= [[CBS]]
|date =2009-06-05
|accessdate=2009-06-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A number of [[free clinic|clinics]] provide free or low-cost non-emergency care to poor, uninsured patients. The National Association of Free Clinics claims that its member clinics provide $3 billion in services to some 3.5 million patients annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.freeclinics.us/AboutUs/tabid/54/Default.aspx |title=National Association of Free Clinics: About Us |accessdate=2007-06-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A peer-reviewed comparison study of healthcare access in the two countries published in 2006 concluded that U.S. residents are one third less likely to have a regular medical doctor, one fourth more likely to have unmet healthcare needs, and are more than twice as likely to forgo needed medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasser et al.&quot; /&gt; The study noted that access problems &quot;were particularly dire for the US uninsured.&quot; Those who lack insurance in the U.S. were much less satisfied, less likely to have seen a doctor, and more likely to have been unable to receive desired care than both Canadians and insured Americans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasser et al.&quot; /&gt;

Another cross-country study compared access to care based on immigrant status in Canada and the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;Lebrun LA &amp; Dubay LC. (2010). Access to primary and preventive care among foreign-born adults in Canada and the United States. ''Health Services Research'', Sept 1, 2010, 1–27 (Epub).http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01163.x/abstract&lt;/ref&gt; Findings showed that in both countries, immigrants had worse access to care than non-immigrants. Specifically, immigrants living in Canada were less likely to have timely Pap tests compared with native-born Canadians; in addition, immigrants in the U.S. were less likely to have a regular medical doctor and an annual consultation with a health care provider compared with native-born Americans. In general, immigrants in Canada had better access to care than those in the U.S., but most of the differences were explained by differences in socioeconomic status (income, education) and insurance coverage across the two countries. However, immigrants in the U.S. were more likely to have timely Pap tests than immigrants in Canada.

[[Cato Institute]] has expressed concerns that the U.S. government has restricted the freedom of Medicare patients to spend their own money on healthcare, and has contrasted these developments with the situation in Canada, where in 2005 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the province of Quebec could not prohibit its citizens from purchasing covered services through private health insurance. The institute has urged the Congress to restore the right of American seniors to spend their own money on medical care.&lt;ref&gt;Kent Masterson Brown, [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8737 &quot;The Freedom to Spend Your Own Money on Medical Care: A Common Casualty of Universal Coverage&quot;], CATO Institute Policy Analysis no. 601, October 15, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

==Coverage for Mental Health==
The Canada Health Act covers the services of [[psychiatrist]]s, who are medical doctors with additional training in [[psychiatry]] but does not cover treatment by a [[psychologist]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Myth: Medicare covers all necessary health services|url=http://www.cfhi-fcass.ca/SearchResultsNews/11-05-12/dd2b140f-7405-461c-a077-06ad45256fb1.aspx|publisher=Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement|accessdate=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: Who pays for psychological treatment?|url=http://opajoomla.knowledge4you.ca/index.php/getting-help-faq/who-pays|publisher=The Ontario Psychological Association|accessdate=30 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130192656/http://opajoomla.knowledge4you.ca/index.php/getting-help-faq/who-pays|archivedate=January 30, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?|url=http://opajoomla.knowledge4you.ca/index.php/getting-help-faq/psychologistpsychiatrist|publisher=The Ontario Psychological Association|accessdate=30 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130212214/http://opajoomla.knowledge4you.ca/index.php/getting-help-faq/psychologistpsychiatrist|archivedate=January 30, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;  or [[psychotherapist]] unless the practitioner is also a medical doctor. [[Goods and Services Tax (Canada)|Goods and Services Tax]] or [[Harmonized Sales Tax]] (depending on the province) applies to the services of psychotherapists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=HST Update|url=http://www.psychotherapyontario.org/prOSPect/OSPprOSPectSpring2010.pdf|publisher=Ontario Society of Psychotherapists|accessdate=30 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022406/http://www.psychotherapyontario.org/prOSPect/OSPprOSPectSpring2010.pdf|archivedate=February 1, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some provincial or territorial programs and some private insurance plans may cover the services of psychologists and psychotherapists, but there is no federal mandate for such services in Canada. In the U.S., the [[Affordable Care Act]] includes prevention, early intervention, and treatment of mental and/or substance use disorders as an &quot;essential health benefit&quot; (EHB) that must be covered by health plans that are offered through the [[Health Insurance Marketplace]]. Under the Affordable Care Act, most health plans must also cover certain preventive services without a copayment, co-insurance, or deductible.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Health Financing|url=http://www.samhsa.gov/health-financing|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (U.S. government)|accessdate=31 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131012929/http://www.samhsa.gov/health-financing|archive-date=January 31, 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the U.S. Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) of 2008 mandates &quot;parity&quot; between mental health and/or substance use disorder (MH/SUD) benefits and medical/surgical benefits covered by a health plan. Under that law, if a health care plan offers mental health and/or substance use disorder benefits, it must offer the benefits on par with the other medical/surgical benefits it covers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Parity Implementation Coalition|url=http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/sites/default/files/final%20detailed%20summary.pdf|accessdate=31 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wait times==
One complaint about both the U.S. and Canadian systems is waiting times, whether for a specialist, major elective surgery, such as [[hip replacement]], or specialized treatments, such as [[Radiation therapy|radiation]] for [[breast cancer]]; wait times in each country are affected by various factors. In the United States, access is primarily determined by whether a person has access to funding to pay for treatment and by the availability of services in the area and by the willingness of the provider to deliver service at the price set by the insurer. In Canada, the wait time is set according to the availability of services in the area and by the relative need of the person needing treatment.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}

As reported by the [[Health Council of Canada]], a 2010 Commonwealth survey found that 39% of Canadians waited 2 hours or more in the emergency room, versus 31% in the U.S.; 43% waited 4 weeks or more to see a specialist, versus 10% in the U.S. The same survey states that 37% of Canadians say it is difficult to access care after hours (evenings, weekends or holidays) without going to the emergency department compared to over 34% of Americans.  Furthermore, 47% of Canadians and 50% of Americans who visited emergency departments over the past two years feel that they could have been treated at their normal place of care if they were able to get an appointment.&lt;ref name=HCC_CommWealth2010&gt;{{cite web|title=How Do Canadians Rate the Health Care System?|url=http://healthcouncilcanada.ca/en/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;product_id=120&amp;category_id=20&amp;manufacturer_id=0&amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;Itemid=170|publisher=Health Council of Canada|accessdate=August 9, 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827054733/http://healthcouncilcanada.ca/en/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;product_id=120&amp;category_id=20&amp;manufacturer_id=0&amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;Itemid=170|archivedate=August 27, 2011|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2018 survey conducted by the Fraser Institute found that wait times in Canada for a variety of medical procedures reached &quot;an all-time high.&quot; In Canada, unlike in the United States, appointment duration (meeting with physicians) averaged under two (2) minutes. These very fast appointments are a result of physicians attempting to accommodate for the number of patients using the medical system. In these appointments, however, diagnoses or prescriptions were rarely given, where the patients instead were almost always referred to specialists to receive treatment for their medical issues. Patients in Canada waited an average of 19.8 weeks to receive treatment, regardless of whether they were able to see a specialist or not.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/waiting-your-turn-2018.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; This is juxtaposed with the average wait times in the United States. In the U.S. the average wait time for a first-time appointment is 24 days (≈3 times longer than in Canada); wait times for Emergency Room (ER) services averaged 24 minutes (more than 4x faster than in Canada); wait times for specialists averaged between 3–6.4 weeks (over 6x faster than in Canada).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-physician-relationships/patient-wait-times-in-america-9-things-to-know.html#targetText=1.,2.&lt;/ref&gt;

In the U.S., patients on [[Medicaid]], the low-income government programs, can wait up to a maximum of 12 weeks to see specialists (6 weeks less than the average wait time in Canada). Because Medicaid payments are low, some have claimed that some doctors do not want to see Medicaid patients. For example, in [[Benton Harbor, Michigan]], specialists agreed to spend one afternoon every week or two at a Medicaid clinic, which meant that Medicaid patients had to make appointments not at the doctor's office, but at the clinic, where appointments had to be booked months in advance.&lt;ref&gt;Fuhrmans, V. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118480165648770935?mod=todays_us_page_one Locked Out: Note to Medicaid Patients: The Doctor Won't See You; As Program Cuts Fees, MDs Drop Out; Hurdle For Expansion of Care.] ''Wall Street Journal'', July 19, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; A 2009 study found that on average the wait in the United States to see a medical specialist is 20.5 days.&lt;ref&gt;Erin Thompson. &quot;[https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-06-03-waittimes_N.htm Wait times to see doctor are getting longer].&quot; ''USA Today.'' June 3, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

In a 2009 survey of physician appointment wait times in the United States, the average wait time for an appointment with an orthopedic surgeon in the country as a whole was 17 days. In Dallas, Texas the wait was 45 days (the longest wait being 365 days).  Nationwide across the U.S. the average wait time to see a family doctor was 20 days. The average wait time to see a family practitioner in Los Angeles, California was 59 days and in Boston, Massachusetts it was 63 days.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.merritthawkins.com/pdf/mha2009waittimesurvey.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies by the [[Commonwealth Fund]] found that 42% of Canadians waited 2 hours or more in the emergency room, vs. 29% in the U.S.; 57% waited 4 weeks or more to see a specialist, vs. 23% in the U.S., but Canadians had more chances of getting medical attention at nights, or on weekends and holidays than their American neighbors without the need to visit an ER (54% compared to 61%).&lt;ref&gt;Commonwealth Fund, Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International update on the comparative performance of American health care, Karen Davis et al., May 15, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  Statistics from the Canadian free market think tank [[Fraser Institute]] in 2008 indicate that the average wait time between the time when a general practitioner refers a patient for care and the receipt of treatment was almost four and a half months in 2008, roughly double what it had been 15 years before.&lt;ref&gt;Sally Pipes, President and CEO of the [[Pacific Research Institute]], writing in ''[[The Washington Examiner]]'', [http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columns/special-editorial-reports/Canadian-patients-face-long-waits-for-low-tech-healthcare-47035532.html &quot;Canadian patients face long waits for low-tech healthcare&quot;]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, June 4, 2009, page 24&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2003 survey of hospital administrators conducted in Canada, the U.S., and three other countries found dissatisfaction with both the U.S. and Canadian systems.  For example, 21% of Canadian hospital administrators, but less than 1% of American administrators, said that it would take over three weeks to do a biopsy for possible breast cancer on a 50-year-old woman; 50% of Canadian administrators versus none of their American counterparts said that it would take over six months for a 65-year-old to undergo a routine hip replacement surgery. However, U.S. administrators were the most negative about their country's system. Hospital executives in all five countries expressed concerns about staffing shortages and emergency department waiting times and quality.&lt;ref&gt;[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/opinion/2001977834_cihak13.html Guest columnist: The truth about Canada's ailing health-care system], By Robert J. Cihak, Seattle Times, July 13, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blendon RJ, Schoen C, DesRoches CM, Osborn R, Zapert K, Raleigh E |title=Confronting competing demands to improve quality: a five-country hospital survey |journal=Health Affairs (Project Hope) |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=119–35 |year=2004 |pmid=15160810 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.119 |url=|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a letter to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', Robert Bell, the President and CEO of University Health Network, Toronto, said that [[Michael Moore]]'s film ''[[Sicko]]'' &quot;exaggerated the performance of the Canadian health system&amp;nbsp;— there is no doubt that too many patients still stay in our emergency departments waiting for admission to scarce hospital beds.&quot; However, &quot;Canadians spend about 55% of what Americans spend on health care and have longer life expectancy and lower infant mortality rates. Many Americans have access to quality healthcare. All Canadians have access to similar care at a considerably lower cost.&quot; There is &quot;no question&quot; that the lower cost has come at the cost of &quot;restriction of supply with sub-optimal access to services,&quot; said Bell. A new approach is targeting waiting times, which are reported on public websites.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.health.gov.on.ca/transformation/wait_times/wait_mn.html Ontario Wait Times.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703172616/http://www.health.gov.on.ca/transformation/wait_times/wait_mn.html |date=July 3, 2007 }} From: health.gov.on.ca.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cancercare.on.ca |title=Cancer Care Ontario |publisher=Cancercare.on.ca |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118394504633260585 &quot;Canadian and U.S. Health Services – Let's Compare the Two,&quot;] Letters, Wall Street Journal, July 9, 2007; Page A13&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2007 [[Shona Holmes]], a [[Waterdown, Ontario]] woman who had a [[Rathke's cleft cyst]] removed at the [[Mayo Clinic]] in [[Arizona]], sued the [[Ontario]] government for failing to [[Reimbursement|reimburse]] her $95,000 in medical expenses.&lt;ref name=TorStar2007-09-06&gt;
{{cite news
| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2007/09/06/patients_suing_province_over_wait_times.html
| title=Patients suing province over wait times: Man, woman who couldn't get quick treatment travelled to U.S. to get brain tumours removed
| quote=Lindsay McCreith, 66, of Newmarket and Shona Holmes, 43, of Waterdown filed a joint statement of claim yesterday against the province of Ontario. Both say their health suffered because they are denied the right to access care outside of Ontario's &quot;government-run monopolistic&quot; health-care system. They want to be able to buy private health insurance.
| date=2007-09-06
| author=Tanya Talaga
|work=Toronto Star
| accessdate=2009-07-27
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301084738/http://www.thestar.com/News/article/253664
| url-status=dead
| archivedate=2009-03-01
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NiagaraThisWeek&gt;
{{cite news
| url=http://www.niagarathisweek.com/opinions/article/140302
| title=Report showed questions need asking about health care
| date=2007-11-30
| author=R Bobak
| publisher=[[Niagara this week]]
| accessdate=2009-07-27
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802210927/http://www.niagarathisweek.com/opinions/article/140302
| url-status=live
| archivedate=2009-08-02
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TorStar2009-09-08&gt;
{{cite news
| url=https://www.thestar.com/comment/article/254335
| title=Bring on two-tier health
| date=2007-09-08
| author=Lynn M. Shanks
|work=Toronto Star
| accessdate=2009-07-27
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802211504/http://www.thestar.com/comment/article/254335
| url-status=live
| archivedate=2009-08-02
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Nrfm2007-09-30&gt;{{cite news
| url=http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2007/09_30/4_policy_politics02_16.html
| title=New lawsuit threatens Ontario private care ban: &quot;Ontario Chaoulli&quot; case seeks to catalyze healthcare reform
| date=2007-09-30
| author=Sam Solomon
| volume=4
| issue=16
| publisher=[[National Review of Medicine]]
| accessdate=2009-07-27
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802200545/http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2007/09_30/4_policy_politics02_16.html
| url-status=dead
| archivedate=August 2, 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WallStreetJournal2009-02-09&gt;
{{cite news
| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123413701032661445
| title='Too Old' for Hip Surgery: As we inch towards nationalized health care, important lessons from north of the border
| date=2009-02-09
| author=Nadeem Esmail
|work=Wall Street Journal
| accessdate=2009-07-27
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727004908/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123413701032661445.html
| url-status=live
| archivedate=2009-07-27
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Cbc2009&gt;
{{cite news
| url=http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/10/09/wait-times.html
| title=Auditor says Ontario should post wait times for every surgeon
| date=2008-10-08
| publisher=[[CBC News]]
| accessdate=2009-07-27
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728223959/http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/10/09/wait-times.html
| url-status=dead
| archivedate=2009-07-28
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite news
| url=https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=a9bf86b3-590b-4c57-93c8-83d4f163549f&amp;p=2
| title=Lawsuit challenges ban on private care: Patient Treated In U.S.; Wait list almost cost Ontario woman her eyesight
| date=2007-09-06
| author=Tom Blackwell
|work=National Post |location=Canada
| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130129124318/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=a9bf86b3-590b-4c57-93c8-83d4f163549f&amp;p=2
| archivedate=2013-01-29
| url-status=live
| accessdate=2009-08-02
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Holmes had characterized her condition as an emergency, said she was losing her sight and portrayed her condition as a life-threatening brain cancer.
In July 2009 Holmes agreed to appear in television ads broadcast in the United States warning Americans of the dangers of adopting a Canadian-style health care system.
The ads she appeared in triggered debates on both sides of the border.
After her ad appeared critics pointed out discrepancies in her story, including that [[Rathke's cleft cyst]], the condition she was treated for, was not a form of cancer, and was not life-threatening.&lt;ref name=CbcShonaExaggeration&gt;
{{cite news
| url=http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/07/31/medicare-ad-exaggeration523.html
| title=Anti-medicare ad an exaggeration: experts
| date=2009-07-31
| publisher=[[CBC News]]
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803162334/http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/07/31/medicare-ad-exaggeration523.html
| archivedate=2009-08-03
| url-status=dead
| accessdate=2009-08-07
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HuffingtonPost&gt;
{{cite news
| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-welsh/americans-lives-vs-insura_b_241703.html
| title=Americans Lives vs. Insurance Company Profits: The Real Battle in Health Care Reform
| date=2009-07-21
| author=Ian Welsh
|work=Huffington Post
| accessdate=2009-07-21
| archivedate=2009-07-25
| url-status=live
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725101756/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-welsh/americans-lives-vs-insura_b_241703.html
| author-link=Ian Welsh
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Price of health care and administration overheads==
Healthcare is one of the most expensive items of both nations' budgets. In the United States, the various levels of government spend more per capita than levels of government do in Canada. In 2004, Canada government-spending was $2,120 (in US dollars) per person, while the United States government-spending was $2,724.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=all&amp;indicators=nha |title=World Health Organization: Core Health Indicators |accessdate=2007-06-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 1999 report found that after exclusions, administration accounted for 31.0% of healthcare expenditures in the United States, as compared with 16.7% in Canada.  In looking at the insurance element, in Canada, the provincial single-payer insurance system operated with overheads of 1.3%, comparing favourably with private insurance overheads (13.2%), U.S. private insurance overheads (11.7%) and U.S. Medicare and Medicaid program overheads (3.6% and 6.8% respectively). The report concluded by observing that gap between U.S. and Canadian spending on administration had grown to $752 per capita and that a large sum might be saved in the United States if the U.S. implemented a Canadian-style system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pnhp.org/publications/nejmadmin.pdf |title=&quot;Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada&quot; (2003) Steffie Woolhandler, Terry Campbell, David U. Himmelstein, ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, U.S. government spending covers less than half of all healthcare costs. Private spending is also far greater in the U.S. than in Canada. In Canada, an average of $917 was spent annually by individuals or private insurance companies for health care, including dental, eye care, and drugs. In the U.S., this sum is $3,372.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt; In 2006, healthcare consumed 15.3% of U.S. annual GDP. In Canada, only 10% of GDP was spent on healthcare.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD Canada&quot;/&gt; This difference is a relatively recent development. In 1971 the nations were much closer, with Canada spending 7.1% of GDP while the U.S. spent 7.6%.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Some who advocate against greater government involvement in healthcare have asserted that the difference in costs between the two nations is partially explained by the differences in their demographics.&lt;ref&gt;Sheldon L. Richman. [http://www.amatecon.com/etext/dosm/dosm-ch03.html &quot;A Free Market for Health Care.&quot;] From ''The Dangers of Socialized Medicine'', edited by Jacob G. Hornberger and Richard M. Ebeling. Future of Freedom Foundation (February 1994). {{ISBN|0-9640447-0-6}}. Retrieved September 8, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Illegal immigrants, more prevalent in the U.S. than in Canada,{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} also add a burden to the system, as many of them do not carry health insurance and rely on emergency rooms&amp;nbsp;— which are legally required to treat them under [[EMTALA]]&amp;nbsp;— as a principal source of care.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rocky Mountain News&quot;&gt;Brand, R. and R. Ramirez. [http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_4950391,00.html &quot;Hospital, Medicaid numbers tell immigration tale&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901030059/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_4950391,00.html |date=September 1, 2006 }}, ''Rocky Mountain News'', August 28, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; In Colorado, for example, an estimated 80% of undocumented immigrants do not have health insurance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rocky Mountain News&quot;/&gt;

The mixed system in the United States has become more similar to the Canadian system. In recent decades, [[managed care]] has become prevalent in the United States, with some 90% of privately insured Americans belonging to plans with some form of managed care.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.healthdecisions.org/LearningCenter/Facts.aspx |title=Fast Facts |accessdate=2007-07-18 |work=HealthDecisions.org |publisher=America's Health Insurance Plans |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204630/http://www.healthdecisions.org/LearningCenter/Facts.aspx |archivedate=September 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''managed care'', insurance companies control patients' health care to reduce costs, for instance by demanding a second opinion prior to some expensive treatments or by denying coverage for treatments not considered worth their cost.

Administrative costs are also higher in the United States than in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Woolhandler S, Campbell T, Himmelstein DU |title=Costs of health care administration in the United States and Canada |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=349 |issue=8 |pages=768–75 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12930930 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa022033 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Through all entities in [[Healthcare in the United States|its public–private system]], the US spends more [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|per capita]] than any other nation in the world,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot; /&gt; but is the only wealthy industrialized country in the world that lacks some form of [[universal healthcare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IOM&quot;&gt;[http://www.iom.edu/?id=17848 Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818031109/http://www.iom.edu/?id=17848 |date=August 18, 2007 }}, Institute of Medicine at the National Academies, 2004-01-14. Retrieved 2007-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2010, the US Congress passed regulatory reform of the American ''[[health insurance]]'' system. However, since this legislation is not fundamental ''healthcare'' reform, it is unclear what its effect will be and as the new legislation is implemented in stages, with the last provision in effect in 2018, it will be some years before any empirical evaluation of the full effects on the comparison could be determined.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/26/AR2010032605600.html?nav=hcmodule ''Health-care overhaul begins now''] Ezra Klien, Washington Post 2010-03-28&lt;/ref&gt;

Healthcare costs in both countries are rising faster than inflation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Health care spending to reach $160 billion this year |publisher=Canadian Institute for Health Information |date=2007-11-13 |url=http://www.icis.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=media_13nov2007_e |accessdate=2008-03-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828105539/http://www.icis.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=media_13nov2007_e |archivedate=August 28, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Growth In National Health Expenditures Projected To Remain Steady Through 2017; Health Spending Growth  |publisher=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Office of Public Affairs |date=2008-02-26|url=http://www.cms.hhs.gov/apps/media/press/release.asp?Counter=2935 |accessdate=2007-03-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As both countries consider changes to their systems, there is debate over whether resources should be added to the public or private sector. Although Canadians and Americans have each looked to the other for ways to improve their respective [[health care systems]], there exists a substantial amount of conflicting information regarding the relative merits of the two systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp300-e.htm |title=The Canadian and American Health Care Systems |publisher=Dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca |accessdate=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181836/http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp300-e.htm |archivedate=July 6, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In the U.S., Canada's mostly [[monopsony|monopsonistic]] health system is seen by different sides of the ideological spectrum as either a model to be followed or avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasser et al.&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Karen E. Lasser |author2=David U. Himmelstein |author3=Steffie Woolhandler |date=July 2006  | title=Access to Care, Health Status, and Health Disparities in the United States and Canada: Results of a Cross-National Population-Based Survey | journal=American Journal of Public Health | volume=96 | issue=7 |url=http://www.pnhp.org/canadastudy/CanadaUSStudy.pdf |accessdate=2007-07-02 |quote=In multivariate analyses, US respondents (compared with Canadians) were less likely to have a regular doctor, more likely to have unmet health needs, and more likely to forgo needed medicines ... United States residents are less able to access care than are Canadians. | pmid=16735628 | doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.059402 | pmc=1483879 | pages=1300–1307}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.freemarketcure.com/singlepayermyths.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629024501/http://www.freemarketcure.com/singlepayermyths.php | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-06-29 | title=The Myths of Single Payer Health Care | accessdate=2007-07-02 | last=David | first=Hogberg | publisher=Free Market Cure | quote=Single-payer is popular among the political left in the United States. Leftists have emitted tons of propaganda in favor of a single-payer system, much of which has fossilized into myth. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Medical professionals===
Some of the extra money spent in the United States goes to [[physicians]], nurses, and other medical professionals. According to health data collected by the [[OECD]], average income for physicians in the United States in 1996 was nearly twice that for physicians in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.econedlink.org/lessons/docs_lessons/535_DaigneaultLajoie1.pdf Health Care Systems: An International Comparison.] Strategic Policy and Research Intergovernmental Affairs, May 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, the [[Gross (economics)|gross]] average salary for doctors in Canada was CDN[[Canadian dollar|$]]328,000. Out of the gross amount, doctors pay for taxes, rent, staff salaries and equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/canadian-doctor-total-at-record-high-1.1869346|title=Canadian doctor total at record high
|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|accessdate=2013-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada, less than half of doctors are specialists whereas more than 70% of doctors are specialists in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Conover|first1=Chris|title=Are U.S. Doctors Paid Too Much?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/theapothecary/2013/05/28/are-u-s-doctors-paid-too-much/|work=Forbes|accessdate=31 January 2015|date=2013-05-28|quote=Consequently, comparing average doctor pay in the U.S. (where more than 70% of doctors are specialists) to that in nations such as Canada and France (where less than half of doctors are specialists) is not very illuminating.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canada has fewer doctors per capita than the United States. In the U.S, there were 2.4 doctors per 1,000 people in 2005; in Canada, there were 2.2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/16/0,3343,en_2825_495642_2085200_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=OECD Health Data 2007: Frequently Requested Data |accessdate=2007-07-19 |format=Excel spreadsheet |work=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some doctors leave Canada to pursue career goals or higher pay in the U.S., though significant numbers of physicians from countries such as China, India, Pakistan and South Africa immigrate to practice in Canada.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Many Canadian physicians and new medical graduates also go to the U.S. for post-graduate training in medical residencies. As it is a much larger market, new and cutting-edge sub-specialties are more widely available in the U.S. as opposed to Canada. However, statistics published in 2005 by the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), show that, for the first time since 1969 (the period for which data are available), more physicians returned to Canada than moved abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=PG_587_E&amp;cw_topic=587&amp;cw_rel=AR_14_E |title=Supply, Distribution and Migration of Canadian Physicians, 2005 |accessdate=2007-07-11 |date=2006-10-12 |format=PDF |publisher=Canadian Institute for Health Information |page=40, fig. 10 |quote= ... in the past two years, the number of physicians returning from abroad has exceeded the number of physicians moving abroad. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713170030/http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=PG_587_E&amp;cw_topic=587&amp;cw_rel=AR_14_E |archivedate=July 13, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Drugs===
Both Canada and the United States have limited programs to provide prescription drugs to the needy. In the U.S., the introduction of [[Medicare Part D]] has extended partial coverage for pharmaceuticals to Medicare beneficiaries. In Canada all drugs given in hospitals fall under Medicare, but other prescriptions do not. The provinces all have some programs to help the poor and seniors have access to drugs, but while there have been calls to create one, no national program exists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/07/30/pharma_040730.html |title=Premiers propose drug plan paid for by Ottawa |publisher=CBC |date=2004-08-03 |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; About two thirds of Canadians have private prescription drug coverage, mostly through their employers.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD Pharmaceuticals&quot;&gt;Valérie Paris and Elizabeth Docteur. [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/40/37868186.pdf Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada] OECD Health Working Papers&lt;/ref&gt; In both countries, there is a significant population not fully covered by these programs. A 2005 study found that 20% of Canada's and 40% of America's sicker adults did not fill a prescription because of cost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schoen C, Osborn R, Huynh PT |title=Taking the pulse of health care systems: experiences of patients with health problems in six countries |journal=Health Affairs (Project Hope) |volume=Suppl Web Exclusives |pages=W5–509–25 |year=2005  |pmid=16269444 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.w5.509 |url=|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, the 2010 Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Survey indicates that 4% of Canadians indicated that they did not visit a doctor because of cost compared with 22% of Americans.  Additionally, 21% of Americans have said that they did not fill a prescription for medicine or have skipped doses due to cost.  That is compared with 10% of Canadians.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

One of the most important differences between the two countries is the much higher cost of drugs in the United States. In the U.S., $728 per capita is spent each year on drugs, while in Canada it is $509.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD Pharmaceuticals&quot;/&gt; At the same time, consumption is higher in Canada, with about 12 prescriptions being filled per person each year in Canada and 10.6 in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;Valérie Paris and Elizabeth Docteur. [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/40/37868186.pdf Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada] OECD Health Working Papers pg. 49&lt;/ref&gt; The main difference is that patented drug prices in Canada average between 35% and 45% lower than in the United States, though generic prices are higher.&lt;ref&gt;Valérie Paris and Elizabeth Docteur. [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/40/37868186.pdf Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada] OECD Health Working Papers pg. 52&lt;/ref&gt; The price differential for brand-name drugs between the two countries has led Americans to purchase upward of $1 billion US in drugs per year from Canadian pharmacies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Morgan, Steven |author2=Hurley, Jeremiah |date=2004-03-16 |title=Internet pharmacy: prices on the up-and-up |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=170 |issue=6 |pages=945–946 |pmid=15023915 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.104001 |pmc = 359422 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are several reasons for the disparity. The Canadian system takes advantage of centralized buying by the provincial governments that have more market heft and buy in bulk, lowering prices. By contrast, the U.S. has explicit laws that prohibit [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] or [[Medicaid]] from negotiating drug prices. In addition, price negotiations by Canadian health insurers are based on evaluations of the clinical effectiveness of prescription drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;AARP&quot;&gt;Gross, David. &quot;[http://www.aarp.org/research/international/perspectives/jul_03_rxprices_canada.html Prescription Drug Prices in Canada: What Are the Lessons for the U.S.?]&quot; ''[[AARP]].'' July 2003. Retrieved on February 3, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; allowing the relative prices of therapeutically similar drugs to be considered in context. The Canadian Patented Medicine Prices Review Board also has the authority to set a fair and reasonable price on patented products, either comparing it to similar drugs already on the market, or by taking the average price in seven developed nations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pmprb-cepmb.gc.ca/english/view.asp?x=654&amp;mid=589 |title=Compendium of Guidelines, Policies and Procedures. Schedule 2 – Therapeutic Class Comparison Test. |publisher=Pmprb-cepmb.gc.ca |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pmprb-cepmb.gc.ca/english/view.asp?x=654&amp;mid=590 |title=Compendium of Guidelines, Policies and Procedures. Schedule 3 – International Price Comparison. |publisher=Pmprb-cepmb.gc.ca |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prices are also lowered through more limited patent protection in Canada. In the U.S., a drug patent may be extended five years to make up for time lost in development.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.essentialdrugs.org/edrug/archive/199703/msg00036.php Re: E-DRUG: Patent rights on Ciprofloxacin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503095518/http://www.essentialdrugs.org/edrug/archive/199703/msg00036.php |date=May 3, 2007 }} From: essentialdrugs.org.&lt;/ref&gt;  Some [[generic drug]]s are thus available on Canadian shelves sooner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/admin/books/files/PriceCtrlsXborderPharm2.pdf |title=Price Controls, Patents, and Cross-Border Internet Pharmacies |accessdate=2007-07-12 |last=Skinner |first=Brett J. |year=2006 |work=Critical Issues Bulletin |publisher=Fraser Institute |page=6 |quote=&quot;Nearly half the value of sales (47%) in generic products sold through cross-border Internet pharmacies was accounted for by drugs that were not yet genericized in the United States. Most of these drugs were likely still under active patent protection in the United States. }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The pharmaceutical industry is important in both countries, though both are net importers of drugs. Both countries spend about the same amount of their GDP on pharmaceutical research, about 0.1% annually&lt;ref&gt;Valérie Paris and Elizabeth Docteur. [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/40/37868186.pdf Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada] OECD Health Working Papers pg. 57&lt;/ref&gt;

===Technology===
The United States spends more on technology than Canada. In a 2004 study on medical imaging in Canada,&lt;ref&gt;[http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=media_13jan2005_e &quot;CIHI report shows increase in MRI and CT scanners, up more than 75% in the last decade.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925190007/http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=media_13jan2005_e |date=September 25, 2009 }} ''Medical Imaging in Canada, 2004.''&lt;/ref&gt; it was found that Canada had 4.6 [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scanners per million population while the U.S. had 19.5 per million.  Canada's 10.3 [[computerized tomography|CT scanners]] per million also ranked behind the U.S., which had 29.5 per million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=media_13jan2005_e |title=Press release: CIHI Report shows increase in MRI and CT scanners, up more than 75% in the last decade |publisher=Secure.cihi.ca |accessdate=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925190007/http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=media_13jan2005_e |archivedate=September 25, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; The study did not attempt to assess whether the difference in the number of MRI and CT scanners had any effect on the medical outcomes or were a result of overcapacity but did observe that MRI scanners are used more intensively in Canada than either the U.S. or Great Britain.&lt;ref&gt;[http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=PG_328_E&amp;cw_topic=328&amp;cw_rel=AR_1043_E#full Medical Imaging in Canada, 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516185154/http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=PG_328_E&amp;cw_topic=328&amp;cw_rel=AR_1043_E#full |date=May 16, 2007 }}. {{ISBN|1-55392-515-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; This disparity in the availability of technology, some believe, results in longer wait times. In 1984 wait times of up to 22 months for an [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging|MRI]] were alleged in Saskatchewan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Saskatchewan's 22-month wait for an MRI is &quot;almost criminal&quot; says radiologists' association – Ehman 170 (5): 776 – Canadian Medical Association Journal |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=170 |issue=5 |pages=776–a–776 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.1040237 |date=2004-03-02 |last1=Ehman |first1=A. J. |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, according to more recent official statistics (2007), all emergency patients receive MRIs within 24 hours, those classified as urgent receive them in under 3 weeks and the maximum elective wait time is 19 weeks in Regina and 26 weeks in Saskatoon, the province's two largest metropolitan areas.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?mediaId=185&amp;PN=Shared&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Health Council of Canada's 2010 report &quot;Decisions, Decisions: Family doctors as gatekeepers to prescription drugs and diagnostic imaging in Canada&quot;, the Canadian federal government invested $3 billion over 5 years (2000–2005) in relation to diagnostic imaging and agreed to invest a further $2 billion to reduce wait times.  These investments led to an increase in the number of scanners across Canada as well as the number of exams being performed.  The number of CT scanners increased from 198 to 465 and MRI scanners increased from 19 to 266 (more than tenfold) between 1990 and 2009. Similarly, the number of CT exams increased by 58% and MRI exams increased by 100% between 2003 and 2009. In comparison to other OECD countries, including the US, Canada's rates of MRI and CT exams falls somewhere in the middle.  Nevertheless, the Canadian Association of Radiologists claims that as many as 30% of diagnostic imaging scans are inappropriate and contribute no useful information.&lt;ref name=HCC_Decisions2010&gt;{{cite web|title=Decisions,Decisions: Family Doctors as Gatekeepers to Prescription Drugs and Diagnostic Imaging in Canada|url=http://healthcouncilcanada.ca/en/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;product_id=116&amp;category_id=20&amp;manufacturer_id=0&amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;Itemid=170|publisher=Health Council of Canada|accessdate=August 9, 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827055714/http://healthcouncilcanada.ca/en/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;product_id=116&amp;category_id=20&amp;manufacturer_id=0&amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;Itemid=170|archivedate=August 27, 2011|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Malpractice litigation===

The extra cost of [[malpractice]] lawsuits is a proportion of health spending in both the U.S. (1.7% in 2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice | year=2005 |url=http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=4968&amp;type=0}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Canada (0.27% in 2001 or $237 million). In Canada the total cost of settlements, legal fees, and insurance comes to $4 per person each year,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16136632&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson GF, Hussey PS, Frogner BK, Waters HR |title=Health spending in the United States and the rest of the industrialized world |journal=Health Affairs (Project Hope) |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=903–14 |year=2004 |pmid=16136632 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.24.4.903 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; but in the United States it is over $16. Average payouts to American plaintiffs were $265,103, while payouts to Canadian plaintiffs were somewhat higher, averaging $309,417.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=27348 |title=USA Spends More Per Capita on Health Care Than Other Nations, Study Finds |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |accessdate=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130055246/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=27348 |archivedate=November 30, 2005 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, malpractice suits are far more common in the U.S., with 350% more suits filed each year per person.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16136632&quot;/&gt; While malpractice costs are significantly higher in the U.S., they make up only a small proportion of total medical spending. The total cost of defending and settling malpractice lawsuits in the U.S. in 2004 was over $28 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=U.S. Tort Costs and Cross-Border Perspectives: 2005 Update | year=2005 |url=https://www.towersperrin.com/tillinghast/publications/reports/2005_Tort_Cost/2005_Tort.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics say that [[defensive medicine]] consumes up to 9% of American healthcare expenses.,&lt;ref&gt;[http://jec.senate.gov/Documents/Hearings/mcclellantestimony28april2005.pdf Testimony of Mark McClellan, MD, PhD, Administrator, Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services], before the Joint Economic Committee Hearing on Malpractice Liability Reform, April 28, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Daniel P. Kessler |author2=Mark McClellan |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/5466.html |title=Kessler, Daniel and Mark McClellan. &quot;Do Doctors Practice Defense Medicine?,&quot; Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1996, v111(2,May), 353–390. Towards a More Effective Monetary Policy, Kuroda, Twao, ed.,: Macmillan, 1997, pp. 137–164 |publisher=Ideas.repec.org |date=1996-02-02 |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; but CBO studies suggest that it is much smaller.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16136632&quot;/&gt;

===Ancillary expenses===
There are a number of ancillary costs that are higher in the U.S. Administrative costs are significantly higher in the U.S.; government mandates on record keeping and the diversity of insurers, plans and administrative layers involved in every transaction result in greater administrative effort. One recent study comparing administrative costs in the two countries found that these costs in the U.S. are roughly double what they are in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Steffie |last1=Woolhandler, M.D., M.P.H. |first2=Terry |last2=Campbell, M.H.A. |first3=David U. |last3=Himmelstein, M.D.  |date=August 2003 |title=Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada
 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=349 |issue=8 | doi= 10.1056/NEJMsa022033 |pmid=12930930 |pages=768–75}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another ancillary cost is marketing, both by insurance companies and health care providers.  These costs are higher in the U.S., contributing to higher overall costs in that nation.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

==Healthcare outcomes==
In the [[WHO's ranking of health care systems|World Health Organization's rankings of healthcare system performance]] among 191 member nations published in 2000, Canada ranked 30th and the U.S. 37th, while the overall health of Canadians was ranked 35th and Americans 72nd.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2000&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html |title=The World Health Organization's ranking of the world's health systems |publisher=Photius.com |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the WHO's methodologies, which attempted to measure how efficiently health systems translate expenditure into health, generated broad debate and criticism.&lt;ref&gt;Deber, Raisa, [http://www.longwoods.com/product.php?productid=17238&amp;cat=367&amp;page=1 &quot;Why Did the World Health Organization Rate Canada's Health System as 30th? Some Thoughts on League Tables&quot;], Longwoods Review 2 (1). Retrieved on 2008-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

Researchers caution against inferring healthcare quality from some health statistics.  June O'Neill and Dave O'Neill point out that &quot;...{{nbsp}}life expectancy and infant mortality are both poor measures of the efficacy of a health care system because they are influenced by many factors that are unrelated to the quality and accessibility of medical care&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBER 2007&quot; /&gt;

In 2007, Gordon H. Guyatt et al. conducted a meta-analysis, or systematic review, of all studies that compared health outcomes for similar conditions in Canada and the U.S., in ''Open Medicine'', an open-access peer-reviewed Canadian medical journal. They concluded, &quot;Available studies suggest that health outcomes may be superior in patients cared for in Canada versus the United States, but differences are not consistent.&quot; Guyatt identified 38 studies addressing conditions including cancer, coronary artery disease, chronic medical illnesses and surgical procedures. Of 10 studies with the strongest statistical validity, 5 favoured Canada, 2 favoured the United States, and 3 were equivalent or mixed. Of 28 weaker studies, 9 favoured Canada, 3 favoured the United States, and 16 were equivalent or mixed. Overall, results for mortality favoured Canada with a 5% advantage, but the results were weak and varied. The only consistent pattern was that Canadian patients fared better in kidney failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Medicine&quot; /&gt;

In terms of population health, [[life expectancy]] in 2006 was about two and a half years longer in Canada, with Canadians living to an average of 79.9 years and Americans 77.5 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/get_file.php3/id/25/file/OECDInFigures2006-2007.pdf |title=OECD in Figures 2006–2007 |accessdate=2007-06-21 |work=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development }}&lt;/ref&gt; Infant and child mortality rates are also higher in the U.S.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD&quot; /&gt; Some comparisons suggest that the American system underperforms Canada's system as well as those of other industrialized nations with universal coverage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/publications_show.htm?doc_id=482678 |title=Commonwealth Fund Study |publisher=Commonwealthfund.org |date=2007-05-15 |accessdate=2011-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621134117/http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/publications_show.htm?doc_id=482678 |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a ranking by the World Health Organization of health care system performance among 191 member nations, published in 2000, ranked Canada 30th and the U.S. 37th, and the overall health of Canada 35th to the American 72nd.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2000&quot; /&gt;  The WHO did not merely consider health care outcomes, but also placed heavy emphasis on the [[health disparities]] between rich and poor, funding for the health care needs of the poor, and the extent to which a country was reaching the potential health care outcomes they believed were possible for that nation. In an international comparison of 21 more specific quality indicators conducted by the Commonwealth Fund International Working Group on Quality Indicators, the results were more divided. One of the indicators was a tie, and in 3 others, data was unavailable from one country or the other. Canada performed better on 11 indicators; such as survival rates for colorectal cancer, [[childhood leukemia]], and kidney and liver transplants. The U.S. performed better on 6 indicators, including survival rates for breast and cervical cancer, and avoidance of childhood diseases such as pertussis and measles. The 21 indicators were distilled from a starting list of 1000.  The authors state that, &quot;It is an opportunistic list, rather than a comprehensive list.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15160806&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hussey PS, Anderson GF, Osborn R |title=How does the quality of care compare in five countries? |journal=Health Affairs (Project Hope) |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=89–99 |year=2004 |pmid=15160806 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.89 |url=|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the difference in outcomes may also be related to lifestyle choices. The OECD found that Americans have slightly higher rates of smoking and alcohol consumption than do Canadians&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD&quot;/&gt; as well as significantly higher rates of [[obesity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/82-620-MIE/2005001/articles/adults/aobesity.htm#5 |title=Adult obesity in Canada: Measured height and weight |publisher=Statcan.ca |date=2008-11-16 |accessdate=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012011617/http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/82-620-MIE/2005001/articles/adults/aobesity.htm#5 |archivedate=October 12, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;  A joint US-Canadian study found slightly higher smoking rates among Canadians.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhis/jcush_mainpage.htm The Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health (JCUSH).] CDC – National Center for Health Statistics.&lt;/ref&gt; Another study found that Americans have higher rates not only of obesity, but also of other health risk factors and chronic conditions, including physical inactivity, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasser et al.&quot; /&gt;

While a Canadian [[systematic review]] stated that the differences in the systems of Canada and the United States could not alone explain differences in healthcare outcomes,&lt;ref name=&quot;Szick&quot;/&gt; the study didn't consider that over 44,000 Americans die every year due to not having a single payer system for healthcare in the United States and it didn't consider the millions more that live without proper medical care due to a lack of insurance.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pnhp.org/excessdeaths/health-insurance-and-mortality-in-US-adults.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States and Canada have different racial makeups, different obesity rates and different alcoholism rates, which would likely cause the US to have a shorter average life expectancy and higher infant mortality even with equal healthcare provided. The US population is 12.2% African Americans and 16.3% Hispanic Americans (2010 Census), whereas Canada has only 2.5% African Canadians and 0.97% Hispanic Canadians (2006 Census). African Americans have higher mortality rates than any other racial or ethnic group for eight of the top ten causes of death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hummer|first=RA|author2=Ellison CG|author3=Rogers RG|author4=Moulton BE|author5=Romero RR|title=Religious involvement and adult mortality in the United States: review and perspective|journal=Southern Medical Journal|date=December 2004|volume=97|issue=12|pages=1223–30|pmid=15646761|doi=10.1097/01.SMJ.0000146547.03382.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The cancer incidence rate among African Americans is 10% higher than among European Americans.&lt;ref name=Disparities&gt;American Public Health Association (APHA), Eliminating Health Disparities: Toolkit (2004).&lt;/ref&gt;  U.S. Latinos have higher rates of death from diabetes, liver disease, and infectious diseases than do non-Latinos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vega WA, Amaro H |title=Latino outlook: good health, uncertain prognosis |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=15 |pages=39–67 |year=1994 |pmid=8054092 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.000351}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Adult African Americans and Latinos have approximately twice the risk as European Americans of developing diabetes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Disparities&quot;/&gt;  The infant mortality rates for African Americans is twice that of whites.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rawlings JS, Weir MR |title=Race- and rank-specific infant mortality in a US military population |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=146 |issue=3 |pages=313–6 |date=March 1992 |pmid=1543178 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1992.02160150053020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Unfortunately, directly comparing infant mortality rates between countries is difficult, as countries have different definitions of what qualifies as an infant death.

Another issue with comparing the two systems is the baseline health of the patient's for which the systems must treat. Canada has only half the obesity rate that the US system must deal with (14.3% vs 30.6%).&lt;ref&gt;[[:File:Bmi30chart.png]]&lt;/ref&gt;  On average, obesity reduces life expectancy by 6–7 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L|title=Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: A life-table analysis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=24–32 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12513041 |last7=Nedcom |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00008|url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:114024/n138_1_4.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2004 study found that Canada had a slightly higher mortality rate for [[acute myocardial infarction]] (heart attack) because of the more conservative Canadian approach to revascularizing (opening) coronary arteries.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15381645&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaul P, Armstrong PW, Chang WC |title=Long-term mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction in the United States and Canada: comparison of patients enrolled in Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO)-I |journal=Circulation |volume=110 |issue=13 |pages=1754–60 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15381645 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000142671.06167.91 |url=|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cancer===
Numerous studies have attempted to compare the rates of cancer incidence and mortality in Canada and the U.S., with varying results. Doctors who study cancer epidemiology warn that the diagnosis of cancer is subjective, and the ''reported'' incidence of a cancer will rise if screening is more aggressive, even if the ''real'' cancer incidence is the same.  Statistics from different sources may not be compatible if they were collected in different ways.  The proper interpretation of cancer statistics has been an important issue for many years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickman PW, Adami HO |title=Interpreting trends in cancer patient survival |journal=Journal of Internal Medicine |volume=260 |issue=2 |pages=103–17 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16882274 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01677.x |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dr. Barry Kramer of the [[National Institutes of Health]] points to the fact that cancer incidence rose sharply over the past few decades as screening became more common.  He attributes the rise to increased detection of benign early stage cancers that pose little risk of metastasizing.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/health/10skin.html Doctors Balk at Cancer Ad, Citing Lack of Evidence] By CHRISTIE ASCHWANDEN, New York Times, July 10, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, though patients who were treated for these benign cancers were at little risk, they often have trouble finding health insurance after the fact.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Cancer survival time increases with later years of diagnosis, because cancer treatment improves, so cancer survival statistics can only be compared for cohorts in the same diagnosis year. For example, as doctors in British Columbia adopted new treatments, survival time for patients with metastatic breast cancer increased from 438 days for those diagnosed in 1991–1992, to 667 days for those diagnosed in 1999–2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chia SK, Speers CH, D'yachkova Y |title=The impact of new chemotherapeutic and hormone agents on survival in a population-based cohort of women with metastatic breast cancer |journal=Cancer |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=973–9 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17647245 |doi=10.1002/cncr.22867 |url=|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An assessment by [[Health Canada]] found that cancer mortality rates are almost identical in the two countries.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Progress Report on Cancer Control in Canada.&quot; ''Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control'', 2004 pg. 11&lt;/ref&gt; Another international comparison by the National Cancer Institute of Canada indicated that incidence rates for most, but not all, cancers were higher in the U.S. than in Canada during the period studied (1993–1997). Incidence rates for certain types, such as colorectal and stomach cancer, were actually higher in Canada than in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncic.cancer.ca/ncic/internet/standard/0,3621,84658243_85787780_379601028_langId-en,00.html |title=International variation in cancer incidence |accessdate=2007-07-02 |work=National Cancer Institute of Canada |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403064200/http://www.ncic.cancer.ca/ncic/internet/standard/0%2C3621%2C84658243_85787780_379601028_langId-en%2C00.html |archivedate=April 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, researchers published a study comparing health outcomes in the Anglo countries. Their analysis indicates that Canada has greater survival rates for both colorectal cancer and childhood leukemia, while the United States has greater survival rates for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as breast and cervical cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15160806&quot;/&gt;

A study based on data from 1978 through 1986 found very similar survival rates in both the United States and in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Keller | first = D M |author2=E A Peterson |author3=G Silberman  |date=July 1997 | title = Survival rates for four forms of cancer in the United States and Ontario | journal = Am J Public Health | volume = 87 | issue = 7 | pages = 1164–1167 | pmid = 9240107 | doi =  10.2105/AJPH.87.7.1164| url = | pmc = 1380891  }}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, a study based on data from 1993 through 1997 found lower cancer survival rates among Canadians than among Americans.&lt;ref&gt;Chen VW, Howe HL, Wu XC, Hotes JL, Correa CN (eds). Cancer in North America, 1993–1997. Volume Two: Mortality. Springfield, IL: [[North American Association of Central Cancer Registries]], April 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

A few comparative studies have found that cancer survival rates vary more widely among different populations in the U.S. than they do in Canada. Mackillop and colleagues compared cancer survival rates in Ontario and the U.S. They found that cancer survival was more strongly correlated with socio-economic class in the U.S. than in Ontario. Furthermore, they found that the American survival advantage in the four highest quintiles was statistically significant. They strongly suspected that the difference due to prostate cancer was a result of greater detection of asymptomatic cases in the U.S.  Their data indicates that neglecting the prostate cancer data reduces the American advantage in the four highest quintiles and gives Canada a statistically significant advantage in the lowest quintile.  Similarly, they believe differences in screening mammography may explain part of the American advantage in breast cancer.  Exclusion of breast and prostate cancer data results in very similar survival rates for both countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Boyd C, Zhang-Salomons JY, Groome PA, Mackillop WJ |title=Associations between community income and cancer survival in Ontario, Canada, and the United States |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2244–55 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10561282 |url=http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10561282 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804151849/http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10561282 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-04 |doi=10.1200/JCO.1999.17.7.2244 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hsing et al. found that prostate cancer mortality incidence rate ratios were lower among U.S. whites than among any of the nationalities included in their study, including Canadians. U.S. African Americans in the study had lower rates than any group except for Canadians and U.S. whites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsing AW, Tsao L, Devesa SS |title=International trends and patterns of prostate cancer incidence and mortality |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=60–7 |date=January 2000 |pmid=10585584 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000101)85:1&lt;60::AID-IJC11&gt;3.0.CO;2-B |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Echoing the concerns of Dr. Kramer and Professor Mackillop, Hsing later wrote that reported prostate cancer incidence depends on screening. Among whites in the U.S., the death rate for prostate cancer remained constant, even though the incidence increased, so the additional reported prostate cancers did not represent an increase in real prostate cancers, said Hsing. Similarly, the death rates from prostate cancer in the U.S. increased during the 1980s and peaked in early 1990. This is at least partially due to &quot;attribution bias&quot; on death certificates, where doctors are more likely to ascribe a death to prostate cancer than to other diseases that affected the patient, because of greater awareness of prostate cancer or other reasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsing AW, Devesa SS |title=Trends and patterns of prostate cancer: what do they suggest? |journal=Epidemiologic Reviews |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2001 |pmid=11588851 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11588851 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000792|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because health status is &quot;considerably affected&quot; by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, such as level of education and income, &quot;the value of comparisons in isolating the impact of the healthcare system on outcomes is limited,&quot; according to health care analysts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Herzlinger RE, Parsa-Parsi R |title=Consumer-driven health care: lessons from Switzerland |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=292 |issue=10 |pages=1213–20 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15353534 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.10.1213 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Experts say that the incidence and mortality rates of cancer cannot be combined to calculate survival from cancer.&lt;ref&gt;Mooney, B.C. [https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/11/03/giulianis_healthcare_figure_outdated Giuliani's healthcare figure outdated; He says system in US superior to that in Britain.] ''Boston Globe'' November 3, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  Nevertheless, researchers have used the ratio of mortality to incidence rates as one measure of the effectiveness of healthcare.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBER 2007&quot; /&gt; Data for both studies was collected from registries that are members of the [[North American Association of Central Cancer Registries]], an organization dedicated to developing and promoting uniform data standards for cancer registration in North America.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naaccr.org |title=North American Association of Central Cancer Registries |publisher=Naaccr.org |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Racial and ethnic differences===
The U.S. and Canada differ substantially in their demographics, and these differences may contribute to differences in health outcomes between the two nations.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh GK, Yu SM |title=Infant mortality in the United States: trends, differentials, and projections, 1950 through 2010 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=85 |issue=7 |pages=957–64 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7604920 |pmc=1615523 |doi= 10.2105/AJPH.85.7.957}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Although both countries have white majorities, Canada has a proportionately larger immigrant minority population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, the relative size of different ethnic and racial groups vary widely in each country. [[Hispanics]] and peoples of African descent constitute a much larger proportion of the U.S. population.  Non-Hispanic [[First Nations|North American aboriginal]] peoples constitute a much larger proportion of the Canadian population.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}  Canada also has a proportionally larger [[South Asian]] and [[East Asian]] population.  Also, the proportion of each population that is immigrant is higher in Canada.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

A study comparing aboriginal mortality rates in Canada, the U.S. and New Zealand found that aboriginals in all three countries had greater mortality rates and shorter life expectancies than the white majorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Trovato F |title=Aboriginal mortality in Canada, the United States and New Zealand |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=67–86 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11316396 |doi= 10.1017/S0021932001000670|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  That study also found that aboriginals in Canada had both shorter life expectancies and greater infant mortality rates than aboriginals in the United States and New Zealand.  The health outcome differences between aboriginals and whites in Canada was also larger than in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Though few studies have been published concerning the health of [[Black Canadians]], [[race and health in the United States|health disparities between whites and African Americans]] in the U.S. have received intense scrutiny.&lt;ref&gt;Collins, C.A., Williams, D.R., Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism? Sociological Forum, 14, 3, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;  African Americans in the U.S. have significantly greater rates of cancer incidence and mortality.  Drs. Singh and Yu found that neonatal and postnatal mortality rates for American African Americans are more than double the non-Hispanic white rate.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;  This difference persisted even after controlling for household income and was greatest in the highest income quintile.  A Canadian study also found differences in neonatal mortality between different racial and ethnic groups.&lt;ref&gt;Claydon, J.E., Mitton,, C., Sankaran, K., Lee, S. K., Canadian Neonatal Network, Ethnic Differences in Risk Factors for Neonatal Morality and Morbidity in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, J. Perin., 2007, 27, 448–452.&lt;/ref&gt;  Although Canadians of African descent had a greater mortality rate than whites in that study, the rate was somewhat less than double the white rate.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

The racially heterogeneous Hispanic population in the U.S. has also been the subject of several studies.  Although members of this group are significantly more likely to live in poverty than are non-Hispanic whites, they often have disease rates that are comparable to or better than the non-Hispanic white majority.  Hispanics have lower cancer incidence and mortality, lower infant mortality, and lower rates of neural tube defects.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/uscs |title=U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group |publisher=Cdc.gov |date=2010-08-20 |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Feuchtbaum LB, Currier RJ, Riggle S, Roberson M, Lorey FW, Cunningham GC |title=Neural tube defect prevalence in California (1990–1994): eliciting patterns by type of defect and maternal race/ethnicity |journal=Genetic Testing |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=265–72 |year=1999 |pmid=10495925 |doi=10.1089/109065799316572 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singh and Yu found that infant mortality among Hispanic sub-groups varied with the racial composition of that group.  The mostly white Cuban population had a neonatal mortality rate (NMR)  nearly identical to that found in non-Hispanic whites and a postnatal mortality rate (PMR) that was somewhat lower.  The largely [[Mestizo]], Mexican, Central, and South American Hispanic populations had somewhat lower NMR and PMR. The [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Ricans]] who have a mix of white and African ancestry had higher NMR and PMR rates.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

==Impact on economy==
[[File:United States Health Gross Care Expenditures (1960 to 2008).png|thumb|right|275px|This graph depicts gross U.S. health care spending from 1960 to 2008.]]

In 2002, automotive companies claimed that the universal system in Canada saved labour costs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.house.gov/mcdermott/sp051215a.shtml U.S. Auto Industry Supports Universal Healthcare...in Canada.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206075001/http://www.house.gov/mcdermott/sp051215a.shtml |date=February 6, 2007 }} House of Representatives – December 15, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, healthcare cost [[General Motors]] $5.8 billion, and increased to $7 billion.&lt;ref&gt;Garsten, E. [http://www.detnews.com/2005/autosinsider/0502/10/A01-85815.htm GM: Repair health care. CEO urges U.S. to help ease skyrocketing tab: Automaker lobbies up to 16 states to cut costs.] ''The Detroit News'', February 10, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United Auto Workers|UAW]] also claimed that the resulting escalating healthcare premiums reduced workers' bargaining powers.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uaw.org/barg/03/barg04.cfm UAW 2003 Bargaining for America.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130050933/http://www.uaw.org/barg/03/barg04.cfm |date=November 30, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Flexibility==
In Canada, increasing demands for healthcare, due to the [[population aging|aging population]], must be met by either increasing taxes or reducing other government programs.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} In the United States, under the current system, more of the burden will be taken up by the private sector and individuals.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Since 1998, Canada's successive multibillion-dollar budget surpluses have allowed a significant injection of new funding to the healthcare system, with the stated goal of reducing waiting times for treatment.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}  However, this may be hampered by the return to deficit spending as of the [[2009 Canadian federal budget]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

One historical problem with the U.S. system was known as [[job lock]], in which people become tied to their jobs for fear of losing their health insurance. This reduces the flexibility of the labor market.&lt;ref&gt;Blomqvist, Åke. [http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/benefactors_lecture_2002.pdf Canadian Health Care in a Global Context: Diagnoses and Prescriptions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626065651/http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/benefactors_lecture_2002.pdf |date=June 26, 2006 }}. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 2002. pg. 17&lt;/ref&gt; Federal legislation passed since the mid-1980s, particularly [[Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985|COBRA]] and [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act|HIPAA]], has been aimed at reducing job lock. However, providers of group health insurance in many states are permitted to use [[experience rating]] and it remains legal in the United States for prospective employers to investigate a job candidate's health and past health claims as part of a hiring decision.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} Someone who has recently been diagnosed with cancer, for example, may face [[job lock]] not out of fear of losing their health insurance, but based on prospective employers not wanting to add the cost of treating that illness to their own health insurance pool, for fear of future insurance rate increases. Thus, being diagnosed with an illness can cause someone to be forced to stay in their current job.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

==Politics of health==
&lt;!---unless comparisons are used, it makes more sense to keep countries separated here. ---&gt;

===Politics of each country===
&lt;!---needed a super-header here. the above may not be it  :)---&gt;
More imaginative solutions in both countries have come from the sub-national level.

====Canada====
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2010}}
In Canada, the right-wing and now defunct [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] and its successor, the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] considered increasing the role of the private sector in the Canadian system.  Public backlash caused these plans to be abandoned, and the Conservative government that followed re-affirmed its commitment to universal public medicine.

In Canada, it was [[Alberta]] under the Conservative government that had experimented most with increasing the role of the private sector in healthcare. Measures included the introduction of private clinics allowed to bill patients for some of the cost of a procedure, as well as 'boutique' clinics offering tailored personal care for a fixed preliminary annual fee.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

====United States====
In the U.S., President [[Bill Clinton]] attempted a [[Clinton health care plan|significant restructuring of health care]], but the effort collapsed under political pressure against it despite tremendous public support.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.princeton.edu/~starr/20starr.html&lt;/ref&gt; The [[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000 U.S. election]] saw [[prescription drug]]s become a central issue, although the system did not fundamentally change.  In the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 U.S. election]] healthcare proved to be an important issue to some voters, though not a primary one.
&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmsa042360 Health Care in the 2004 Presidential Election.]&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2006, [[Massachusetts]] adopted a [[Massachusetts 2006 Health Reform Statute|plan]] that vastly reduced the number of uninsured making it the state with the lowest percentage of non-insured residents in the union. It requires everyone to buy insurance and subsidizes insurance costs for lower income people on a sliding scale. Some{{Who|date=November 2010}} have claimed that the state's program is unaffordable, which the state itself says is &quot;a commonly repeated myth&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mahealthconnector.org/portal/binary/com.epicentric.contentmanagement.servlet.ContentDeliveryServlet/Health%2520Care%2520Reform/Overview/Connector%2520Progress%2520Report%252009.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-01-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065451/https://www.mahealthconnector.org/portal/binary/com.epicentric.contentmanagement.servlet.ContentDeliveryServlet/Health%20Care%20Reform/Overview/Connector%20Progress%20Report%2009.pdf |archivedate=December 27, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, in a minor amendment, the plan did eliminate dental, hospice and skilled nursing care for certain categories of noncitizens covering 30,000 people (victims of human trafficking and domestic violence, applicants for asylum and refugees) who do pay taxes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204684.html |title=In Massachusetts, Obama won't promote state's health-care plan |author=Ceci Connolly |date=2009-10-23 |work= Washington Post }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/05/proposed_cuts_in_massachusetts.html |title=Proposed cuts in Massachusetts budget threatens health coverage for thousands under new insurance plan |publisher=masslive.com |accessdate=2011-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2009, [[Connecticut]] passed into law a plan called [[SustiNet]], with the goal of achieving health care coverage of 98% of its residents by 2014.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aarp.org/states/ct/advocacy/articles/in_historic_vote_legislature_overrides_sustinet_veto.html ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906041748/http://www.aarp.org/states/ct/advocacy/articles/in_historic_vote_legislature_overrides_sustinet_veto.html |date=September 6, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

US President [[Donald Trump]] has declared his intent to repeal the [[Affordable Care Act]], but has failed to do so, thus far.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kodjak&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last = Kodjak | first = Alison | author-link= Alison Kodjak |title=Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/09/501203831/trump-can-kill-obamacare-with-or-without-help-from-congress|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=All Things Considered|publisher=NPR|date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Walsh&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Deirdre|last2=Lee|first2=MJ|title=Trump wants Obamacare repeal 'quickly,' but Republicans aren't ready|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/10/politics/paul-ryan-obamacare-repeal-and-replace/index.html|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=CNN|date=10 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Private care===
The Canada Health Act of 1984 &quot;does not directly bar private delivery or private insurance for publicly insured services,&quot; but provides financial disincentives for doing so. &quot;Although there are laws prohibiting or curtailing private health care in some provinces, they can be changed,&quot; according to a report in the New England Journal of Medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Steinbrook R |title=Private health care in Canada |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=16 |pages=1661–4 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16625005 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp068064 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Governments attempt to control health care costs by being the sole purchasers and thus they do not allow private patients to bid up prices. {{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} Those with non-emergency illnesses such as cancer cannot pay out of pocket for time-sensitive surgeries and must wait their turn on waiting lists. According to the [[Canadian Supreme Court]] in its 2005 ruling in ''[[Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General)|Chaoulli v. Quebec]]'', waiting list delays &quot;increase the patient's risk of mortality or the risk that his or her injuries will become irreparable.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/2005/2005scc35/2005scc35.html |title=Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General), (2005). S.C.R. 791, 2005 SCC 35 |publisher=Scc.lexum.umontreal.ca |date=2005-06-09 |accessdate=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202122636/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/2005/2005scc35/2005scc35.html |archivedate=February 2, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ruling found that a Quebec provincial ban on private health insurance was unlawful, because it was contrary to Quebec's own legislative act, the 1975 Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Clifford |last=Kraus |title=As Canada's Slow-Motion Public Health System Falters, Private Medical Care Is Surging. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/26/international/americas/26canada.html?ex=1184644800&amp;en=44cca772dc339429&amp;ei=5070 |work=New York Times |date=2006-02-26 |accessdate=2007-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chaoulli, J. [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6378 A Seismic Shift: How Canada's Supreme Court Sparked a Patients' Rights Revolution.] Cato Institute. Policy Analysis no. 568. May 8, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Consumer-driven healthcare===
In the United States, Congress has enacted laws to promote [[consumer-driven healthcare]] with [[health savings account]]s (HSAs), which were created by the [[Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act|Medicare bill]] signed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] on December 8, 2003. HSAs are designed to provide [[tax incentives]] for individuals to save for future qualified medical and retiree health expenses.  Money placed in such accounts is tax-free. To qualify for HSAs, individuals must carry a [[high-deductible health plan]] (HDHP). The higher [[deductible]] shifts some of the financial responsibility for health care from insurance providers to the consumer. This shift towards a market-based system with greater individual responsibility increased the differences between the US and Canadian systems.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Some economists who have studied proposals for universal healthcare worry that the consumer driven healthcare movement will reduce the social redistributive effects of insurance that pools high-risk and low-risk people together. This concern was one of the driving factors behind a provision of the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], informally known as ''Obamacare'', which limited the types of purchases which could be made with HSA funds. For example, as of January 1, 2011, these funds can no longer be used to buy [[over-the-counter drug]]s without a [[medical prescription]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gladwell |first=Malcolm |author-link=Malcolm Gladwell |date=2005-08-29 |title=The Moral Hazard Myth |periodical=[[The New Yorker]] |url=http://www.gladwell.com/2005/2005_08_29_a_hazard.html |accessdate=2007-06-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630194634/http://www.gladwell.com/2005/2005_08_29_a_hazard.html |archivedate=June 30, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
*[[Tommy Douglas]] (1904–1986), considered the &quot;Father of Canadian Medicare&quot;
*[[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010]]
*[[Health system#International comparisons|Health care systems]] (including international comparisons)
*[[Health care in Canada]]
*[[Health care in the United States]]
*[[Healthcare in the European Union]]
*[[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]]
*[[Universal health care]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.filmakers.com/index.php?a=filmDetail&amp;filmID=290 ''Borderline Medicine'' A 1 hour 1990 documentary with [[Walter Cronkite]] comparing US and CA systems]
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601202&amp;sid=a_zs1Y1FspIM Canadian healthcare, even with queues, bests US, Bloomberg, Sep 18, 2009]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830165159/http://www.tvo.org/cfmx/tvoorg/theagenda/index.cfm?page_id=7&amp;bpn=779511&amp;ts=2009-05-13%2020:00:35.0 The Agenda:TVO Canadian TV program.] Two interviews comparing Canada with US health care (and one comparing Canada with certain European countries)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Health Care Systems, Comparison Of Canadian And American}}
[[Category:Canada–United States relations]]
[[Category:Healthcare in Canada]]
[[Category:Healthcare in the United States]]
[[Category:Health in North America]]
[[Category:Health care reform]]
[[Category:Health economics]]
[[Category:Medical comparisons|Healthcare]]
[[Category:Economics comparisons]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Munich</title>
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      <comment>Replacing Großes_Stadtwappen_München.svg with [[File:DEU_München_gross_COA.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) · Harmonisierung Wappenname</comment>
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      <text bytes="153456" xml:space="preserve">{{other uses of|Munich&quot; or &quot;München|Munich (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox German location
|imagesize             = 300px
|image_caption         = 
|Bürgermeistertitel    = Oberbürgermeister
|Gemeindeschlüssel     = 09 1 62 000
|Stand                 = 2015-10-31
|pop_urban             = 2606021
|pop_metro      = 5,991,144&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/ |title=Daten und Fakten aus der Metropolregion München |trans-title=Data and facts about the Munich Metropolitan Region |work=Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. |accessdate=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620161149/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/ |archive-date=20 June 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|name                  = Munich
|German_name           = München
|image_photo={{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = Stadtbild_München.jpg
| photo3a = Schloss Nymphenburg Münich.jpg
| photo3b = Englischer_Garten_München.jpg
| photo5a = BMW Welt Night cropped.jpg
| photo5b = Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg
| photo6a = Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg
| size = 270
| spacing = 2
| color = white
| border = 0
| foot_montage = {{nobreak|From top: [[Marienplatz]] with [[New Town Hall (Munich)|Neues Rathaus]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in the background,}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Nymphenburg Palace]], [[Englischer Garten]], [[BMW Welt]], [[Feldherrnhalle]] and [[Allianz Arena]]&lt;br /&gt;}}
|type                  = Stadt
|image_coa             = Muenchen Kleines Stadtwappen.svg
|image_flag            = Flag of Munich (striped).svg
|coordinates           = {{coord|48|08|N|11|34|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|Höhe                  = 520
|state                 = Bavaria
|region                = Upper Bavaria
|district              = urban
|elevation             = 519r
|area                  = 310.43
|population            = 100001&lt;!-- for categorization as city, real value fetched via Gemeindeschlüssel --&gt;
|postal_code           = 80331–81929
|area_code             = 089
|licence               = M
|borough               = {{Collapsible list
 |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
 |title='''[[Boroughs of Munich|25 boroughs]]'''
|{{nowrap|[[Altstadt-Lehel]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Maxvorstadt]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwabing-West]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Au-Haidhausen]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Sendling]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Sendling-Westpark]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwanthalerhöhe]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Moosach (Munich)|Moosach]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwabing-Freimann]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Bogenhausen]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Berg am Laim]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Trudering-Riem]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Ramersdorf-Perlach]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Obergiesing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Untergiesing-Harlaching]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Hadern]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Pasing-Obermenzing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Allach-Untermenzing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Feldmoching-Hasenbergl]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Laim]]}}
}}
|website               = [http://www.muenchen.de/ www.muenchen.de]
|mayor                 = [[Dieter Reiter]]
|party                 = SPD
|ruling_party1         = Green
|ruling_party2         = SPD
|year_of_first_mention = 1158
}}

[[File:MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg|thumb|Mariensäule at [[Marienplatz]]]]
[[File:Www.gerhard-blank.de_münchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Munich]]
[[File:Lions at the Feldherrnhalle in Munich.JPG|thumb|Lion sculptures by [[Wilhelm von Rümann]] at the [[Feldherrnhalle]]]]

'''Munich''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|juː|n|ɪ|k}} {{respell|MEW|nik}}; {{lang-de|München}} {{IPA-de|ˈmʏnçn̩||De-München.ogg}}; {{lang-bar|Minga}} {{IPA-bar|ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ|}}; {{lang-la|Monachium}}) is the capital and most populous city of [[Bavaria]], the second most populous [[German state]]. With a population of around 1.5&amp;nbsp;million,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtinfos/Statistik/Bev-lkerung.html|title=Landeshauptstadt München – Bevölkerung|author=Landeshauptstadt München, Redaktion|work=Landeshauptstadt München|accessdate=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219143154/http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtinfos/Statistik/Bev-lkerung.html|archive-date=19 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; it is the [[List of cities in Germany by population|third-largest city]] in Germany, after [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]], and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|11th-largest city]] in the [[European Union]]. The city's [[Munich Metropolitan Region|metropolitan region]] is home to 6 million people.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmr_official_site&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/ |title=The Munich Metropolitan Region |publisher=Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. |accessdate=17 April 2017 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531145114/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/ |archive-date=31 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Straddling the banks of the [[River Isar]] (a [[tributary]] of the [[Danube]]) north of the [[Northern Limestone Alps|Bavarian Alps]], it is the seat of the Bavarian [[Regierungsbezirk|administrative region]] of [[Upper Bavaria]], while being the [[population density|most densely populated]] municipality in Germany (4,500 people per km²). Munich is the second-largest city in the [[Bavarian dialects|Bavarian dialect area]], after the [[Austria]]n capital of [[Vienna]].

The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the [[Reformation]] and was a political point of divergence during the resulting [[Thirty Years' War]], but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant [[Swedes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ofredsår|last=Englund|first=Peter|publisher=Atlantis|year=1993|isbn=|location=Stockholm|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Once Bavaria was established as [[Kingdom of Bavaria|a sovereign kingdom]] in 1806, Munich became a major European centre of arts, architecture, culture and science. In 1918, during the [[German Revolution of 1918–19|German Revolution]], the ruling [[house of Wittelsbach]], which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived [[Bavarian Soviet Republic|socialist republic]] was declared. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the [[Nazi Party|NSDAP]]. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their &quot;Capital of the Movement&quot;. The city was heavily bombed during [[World War II]], but restored most of its traditional cityscape. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]'', or &quot;economic miracle&quot;. The city hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] and was one of the host cities of the [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]] and [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]s.

Today, Munich is a global centre of [[art]], [[science]], [[technology]], [[finance]], [[publishing]], [[culture]], [[innovation]], [[education]], [[business]], and [[tourism]] and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living, reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Quality of Living City Rankings|url = https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Portals/0/Content/Rankings/rankings/qol2018k852147/index.html|accessdate = 28 June 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190404081202/https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Portals/0/Content/Rankings/rankings/qol2018k852147/index.html|archive-date = 4 April 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and being rated the world's most liveable city by the [[Most livable cities in the world#Monocle's Quality of Life Survey|Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Munich Named The Most Livable City In The World | magazine = [[Forbes]] | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/bishopjordan/2018/06/25/monocle-most-livable-city-quality-life-survey-2018-munich/#5e1cb4886153 | date = 25 June 2018 | accessdate = 2 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180703022046/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bishopjordan/2018/06/25/monocle-most-livable-city-quality-life-survey-2018-munich/#5e1cb4886153 | archive-date = 3 July 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute]], Munich is considered an [[Global city|alpha-world city]], {{As of|2015|lc=y}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities|title=Alpha, Beta and Gamma cities (updated 2015)|work=Spotted by Locals|date=11 March 2019|access-date=28 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221095224/http://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/|archive-date=21 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the most prosperous&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wiwo.de/finanzen/vorsorge/studie-zum-wohlstand-wo-die-reichsten-und-aermsten-staedte-deutschlands-liegen/24245424.html |title=Wo die reichsten und ärmsten Städte Deutschlands liegen |website=WirtschaftsWoche |language=de |date=2019-04-19 |accessdate=2020-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; and fastest growing&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/demografie-wo-deutschland-schrumpft-und-wo-es-waechst-a-1261262.html |title=Wo Deutschland schrumpft oder wächst |website=Spiegel Online |language=de |date=2019-04-06 |accessdate=2020-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; cities in Germany.

Munich's economy is based on [[high tech]], [[automobiles]], the [[service sector]] and [[creative industries]], as well as [[IT]], [[biotechnology]], [[engineering]] and [[electronics]] among many others. The city houses many multinational companies, such as [[BMW]], [[Siemens]], [[MAN SE|MAN]], [[The Linde Group|Linde]], [[Allianz SE|Allianz]] and [[Munich Re|MunichRE]]. It is also home to two research universities, a multitude of scientific institutions, and world class technology and science museums like the [[Deutsches Museum]] and [[BMW Museum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/d41586-018-07208-0|pmid = 30382228|title = A European heavyweight|journal = Nature|volume = 563|issue = 7729|pages = S14–S15|year = 2018|last1 = Boytchev|first1 = Hristio|bibcode = 2018Natur.563S..14B|doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Munich's numerous architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual [[Oktoberfest]] attract considerable [[tourism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/tourism.html|title=Munich Travel Tourism Munich|publisher=muenchen.de|accessdate=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214135103/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/tourism.html|archive-date=14 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city is home to more than 530,000 people of foreign background, making up 37.7% of its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Ausländeranteil in der Bevölkerung: In München ist die ganze Welt zu Hause – Abendzeitung München|url = http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.auslaenderanteil-in-der-bevoelkerung-in-muenchen-ist-die-ganze-welt-zu-hause.1bbca6db-2896-4aa6-9d99-79255a614e5a.html|website = www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de|accessdate = 31 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231732/http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.auslaenderanteil-in-der-bevoelkerung-in-muenchen-ist-die-ganze-welt-zu-hause.1bbca6db-2896-4aa6-9d99-79255a614e5a.html|archive-date = 31 December 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
{{Main|History of Munich|Timeline of Munich}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2019}}
[[File:DEU München gross COA.svg|thumb|Munich city large [[Coat of arms of Munich|coat of arms]]]]

===Etymology===
The name of the city is usually interpreted as deriving from the [[Old High German|Old]]/[[Middle High German]] term ''Munichen'', meaning &quot;by the monks&quot;. It derives from the monks of the [[Benedictine order]], who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Munich |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/munich |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A monk is also depicted on [[Coat of arms of Munich|the city's coat of arms]].

The town is first mentioned as ''forum apud Munichen'' in the [[:de:Augsburger Schied|Augsburg arbitration]] of June 14, 1158 by Holy Roman Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Friedrich I]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Reitzenstein2006&quot;&gt;{{citation|surname1=[[:de:Wolf-Armin von Reitzenstein|Wolf-Armin Freiherr von Reitzenstein]]|title=Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz|publisher=[[Verlag C.H.Beck|C.&amp;nbsp;H.&amp;nbsp;Beck]]|publication-place=München|at=p.&amp;nbsp;171|contribution=München|isbn=978-3-406-55206-9|date=2006|language=German
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch.'' Hrsg. von Manfred Niemeyer. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2012, S.&amp;nbsp;420.&lt;/ref&gt;

The name in modern German is {{lang|de|München|italics=no}}, but this has been variously translated in different languages: in English, French and various other languages as &quot;Munich&quot;, in Italian as &quot;Monaco di Baviera&quot;, in Portuguese as &quot;Munique&quot;.{{refn|A more complete list is available on [https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen#%C3%9Cbersetzungen Wiktionary].}}

===Origin of medieval town===
[[File:Stadtansicht 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Munich in the 16th century]]
[[File:Muenchen_merian.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of Munich in 1642]]

The first known settlement in the area was of Benedictine monks on the [[Salt road]]. The foundation date is not considered the year 1158, the date the city was first mentioned in a document. The document was signed in [[Augsburg]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stmf.bayern.de/ueber_uns/ausstellung_foyer/muenchner_pfennig/ |title=Ausstellung im Foyer |publisher=Stmf.bayern.de |accessdate=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014325/http://www.stmf.bayern.de/ueber_uns/ausstellung_foyer/muenchner_pfennig/ |archivedate=6 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; By then, the [[House of Welf|Guelph]] [[Henry the Lion]], [[Duchy of Saxony|Duke of Saxony]] and [[List of rulers of Bavaria|Bavaria]], had built a toll bridge over the river Isar next to the monks' settlement and on the salt route. But during the archaeological excavations at Marienhof in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn from 2012, shards of vessels from the 11th century were found, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than their first documentary mention in 1158.

In 1175 Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180 with the trial of Henry the Lion, [[Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto I Wittelsbach]] became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Bishop of Freising]]. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach dynasty]], ruled Bavaria until 1918.) In 1240, Munich was transferred to [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II Wittelsbach]] and in 1255, when the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Upper Bavaria]].

Duke [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]], a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. In the late 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of [[Gothic art]]s: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] church – the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] – now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468.

===Capital of reunited Bavaria===
[[File:Marcktzumuenchen.png|thumb|left|[[Marienplatz]], Munich about 1650]]
[[File:Mun flags frauenkirche.jpg|thumb|upright|Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in the background]]

When Bavaria was reunited in 1506, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court (see [[Orlande de Lassus|Orlando di Lasso]] and [[Heinrich Schütz]]). During the 16th century, Munich was a centre of the German [[Counter-Reformation|counter reformation]], and also of [[renaissance]] arts. Duke [[William V, Duke of Bavaria|Wilhelm V]] commissioned the Jesuit [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|Michaelskirche]], which became a centre for the counter-reformation, and also built the [[Hofbräuhaus]] for brewing brown beer in 1589. The [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] was founded in Munich in 1609.

In 1623, during the [[Thirty Years' War]], Munich became an electoral residence when [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria]] was invested with the [[prince-elector|electoral dignity]], but in 1632 the city was occupied by [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustav II Adolph of Sweden]]. When the [[bubonic plague]] broke out in 1634 and 1635, about one third of the population died. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of [[Baroque]] life, but also had to suffer under [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] occupations in 1704 and 1742.

In 1806 the city became the capital of the new [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], with the state's parliament (the ''[[Landtag]]'') and the new [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] being located in the city. Twenty years later, [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Landshut University]] was moved to Munich. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. Especially [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]] rendered outstanding services to Munich's status as a centre of the arts, attracting numerous artists and enhancing the city's architectural substance with grand boulevards and buildings. On the other hand, [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]], known the world over as the fairytale king, was mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside. Nevertheless, his patronage of [[Richard Wagner]] secured his posthumous reputation, as do his castles, which still generate significant tourist income for Bavaria. Later, Prince Regent [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Luitpold]]'s years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich, enhancing its status as a cultural force of global importance (see [[Franz Stuck|Franz von Stuck]] and [[Der Blaue Reiter]]).

===World War I to World War II===
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486,_Hitler-Putsch,_München,_Marienplatz.jpg|thumb|Unrest during the [[Beer Hall Putsch]]]]

Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.

After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, [[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Ludwig III]] and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican [[List of Ministers-President of Bavaria|premier of Bavaria]] [[Kurt Eisner]] in February 1919 by [[Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley]], the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was proclaimed. When Communists took power, [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was ended on 3 May 1919 by the [[Freikorps]]. While the republican government had been restored, Munich became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazism|National Socialists]] soon rose to prominence.

[[File:wardamage2.jpg|thumb|Bombing damage to the Altstadt. Note the roofless and pockmarked Altes Rathaus looking up the Tal. The roofless [[Heiliggeistkirche (Munich)|Heilig-Geist-Kirche]] is on the right of the photo. Its spire, without the copper top, is behind the church. The [[Talburgtor|Talbruck gate tower]] is missing completely.]]

In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], an attempt to overthrow the [[Weimar Republic]] and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP). The city again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], {{convert|16|km|abbr=off}} north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' (&quot;Capital of the Movement&quot;). The NSDAP headquarters were in Munich and many ''Führerbauten'' (&quot;''Führer'' buildings&quot;) were built around the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]], some of which still survive.

The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of [[Munich Agreement|appeasement]] by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hope of satisfying the desires of Hitler's [[Third Reich]].

Munich was the base of the [[White Rose]], a student [[resistance movement]] from June 1942 to February 1943. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Munich University]] by Hans and Sophie Scholl.

The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during World War II, with 71 air raids over five years.

===Postwar===
After US occupation in 1945, Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the German economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname ''Heimliche Hauptstadt'' (&quot;secret capital&quot;) in the decades after World War II.{{cn|date=February 2020}}

Munich was the site of the [[1972 Summer Olympics]], during which 11 [[Israel|Israeli]] athletes were murdered by [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] terrorists in the [[Munich massacre]], when gunmen from the Palestinian &quot;[[Black September (group)|Black September]]&quot; group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.{{cn|date=February 2020}} Mass murders also occurred in Munich [[Oktoberfest bombing|in 1980]] [[2016 Munich shooting|and 2016]].

Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life. Mercer HR Consulting consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide – a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings] Mercer Human Resource Consulting {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311043219/http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings|date=11 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007 the same company also ranked Munich as the 39th most expensive in the world and most expensive major city in Germany.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving 2007 Cost of Living Report Munich] Mercer Human Resource Consulting {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410072417/http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving |date=10 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Environmental pollution is low, although {{As of|2006|lc=y}} the city council is concerned about levels of [[particulate matter]] (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. Since the enactment of [[particulate#EU legislation|EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate]] in the air, environmental groups such as [[Greenpeace]] have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the State government to take a harder stance on pollution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace-muenchen.de/index.php/archiv/aktuelle-themen/358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html |title=Gesunde Luft für Gesunde Bürger – Stoppt Dieselruß! – Greenpeace misst Feinstaub und Dieselruß in München |publisher=Greenpeace-Munich branch |date=28 June 2005 |accessdate=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724163530/http://www.greenpeace-muenchen.de/index.php/archiv/aktuelle-themen/358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html |archivedate=24 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, the crime rate is low compared with other large German cities, such as [[Hamburg]] or [[Berlin]]. For its high quality of life and safety, the city has been nicknamed &quot;Toytown&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.toytowngermany.com|title=Toytown Germany – English language news and chat|work=toytowngermany.com|access-date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614204915/http://www.toytowngermany.com/|archive-date=14 June 2006|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; among the English-speaking residents. German inhabitants call it &quot;Millionendorf&quot;, an expression which means &quot;village of a million people&quot;. Due to the high standard of living in and the thriving economy of the city and the region, there was an influx of people and Munich's population surpassed 1.5 million by June 2015, an increase of more than 20% in 10 years.{{cn|date=February 2020}}

==Geography==&lt;!-- This section has many images --&gt;

===Topography===
[[File:Vista panorámica desde Olympiapark, Múnich, Alemania 2012-04-28, DD 03.JPG|thumb|[[Alps]] behind the skyline of Munich]]
Munich lies on the elevated plains of [[Upper Bavaria]], about {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} north of the northern edge of the [[Alps]], at an altitude of about {{convert|520|m|0|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|ASL]]. The local rivers are the [[Isar]] and the [[Würm]].
Munich is situated in the Northern [[Foothills|Alpine Foreland]]. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile [[flint]] area which is no longer affected by the [[fold (geology)|folding]] processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with [[moraine|morainic]] hills. Between these are fields of [[fluvio-glacial]] out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the [[Groundwater|ground water]] can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to [[marsh]]es as in the north of Munich.

===Climate===
By [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]] templates and updated data the climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] (''Cfb''), independent of the isotherm but with some [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] (''Dfb'') features like warm to hot summers and cold winters, but without permanent snow cover.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&amp;cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&amp;units=metric|title=Munich, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2019-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020130/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&amp;cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&amp;units=metric|archive-date=7 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0RUfAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA50&amp;lpg=PA50&amp;dq=-3+%C2%B0c+snow+cover+continental+climate|title=The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography|last=Jordan-Bychkov|first=Terry G.|last2=Jordan|first2=Bella Bychkova|last3=Murphy|first3=Alexander B.|date=2008-08-28|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742579064|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The proximity to the [[Alps]] brings higher volumes of rainfall and consequently greater susceptibility to [[flood]] problems. Studies of adaptation to climate change and extreme events are carried out, one of them is the Isar Plan of the [[European Union|EU]] Adaptation Climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/covenant-of-mayors/city-profile/munich|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319071718/https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/covenant-of-mayors/city-profile/munich|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-03-19|title=Munich — Climate-ADAPT|date=2018-03-19|access-date=2019-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The city center lies between both climates, while the [[Munich Airport|airport of Munich]] has a [[humid continental climate]]. The warmest month, on average, is July. The coolest is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation in late spring and throughout the summer. The most precipitation occurs in July, on average. Winter tends to have less precipitation, the least in February.

The higher elevation and proximity to the Alps cause the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways too; for example, the warm downhill wind from the Alps ([[föhn wind]]), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours even in the winter.

Being at the centre of Europe, Munich is subject to many climatic influences, so that weather conditions there are more variable than in other European cities, especially those further west and south of the Alps.

At Munich's official [[weather station]]s, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are {{convert|37.5|C|F|0}}, on 27 July 1983 in Trudering-Riem, and {{convert|-31.6|C|F|1}}, on 12 February 1929 in Botanic Garden of the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Extremwertetafel2|title=Extremwertetafel (München-Riem)|website=SKlima.de|access-date=February 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sklima.de/datenbank/monat_extrem.php|title=Extremwertetafel (München-Botanischer Garten)|website=SKlima.de|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/Extremwertetafel|archive-date=February 12, 2019|url-status=|access-date=February 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- The archiving was done in addition to preserving the data facilitate access, since it only works by filling out the form of the site, without direct access to it.
The archived version was made in an upload version since this type of link would only return the form page and could be lost as often, see data from some Swiss stations. --&gt;
{{Weather box
|location = Munich (Dreimühlenviertel), elevation: 515 m and 535 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1954–present{{efn|Two meteorological stations are responsible for the climatological data so that they are interpolated.&lt;ref&gt;[ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_germany/climate/annual/kl/historical/jahreswerte_KL_03379_19550101_20171231_hist.zip Stationsgeschichte der Messgeräte]{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]. Retrieved 12 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 18.9
|Feb record high C = 21.4
|Mar record high C = 24.0
|Apr record high C = 32.2
|May record high C = 31.8
|Jun record high C = 35.2
|Jul record high C = 37.5
|Aug record high C = 37.0
|Sep record high C = 31.8
|Oct record high C = 28.2
|Nov record high C = 24.2
|Dec record high C = 21.7
|Jan high C = 3.5
|Feb high C = 5.0
|Mar high C = 9.5
|Apr high C = 14.2
|May high C = 19.1
|Jun high C = 21.9
|Jul high C = 24.4
|Aug high C = 23.9
|Sep high C = 19.4
|Oct high C = 14.3
|Nov high C = 7.7
|Dec high C = 4.2
|year high C = 13.9
|Jan mean C= 0.3
|Feb mean C= 1.4
|Mar mean C= 5.3
|Apr mean C= 9.4
|May mean C= 14.3
|Jun mean C= 17.2
|Jul mean C= 19.4
|Aug mean C= 18.9
|Sep mean C= 14.7
|Oct mean C= 10.1
|Nov mean C= 4.4
|Dec mean C= 1.3
|year mean C= 9.7
|Jan low C = -2.5
|Feb low C = -1.9
|Mar low C = 1.6
|Apr low C = 4.9
|May low C = 9.4
|Jun low C = 12.5
|Jul low C = 14.5
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 10.5
|Oct low C = 6.6
|Nov low C = 1.7
|Dec low C = -1.2
|year low C = 5.9
|Jan record low C = -22.2
|Feb record low C = -25.4
|Mar record low C = -16.0
|Apr record low C = -6.0
|May record low C = -2.3
|Jun record low C = 1.0
|Jul record low C = 6.5
|Aug record low C = 4.8
|Sep record low C = 0.6
|Oct record low C = -4.5
|Nov record low C = -11.0
|Dec record low C = -20.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 48
|Feb precipitation mm = 46
|Mar precipitation mm = 65
|Apr precipitation mm = 65
|May precipitation mm = 101
|Jun precipitation mm = 118
|Jul precipitation mm = 122
|Aug precipitation mm = 115
|Sep precipitation mm = 75
|Oct precipitation mm = 65
|Nov precipitation mm = 61
|Dec precipitation mm = 65
|year precipitation mm = 944
|Jan sun = 79
|Feb sun = 96
|Mar sun = 133
|Apr sun = 170
|May sun = 209
|Jun sun = 210
|Jul sun = 238
|Aug sun = 220
|Sep sun = 163
|Oct sun = 125
|Nov sun = 75
|Dec sun = 59
|source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063 |title=CDC (Climate Data Center) |publisher=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]] |accessdate=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114025310/http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2 = SKlima.de&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2 |title=Monatsauswertung |website=sklima.de |publisher=SKlima |language=de |accessdate=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607181253/http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}
|date = May 2016&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location= Munich ([[Munich Airport]]), elevation: 447 m, 1971–2000 normals
|collapsed = yes
|metric first= Y
|single line= Y
|Jan record high C=17.2
|Feb record high C=21.1
|Mar record high C=23.3
|Apr record high C=32.2
|May record high C=31.2
|Jun record high C=35.2
|Jul record high C=36.2
|Aug record high C=37.1
|Sep record high C=31.7
|Oct record high C=27.0
|Nov record high C=22.9
|Dec record high C=20.5
|Jan high C=  2.7
|Feb high C=  4.3
|Mar high C=  9.0
|Apr high C= 12.5
|May high C= 18.0
|Jun high C= 20.5
|Jul high C= 23.1
|Aug high C= 23.0
|Sep high C= 18.8
|Oct high C= 13.2
|Nov high C=  6.9
|Dec high C=  3.7

|Jan low C= −3.7
|Feb low C= −3.2
|Mar low C=  0.1
|Apr low C=  2.8
|May low C=  7.2
|Jun low C= 10.4
|Jul low C= 12.6
|Aug low C= 12.3
|Sep low C=  8.9
|Oct low C=  4.7
|Nov low C=  0.2
|Dec low C= −2.3

|Jan record low C= −30.5
|Feb record low C= −31.6
|Mar record low C= −15.5
|Apr record low C=  −6.1
|May record low C=  −2.7
|Jun record low C=  −2.7
|Jul record low C=   3.8
|Aug record low C=   3.8
|Sep record low C=   0.0
|Oct record low C=  −6.1
|Nov record low C= −14.4
|Dec record low C= −21.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm=  48
|Feb precipitation mm=  45
|Mar precipitation mm=  58
|Apr precipitation mm=  70
|May precipitation mm=  93
|Jun precipitation mm= 128
|Jul precipitation mm= 132
|Aug precipitation mm= 111
|Sep precipitation mm=  86
|Oct precipitation mm=  65
|Nov precipitation mm=  71
|Dec precipitation mm=  61
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days= 10.0
|Feb precipitation days=  8.6
|Mar precipitation days= 10.5
|Apr precipitation days= 10.9
|May precipitation days= 11.6
|Jun precipitation days= 13.8
|Jul precipitation days= 12.0
|Aug precipitation days= 11.4
|Sep precipitation days=  9.6
|Oct precipitation days=  9.1
|Nov precipitation days= 10.7
|Dec precipitation days= 11.2
|Jan humidity=80
|Feb humidity=74
|Mar humidity=62
|Apr humidity=57
|May humidity=55
|Jun humidity=58
|Jul humidity=55
|Aug humidity=55
|Sep humidity=61
|Oct humidity=71
|Nov humidity=80
|Dec humidity=81
|year humidity=
|Jan sun=  61
|Feb sun=  84
|Mar sun= 128
|Apr sun= 157
|May sun= 199
|Jun sun= 209
|Jul sun= 237
|Aug sun= 213
|Sep sun= 173
|Oct sun= 129
|Nov sun=  69
|Dec sun=  49
|source 1=[[World Meteorological Organisation|WMO]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00058.htm |website=World Weather Information Service |title=Munich |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation|WMO]] |date=June 2011 |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211172557/http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00058.htm |archive-date=11 February 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2=Climatedata.eu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.climatedata.eu/climate.php?loc=gmxx0087&amp;lang=en |website=climatedata.eu |title=Climate Munich – Germany |publisher=Climate Data |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323004547/http://www.climatedata.eu/climate.php?loc=gmxx0087&amp;lang=en |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/d/DL10870.php |website=Climate-Charts.com |title=Muenchen-Flughafen, Germany |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615184849/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/d/DL10870.php |archive-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Weather box
| width        = auto &lt;!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it --&gt;
| collapsed    = y &lt;!-- y, if you have normal updates --&gt;
| open         = 
| metric first = y &lt;!-- always, except UK or US cities --&gt;
| single line  = y
| location     = Munich ([[Munich Airport]]), elevation: 447 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
&lt;!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation --&gt;
| Jan mean C  =-2.2
| Feb mean C  =-0.4
| Mar mean C  =3.4
| Apr mean C  =7.6
| May mean C  =12.2
| Jun mean C  =15.4
| Jul mean C  =17.3
| Aug mean C  =16.6
| Sep mean C  =13.4
| Oct mean C  =8.2
| Nov mean C  =2.8
| Dec mean C  =-0.9
| Jan high C  =1.1
| Feb high C  =3.5
| Mar high C  =8.4
| Apr high C  =13.3
| May high C  =18.0
| Jun high C  =21.4
| Jul high C  =23.3
| Aug high C  =22.9
| Sep high C  =19.4
| Oct high C  =13.6
| Nov high C  =6.5
| Dec high C  =2.3
| Jan record high C =14.0
| Feb record high C =20.1
| Mar record high C =23.7
| Apr record high C =27.4
| May record high C =30.0
| Jun record high C =33.6
| Jul record high C =36.7
| Aug record high C =33.9
| Sep record high C =31.0
| Oct record high C =26.2
| Nov record high C =20.0
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan low C  =-5.0
| Feb low C  =-3.7
| Mar low C  =0.4
| Apr low C  =2.9
| May low C  =7.1
| Jun low C  =10.4
| Jul low C  =12.0
| Aug low C  =11.7
| Sep low C  =8.8
| Oct low C  =4.5
| Nov low C  =0.2
| Dec low C  =-3.5
| Jan record low C  =-28.0
| Feb record low C  =-29.0
| Mar record low C  =-21.8
| Apr record low C  =-5.6
| May record low C  =-3.2
| Jun record low C  =1.0
| Jul record low C  =4.0
| Aug record low C  =2.6
| Sep record low C  =-2.6
| Oct record low C  =-7.0
| Nov record low C  =-15.1
| Dec record low C  =-27.0
| precipitation colour  = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =45
| Feb precipitation mm  =42
| Mar precipitation mm  =47
| Apr precipitation mm  =88
| May precipitation mm  =109
| Jun precipitation mm  =100
| Jul precipitation mm  =98
| Aug precipitation mm  =68
| Sep precipitation mm  =49
| Oct precipitation mm  =55
| Nov precipitation mm  =55
| Dec precipitation mm  =49
| Jan sun  =47.8
| Feb sun  =77.0
| Mar sun  =128.2
| Apr sun  =160.7
| May sun  =203.2
| Jun sun  =209.3
| Jul sun  =232.4
| Aug sun  =210.4
| Sep sun  =166.9
| Oct sun  =119.9
| Nov sun  =60.1
| Dec sun  =44.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =10
| Feb precipitation days  =9
| Mar precipitation days  =9
| Apr precipitation days  =10
| May precipitation days  =11
| Jun precipitation days  =12
| Jul precipitation days  =11
| Aug precipitation days  =11
| Sep precipitation days  =9
| Oct precipitation days  =7
| Nov precipitation days  =10
| Dec precipitation days  =10
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]&lt;ref name = noaa&gt;{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10870.TXT
| title = Munich (10870) - WMO Weather Station
| accessdate = February 7, 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}} [https://archive.org/details/@kauan_kubaski Archived] February 4, 2019, at the [[Wayback Machine]]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==== Climate change ====
In Munich the general trend of [[global warming]] with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about 1°C in Germany over the last 120 years can be observed as well. In November 2016 the city council concluded officially that a further rise in medium temperature, a higher number of heat extremes, a rise in the number of hot days and nights with temperatures higher than 20°C ([[Tropical night|tropical nights]]), a change in [[Precipitation|precipitation patterns]] as well as a rise in the number of local instances of heavy [[rain]] is to be expected as part of  the ongoing climate change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Anpassung an den Klimawandel|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Stadtklima/Anpassung_an_Klimawandel.html|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Landeshauptstadt München Redaktion|date=|year=|language=de|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city administration decided to support a joint study from its own Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt (department for health and environmental issues) and the [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|German Meteorological Service]] that will gather data on local weather. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. With the help of those programs issues regarding [[spatial planning]] and settlement density, the development of buildings and green spaces as well as plans for functioning ventilation in a cityscape can be monitored and managed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Stadtklima und Klimawandel|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Stadtklima/DWD.html|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Landeshauptstadt München Redaktion|date=|year=|language=de|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Demographics==
{{Main|Population growth of Munich}}

{{historical populations
|1500|13447
|1600|21943
|1750|32000
|1880|230023
|1890|349024
|1900|499932
|1910|596467
|1920|666000
|1930|728900
|1940|834500
|1950|823892
|1960|1055457
|1970|1311978
|1980|1298941
|1990|1229026
|2000|1210223
|2005|1259584
|2010|1353186
|2011|1364920
|2012|1388308
|2013|1402455
|2015|1450381
| align = right
}}

From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the city population doubled about every 30 years. It was 100,000 in 1852, 250,000 in 1883 and 500,000 in 1901. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted, and in 1957 over 1 million.

===Immigration===
{{Expand section|date=June 2017}}
In July 2017, Munich had 1.42&amp;nbsp;million inhabitants; 421,832 foreign nationals resided in the city as of 31 December 2017 with 50.7% of these residents being citizens of EU member states, and 25.2% citizens in European states not in the EU (including Russia and Turkey).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Die ausländische Bevölkerung nach der Staatsangehörigkeit 2017 |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214002/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The largest groups of foreign nationals were [[Turkish people|Turks]] (39,204), [[Croats]] (33,177), [[Italian people|Italians]] (27,340), [[Greeks]] (27,117), [[Poles]] (27,945), [[Austrians]] (21,944), and [[Romanians]] (18,085).

The largest foreign resident groups by 31 December 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Die ausländische Bevölkerung nach der Staatsangehörigkeit 2017 |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214002/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{|
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}||38,137
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}||37,876
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}||27,821
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}||26,560
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}||21,046
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||19,692
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}||19,101
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}||17,980
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}||14,115
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||12,575
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}||12,237
|-
|{{flag|Kosovo}}||11,428
|-
|{{flag|France}}||10,239
|-
|{{flag|India}}||9,071
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}||8,899
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}||8,860
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}||8,586
|-
|{{flag|China}}||8,400
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}||7,246
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}||6,964
|-
|{{flag|USA}}||6,647
|-
|{{flag|UK}}||4,993
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}||4,382
|}

===Religion===
About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were [[Catholic]], 11.4% [[Protestantism|Protestant]], 0.3% [[Jewish]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:0f95bf6f-3c4d-46e6-bad2-b435c8ccf7be/jt180120.pdf |title=Landeshauptstadt München: Bevölkerungsbestand - Aktuelle Jahreszahlen: Die Bevölkerung in den Stadtbezirken nach ausgewählten Konfessionen am 31.12.2017 |publisher=muenchen.de |accessdate=2018-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101812/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:0f95bf6f-3c4d-46e6-bad2-b435c8ccf7be/jt180120.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and 3.6% were members of an Orthodox Church ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] or [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:091620000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table |title=Bevölkerung im regionalen Vergleich nach Religion (ausführlich) in % |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |date=2014 |accessdate=2018-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621101339/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:091620000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table |archive-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1% adhere to other Christian denominations. There is also a small Old Catholic parish and an English-speaking parish of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in the city. According to Munich Statistical Office, in 2013 about 8.6% of Munich's population was [[Islam|Muslim]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016 |title=Extremisten sind eine kleine Minderheit |publisher=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |date=2014 |accessdate=2019-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828094728/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Governance==
[[File:Bayerische Staatskanzlei Munich 2014 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bayerische Staatskanzlei|Bavarian State Chancellery]]]]

Munich's current mayor is [[Dieter Reiter]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Munich has been governed by the SPD for all but six years since 1948.  This is atypical because Bavaria – and particularly southern Bavaria – has long been identified with conservative politics, with the [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|Christian Social Union]] gaining [[absolute majority|absolute majorities]] among the Bavarian electorate in many elections at the communal, state, and federal levels, and leading the Bavarian state government for all but three years since 1946. Bavaria's second most populous city, [[Nuremberg]], is also one of the very few Bavarian cities governed by an SPD-led coalition.

[[File:Münchens Partnerstädte.jpg|thumb|Plaque in the [[New Town Hall, Munich|Neues Rathaus]] (New City Hall) showing Munich's twin towns and sister cities]]

As the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the [[Landtag of Bavaria|Bavarian State Parliament]], the [[Bayerische Staatskanzlei|Staatskanzlei]] (the State Chancellery) and of all state departments.

Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the [[Federal Finance Court of Germany]] and the [[European Patent Office]].

Munich is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with the following cities (date of agreement shown in parentheses):&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte |url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |publisher=Landeshauptstadt München |type=official website |website=Muenchen.de |language=German |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008070302/http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Edinburgh]], Scotland  &lt;small&gt; ''(1954)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=21 December 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archivedate=28 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh twinning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |title=Twin and Partner Cities |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |accessdate=16 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, [[Verona]], Italy &lt;small&gt;''(1960)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Verona&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=''Verona – Gemellaggi''|url=http://www.comune.verona.it/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=5485|accessdate=3 April 2013|publisher=Council of Verona, Italy|language=Italian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523164118/http://www.comune.verona.it/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=5485|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, [[Bordeaux]], France &lt;small&gt;''(1964)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Bordeaux twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|title=Bordeaux – Rayonnement européen et mondial|accessdate=29 July 2013|work=Mairie de Bordeaux|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|archivedate =7 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bordeaux twinnings 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&amp;x=36&amp;y=14|title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures |accessdate=29 July 2013|work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères)|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&amp;x=36&amp;y=14|archivedate=7 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, [[Sapporo]], Japan &lt;small&gt;''(1972)''&lt;/small&gt;, [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, United States &lt;small&gt;''(1989)''&lt;/small&gt;, [[Kiev]], Ukraine &lt;small&gt;''(1989)''&lt;/small&gt; and [[Harare]], Zimbabwe &lt;small&gt;''(1996)''&lt;/small&gt;.

===Subdivisions===
{{Main|Boroughs of Munich}}
[[File:Stadtbezirke Lage in München.png|thumb|right|Munich's Boroughs]]

Since the administrative reform in 1992, Munich is divided into 25 [[borough]]s or ''Stadtbezirke'', which themselves consist of smaller quarters.

[[Allach-Untermenzing]] (23), [[Altstadt-Lehel]] (1), [[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]]  (22), [[Au-Haidhausen]]  (5), [[Berg am Laim]] (14), [[Bogenhausen]]  (13), [[Feldmoching-Hasenbergl]]  (24), [[Hadern]]  (20), [[Laim]] (25), [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] (2), [[Maxvorstadt]] (3), [[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]] (11), [[Moosach (District of Munich)|Moosach]] (10), [[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]]  (9), [[Obergiesing]]  (17), [[Pasing-Obermenzing]] (21), [[Ramersdorf-Perlach]] (16), [[Schwabing-Freimann]] (12), [[Schwabing-West]] (4), [[Schwanthalerhöhe]] (8), [[Sendling]] (6), [[Sendling-Westpark]]  (7), [[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]] (19), [[Trudering-Riem]] (15) and [[Untergiesing-Harlaching]]  (18).

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Munich}}
[[File:Rathaus and Marienplatz from Peterskirche - August 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[New Town Hall (Munich)|New Town Hall]] and [[Marienplatz]]]]

[[File:Frauenkirche Munich - View from Peterskirche Tower2.jpg|thumb|[[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]]]]

[[File:München, Viktualienmarkt met das Alte Rathaus D-1-62-000-4289 positie2 2012-08-05 15.29.jpg|Viktualienmarkt with the Altes Rathaus|thumb]]
The city has an eclectic mix of historic and modern architecture, because historic buildings destroyed in World War II were reconstructed, and new landmarks were built. A survey by the Society's Centre for Sustainable Destinations for the [[National Geographic Traveller]] chose over 100 historic destinations around the world and ranked Munich 30th.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/historic-destinations-rated/list-text |title=Best 110 historic places worldwide |publisher=Traveler.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=14 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027093556/http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/historic-destinations-rated/list-text |archive-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Inner city===
[[File:Gierymski Aleksander-Ulica nocą.jpg|thumb|Wittelsbach Square at night, 1890, by Gierymski Aleksander]]''
At the centre of the city is the [[Marienplatz]] – a large open square named after the Mariensäule, a [[Marian and Holy Trinity columns|Marian column]] in its centre – with the [[Old Town Hall, Munich|Old]] and the [[New Town Hall, Munich|New Town Hall]]. Its tower contains the [[Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification survive – the [[Isartor]] in the east, the [[Sendlinger Tor]] in the south and the [[Karlstor]] in the west of the inner city. The Karlstor leads up to the [[Karlsplatz (Stachus)|Stachus]], a square dominated by the [[Justizpalast (Munich)|Justizpalast]] (Palace of Justice) and a fountain.

The [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|Peterskirche]] close to Marienplatz is the oldest church of the inner city. It was first built during the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] period, and was the focus of the early monastic settlement in Munich before the city's official foundation in 1158. Nearby St. Peter the Gothic hall-church [[Heiliggeistkirche (Munich)|Heiliggeistkirche]] (The Church of the Holy Spirit) was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the [[Viktualienmarkt]].

The [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] serves as the cathedral for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising]]. The nearby [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|Michaelskirche]] is the largest [[renaissance]] church north of the Alps, while the [[Theatine Church, Munich|Theatinerkirche]] is a [[basilica]] in Italianate high baroque, which had a major influence on Southern German [[baroque]] architecture. Its dome dominates the [[Odeonsplatz]]. Other baroque churches in the inner city include the [[Bürgersaalkirche (Munich)|Bürgersaalkirche]], the [[Trinity Church (Munich)|Trinity Church]] and the [[St. Anna Damenstiftskirche (Munich)|St. Anna Damenstiftskirche]]. The [[Asamkirche, Munich|Asamkirche]] was endowed and built by the Brothers [[Cosmas Damian Asam|Asam]], pioneering artists of the rococo period.

The large [[Munich Residenz|Residenz]] palace complex (begun in 1385) on the edge of Munich's Old Town, Germany's largest urban palace, ranks among Europe's most significant museums of interior decoration. Having undergone several extensions, it contains also the treasury and the splendid rococo [[Cuvilliés Theatre]]. Next door to the Residenz the neo-classical opera, the [[National Theatre Munich|National Theatre]] was erected. Among the baroque and neoclassical mansions which still exist in Munich are the [[Palais Porcia]], the [[Palais Preysing]], the [[Palais Holnstein]] and the [[Prinz-Carl-Palais]]. All mansions are situated close to the Residenz, same as the [[Alter Hof|Alte Hof]], a medieval castle and first residence of the Wittelsbach dukes in Munich.

Lehel, a middle-class quarter east of the Altstadt, is characterised by numerous well-preserved townhouses. The [[Parish Church of St. Anna (Lehel, Munich)|St. Anna im Lehel]] is the first [[rococo]] church in Bavaria. [[St. Luke's Church, Munich|St. Lukas]] is the largest Protestant Church in Munich.

===Royal avenues and squares===
[[File:LudwigstraßeMUC.jpg|thumb|[[Ludwigstraße (Munich)|Ludwigstraße]] from above, [[Highlight Towers]] in the background]]

Four grand royal avenues of the 19th century with official buildings connect Munich's inner city with its then-suburbs:

The neoclassical [[Brienner Straße (Munich)|Brienner Straße]], starting at [[Odeonsplatz]] on the northern fringe of the Old Town close to the Residenz, runs from east to west and opens into the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]], designed with the &quot;[[Doric order|Doric]]&quot; [[Propylaea (Munich)|Propyläen]], the &quot;[[Ionic order|Ionic]]&quot; [[Glyptothek]] and the &quot;[[Corinthian order|Corinthian]]&quot; [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|State Museum of Classical Art]], behind it [[St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich|St. Boniface's Abbey]] was erected. The area around Königsplatz is home to the [[Kunstareal]], Munich's gallery and museum quarter (as described [[Munich#Museums|below]]).

[[Ludwigstraße (Munich)|Ludwigstraße]] also begins at [[Odeonsplatz]] and runs from south to north, skirting the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität]], the [[Ludwigskirche (Munich)|St. Louis church]], the [[Bavarian State Library]] and numerous state ministries and palaces. The southern part of the avenue was constructed in Italian renaissance style, while the north is strongly influenced by Italian Romanesque architecture. The
[[Siegestor]] (gate of victory) sits at the northern end of Ludwigstraße, where the latter passes over into Leopoldstraße and the district of [[Schwabing]] begins.
[[File:Königsplatz - Propyläen und Glyptothek.jpg|thumb|[[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]]]]

The neo-Gothic [[Maximilianstraße (Munich)|Maximilianstraße]] starts at [[Max-Joseph-Platz]], where the Residenz and the National Theatre are situated, and runs from west to east. The avenue is framed by elaborately structured neo-Gothic buildings which house, among others, the [[Munich Kammerspiele|Schauspielhaus]], the Building of the district government of Upper Bavaria and the [[State Museum of Ethnology|Museum of Ethnology]]. After crossing the river Isar, the avenue circles the [[Maximilianeum]], which houses the [[Landtag of Bavaria|state parliament]]. The western portion of Maximilianstraße is known for its designer shops, luxury boutiques, jewellery stores, and one of Munich's foremost five-star hotels, the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten.

[[Prinzregentenstraße (Munich)|Prinzregentenstraße]] runs parallel to Maximilianstraße and begins at [[Prinz-Carl-Palais]]. Many museums are on the avenue, such as the [[Haus der Kunst]], the [[Bavarian National Museum]] and the [[Schackgalerie]]. The avenue crosses the Isar and circles the [[Angel of Peace|Friedensengel]] monument, then passing the [[Villa Stuck]] and Hitler's old apartment. The [[Prinzregententheater]] is at Prinzregentenplatz further to the east.

===Other boroughs===
[[File:Leopoldstraße_153_(München-Schwabing).JPG|thumb|Building in Schwabing]]
In [[Schwabing]] and [[Maxvorstadt]], many beautiful streets with continuous rows of [[Gründerzeit]] buildings can be found. Rows of elegant town houses and spectacular urban palais in many colours, often elaborately decorated with ornamental details on their façades, make up large parts of the areas west of [[Leopoldstraße]] (Schwabing's main shopping street), while in the eastern areas between Leopoldstraße and [[Englischer Garten]] similar buildings alternate with almost rural-looking houses and whimsical mini-castles, often decorated with small towers. Numerous tiny alleys and shady lanes connect the larger streets and little plazas of the area, conveying the legendary artist's quarter's flair and atmosphere convincingly like it was at the turn of the 20th century. The wealthy district of [[Bogenhausen]] in the east of Munich is another little-known area (at least among tourists) rich in extravagant architecture, especially around Prinzregentenstraße. One of Bogenhausen's most beautiful buildings is [[Villa Stuck]], famed residence of painter [[Franz von Stuck]].
[[File:Image-Schloss Nymphenburg Munich CC edit3.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|[[Nymphenburg Palace]]]]
Two large baroque palaces in [[Nymphenburg]] and [[Oberschleissheim]] are reminders of Bavaria's royal past. Schloss Nymphenburg ([[Nymphenburg Palace]]), some {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} north west of the city centre, is surrounded by an park and is considered{{by whom|date=December 2019}} to be one of Europe's most beautiful royal residences. {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=on}} northwest of Nymphenburg Palace is Schloss Blutenburg ([[Blutenburg Castle]]), an old ducal country seat with a late-Gothic palace church. Schloss Fürstenried ([[Fürstenried Palace]]), a baroque palace of similar structure to Nymphenburg but of much smaller size, was erected around the same time in the south west of Munich.

[[File:Schloss oberschleissheim-wikipedia.jpg|thumb|325x325px|[[Schleissheim Palace]]]]

The second large baroque residence is Schloss Schleissheim ([[Schleissheim Palace]]), located in the suburb of [[Oberschleißheim|Oberschleissheim]], a palace complex encompassing three separate residences: Altes Schloss Schleissheim (the old palace), Neues Schloss Schleissheim (the new palace) and Schloss Lustheim (Lustheim Palace). Most parts of the palace complex serve as museums and art galleries. [[Deutsches Museum]]'s Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. The [[Bavaria statue]] before the neo-classical [[Ruhmeshalle (Munich)|Ruhmeshalle]] is a monumental, bronze sand-cast 19th-century statue at [[Theresienwiese]]. The [[Grünwald castle]] is the only medieval castle in the Munich area which still exists.
[[File:BMW Vierzylinder Tower Munich 2014 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[BMW Headquarters]]]]

[[St Michael in Berg am Laim (Munich)|St Michael in Berg am Laim]] is a church in the suburbs. Another church of [[Johann Michael Fischer]] is St George in Bogenhausen. Most of the boroughs have parish churches which originate from the Middle Ages, such as the church of pilgrimage [[St. Mary's Church, Ramersdorf|St Mary in Ramersdorf]]. The oldest church within the city borders is [[Holy Cross Church, Munich|Heilig Kreuz]] in Fröttmaning next to the Allianz-Arena, known for its Romanesque fresco.

Especially in its suburbs, Munich features a wide and diverse array of modern architecture, although strict culturally sensitive height limitations for buildings have limited the construction of skyscrapers to avoid a loss of views to the distant Bavarian Alps. Most high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the [[Hypo-Haus]], the [[Arabella High-Rise Building]], the [[Highlight Towers]], [[Uptown Munich]], Münchner Tor and the [[BMW Headquarters]] next to the [[Olympiapark (Munich)|Olympic Park]]. Several other high-rise buildings are located near the city centre and on the [[Siemens]] campus in southern Munich. A landmark of modern Munich is also the architecture of the sport stadiums (as described [[Munich#Sports|below]]).

In Fasangarten is the former [[McGraw Kaserne]], a former US army base, near [[Stadelheim Prison]].
{{clear}}

===Parks===
[[File:München Hofgartentempel.jpg|thumb|Hofgarten with the dome of the state chancellery near the [[Munich Residenz|Residenz]]]]
Munich is a densely-built city but has numerous public parks. The [[Englischer Garten]], close to the city centre and covering an area of {{convert|3.7|km²|1|abbr=on}}, is larger than Central Park in New York City, and is one of the world's largest urban public parks. It contains a [[Naturism|naturist]] (nudist) area, numerous bicycle and jogging tracks as well as bridle-paths. It was designed and laid out by [[Benjamin Thompson]], Count Rumford, both for pleasure and as a work area for the city's vagrants and homeless. Nowadays it is entirely a park, its southern half being dominated by wide open areas, hills, monuments and beach-like stretches (along the streams Eisbach and Schwabinger Bach). In contrast, its less-frequented northern part is much quieter, with many old trees and thick undergrowth. Multiple [[beer garden]]s can be found in both parts of the Englischer Garten, the most well known being located at the [[Englischer Garten#Chinese Tower|Chinese Pagoda]].

Other large green spaces are the modern [[Olympiapark, Munich|Olympiapark]], the [[Westpark (Munich)|Westpark]], and the parks of [[Nymphenburg Palace]] (with the [[Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg]] to the north), and [[Schleissheim Palace]]. The city's oldest park is the [[Hofgarten (Munich)|Hofgarten]], near the Residenz, dating back to the 16th century. The site of the largest beer garden in town, the former royal Hirschgarten was founded in 1780 for deer, which still live there.

The city's [[zoo]] is the [[Tierpark Hellabrunn]] near the Flaucher Island in the Isar in the south of the city. Another notable park is [[Ostpark (Munich)|Ostpark]] located in the [[Ramersdorf-Perlach]] borough which also houses the Michaelibad, the largest water park in Munich.

==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Munich|}}
[[File:Allianz Arena zu verschiedenen Zeiten.jpg|thumb|[[Allianz Arena]], the home stadium of [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]]]
[[File:München - Olympische Bauten.jpg|thumb|Olympiasee in Olympiapark, Munich]]

===Football===
{{Main|Football in Munich}}
Munich is home to several professional [[Association football|football]] teams including [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], Germany's most successful club and a multiple [[UEFA Champions League]] winner. Other notable clubs include [[TSV 1860 Munich|1860 Munich]], who were long time their rivals on a somewhat equal footing, but currently play in the 3rd Division [[3. Liga]] along with another former Bundesliga club [[SpVgg Unterhaching]].

===Basketball===
[[FC Bayern Munich (basketball)|FC Bayern Munich Basketball]] is currently playing in the Beko Basket Bundesliga. The city hosted the final stages of the FIBA [[EuroBasket 1993]], where the [[German national basketball team]] won the gold medal.

===Ice hockey===
The city's ice hockey club is [[EHC Red Bull München]] who play in the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga]]. The team has won three DEL Championships, in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

===Olympics===

Munich hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]; the [[Munich massacre|Munich Massacre]] took place in the [[Olympic Village, Munich|Olympic village]]. It was one of the host cities for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 Football World Cup]], which was not held in Munich's [[Olympic Stadium (Munich)|Olympic Stadium]], but in a new [[Soccer-specific stadium|football specific stadium]], the [[Allianz Arena]]. Munich bid to host the [[2018 Winter Olympic Games]], but lost to [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Olympia 2018 in Südkorea, München chancenlos|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article13471894/Olympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html|accessdate=6 July 2011|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|date=6 July 2011|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709030938/http://www.welt.de/sport/article13471894/Olympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2011 the [[DOSB]] President [[Thomas Bach]] confirmed that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/future-winter-bids/munich-to-bid-once-again/|title=Munich To Bid Once Again|date=27 September 2011|publisher=Games Bids|accessdate=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083258/http://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/future-winter-bids/munich-to-bid-once-again/|archive-date=8 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Road Running===
[[File:Muenchenmarathon_2013_Marienplatz_003.JPG|thumb|[[Munich Marathon]]]]
Regular annual road running events in Munich are the [[Munich Marathon]] in October, the Stadtlauf end of June, the company run B2Run in July, the New Year's Run on 31 December, the [[Spartan Race]] Sprint, the Olympia Alm Crosslauf and the Bestzeitenmarathon.

===Swimming===

Public sporting facilities in Munich include ten indoor swimming pools&lt;ref name=&quot;publicindoorpools&quot; &gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/indoorpools.html|title=Public Indoor Swimming Pools in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917180333/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/indoorpools.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and eight outdoor swimming pools,&lt;ref name=&quot;publicoutdoorpools&quot; &gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/pools.html|title=Public Outdoor Swimming Pools in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183549/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/pools.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which are operated by the [[Stadtwerke München|Munich City Utilities (SWM)]] communal company.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Munich: Swimming pools |url=https://www.swm.de/english/m-baeder/ |accessdate=5 September 2016 |publisher=Munich City Utilities Company (SWM) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918054644/https://www.swm.de/english/m-baeder/ |archive-date=18 September 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Popular indoor swimming pools include the [[Olympia Schwimmhalle]] of the [[1972 Summer Olympics]], the wave pool Cosimawellenbad, as well as the Müllersches Volksbad which was built in 1901. Further, swimming within Munich's city limits is also possible in several artificial lakes such as for example the [[Riemer See]] or the [[Langwieder lake district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lakesinmunich&quot; &gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht.html|title=Lakes in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183546/http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Eisbach die Welle Surfer.JPG|thumb|Surfer on the [[Eisbach (Isar)|Eisbach]] river wave]]

===River surfing===
Munich has a reputation as a surfing hotspot, offering the world's best known [[river surfing]] spot, the [[Eisbach (Isar)|Eisbach]] wave, which is located at the southern edge of the [[Englischer Garten]] park and used by surfers day and night and throughout the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=River Surfing Spots: Eisbach|url=http://riverbreak.com/spots/eisbach-river-surfing-munich/|accessdate=7 August 2016|publisher=Riverbreak: The International River Surf Magazine|author=Riverbreak Editorial Team|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806121404/http://riverbreak.com/spots/eisbach-river-surfing-munich/|archive-date=6 August 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Half a kilometre down the river, there is a second, easier wave for beginners, the so-called Kleine Eisbachwelle. Two further surf spots within the city are located along the river [[Isar]], the wave in the Floßlände channel and a wave downstream of the Wittelsbacherbrücke bridge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=River surfing in Munich|url=http://www.toytowngermany.com/forum/topic/73618-river-surfing-in-munich/|accessdate=7 August 2016|publisher=The Local Europe GmbH|author=Toytown Germany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804165526/http://www.toytowngermany.com/forum/topic/73618-river-surfing-in-munich/|archive-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Culture==

===Language===
{{Main|Bavarian language}}
The [[Bavarian dialects]] are spoken in and around Munich, with its variety West Middle Bavarian or Old Bavarian (''Westmittelbairisch'' / ''Altbairisch''). Austro-Bavarian has no official status by the Bavarian authorities or local government, yet is recognised by the [[SIL International|SIL]] and has its own ISO-639 code.

===Museums===
[[File:Deutsches Museum in the Evening.JPG|thumb|right|[[Deutsches Museum]]]]
[[File:Glyptothek in München in 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Glyptothek]]]]
[[File:Bayerisches Nationalmuseum - Muenchen - 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bavarian National Museum]]]]
The [[Deutsches Museum]] or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is the largest and one of the oldest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings that are under a protection order were converted to house the Verkehrsmuseum, which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of [[Paläontologisches Museum München|palaeontology]], geology, [[mineralogy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Mineralogische.Staatssammlung/ |title=Museum Reich der Kristalle München |publisher=Lrz-muenchen.de |accessdate=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415161904/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Mineralogische.Staatssammlung/ |archivedate=15 April 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München|zoology]], botany and anthropology.

The city has several important [[art museum|art galleries]], most of which can be found in the [[Kunstareal]], including the [[Alte Pinakothek]], the [[Neue Pinakothek]], the [[Pinakothek der Moderne]] and the [[Museum Brandhorst]]. The Alte Pinakothek contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The collection reflects the eclectic tastes of the Wittelsbachs over four centuries, and is sorted by schools over two floors. Major displays include [[Albrecht Dürer]]'s Christ-like [[Self-Portrait (Dürer, Munich)|''Self-Portrait'' (1500)]], his ''[[The Four Apostles|Four Apostles]]'', [[Raphael]]'s paintings'' [[Canigiani Holy Family (Raphael)|The Canigiani Holy Family]]'' and'' [[Tempi Madonna (Raphael)|Madonna Tempi]]'' as well as [[Peter Paul Rubens]] large ''Judgment Day''. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. The [[Lenbachhaus]] houses works by the group of Munich-based modernist artists known as [[Der Blaue Reiter]] (The Blue Rider). 
[[File:BMW Welt, Múnich, Alemania16.jpg|thumbnail| [[BMW Welt]] ]]
An important collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the [[Glyptothek]] and the [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|Staatliche Antikensammlung]] (State Antiquities Collection). King Ludwig I managed to acquire such pieces as the [[Medusa Rondanini]], the [[Barberini Faun]] and figures from the [[Temple of Aphaea]] on [[Aegina]] for the Glyptothek. Another important museum in the [[Kunstareal]] is the [[Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst|Egyptian Museum]].

The gothic [[Morris dance]]rs of [[Erasmus Grasser]] are exhibited in the [[Munich Stadtmuseum|Munich City Museum]] in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.

Another area for the arts next to the Kunstareal is the [[Altstadt-Lehel|Lehel]] quarter between the old town and the river Isar: the [[Museum Five Continents]] in Maximilianstraße is the second largest collection in Germany of artefacts and objects from outside Europe, while the [[Bavarian National Museum]] and the adjoining [[Bavarian State Archaeological Collection]] in Prinzregentenstraße rank among Europe's major art and cultural history museums. The nearby [[Schackgalerie]] is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings.

The former [[Dachau concentration camp]] is {{convert|16|km|0|abbr=on}} outside the city.

===Arts and literature===
[[File:Nationaltheater München 2.jpg|thumb|[[National Theatre Munich|National Theatre]]]]
Munich is a major international cultural centre and has played host to many prominent composers including [[Orlande de Lassus|Orlando di Lasso]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|W.A. Mozart]], [[Carl Maria von Weber]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Max Reger]] and [[Carl Orff]]. With the [[Munich Biennale]] founded by [[Hans Werner Henze]], and the ''[[A*Devantgarde|A*DEvantgarde]]'' festival, the city still contributes to modern music theatre. Some of classical music's best-known pieces have been created in and around Munich by composers born in the area, for example Richard Strauss's tone poem ''[[Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)|Also sprach Zarathustra]]'' or Carl Orff's ''[[Carmina Burana]]''.

At the [[National Theatre Munich|Nationaltheater]] several of [[Richard Wagner]]'s operas were premiered under the patronage of [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]]. It is the home of the [[Bavarian State Opera]] and the [[Bavarian State Orchestra]]. Next door, the modern [[Residenz Theatre]] was erected in the building that had housed the [[Cuvilliés Theatre]] before World War II. Many operas were staged there, including the premiere of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart's]] ''[[Idomeneo]]'' in 1781. The [[Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz|Gärtnerplatz Theatre]] is a ballet and musical state theatre while another opera house, the [[Prinzregententheater]], has become the home of the Bavarian Theatre Academy and the [[Munich Chamber Orchestra]].

[[File:Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg|thumb|[[Gasteig]]]]
The modern [[Gasteig]] centre houses the [[Munich Philharmonic|Munich Philharmonic Orchestra]]. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the [[Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra]]. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulessaal in the former city royal residence, the [[Munich Residenz]]. Many important conductors have been attracted by the city's orchestras, including [[Felix Weingartner]], [[Hans Pfitzner]], [[Hans Rosbaud]], [[Hans Knappertsbusch]], [[Sergiu Celibidache]], [[James Levine]], [[Christian Thielemann]], [[Lorin Maazel]], [[Rafael Kubelík]], [[Eugen Jochum]], Sir [[Colin Davis]], [[Mariss Jansons]], [[Bruno Walter]], [[Georg Solti]], [[Zubin Mehta]] and [[Kent Nagano]]. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the [[Deutsches Theater München|Deutsche Theater]]. It is Germany's largest theatre for guest performances.
[[File:FriedensengelMunchen.JPG|thumb|The Golden Friedensengel]]

Munich's contributions to modern popular music are often overlooked in favour of its strong association with classical music, but they are numerous: the city has had a strong music scene in the 1960s and 1970s, with many internationally renowned bands and musicians frequently performing in its clubs. Furthermore, Munich was the centre of [[Krautrock]] in southern Germany, with many important bands such as [[Amon Düül II]], [[Embryo (band)|Embryo]] or [[Popol Vuh (band)|Popol Vuh]] hailing from the city. In the 1970s, the [[Musicland Studios]] developed into one of the most prominent recording studios in the world, with bands such as the [[Rolling Stones]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Deep Purple]] and [[Queen (band)|Queen]] recording albums there. Munich also played a significant role in the development of electronic music, with genre pioneer [[Giorgio Moroder]], who invented [[synth]] [[disco]] and [[electronic dance music]], and [[Donna Summer]], one of disco music's most important performers, both living and working in the city. In the late 1990s, [[Electroclash]] was substantially co-invented if not even invented in Munich, when [[DJ Hell]] introduced and assembled international pioneers of this musical genre through his [[International DeeJay Gigolo Records]] label here.&lt;ref name=&quot;mjunikdisco&quot;/&gt; Other examples of notable musicians and bands from Munich are [[Konstantin Wecker]], [[:de:Willy Astor|Willy Astor]], [[Spider Murphy Gang]], [[Münchener Freiheit]], [[Lou Bega]], [[Megaherz]], [[FSK (band)|FSK]], [[Colour Haze]] and [[Sportfreunde Stiller]].

Music is so important in the Bavarian capital that the city hall gives permissions every day to ten musicians for performing in the streets around Marienplatz. This is how performers such as [[Olga Kholodnaya]] and [[Alex Jacobowitz]] are entertaining the locals and the tourists every day.

Next to the Bavarian Staatsschauspiel in the Residenz Theatre (Residenztheater), the [[Munich Kammerspiele]] in the Schauspielhaus is one of the most important German language theatres in the world. Since [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]]'s premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich such as [[Christian Friedrich Hebbel]], [[Henrik Ibsen]] and [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]].

The city is known as the second largest publishing centre in the world (around 250 publishing houses have offices in the city), and many national and international publications are published in Munich, such as Arts in Munich, LAXMag and Prinz.

[[File:Vassily_Kandinsky,_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg|thumb|[[Vassily Kandinsky]]'s ''Houses in Munich'' (1908)]]
At the turn of the 20th century, Munich, and especially its suburb of [[Schwabing]], was the preeminent cultural metropolis of Germany. Its importance as a centre for both literature and the fine arts was second to none in Europe, with numerous German and non-German artists moving there. For example, [[Wassily Kandinsky]] chose Munich over Paris to study at the [[Akademie der Bildenden Künste München]], and, along with many other painters and writers living in Schwabing at that time, had a profound influence on [[modern art]].

Prominent literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final decades of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the so-called ''Prinzregentenzeit'' (literally &quot;prince regent's time&quot;) under the reign of [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria]], a period often described as a cultural Golden Age for both Munich and Bavaria as a whole. Among them were luminaries such as [[Thomas Mann]], [[Heinrich Mann]], [[Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse|Paul Heyse]], [[Rainer Maria Rilke]], [[Ludwig Thoma]], [[Fanny zu Reventlow]], [[Oskar Panizza]], [[Gustav Meyrink]], [[Max Halbe]], [[Erich Mühsam]] and [[Frank Wedekind]]. For a short while, [[Vladimir Lenin]] lived in Schwabing, where he wrote and published his most important work, ''[[What Is to Be Done?]]'' Central to Schwabing's bohemian scene (although they were actually often located in the nearby Maxvorstadt quarter) were ''Künstlerlokale'' (artist's cafés) like [[Café Stefanie]] or Kabarett [[Simpl (Munich)|Simpl]], whose liberal ways differed fundamentally from Munich's more traditional localities. The Simpl, which survives to this day (although with little relevance to the city's contemporary art scene), was named after Munich's anti-authoritarian satirical magazine ''[[Simplicissimus]]'', founded in 1896 by [[Albert Langen]] and [[Thomas Theodor Heine]], which quickly became an important organ of the ''Schwabinger Bohème''. Its caricatures and biting satirical attacks on [[Wilhelminism|Wilhelmine]] German society were the result of countless of collaborative efforts by many of the best visual artists and writers from Munich and elsewhere.

[[File:Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Oskar Maria Graf]] by [[Georg Schrimpf]] (1927)]]
The period immediately before World War I saw continued economic and cultural prominence for the city. [[Thomas Mann]] wrote in his novella ''Gladius Dei'' about this period: &quot;München leuchtete&quot; (literally &quot;Munich shone&quot;). Munich remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar period, with figures such as [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], [[Bertolt Brecht]], [[Peter Paul Althaus]], [[Stefan George]], [[Ricarda Huch]], [[Joachim Ringelnatz]], [[Oskar Maria Graf]], [[Annette Kolb]], [[Ernst Toller]], [[Hugo Ball]] and [[Klaus Mann]] adding to the already established big names. [[Karl Valentin]] was Germany's most important cabaret performer and comedian and is to this day well-remembered and beloved as a [[cultural icon]] of his hometown. Between 1910 and 1940, he wrote and performed in many absurdist sketches and short films that were highly influential, earning him the nickname of &quot;Charlie Chaplin of Germany&quot;. Many of Valentin's works wouldn't be imaginable without his congenial female partner [[Liesl Karlstadt]], who often played male characters to hilarious effect in their sketches. After World War II, Munich soon again became a focal point of the German literary scene and remains so to this day, with writers as diverse as [[Wolfgang Koeppen]], [[Erich Kästner]], [[Eugen Roth]], [[Alfred Andersch]], [[Elfriede Jelinek]], [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]], [[Michael Ende]], [[Franz Xaver Kroetz]], [[Gerhard Polt]], [[John Vincent Palatine]] and [[Patrick Süskind]] calling the city their home.

From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like [[Erasmus Grasser]], [[Jan Polack]], [[Johann Baptist Straub]], [[Ignaz Günther]], [[Hans Krumpper]], [[Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler|Ludwig von Schwanthaler]], [[Cosmas Damian Asam]], [[Egid Quirin Asam]], [[Johann Baptist Zimmermann]], [[Johann Michael Fischer]] and [[François de Cuvilliés]]. Munich had already become an important place for painters like [[Carl Rottmann]], [[Lovis Corinth]], [[Wilhelm von Kaulbach]], [[Carl Spitzweg]], [[Franz von Lenbach]], [[Franz Stuck|Franz von Stuck]], [[Karl Piloty]] and [[Wilhelm Leibl]] when [[Der Blaue Reiter]] (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists, was established in Munich in 1911. The city was home to the Blue Rider's painters [[Paul Klee]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Alexej von Jawlensky]], [[Gabriele Münter]], [[Franz Marc]], [[August Macke]] and [[Alfred Kubin]]. Kandinsky's first abstract painting was created in Schwabing.

Munich was (and in some cases, still is) home to many of the most important authors of the [[New German Cinema]] movement, including [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], [[Werner Herzog]], [[Edgar Reitz]] and [[Herbert Achternbusch]]. In 1971, the [[Filmverlag der Autoren]] was founded, cementing the city's role in the movement's history. Munich served as the location for many of Fassbinder's films, among them ''[[Ali: Fear Eats the Soul]]''. The Hotel [[Deutsche Eiche]] near Gärtnerplatz was somewhat like a centre of operations for Fassbinder and his &quot;clan&quot; of actors. New German Cinema is considered by far the most important artistic movement in German cinema history since the era of [[German Expressionism]] in the 1920s.

[[File:Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg|thumb|Logo of [[Bavaria Film]]]]
In 1919, the [[Bavaria Film Studios]] were founded, which developed into one of Europe's largest film studios. Directors like [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Billy Wilder]], [[Orson Welles]], [[John Huston]], [[Ingmar Bergman]], [[Stanley Kubrick]], [[Claude Chabrol]], [[Fritz Umgelter]], [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], [[Wolfgang Petersen]] and [[Wim Wenders]] made films there. Among the internationally well-known films produced at the studios are ''[[The Pleasure Garden (1925 film)|The Pleasure Garden]]'' (1925) by Alfred Hitchcock, ''[[The Great Escape (film)|The Great Escape]]'' (1963) by [[John Sturges]], ''[[Paths of Glory]]'' (1957) by Stanley Kubrick, ''[[Willy Wonka &amp; the Chocolate Factory]]'' (1971) by [[Mel Stuart]] and both ''[[Das Boot]]'' (1981) and ''[[The Neverending Story (film)|The Neverending Story]]'' (1984) by [[Wolfgang Petersen]]. Munich remains one of the centres of the German film and entertainment industry.

===Festivals===
[[File:Hippodrom Zelt Oktoberfest.jpg|thumb|[[Oktoberfest]]]]
Annual &quot;[[High End]] Munich&quot; trade show.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.highendsociety.de/high-end-44.html HIGH END Munich] - HIGH END Society&lt;/ref&gt;

====Starkbierfest====
March and April, city-wide:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.inside-munich.com/munich-festivals.html|title=Munich Festivals|last=Zimmermann|first=Marion Kummerow, Tobias|website=www.inside-munich.com|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331084540/http://www.inside-munich.com/munich-festivals.html|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starkbierfest is held for three weeks during [[Lent]], between [[Carnival]] and [[Easter]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://paulaner-nockherberg.com/strong-beer-festival/|title=Strong Beer Festival|website=Paulaner-Nockherberg|access-date=2019-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; celebrating Munich's “strong [[beer]]”. Starkbier was created in 1651 by the local [[Paulinerkirche, Leipzig|Paulaner]] [[monk]]s who drank this 'Flüssiges Brot', or ‘liquid bread’ to survive the fasting of [[Lent]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; It became a public festival in 1751 and is now the second largest beer festival in Munich.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Starkbierfest is also known as the “fifth season”, and is celebrated in beer halls and restaurants around the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

====Frühlingsfest====
April and May, [[Theresienwiese]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
Held for two weeks from the end of April to the beginning of May,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Frühlingsfest celebrates [[Spring (season)|spring]] and the new local spring beers, and is commonly referred to as the &quot;little sister of Oktoberfest&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.panaceapublishinginternational.com/content/business-traveller-editions|title=What's on? We round up some top events happening around the world in April|author=Business Traveler|date=April 2012|website=Business Traveler|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001052123/http://www.panaceapublishinginternational.com/content/business-traveller-editions|archive-date=1 October 2009|access-date=May 2, 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are two beer tents, Hippodrom and Festhalle Bayernland, as well as one roofed [[beer garden]], Münchner Weißbiergarten.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.inside-munich.com/fruehlingsfest.html|title=Frühlingsfest - Spring Festival|last=Zimmermann|first=Tobias|last2=Kummerow|first2=Marion|date=2019|website=www.inside-munich.com|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031338/http://www.inside-munich.com/fruehlingsfest.html|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also [[roller coaster]]s, [[Funhouse|fun houses]], [[Playground slide|slides]], and a [[Ferris wheel]]. Other attractions of the festival include a [[flea market]] on the festival's first Saturday, a “Beer Queen” contest, a [[vintage]] [[Auto show|car show]] on the first Sunday, [[fireworks]] every Friday night, and a &quot;Day of Traditions&quot; on the final day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

====Auer Dult====
{{main|Auer Dult}}
May, August, and October, [[Mariahilfplatz]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Auer Dult is Europe's largest [[jumble sale]], with fairs of its kind dating back to the 14th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;MünchenBetriebs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.muenchen.de/int/en/shopping/markets/auer-dult.html|title=Auer Dult Munich|author=München Betriebs-GmbH &amp; Co|date=2019|website=muenchen.de|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514180807/https://www.muenchen.de/int/en/shopping/markets/auer-dult.html|archive-date=14 May 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Auer Dult is a traditional market with 300 stalls selling handmade crafts, [[household goods]], and [[local food]]s, and offers carnival [[List of amusement rides|rides]] for children. It has taken place over nine days each, three times a year. since 1905.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MünchenBetriebs&quot; /&gt;

====Kocherlball====
July, [[English Garden (Munich)|English Garden]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
Traditionally a [[Ballroom dance|ball]] for Munich's [[Domestic worker|domestic servants]], cooks, [[Nanny|nannies]], and other household staff, Kocherlball, or ‘cook’s ball’ was a chance for the [[Social class|lower classes]] to take the morning off and dance together before the families of their households woke up.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; It now runs between 6 and 10 am the third Sunday in July at the Chinese Tower in Munich's English Garden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.destination-munich.com/kocherlball.html|title=Kocherlball|author=Destination Munich|date=2019|website=Destination Munich|access-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031333/https://www.destination-munich.com/kocherlball.html|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Tollwood====
[[File:Tollwood Winterfestival Munich 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Tollwood Festival|Tollwood]] Winterfestival]]
July and December, Olympia Park:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Business Traveller|date=December 2010|title=Munich Tollwood Winter Festival: until December 31|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A244279399/ITOF?sid=ITOF&amp;xid=58807ebe|journal=General OneFile|pages=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; For three weeks in July, and then three weeks in December, [[Tollwood Festival|Tollwood]] showcases fine and [[performing arts]] with live music, [[List of circus skills|circus acts]], and several lanes of booths selling handmade crafts, as well as [[Organic food|organic]] [[Fusion cuisine|international cuisine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; According to the festival's website, Tollwood's goal is to promote [[culture]] and the [[Environmentalism|environment]], with the main themes of &quot;[[wikt:tolerance|tolerance]], internationality, and openness&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tollwood.de/|title=Tollwood München: Veranstaltungen, Konzerte, Theater, Markt|website=Tollwood München: Veranstaltungen, Konzerte, Theater, Markt|language=de-DE|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506183258/https://www.tollwood.de/|archive-date=6 May 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; To promote these ideals, 70% of all Tollwood events and attractions are free.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

====Oktoberfest====
September and October, [[Theresienwiese]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The largest [[beer festival]] in the world, Munich's [[Oktoberfest]] runs for 16–18 days from the end of September through early October.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Harrington|first=Robert J|last2=Von Freyberg|first2=Burkhard|date=October 2017|title=The different effects of dis-satisfier, satisfier and delighter attributes: Implications for Oktoberfest and beer festivals|journal=Tourism Management Perspectives|volume=24|pages=166–176|doi=10.1016/j.tmp.2017.09.003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oktoberfest is a celebration of the [[wedding]] of [[Bavaria]]n [[Crown prince|Crown Prince]] [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig]] to [[Princess]] [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Therese]] of [[Saxony]]-[[Hildburghausen (district)|Hildburghausen]] which took place on October 12, 1810.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oktoberfestbeerfestivals.com/oktoberfest-munich-2016-2017-dates-location-map/oktoberfest-facts-trivia-stats/|title=Oktoberfest Facts, Trivia and Stats for 2018|last=Prost All Things Oktoberfest|date=2019|website=Prost All Things Oktoberfest|access-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031333/http://oktoberfestbeerfestivals.com/oktoberfest-munich-2016-2017-dates-location-map/oktoberfest-facts-trivia-stats/|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the last 200 years the festival has grown to span 85 [[acre]]s and now welcomes over 6 million visitors every year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; There are 14 beer tents which together can seat 119,000 attendees at a time,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; and serve beer from the six major [[Brewery|breweries]] of Munich: [[Augustiner-Bräu|Augustiner]], [[Hacker-Pschorr Brewery|Hacker-Pschorr]], [[Löwenbräu Brewery|Löwenbräu]], [[Paulaner Brewery|Paulaner]], [[Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu|Spaten]] and [[Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München|Staatliches Hofbräuhaus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Over 7 million liters of [[beer]] are consumed at each Oktoberfest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; There are also over 100 rides ranging from [[bumper cars]] to full-sized [[roller coaster]]s, as well as the more traditional [[Ferris wheel]]s and [[Swing ride|swings]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Food can be bought in each tent, as well as at various stalls throughout the fairgrounds. Oktoberfest hosts 144 [[Catering|caterers]] and employees 13,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

====Christkindlmarkt====
November and December, city-wide:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Munich's [[Christmas]] Markets, or [[Christmas market|Christkindlmärkte]], are held throughout the city from late November until [[Christmas Eve]], the largest spanning the [[Marienplatz]] and surrounding streets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; There are hundreds of stalls selling handmade goods, [[Christmas ornament]]s and [[Christmas decoration|decorations]], and Bavarian Christmas foods including [[Pastry|pastries]], roasted [[Peanut|nuts]], and [[Mulled wine|gluwein]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

===Culinary specialities===
[[File:Weisswurst.jpg|thumb|[[Weisswurst]] with sweet mustard and a pretzel]]
The Munich cuisine contributes to the [[Bavarian cuisine]]. Münchner [[Weisswurst]] (&quot;white sausage&quot;) was invented here in 1857. It is a Munich speciality. Traditionally eaten only before noon – a tradition dating to a time before refrigerators – these morsels are often served with [[sweet mustard]] and freshly baked [[pretzel]]s.

===Beers and breweries===
[[File:BIER IM EG.jpg|thumb|left|[[Helles]] beer]]
[[File:MUC Westend AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg|thumb|[[Augustiner-Bräu|Augustiner brewery]]]]
Munich is known for its breweries and the ''[[Weissbier]]'' (or ''Weißbier'' / ''Weizenbier'', wheat beer) is a speciality from Bavaria. [[Helles]], a [[pale lager]] with a translucent gold colour is the most popular Munich beer today, although it's not old (only introduced in 1895) and is the result of a change in beer tastes. Helles has largely replaced Munich's dark beer, [[Dunkel|Dunkles]], which gets its colour from roasted malt. It was the typical beer in Munich in the 19th century, but it is now more of a speciality. Starkbier is the strongest Munich beer, with 6%–9% alcohol content. It is dark amber in colour and has a heavy malty taste. It is available and is sold particularly during the Lenten ''Starkbierzeit'' (strong beer season), which begins on or before St. Joseph's Day (19 March). The beer served at [[Oktoberfest]] is a special type of Märzen beer with a higher alcohol content than regular Helles.
[[File:Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG|thumb|left|Beer garden in Munich]]
There are countless ''Wirtshäuser'' (traditional Bavarian ale houses/restaurants) all over the city area, many of which also have small outside areas. ''Biergärten'' ([[beer garden]]s) are popular fixtures of Munich's gastronomic landscape. They are central to the city's culture and serve as a kind of melting pot for members of all walks of life, for locals, expatriates and tourists alike. It is allowed to bring one's own food to a beer garden, however, it is forbidden to bring one's own drinks. There are many smaller beer gardens and around twenty major ones, providing at least a thousand seats, with four of the largest in the [[Englischer Garten]]: Chinesischer Turm (Munich's second largest beer garden with 7,000 seats), Seehaus, Hirschau and Aumeister. Nockherberg, Hofbräukeller (not to be confused with the [[Hofbräuhaus]]) and Löwenbräukeller are other beer gardens. Hirschgarten is the largest beer garden in the world, with 8,000 seats.

There are six main breweries in Munich: [[Augustiner-Bräu]], [[Hacker-Pschorr Brewery|Hacker-Pschorr]], [[Hofbräuhaus|Hofbräu]], [[Löwenbräu]], [[Paulaner]] and [[Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu]] (separate brands Spaten and Franziskaner, the latter of which mainly for Weissbier).

Also much consumed, though not from Munich and thus without the right to have a tent at the Oktoberfest, are [[Tegernseer]] and [[Schneider Weisse]], the latter of which has a major beer hall in Munich.  Smaller breweries are becoming more prevalent in Munich, such as [[Giesinger Bräu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.giesinger-braeu.de|title=Giesinger Bräu München|website=Giesinger Bräu München|language=de|access-date=2017-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206065642/http://www.giesinger-braeu.de/|archive-date=6 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, these breweries do not have tents at Oktoberfest.

===Circus===
The [[Circus Krone]] based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/circuskrone/ |title=Circus Krone: Europe's largest traditional circus |publisher=Munichfound.com |date=December 2005 |accessdate=1 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531021339/http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/circuskrone/ |archive-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a [[Circus Krone Building|building]] of its own.

===Nightlife===
[[File:Alte Utting 6144.jpg|thumb|The party ship [[Alte Utting]]]]
[[Nightlife]] in Munich is located mostly in the city centre ([[Altstadt-Lehel]]) and the boroughs [[Maxvorstadt]], [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]], [[Au-Haidhausen]] and [[Schwabing]]. Between [[Sendlinger Tor]] and [[Maximiliansplatz]] lies the so-called Feierbanane (party banana), a roughly banana-shaped unofficial party zone spanning {{convert|1.3|km|1|abbr=off}} along Sonnenstraße, characterised by a high concentration of clubs, bars and restaurants. The Feierbanane has become the mainstream focus of Munich's nightlife and tends to become crowded, especially at weekends. It has also been the subject of some debate among city officials because of alcohol-related security issues and the party zone's general impact on local residents as well as day-time businesses.

[[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]]'s two main quarters, Gärtnerplatzviertel and Glockenbachviertel, are both considered decidedly less mainstream than most other nightlife hotspots in the city and are renowned for their many hip and laid back bars and clubs as well as for being Munich's main centres of gay culture. On warm spring or summer nights, hundreds of young people gather at Gärtnerplatz to relax, talk with friends and drink beer.

[[File:Bahnwärter Thiel Nightclub Munich Subway Floor 1.jpg|thumb|[[Bahnwärter Thiel]]]]
[[Maxvorstadt]] has many smaller bars that are especially popular with university students, whereas [[Schwabing]], once Munich's first and foremost party district with legendary clubs such as Big Apple, PN, Domicile, Hot Club, Piper Club, Tiffany, Germany's first large-scale disco [[Blow Up (club)|Blow Up]] and the underwater nightclub Yellow Submarine,&lt;ref name=&quot;mjunikdisco&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hecktor |first1=Mirko |last2=von Uslar |first2=Moritz |last3=Smith |first3=Patti |last4=Neumeister |first4=Andreas |date=1 November 2008 |title=Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now|isbn=978-3936738476|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as many bars such as [[Schwabinger 7]] or Schwabinger Podium, has lost much of its nightlife activity in the last decades, mainly due to gentrification and the resulting high rents. It has become the city's most coveted and expensive residential district, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying.

Since the mid-1990s, the Kunstpark Ost and its successor Kultfabrik, a former industrial complex that was converted to a large party area near [[München Ostbahnhof]] in [[Berg am Laim]], hosted more than 30 clubs and was especially popular among younger people and residents of the metropolitan area surrounding Munich.&lt;ref name=&quot;munichfoundcom&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Corpus Techno: The music of the future will soon be history|url=http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/|publisher=MUNICHfound.com|accessdate=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206184555/http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/|archive-date=6 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kultfabrik was closed at the end of the year 2015 to convert the area into a residential and office area. Apart from the Kultfarbik and the smaller Optimolwerke, there is a wide variety of establishments in the urban parts of nearby [[Haidhausen (Munich)|Haidhausen]]. Before the Kunstpark Ost, there had already been an accumulation of internationally known nightclubs in the remains of the abandoned former [[Munich-Riem Airport#Reuse|Munich-Riem Airport]].

Munich nightlife tends to change dramatically and quickly. Establishments open and close every year, and due to gentrification and the overheated housing market many survive only a few years, while others last longer. Beyond the already mentioned venues of the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs with international recognition in recent history included Tanzlokal Größenwahn, Atomic Cafe and the techno clubs Babalu, [[Ultraschall]], {{nowrap|[[KW – Das Heizkraftwerk]]}}, {{nowrap|Natraj Temple}} and {{nowrap|[[MMA Club|MMA Club (Mixed Munich Arts)]]}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;zeitmagazin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Paulina |last=Thillmann |url=https://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/2017/49/technoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte |title=Deutschlandkarte: Legendäre Clubs |trans-title=Germany map: legendary clubs |publisher=[[Die Zeit|Zeitmagazin]] |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411005217/http://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/2017/49/technoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1995 to 2001, Munich was also home to the [[Union Move]], one of the largest [[technoparade]]s in Germany.

[[File:Blitz Club Munich.jpg|thumb|[[Blitz Club]]]]
Munich has two directly connected gay quarters, which basically can be seen as one: Gärtnerplatzviertel and Glockenbachviertel, both part of the [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] district. [[Freddie Mercury]] had an apartment near the Gärtnerplatz and transsexual icon [[Romy Haag]] had a club in the city centre for many years.

Munich has more than 100 night clubs and thousands of bars and restaurants within city limits.&lt;ref name=&quot;Munich bars&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/essen-trinken/gaststaetten-bars.html|title=List of bars in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917175716/http://www.muenchen.de/essen-trinken/gaststaetten-bars.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Munich nightclubs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/veranstaltungen/veranstaltungsorte-discos-und-clubs.html|title=List of nightclubs in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917175847/http://www.muenchen.de/veranstaltungen/veranstaltungsorte-discos-und-clubs.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some notable nightclubs are: popular techno clubs are [[Blitz Club]], Harry Klein, Rote Sonne, [[Bahnwärter Thiel]], Bob Beaman, Pimpernel, Charlie and Palais. Popular mixed music clubs are Call me Drella, Cord, Wannda Circus, Tonhalle, Backstage, Muffathalle, Ampere, Pacha, P1, [[Zenith (building)|Zenith]], Minna Thiel and the party ship [[Alte Utting]]. Some notable bars (pubs are located all over the city) are Charles Schumann's Cocktail Bar, Havana Club, Sehnsucht, Bar Centrale, Ksar, Holy Home, Eat the Rich, Negroni, Die Goldene Bar and Bei Otto (a bavarian-style pub).

==Education==

===Colleges and universities===
[[File:Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg|thumb|Main building of the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|LMU]]]]
[[File:TU München GO-1.jpg|thumb|Main building of the [[Technical University of Munich|Technical University]]]]
[[File:Hochschule Muenchen Ansicht Lothstrasse.jpg|thumb|[[Munich University of Applied Sciences|University of Applied Sciences (HM)]]]]
[[File:Tech_Univ_Munich,_Location_Garching.jpg|thumb|[[Technical University of Munich|TU Munich]]'s Garching Campus]]
[[File:München_Akademie_der_Künste_12.JPG|thumb|[[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Academy of Fine Arts Munich]]]]
[[File:Staatliches_Museum_Ägyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg|thumb|[[University of Television and Film Munich|University of Television and Film]]]]
Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from [[Wilhelm Röntgen|Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] in 1901 to [[Theodor W. Hänsch|Theodor Hänsch]] in 2005. Munich has become a spiritual centre already since the times of Emperor Louis IV when philosophers like [[Michael of Cesena]], [[Marsilius of Padua]] and [[William of Ockham]] were protected at the emperor's court. The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) and the Technische Universität München (TU or TUM), were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title ''elite university'' by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Länder). Only the two Munich universities and the Technical University of Karlsruhe (now part of [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]) have held this honour, and the implied greater chances of attracting research funds, since the first evaluation round in 2006.

* [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] (LMU), founded in 1472 in [[Ingolstadt]], moved to Munich in 1826
* [[Technical University of Munich]] (TUM), founded in 1868
* [[Academy of Fine Arts Munich|Akademie der Bildenden Künste München]], founded in 1808
* [[Bundeswehr University Munich]], founded in 1973 (located in [[Neubiberg]])
* [[German school for journalists|Deutsche Journalistenschule]], founded in 1959
* [[Bayerische Akademie für Außenwirtschaft]], founded in 1989
* [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater München]], founded in 1830
* [[International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences]], founded in 2005
* [[International School of Management (ISM)|International School of Management]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ism.de/|title=Management Studium – Private Hochschule – ISM Intern. School of Mgmt.|work=ism.de|accessdate=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214091154/http://www.ism.de/|archive-date=14 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; founded in 1980
* [[Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München]], founded in 1971
* [[Munich Business School]] (MBS), founded in 1991
* [[Munich Intellectual Property Law Center]] (MIPLC), founded in 2003
* [[Munich School of Philosophy]], founded in 1925 in [[Pullach]], moved to Munich in 1971
* [[Munich School of Political Science]], founded in 1950
* [[Munich University of Applied Sciences]] (HM), founded in 1971
* [[New European College]], founded in 2014
* [[Ukrainian Free University]], founded in 1921 (from 1945 – in Munich)
* [[University of Television and Film Munich]] (''Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film''), founded in 1966

===Primary and secondary schools===
Grundschule in Munich:
* [[Grundschule an der Gebelestraße]]
* [[Grund- und Mittelschule an der Hochstraße]]
* [[Grundschule an der Kirchenstraße]] 
* [[Grundschule Flurstraße]]
* [[Grundschule an der Stuntzstraße]]
* [[Ernst-Reuter-Grundschule]]
* [[Grundschule Gertrud Bäumer Straße]]
* [[Grundschule an der Südlichen Auffahrtsallee]]
Gymnasiums in Munich:
* [[Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium]]
* [[Gymnasium Max-Josef-Stift]]
* [[Luitpold Gymnasium]]
* [[Edith-Stein-Gymnasium der Erzdiözese München und Freising]]
* [[Maximiliansgymnasium]]
* [[Oskar-von-Miller-Gymnasium]]
* [[Städtisches St.-Anna-Gymnasium]]
* [[Wilhelmsgymnasium (Munich)|Wilhelmsgymnasium]]
* [[Städtisches Luisengymnasium]]
* [[Wittelsbacher-Gymnasium München|Wittelsbacher Gymnasium]]
Realschule in Munich:
* [[Städt. Fridtjof-Nansen-Realschule]]
* [[Städtische Adalbert-Stifter-Realschule]]
* [[Maria Ward Mädchenrealschule]]
* [[Städtische Ricarda-Huch-Realschule]]
* [[Isar Realschule München]]
* [[Städtische Hermann-Frieb Realschule]]

International schools in Munich:
* [[Lycée Jean Renoir (Munich)|Lycée Jean Renoir]] (French school)
* [[Japanische Internationale Schule München]]
* [[Bavarian International School]]
* [[Munich International School]]
* [[European School, Munich]]

===Scientific research institutions===

[[File:MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fraunhofer Society|Fraunhofer Headquarters]] in Munich]]

===Max Planck Society===
The [[Max Planck Society]], an independent German non-profit research organisation, has its administrative headquarters in Munich. The following institutes are located in the Munich area:
* [[Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics]], [[Garching bei München|Garching]]
* [[Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry]], [[Martinsried]]
* [[Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]], [[Garching bei München|Garching]]
* [[Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law]], München
* [[Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition]], München
* [[Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology]], [[Martinsried]]
* [[Max Planck Institute for Ornithology]], [[Andechs]]-[[Erling, Germany|Erling]] (Biological Rhythms and Behaviour), [[Radolfzell]], [[Seewiesen]] (Reproductive Biology and Behaviour)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.orn.mpg.de/|title=Startseite|work=mpg.de|access-date=7 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719063021/http://www.orn.mpg.de/|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Max Planck Institute for Physics]] ([[Max Planck Institute for Physics|Werner Heisenberg Institute]]), München
* [[Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik|Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics]], [[Garching bei München|Garching]] (also in [[Greifswald]])
* [[Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry]], München
* [[Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research]], München (closed)
* [[Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics]], [[Garching bei München|Garching]]

===Fraunhofer Society===
The [[Fraunhofer Society]], the German non-profit research organization for applied research, has its headquarters in Munich. The following institutes are located in the Munich area:
* Applied and Integrated Security – [https://www.aisec.fraunhofer.de/en.html AISEC]
* Embedded Systems and Communication - [https://www.esk.fraunhofer.de/en.html ESK]
* Modular Solid-State Technologies - [https://www.emft.fraunhofer.de/en.html EMFT]
* Building Physics – [https://www.ibp.fraunhofer.de/en.html IBP]
* Process Engineering and Packaging – [https://www.ivv.fraunhofer.de/en.html IVV]

===Other research institutes===
[[File:European_Southern_Observatory’s_Headquarters_in_Garching,_near_Munich,_Germany.jpg|thumb|[[European Southern Observatory]]'s headquarter in [[Garching]]]]
* [[Botanische Staatssammlung München]], a notable [[herbarium]]
* [[Ifo Institute for Economic Research]], theoretical and applied research in economics and finance
* [[Doerner Institute]]
* [[European Southern Observatory]]
* [[Helmholtz Zentrum München]]
* [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München]]
* [[German Aerospace Center]] (GSOC), [[Oberpfaffenhofen|Oberpfaffenhofen bei München]]

==Economy==
[[File:4_Cilindros,_Múnich,_Alemania,_2013-02-11,_DD_02.JPG|thumb|[[BMW Headquarters]] building (one of the few buildings that has been built from the top to the bottom) and the bowl shaped BMW museum]]
[[File:SiemensForum.jpg|thumb|[[SiemensForum München|Siemens-Forum]] in Munich]]
[[File:Hypo-Haus.JPG|thumb|The [[HypoVereinsbank]] tower]]

Munich has the strongest economy of any German city&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.icm-muenchen.de/en/Home/cn/kongressstadt/daten_fakten |title=Study conducted by INSM (New Social Market Economy Initiative) and WirtschaftsWoche magazine |publisher=Icm-muenchen.de |accessdate=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619061243/http://www.icm-muenchen.de/en/Home/cn/kongressstadt/daten_fakten |archivedate=19 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the lowest unemployment rate (3.0% in June 2014) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Cologne]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Statistik-nach-Regionen/Politische-Gebietsstruktur/Bayern/Muenchen-Nav.html |title=Statistik der BA |publisher=statistik.arbeitsagentur.de |date= |accessdate=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228144622/http://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Statistik-nach-Regionen/Politische-Gebietsstruktur/Bayern/Muenchen-Nav.html |archive-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Artikel empfehlen |url=http://www.koeln.de/koeln/die_domstadt/endlich_amtlich_koeln_ist_millionenstadt_367287.html |title=Endlich amtlich: Köln ist Millionenstadt |publisher=Koeln.de |date=27 September 2010 |accessdate=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001090822/http://www.koeln.de/koeln/die_domstadt/endlich_amtlich_koeln_ist_millionenstadt_367287.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city is also the economic centre of [[southern Germany]]. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine ''Capital'' in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in 60 German cities.

Munich is a [[financial center]] and a [[global city]] and holds the headquarters of many companies. This includes more companies listed by the [[DAX]] than any other German city, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as [[McDonald's]] and [[Microsoft]]. One of the best known newly established Munich companies is [[Flixbus]].

===Manufacturing===
Munich holds the headquarters of [[Siemens|Siemens AG]] (electronics), [[BMW]] (car), [[MAN SE|MAN AG]] (truck manufacturer, engineering), [[MTU Aero Engines]] (aircraft engine manufacturer), [[The Linde Group|Linde]] (gases) and [[Rohde &amp; Schwarz]] ([[electronics]]). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, purchasing power is highest in Munich (€26,648 per inhabitant) {{As of|2007|lc=y}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.just4business.eu/2007/07/in-hesse-the-purchasing-power-is-highest-in-germany/ |title=In Hesse the purchasing power is highest in Germany – CyberPress |publisher=Just4business.eu |date= |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916113128/http://just4business.eu/2007/07/in-hesse-the-purchasing-power-is-highest-in-germany/ |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of €18.62 (ca. $20).&lt;ref&gt;Landeshauptstadt München, Direktorium, Statistisches Amt: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2007, page 206 (Statistical Yearbook of the City of Munich 2007) http://currency.wiki/18-62eur-usd {{cite web |url=http://currency.wiki/18-62eur-usd |title=Unknown |access-date=17 March 2020}}{{dead link|date=March 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |title=Global 500 2008: Cities |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=21 July 2008 |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Munich is also a centre for [[biotechnology]], [[software]] and other [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service industries]]. Munich is also the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the [[injection moulding machine]] manufacturer [[Krauss-Maffei]], the camera and lighting manufacturer [[Arri]], the semiconductor firm [[Infineon Technologies]] (headquartered in the suburban town of [[Neubiberg]]), lighting giant [[Osram]], as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as [[Microsoft]].

===Finance===
Munich has significance as a [[Munich's financial community|financial centre]] (second only to [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]]), being home of [[HypoVereinsbank]] and the [[Bayerische Landesbank]]. It outranks [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] though as home of insurance companies such as [[Allianz]]  (insurance) and [[Munich Re]] ([[Reinsurance|re-insurance]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fpmi.de/en/participants/insurance.html|title=Insurance - Munich Financial Centre Initiative|website=www.fpmi.de|language=en|access-date=2018-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094238/https://www.fpmi.de/en/participants/insurance.html|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Media===
Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.literaturhaus-muenchen.de/english/house/index.htm |title=Munich Literature House: About Us |accessdate=17 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404121202/http://www.literaturhaus-muenchen.de/english/house/index.htm |archivedate=4 April 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and home to the ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]], while the largest commercial network, [[ProSieben|Pro7-Sat1 Media AG]], is headquartered in the suburb of [[Unterföhring]]. The headquarters of the German branch of [[Random House]], the world's largest publishing house, and of [[Hubert Burda Media|Burda publishing group]] are also in Munich.

The [[Bavaria Film Studios]] are located in the suburb of [[Grünwald, Bavaria|Grünwald]]. They are one of Europe's biggest film production studios.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bavaria-film.de/index.php?id=3 |title=Bavaria Film GmbH: Company Start |publisher=Bavaria-film.de |accessdate=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529141017/http://www.bavaria-film.de/index.php?id=3 |archivedate=29 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Transport==
Munich has an extensive public transport system consisting of an underground metro, trams, buses and high-speed rail. In 2015, the transport [[modal share]] in Munich was 38 percent public transport, 25 percent car, 23 percent walking, and 15 percent bicycle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvg.de/dam/mvg/ueber/nachhaltigkeit/mvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf|title=Munich Transport Corporation (MVG) Sustainability Report 2014/2015|website=www.mvg.de|access-date=2019-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183658/https://www.mvg.de/dam/mvg/ueber/nachhaltigkeit/mvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its public transport system delivered 566 million passenger trips that year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Munich is the hub of a well-developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the [[Berlin–Munich high-speed railway]], which connects Munich to the German capital city with a journey time of about 4 hours. The trade fair [[Transport Logistic|transport logistic]] is held every two years at the ''Neue Messe München'' (Messe München International). [[Flixmobility]] which offers intercity coach service is headquartered in Munich.

===Public transport===
[[File:Verkehrsnetz München.png|thumb|left|360px|Public transport network]]
[[File:Westfriedhof zentral.JPG|thumb|[[Westfriedhof (Munich U-Bahn)|Westfriedhof platform]] of the [[Munich U-Bahn]]]]
[[File:S-bahn-muenchen.jpg|thumb|[[Munich S-Bahn|Munich's S-Bahn]] at the [[Munich Marienplatz station|Marienplatz station]]]]

For its urban population of 2.6&amp;nbsp;million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have a comprehensive network of public transport incorporating the [[Munich U-Bahn|Munich U-Bahn (underground railway)]], the [[Munich S-Bahn|Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains)]], trams and buses. The system is supervised by the [[Munich Transport and Tariff Association]] (''Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund [[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]]''). The [[Munich tramway]] is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines.

The extensive network of subway and tram lines assist and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Straße, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east–west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Similarly, Weinstraße leads off northwards to the Hofgarten. These major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. The transformation of the historic area into a pedestrian priority zone enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes result from applying the principle of [[Permeability (spatial and transport planning)|&quot;filtered permability&quot;]], which selectively restricts the number of roads that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths, which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip (see image). The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the [[Fused Grid]].

====Munich Public Transportation Statistics====
The average amount of time people spend commuting to and from work with public transit in Munich on a weekday is 56 min. 11% of public transit users, spend more than two hours travelling each day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is ten minutes, whilst 6% of passengers wait for over twenty minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9.2&amp;nbsp;km, while 21% travel for over 12&amp;nbsp;km in a single direction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Munchen-3144|title=Munich Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|accessdate=June 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901024953/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Munchen-3144|archive-date=1 September 2017|url-status=live}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cycling===
{{main|Cycling in Munich}}
Cycling has a strong presence in the city and is recognised as a good alternative to motorised transport. The growing number of [[Segregated cycle facilities|bicycle lanes]] are widely used throughout the year. Cycle paths can be found alongside the majority of sidewalks and streets, although the newer and/or renovated ones are much easier to tell apart from pavements than older ones. The cycle paths usually involve a longer route than by the road, as they are diverted around objects, and the presence of pedestrians can make them quite slow.

A modern [[Call a Bike|bike hire system]] is available within the area bounded by the ''Mittlerer Ring''.

===München Hauptbahnhof===
{{Main|München Hauptbahnhof}}
[[File:Morning Munich HB June 2014 - 2 (14181545380).jpg|thumb|Munich main railway station]]

[[München Hauptbahnhof]] is the main [[railway station]] located in the city centre and is one of three long distance stations in Munich, the others being [[München Ost railway station|München Ost]] (to the east) and [[München-Pasing railway station|München-Pasing]] (to the west). All stations are connected to the public transport system and serve as transportation hubs.

München Hauptbahnhof serves about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany, such as [[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof]] and [[Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof]]. It and München Ost are two of the 21 stations in Germany classified by [[Deutsche Bahn]] as a [[German railway station categories|category 1 station]]. The mainline station is a [[terminal station]] with 32 platforms. The subterranean [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] with 2 platforms and [[Munich U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] stations with 6 platforms are through stations.&lt;ref name=ORM&gt;{{cite map |url=http://www.openrailwaymap.org/index.php?lang=en&amp;lat=48.14041185482575&amp;lon=11.559380739927292&amp;zoom=18&amp;style=standard |title=Map of München Hauptbahnhof |publisher=OpenRailwayMap |date=28 September 2014 |map=OpenRailwayMap |mapurl=http://www.OpenRailwayMap.org |cartography=OpenStreetMap |accessdate=2014-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134627/https://www.openrailwaymap.org/index.php?lang=en&amp;lat=48.14041185482575&amp;lon=11.559380739927292&amp;zoom=18&amp;style=standard |archivedate=25 January 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BhfMap&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bahnhof.de/file/6511088/data/M%C3%BCnchen%20Hbf_de_PDF.pdf |title=Lageplan Hauptbahnhof München |language=German |publisher=Deutsche Bahn AG |year=2014 |type=orientation map |accessdate=2014-10-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204092217/http://www.bahnhof.de/file/6511088/data/M%C3%BCnchen%20Hbf_de_PDF.pdf |archivedate=4 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Intercity-Express|ICE highspeed trains]] stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. [[InterCity]] and [[EuroCity]] trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at Munich East. Since 28 May 2006 Munich has been connected to [[Nuremberg]] via [[Ingolstadt]] by the {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} [[Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway]] line. In 2017, the [[Berlin–Munich high-speed railway]] opened, providing a journey time of less than 4 hours between the two German cities.

===Autobahns===
[[File:Karte Fernstraßen München.png|thumb|Munich [[Autobahn|motorway]] network]]

Munich is an integral part of the [[Autobahn|motorway]] network of southern Germany. Motorways from [[Stuttgart]] (W), [[Nuremberg]], [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] and Berlin (N), [[Deggendorf]] and [[Passau]] (E), [[Salzburg]] and [[Innsbruck]] (SE), [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen|Garmisch Partenkirchen]] (S) and [[Lindau]] (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy.

Traffic, however, is often very heavy in and around Munich. Traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour as well as at the beginning and end of major holidays in Germany. There are few &quot;green waves&quot; or roundabouts, and the city's prosperity often causes an abundance of obstructive construction sites. Other contributing factors are the extraordinarily high rates of car ownership per capita (multiple times that of Berlin), the city's historically grown and largely preserved centralised urban structure, which leads to a very high concentration of traffic in specific areas, and sometimes poor planning (for example bad traffic light synchronisation and a less than ideal ring road).

===Munich International Airport===
[[File:Flughafen turm.png|thumb|[[Munich Airport|Munich International Airport]] (MUC)]]
[[Munich Airport|Franz Josef Strauss International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: MUC, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and seventh-largest in Europe after [[London Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris Charles de Gaulle]], [[Frankfurt International Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Barajas Airport|Madrid]] and [[Atatürk International Airport|Istanbul Atatürk]]. It is used by about 46 million passengers a year, and lies some {{convert|30|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north east of the city centre. It replaced the smaller [[Munich-Riem Airport|Munich-Riem airport]] in 1992. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines from the city. From the [[München Hauptbahnhof|main railway station]] the journey takes 40–45 minutes. An express train will be added that will cut down travel time to 20–25 minutes with limited stops on dedicated tracks. A [[maglev (transport)|magnetic levitation train]] (called [[Transrapid]]), which was to have run at speeds of up to {{convert|400|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes, had been approved,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Germany to build maglev railway|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7011932.stm|work=BBC News|date=25 September 2007|accessdate=7 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216162151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7011932.stm|archive-date=16 February 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3219174,00.html|title=Germany Scraps Transrapid Rail Plans|work=Deutsche Welle|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=27 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328175125/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C2144%2C3219174%2C00.html|archive-date=28 March 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lufthansa]] opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003.

===Other airports===
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a licence to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station  located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/bayern/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html |title=Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen: Rolle rückwärts – Bayern – Aktuelles – merkur-online |language=de |publisher=Merkur-online.de |date= |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622185526/http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/bayern/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Süddeutsche.de GmbH, Munich, Germany |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886 |title=Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen – Business-Jets willkommen – München |publisher=sueddeutsche.de |date= |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725102101/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886 |archive-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite being {{convert|110|km|0|abbr=on}} from Munich, [[Memmingen Airport]] has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby [[Augsburg Airport]] was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.

==Around Munich==

===Nearby towns===
The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the [[Foothills|Alpine foothills]] comprising about 2.6&amp;nbsp;million inhabitants. Several smaller traditional Bavarian towns and cities like [[Dachau, Bavaria|Dachau]], [[Freising]], [[Erding]], [[Starnberg]], [[Landshut]] and [[Moosburg]] are today part of the Greater Munich Region, formed by Munich and the surrounding districts, making up the [[Munich Metropolitan Region]], which has a population of about 6 million people.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmr_official_site&quot;/&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Dachau Altstadt Konrad Adenauer Straße.JPG|[[Dachau, Bavaria|Dachau]]
File:Erding Schoener Turm.jpg|[[Erding]]
File:Freising Dom St. Maria &amp; Korbinian Fassade 1.JPG|[[Freising]]
File:Klosterkirche Mariae Himmelfahrt Fuerstenfeld Fuerstenfeldbruck-13.jpg|[[Fürstenfeldbruck]]
File:Landsberg Burgberg 2.JPG|[[Landsberg am Lech|Landsberg]]
File:Ensemble Altstadt Landshut.JPG|[[Landshut]]
File:Moosburg Stadtplatz mit St. Johannes.jpg|[[Moosburg]]
File:Starnberg, HB-08.jpg|[[Starnberg]]
File:Wasserburg am Inn Kellerbergweg.jpg|[[Wasserburg am Inn]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Recreation===

South of Munich, there are numerous nearby freshwater lakes such as [[Lake Starnberg]], [[Ammersee]], [[Chiemsee]], [[Walchensee]], [[Kochelsee]], [[Tegernsee (lake)|Tegernsee]], [[Schliersee (lake)|Schliersee]], [[Simssee]], [[Staffelsee]], [[Wörthsee]], [[Kirchsee (Bavaria)|Kirchsee]] and the [[Osterseen]] (Easter Lakes), which are popular among the people of Munich for recreation, swimming and watersports and can be quickly reached by car and a few also by Munich's [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht/seen-umland.html|title=Lakes in Munich's vicinity|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183544/http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht/seen-umland.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Starnberger See, HB-03.jpg|[[Lake Starnberg]]
File:Ammersee.JPG|[[Ammersee]]
File:Chiemsee010.jpg|[[Chiemsee]]
File:Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg|[[Walchensee]]
File:Gmund Kaltenbrunn Südausblick.JPG|[[Tegernsee (lake)|Tegernsee]]
File:Osterseen Gewitterabend Grosser Ostersee 02.jpg|[[Osterseen|Großer Ostersee]]
File:Kirchsee in der Abendsonne.jpg|[[Kirchsee (Bavaria)|Kirchsee]]
File:Simssee Suedufer Wendelstein Beuerberg Riedering-1.jpg|[[Simssee]]
File:Wörthsee +.jpg|[[Wörthsee]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Notable people==
{{see also|List of honorary citizens of Munich}}

===Born in Munich===

{|width=&quot;100%&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot; |
|style=&quot;width:50%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|
* Entertainment
** [[Herbert Achternbusch]], born in 1938, film director
** [[Percy Adlon]], born in 1935, film director
** [[Briana Banks]], born in 1978, porn actress
** [[Moritz Bleibtreu]], born in 1971, actor
** [[Harry Buckwitz]], 1904–1987, actor, theatre director and theatre manager
** [[Gedeon Burkhard]], born in 1969, actor
** [[Andy Fetscher]], born in 1980, film director, cinematographer and screenplay writer
** [[Maria Furtwängler]], born 1966, actress
** [[Therese Giehse]], 1898–1975, actress
** [[Michael Haneke]], born in 1942, filmmaker and writer
** [[Michael Herbig]], born in 1968, comedian, actor and filmmaker
** [[Werner Herzog]], born in 1942, film director
** [[Curd Jürgens]], 1915–1982, actor
** [[Rick Kavanian]], born in 1971, actor and comedian
** [[Max Neal]], 1865–1941, dramatist
** [[Christine Neubauer]], born 1962, actress
** [[Uschi Obermaier]], born in 1946, sex symbol of the late sixties
** [[Lola Randl]], born in 1980, film director and screenwriter
** [[Wolfgang Reitherman]], 1909–1985, animator and director of Disney movies
** [[Helmut Ringelmann]] (1926-2011), film producer and film director
** [[Jeri Ryan]], actress, born in 1968
** [[Julia Stegner]], born in 1984, top model
** [[Christian Tramitz]], born in 1955, actor and comedian
** [[Karl Valentin]], 1882–1948, comedian, author and film producer
** [[Fritz Wepper]], born in 1941, actor
** [[Nico Liersch]], born in 2000, actor
* Fashion designers
** [[Willy Bogner, Jr.|Willy Bogner]], born in 1942, fashion designer and director of photography
** [[Rudolph Moshammer]], 1940–2005, fashion designer
* Musicians
** [[Lou Bega]], born in 1975, singer-songwriter
** [[Harold Faltermeyer]], born in 1952, composer and record producer
** [[Julia Fischer]] (born 1983), classical violinist and pianist
** [[Joey Heindle]], born in 1993, [[Deutschland sucht den Superstar|DSDS]] participant in [[Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 9)|season 9]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DSDS 2012: Kandidat Joey Heindle|url=http://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/superstar/dsds-kandidaten/joey-heindle.html|publisher=RTL|accessdate=18 April 2012|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702135812/http://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/superstar/dsds-kandidaten/joey-heindle.html|archive-date=2 July 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Lubomyr Melnyk]], born in 1948, composer and pianist
** [[Nick Menza]], 1964–2016, [[Megadeth]] drummer
** [[Robert Merwald]], born in 1971, operatic baritone 
** [[Brent Mydland]], born in 1952, [[Grateful Dead]] keyboardist
** [[Charles Oberthür (composer)|Charles Oberthür]], 1819–1895, composer
** [[Carl Orff]], 1895–1982, composer
** [[Wolfgang Sawallisch]], 1923–2013, conductor and pianist
** [[Ralph Siegel]], born in 1945, composer
** [[Sportfreunde Stiller]], popular German rock band
** [[Richard Strauss]], 1864–1949, composer
* Nobel Prize laureates
** [[Eduard Buchner]], 1860–1917, chemist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], 1918–2007, chemist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Robert Huber]], born in 1937, chemist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Wassily Leontief]], 1905–1999, economist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen]], 1911–1979, biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Rudolf Mössbauer]], 1929–2011, physicist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Arno Allan Penzias]], born in 1933, physicist and Nobel Prize winner
|style=&quot;width:50%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|
* Nobility
** [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]], 1837–1898, Empress &quot;Sisi&quot; of [[Austria]]
** [[Isabeau of Bavaria]], 1371–1435, [[queen consort|queen-consort]] of France
** [[Jeannette zu Fürstenberg|Jeannette, Hereditary Princess of Fürstenberg]], born in 1982
** [[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]], 1846-1930 German field marshal
** [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] the Dream King, at [[Nymphenburg Palace|Nymphenburg]]
** [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]],  1845–1921, last king of Bavaria
** [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]], 1573–1651, Elector of Bavaria
** [[Maximilian II of Bavaria]], 1811–1864, king of Bavaria
** [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]], 1662–1726, Elector of Bavaria
** [[Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria]], 1727–1777, Elector of Bavaria
** [[Otto of Bavaria]] (1848-1916), king of Bavaria
** [[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria]], (1869-1955) Crown Prince of Bavaria
** [[Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein]], born in 1967
* Painters
** [[Franz Marc]], 1880–1916, painter
** [[Karl von Piloty]], 1826–1886, painter
* Politicians
** [[Carl Amery]], 1922–2005, writer, President of the German PEN Center and founding member of the German Green Party
** [[Lion Feuchtwanger|Leon Feuchtwanger]], 1884–1958, writer
** [[Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg]] (born 1971), politician (CSU)
** [[Heinrich Himmler]], 1900–1945, leading member of the [[Nazi Party]], main perpetrator of the [[Holocaust]]
** [[Wilhelm Hoegner]], (1887-1980), politician
** [[:de:Carljörg Lacherbauer|Dr. Carljörg Lacherbauer]], 1902–1967, co-founder of Christian Social Union (CSU), Post-war mayor and secretary of the Department of Justice
** [[Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)|Heinrich Müller]], 1900–1945, chief of the [[Gestapo]]
** [[Fritz Schäffer]], 1888–1967, politician
** [[Franz Josef Strauss]], 1915–1988, Minister-President of the Free State of Bavaria
* Professional athletes
** [[Franz Beckenbauer]], born in 1945, former footballer and honorary president of [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
** [[Korbinian Holzer]], born in 1988, ice hockey player who currently plays in the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]
**[[Fabian Johnson]], born in 1987, German born soccer player who plays for Borussia Monchengladbach and the United States National Team
** [[Philipp Lahm]], born in 1983, footballer who played for [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
** [[Christoph Schubert]], born in 1982, Ice hockey Player who currently plays in the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] for the [[Winnipeg Jets]]
** [[Frank Shorter]], born 1947, champion distance runner
* Journalists and Writers
** [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], 1884–1958, writer
** [[Bettina Gaus]] born 1956, journalist
** [[Golo Mann]], 1909–1994, writer
** [[Klaus Mann]], 1906–1949, writer
** [[Eugen Roth]], 1895–1976, writer
** [[Dieter Kronzucker]] (born 1936), journalist
** [[Maria von Welser]] (born 1946), journalist
** [[Steffen Seibert]] (born 1960), journalist
** [[Sandra Maischberger]] (born 1966), journalist
** [[Simran Sethi]], born in 1970, environmental journalist
** [[Angie Westhoff]], born 1965, children's author
** [[Marcel Mettelsiefen]], born 1978, journalist
* Others
** [[Andreas Baader]], 1943–1977, [[Red Army Faction]] leader
** [[Eva Braun]], 1912–1945, Adolf Hitler's mistress and later wife
** [[Abraham Fraenkel|Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel]], 1891–1965, mathematician
** [[Franz Xaver Gabelsberger]], 1789–1849, inventor of the Gabelsberger shorthand writing system
** [[Jean Baptiste Holzmayer]], 1839–1890, teacher, archaeologist and folklorist
** [[Traudl Humps]], 1920–2002, Adolf Hitler's personal secretary during the Second World War
** [[Wolfgang Franz von Kobell]], 1803–1882, mineralogist and writer
** [[Dr. E. Lee Spence]], born in 1947, pioneer underwater archaeologist and shipwreck historian
|}

===Notable residents===
{|width=&quot;100%&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot; |
|style=&quot;width:50%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|
* [[Max Emanuel Ainmiller]], painter
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]], born [[Pope Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]], former Archbishop of Munich-Freising
* [[Gudrun Burwitz]], daughter of Heinrich Himmler
* [[Manfred Eicher]], record producer and founder of [[ECM Records]]
* [[Albert Einstein]], 1879–1955, Nobel Prize–winning physicist, grew up in Munich
* [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]], born 1929, author
* [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], 1945–1982, film director
* [[Roger C. Field]], inventor, industrial designer
* [[Joseph von Fraunhofer]], optician
* [[Asger Hamerik]], composer
* [[Werner Heisenberg]], Nobel Prize–winning physicist
* [[Adolf Hitler]], 
* [[Brigitte Horney]], actress ([[Münchhausen am Christenberg|Münchhausen]])
* [[Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistan's national poet, who received his PhD from Munich in 1907
* [[Wassily Kandinsky]], 1866–1944, painter*
* [[Erich Kästner]], author 
* [[Erich Kästner (camera designer)]], movie camera designer, chief designer at ARRI
* [[Orlande de Lassus]], composer
* [[Franz von Lenbach]], painter
* [[Vladimir Lenin]], Russian revolutionary
* [[Justus von Liebig]], chemist
* [[Ernst Mach]], physicist and philosopher
* [[Sepp Maier]], born 1944, football goalkeeper
* [[Thomas Mann]], 1875–1955, Nobel Prize–winning author
* [[Helene Mayer]], fencer
* [[Freddie Mercury]], lead singer of Queen
|style=&quot;width:50%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|
* [[Wilhelm Messerschmitt|Wilhelm Emil &quot;Willy&quot; Messerschmitt]], German aircraft designer and manufacturer
* [[Lola Montez]], courtesan to King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]]
* [[Gerd Müller]], born 1945, footballer
* [[David Dalhoff Neal]], painter
* [[William of Ockham]], English medieval philosopher
* [[Georg Ohm]], physicist
* [[Marsilius of Padua]], Italian medieval scholar
* [[Max Planck]], Nobel Prize–winning physicist
* [[Lucia Popp]], Slovak-born opera singer
* [[Ludwig Prandtl]], father of modern aerodynamics
* [[Max Reger]], composer, organist, pianist and conductor
* [[Daniel Reichert]], hospitality professional
* [[Wilhelm Röntgen]], Nobel Prize–winning physicist
* [[Willibald Sauerländer]], art historian
* [[Max Schreck]], actor
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], former Governor of California, bodybuilder and actor, resided at Christophstr. 1 and worked at Rolf Putziger's gym at Schillerstr. 36 from 1966 to 1968
* [[Bastian Schweinsteiger]], footballer
* [[Franz Stuck|Franz von Stuck]], painter and sculptor
* [[Donna Summer]], 1948–2012, singer, known as the &quot;Queen of Disco&quot; she was the most successful musical artist of the Disco era in the late 1970s and early 1980s
* [[Vardges Sureniants]], Armenian painter
* [[Fyodor Tyutchev]], Russian Romantic poet
* [[Richard Wagner]], 1813–1883, composer
* [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], Nobel Prize–winning chemist who successfully protected Jewish people
* [[Stepan Bandera]], Ukrainian nationalist, assassinated in October 1959
|}

==International relations==
Munich has seven sister cities.
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], France
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], USA 
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Edinburgh]], United Kingdom
* {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kiev]], Ukraine
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sapporo]], Japan
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Verona]], Italy

==See also==
{{Portal|Germany}}
* [[Outline of Munich]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Munich}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Munich-wikisource-12_2014.ogg|2014-12-08}}
* [http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/home_en Official website for the City of Munich]
* [http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/index.html Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund] – public transport network
* [http://www.muenchenwiki.de/ München Wiki] – the open city wiki for Munich with more than 15,000 articles {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.historicaleye.com/Munich1.html On the brink: Munich 1918–1919]
* [http://www.munichfound.com/ Munichfound] – magazine for English speaking Münchners
* [http://www.destination-munich.com/ Destination Munich] – An online guide
* [http://www.munich-airport.de/en/consumer/index.jsp Munich Airport] – Official Website Franz Josef Strauss Airport
* [http://www.muenchen.tv/ münchen.tv] – local TV station
* [http://www.his-muenchen.de/ Historical Atlas of Munich] {{in lang|de}}

; Photos
* [http://www.europepictures.gm/europe/germany/munich/photos Europe Pictures – Munich]
* [http://www.photrax.com/index.php?page=user.view.image&amp;imageId=454 Geocoded Pictures of Munich]
* [http://www.panorama-cities.net/munich/munich.html Munich City Panoramas] – Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
* [http://www.globosapiens.net/germany-travel/Bayern/Munich_pictures.html Globosapiens Travel Community] – Travel Tips
* [https://www.flickr.com/groups/talesfromtoytown/pool Tales from Toytown] – Photos of Munich
* [https://photos.nomadicnotes.com/germany/munich Munich photo gallery]

{{Geographic location
|Centre =Munich
|North  =[[Nuremberg]], [[Regensburg]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Ingolstadt]]
|Northeast= [[Prague]] ([[Czech Republic]]),&lt;br /&gt;[[Landshut]]
|East  =[[Linz]] ([[Austria]])
|Southeast= [[Rosenheim]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Salzburg]] ([[Austria]])
|South  =[[Innsbruck]] ([[Austria]]),&lt;br /&gt;[[Bolzano]] ([[Italy]])
|Southwest= [[Vaduz]] ([[Liechtenstein]]),&lt;br /&gt;[[Zürich]] ([[Switzerland]])
|West  =[[Memmingen]]
|Northwest= [[Stuttgart]], [[Ulm]], [[Augsburg]]
}}

{{Boroughs of Munich}}
{{Mayors of Munich}}
{{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}}
{{Germany districts bavaria}}
{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Visitor attractions in Munich}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Munich| ]]&lt;!--leave the empty space as for standard--&gt;
[[Category:German state capitals]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 12th century]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Munich]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Munich/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Hanwha Life Esports</title>
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{{Infobox sports team 
| name              = Hanwha Life Esports
| logo              = 
| logo_size         = 
| alt               =
| caption           =
| full_name         =
| nicknames         =
| sport_label       = Divisions
| sport             = ''[[League of Legends]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[Kart Rider]]''
| founded           = 14 November 2016 (as Huya Tigers)&lt;br&gt;{{start date|2018|4|16}} (as Hanwha Life Esports)
| folded            =
| current           =
| league            = [[League of Legends Champions Korea|''League of Legends'' Champions Korea]]&lt;br&gt;''Kart Rider League''
| conference        =
| division          =
| history           = HUYA Tigers (2014–2015)&lt;br&gt;GE Tigers (2015)&lt;br&gt;KOO Tigers (2015–2016)&lt;br&gt;ROX Tigers (2016–2018)&lt;br&gt;Hanwha Life Esports (since 2018)
| arena             = Seoul LCK Arena
| ballpark          =
| stadium           =
| city              = [[Seoul]]
| colors            =
| colours           = 
| parent_group      = [[Hanwha Life Insurance]]
| owner             =
| president         =
| coach             = Son Dae-Young
| manager           = 
| gm                =
| championships     = 1× LCK (Summer 2016)
| conference_titles =
| division_titles   =
| playoff_berths    =
| anthem            =
| cheerleaders      =
| dancers           =
| mascot            =
| fanclub           =
| broadcasters      = 
| media             =
| uniforms          =
| branches          =
| members           =
| blank_label       =
| blank_data        =
| blank_label1      =
| blank_data1       =
| website           =
}}

'''Hanwha Life Esports'''{{refn|group=nb|name=Former|Formerly known as the HUYA Tigers (2014–2015), GE Tigers (2015), KOO Tigers (2015–2016), and ROX Tigers (2016–2018).}} is a South Korean [[esports]] [[organization]] based in [[Seoul]]. It has teams competing in ''[[League of Legends]]'' and ''[[Kart Rider]]'', with the former competing in the [[League of Legends Champions Korea|LCK]], South Korea's top level professional league for the game.

At the [[2015 League of Legends World Championship|2015 ''League of Legends'' World Championship]], the team placed second in their preliminary group before beating [[KT Rolster]] and [[Fnatic]] in the bracket stage. The team finished as runner-ups after facing [[SK Telecom T1]] in the finals in [[Berlin]], Germany.

The team won their first LCK title after winning the [[2016 Summer League of Legends Champions Korea]] playoffs. Test123.

== History ==

=== 2014 ===
Tigers was founded in November 2014 by Chinese [[social networking]] site [[YY (social network)|YY]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ongamers.com/articles/chinese-giant-yy-picks-up-a-korean-team/1100-2349/|title=Chinese giant YY picks up a Korean team.|first=Nilu |last=Kulasingham|website=[[onGamers]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; YY's parent company Guongzhou Huaduo Network Technology, LLC. (Duowan Inc.) hoped to promote their newly renamed streaming site, HUYA.com, in South Korea by creating a team built around well known Korean players. The team was registered under Duowan's Korean subsidiary GE Entertainment.

The initial roster, announced under the name HUYA Tigers, included former members of NaJin Sword, NaJin Shield, and Incredible Miracle 1: top laner Smeb, jungler Lee, mid laner KurO, AD carry PraY, and support GorillA comprised the initial lineup, with NoFe as head coach. Shortly after its formation, the team qualified for the [[League of Legends Champions Korea|''League of Legends'' Champions Korea]] Spring Qualifiers, placing first in the group stage over Team Avalanche. They went 2–1 in the final stage and qualified for SBENU Champions Spring 2015. In the Champions Spring pre-season, HUYA Tigers finished tied for third place with [[KT Rolster]], each with 7 points. They renamed to GE Tigers at the start of the Spring Season.

=== 2015 ===
The GE Tigers started out as the top team in Korea in their first season in the LCK, in first place with a 7–0 match record and a 14–2 game record at the end of week 6 of the Spring season. This placement earned them an invitation to the [[Intel Extreme Masters Season IX – World Championship]] in March. However, after defeating [[Cloud9 (esports)|Cloud9]] and [[SK Gaming]] to win their group, they lost in the semifinals 2-1 to [[Team WE]] – who entered the competition as the 12th-place team in the Chinese [[League of Legends Pro League|''League of Legends'' Pro League]] (LPL). This led many casters and analysts{{who|date=December 2015}} to label it the biggest upset to date in the entire history of competitive ''League of Legends''. After their return to Korea, the GE Tigers's record worsened, and they dropped sets to both KT Rolster and to [[SK Telecom T1]]. They still finished first in the round robin with a 12–2 record, but in the playoffs they lost to SKT and missed out on the [[2015 Mid-Season Invitational]]. Prior to the start of SBENU Champions Summer 2015, the GE Tigers were sponsored by streaming company KooTV and changed their name to the KOO Tigers. KOO ended the regular season of Champions Summer in 4th place. They beat [[NaJin e-mFire]] 2–1 and [[CJ Entus]] 3–0 to advance to the semi-finals where they played a close series with KT Rolster but lost 3–2, ultimately ending in third place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://worlds.lolesports.com/en_US/worlds/articles/impact-players-smeb|title=Impact Players: Smeb |first=Leah 'Spinn' |last=Jackson|website=LoL Esports|date=22 October 2015|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because SKT won the finals, KOO automatically qualified for the [[2015 League of Legends World Championship|2015 ''League of Legends'' World Championship]] as the second seed from Korea with the most circuit points.

At the World Championship, KOO Tigers finished 2nd in their group with a 4–2 record and advanced to the bracket round.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/fnatic-is-just-another-obstacle-to-get-over-koo-tigers-pray-talks-worlds/|title=&quot;Fnatic is just another obstacle to get over&quot; KOO Tigers' PraY talks Worlds|first=Matt|last=Porter|website=[[PC Gamer]]|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; They defeated KT Rolster 3 to 1 in the quarter-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allinmag.com/e-sports/inside-esports/the-action/oct-22-2015-anderson-league-of-legends-world-semifinals-preview-fnatic-vs-koo-tigers|title=LOL SEMIS: FNATIC VS KOO TIGERS|first=SEAMUS|last=ANDERSON|date=22 October 2015|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 October 2015 they made a clean sweep, 3 to 0, against [[Fnatic]] in the semi-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/10/19/worlds-four-teams-remain-in-the-league-of-legends-world-championships|title=WORLDS: FOUR TEAMS REMAIN IN THE LEAGUE OF LEGENDS WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS|first=TAYLOR|last=COCKE|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/551382_koo-tigers-volta-a-sua-velha-forma-e-chega-as-semis-do-mundial-de-league-of-legends|title=KOO Tigers volta à velha forma e chega às semis do Mundial de 'League of Legends'|website=[[ESPN]]|date=18 October 2015|access-date=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://worlds.lolesports.com/en_US/worlds/articles/koo-tigers-crush-fnatic-claim-spot-finals KOO Tigers crush Fnatic to claim a spot in Finals]&lt;/ref&gt; The team finished second after losing with a 1–3 record to [[SK Telecom T1]] in the final on 31 October 2015.&lt;ref&gt;[http://worlds.lolesports.com/en_US/worlds/articles/skt-rises-above-koo-tigers-3-1-become-2015-world-champion SKT rises above KOO Tigers 3-1 to become the 2015 World Champion]&lt;/ref&gt;

KooTV dropped their sponsorship of the team in November, reverting the name to just Tigers. In January 2016, the team once again changed their name, this time to ROX Tigers.

=== 2016 === 
In the LCK Champions spring season, ROX Tigers finished in 1st, and met SKT T1 in the final. ROX Tigers impressed the world with their domination of Korea and their near perfect play in the regular season. Unfortunately, in final the match against SKT T1, ROX Tigers lost 3–1 finishing the LCK playoffs in 2nd place. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Nam|first1=Yoon Seong|title=봄의 저주에 또 눈물 흘린 락스 타이거즈|url=http://esports.dailygame.co.kr/view.php?ud=2016042321502287572|accessdate=23 April 2016|work=2016-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
However, ROX Tigers have the honor of boasting the highest team KDA in this season. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Inven|first1=E-Sports|title=명경기 어울리는 최고의 상대! 시즌 및 KDA 1위 락스 타이거즈|url=http://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=155331&amp;iskin=esports|accessdate=23 April 2016|work=2016-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Top laner [[Smeb]] was named MVP of the spring split and summer split.

== Current players ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ID !! Name !! Position
|-
|-
| CuVee || Lee Seong-Jin || Top Laner
|-
| Haru || Kang Min-Seung || Jungler
|-
| Tempt || Kang Myeong-Gu || Mid Laner
|-
| Lava || Kim Tae-Hoon || AD Carry
|-
| Zenit || Jeon Tae-Gwon || AD Carry
|-
| Lehends || Son Si-Woo (Captain) || Support
|-
| Vsta || Oh Hyo-Seong || Support
|-
|}

== Management ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ID !! Name !! Position
|-
| Kezman ||Son Dae-Young || Head Coach
|-
| Sake || Lee Jung-Hyeok || Coach
|}

== Tournament results ==

=== As KOO Tigers ===
* 2nd — [[2015 League of Legends World Championship]]

=== As ROX Tigers ===
* 1st — 2016 Spring League of Legends Champions Korea season
* 2nd — 2016 Spring League of Legends Champions Korea playoffs
* 1st — [[2016 Summer League of Legends Champions Korea]] season
* 1st — [[2016 Summer League of Legends Champions Korea]] playoffs
* 3rd–4th — [[2016 League of Legends World Championship]]
* 1st — 2016 Kespa Cup

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{League of Legends Champions Korea}}

{{CCBYSASource|sourcepath=http://lol.esportspedia.com/wiki/KOO_Tigers|sourcearticle=KOO Tigers}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in South Korea]]
[[Category:Esports teams based in South Korea]]
[[Category:Esports teams established in 2014]] 
[[Category:Former League of Legends Champions Korea teams]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Hanwha Life Esports]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Hanwha Life Esports/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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Đã 204 ngày...</text>
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